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GEORGIA
HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
BY THE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ILLUSTRATED
0. B. STEVENS. Commissioner
R. F. WRIGHT, Asst. Commissioner
ATLANTA, GA.
Geo. W. Harrison, vStatk Printer
(The Franklin Printing and Publishing Co.)
1901
CO
PREFACE.
Under the provisions of the organic law establishing the Department
of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, there was issued a "Hand Book
of Georgia," under the direction of Dr. Thos. P. Janes, the first Com-
missioner of Agriculture; under the direction of his successor, Hon. J. T.
Henderson, the "Commonwealth of Georgia" was published; and under
his successor, Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, there was issued "Georgia and Her
Resources."
The growing demand for information concerning the industrial re-
sources and possibilities of Georgia, as shown by inquiries almost daily
received, not only from our own State, but also from every section of the
Union, has led to the publication of this work, which we have entitled
"Georgia: Historical and Industrial."
"We have freely used the publications of our predecessors and are
largely indebted also for much valuable information to "White's His-
torical Collections of Georgia," and other works on our State, including
SE
"The Story of Georgia and the Georgia People," by Dr. George G.
Smith.
o Much information concerning the geology of Georgia has been ob-
5 tamed from the bulletins issued under the direction of the State Geolo-
gist, W. S. Yeates, and his assistant, "VV. S. McCallie, and former assist-
ant, Francis P. King. For much of the article on the geology of Geor-
gia we owe thanks to Prof. S. P. Jones, recently appointed assistant
State Geologist.
Other sources of information on which we have relied are the answers
to questions sent out by this department to intelligent gentlemen in
every county in Georgia, and the United States Census Reports for
1890 and 1900. The information which could not be obtained in time
for the body of the work has been published in the appendix at. the end
of this volume.
(«)
in
CM
o
Ul
a
4^7473
(>) PREFACE.
Special thanks are duo to the Central of Georgia Railway for the loan
of many of the cuts with which tliis work is embellished, and to the
Southern Railway for similar favors.
In tliis connection we take occasion to express our appreciation of the
service rendered by Congressman J. M. Griggs, not only to the State of
Georgia, but also to all the States of the Union, by his successful effort
to secure the enactment of a Federal law, allowing to all the State de-
partments of Agriculture the privilege of sending through the mails all
]>aper-covered agricultural bulletins at one cent a pound, instead of the
former rate of half a cent an ounce.
"^"^AVe wish also to express our obligations to Prof. Jos. T. Derry, one
of our Georgia historians, for valuable assistance rendered by him in the
laborious task of the preparation of this work.
• "We send forth this volume with the hope that it may prove beneficial
to our State, and receive the approbation of those whom we most desire
to please — the people of Georgia.
0. B. STEVEN'S, Commissioner of Agriculture.
R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PART I.
CHAPTER I.
PAGES.
Historical ■-- ^5-35
CHAPTER H.
General Sketch OF State 3^-54
CHAPTER in.
Geological Sketch of Georgia 55-^47
CHAPTER IV.
A Brief Discussion of the Soils of Georgia 148-171
CHAPTER V.
Public Roads, Railroads, Water Transportation --.172-190
CHAPTER VI.
Agriculture i9i~232
CHAPTER VII.
Truck Farming , Horticulture 233-249
CHAPTER VIII.
Dairying and Creameries 250-256
(7)
g CONTENTS.
CHAPTER IX.
PAGES.
Stock Raising— Neat Cattle, Sheep, Hogs, Poultry,
Goats, Horses, Mules 259-312
CHAPTER X.
Floricuture, Seed Farms, Irrigation, Terracing 315-321
CHAPTER XI.
Fish and Game 322-330
CHAPTER XII.
Manufactures 331-362
CHAPTER XIII.
Education IN Georgia 3^5-394
CHAPTER XIV.
Benevolent Institutions of Georgia 397-407
CHAPTER XV.
Religious Denominations of Georgia 408-414
CHAPTER XVI.
State Government, Etc . . .417-524
PART II.
Sketches OF the Counties 525-887
APPENDIX 890-921
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga Frontispiece.
General James Edward Oglethorpe 13
Jasper Monument, Savannah, Ga 19
Georgia Confederate Monument at Chickamauga Park 25
Eli Whitney 31
Agricultural Map of Georgia 37
Temperature Map of Georgia 47
Placer Mining at the White Path Gold Mine, Gilmer County, Ga 57
Geological Map of Georgia 61
Hydraulic Mining at the Singleton Mine, Lumpkin County, Ga 67
Hurricane Falls, Tallulah, Ga. 77
The Natural Dam, Big Potato Creek, Upson County 87
Flat Shoals on the Flint River, Meriwether county 97
Cane Creek Falls, near Dahlonega, Ga 107
Toccoa Falls 113
High Falls of the Towaliga 119
Iron Ore Mine, near Taylorsville, Polk County, Ga 125
Mineral Map of Georgia 127
Mining Iron Ore by the use of the Steam Shovel, near Cedartown, Polk
County, Ga 131
Corundum Mine, Rabun County, Ga 137
Southern Marble Yard and Quarry, Pickens County 141
Georgia Marble Works, Tate, Ga 145
Marble Quarry Scene, Pickens County ' 151
Marble Bluff, Gilmer County 157
Lewiston White Clay Bed, Jones County 1^>3
Savannah Valley Road, Richmond County 1«>9
Washington Pike Road, Richmond County 175
Shipping Melons at Dietzen in Houston County 181
Picking Cotton 1^''^
A Corn Field 1^3
Harvesting Wheat ^^^
Oat Field -^^
oil
Harvesting Rye
Sugar Cane Field ^^^
OOQ
Field of Broom Corn ^'^
ooo
Digging Potatoes "^*'
Gathering Beans ^J"^''
The Famous Elberta Peach ^"^l
An Ordinary Sight in a Georgia Vineyard 247
Peach Pickers
Icing Cars "^
Jersey Herd in Bibb County ^ |
^ ,, 2u&
Hereford Bull
2 Q LIST OF ILL USTRA TIONS.
Page.
Hereford Cow
269
Calf Fattened in Six Mouths by T. R. Sawtell 273
Berl^sliire Boar -^^
Soutli Down Ewes
281
South Down Ram 281
Barred Plymouth Cock, from Belmont Farm, Cobb County, Ga 287
Chicken Houses and Runs, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga 291
Broodery and Incubator, Belmont Farm, Smyrna, Ga 295
Angora Goats
301
Houses and Yards for Berkshire Hogs, Belmont Farm 307
Picking Strawberries 313
Onion Field , ^^^
Black Bass, or Georgia Trout 323
The Georgia Partridge 327
Hon. Mark A. Cooper 333
Scene on the Augusta Canal 339
Aragon Cotton Mills, Aragon, Ga 345
Canning Tomatoes and Peaches, Albany, Ga 349
Stevens' Pottery 357
University of Georgia at Athens— The Campus 363
State Normal School, Athens, Ga 367
Georgia School of Technology, Atlanta, Ga 371
North Georgia Agricultural College, Dahlonega, Ga 375
Seney Hall, Emoiy College, Oxford, Ga 379
Mercer Univei-sity, Macon 383
Wesleyan Female College, Macon 387
Shorter Female College, Rome 391
State Sanitarium, Milledgeville, Ga 395
Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, Cave Spring, Ga 399
Academy for the Blind, Macon, Ga 403
Normal and Industrial School, Milledgeville, Ga 409
Governor Allen D. Candler 415
Dr. J. P. Janes, First Commissioner of Agriculture 421
Hon. John T. Henderson, Second Commissioner of Agriculture 427
Hon. R. T. Nesbit, Third Commissioner of Agriculture 433
Hon. O. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture 439
Justices of the Supreme Court 445
Hon.. Clark Howell, President of the Geoi-gia Senate 451
Hon. John D. Little, Speaker of the House of Representatives 457
A Georgia Wheatfleld 4 463
Packed Peaches ready for market 469
Scene in a Peach Orchard 475
Meldrim Auditorium for Colored Youths 481
Rain Map of Georgia 487
Forestry Map of Georgia 497
Geoi'gia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga 511
Peach Packing House 518
Georgia Exhibit, Agricultural Building, Nashville, Tenn., 1897 523
Old Capitol at Milledgeville . . ., 531
Georgia Exhibit at Nashville, Tenn., 1897 527
Ben Davis Apples 537
Dr. W. H. Felton's Ore Bank, near Cartersville 541
LIST OF ILL USTRA TIONS. \ \
Page.
White Plymouth Rock Cock 047
Ocean Steamship Company's Wharf, Savannah 579
Peach Trees ^'"^l
Georgia Cantaloupe *^05
Georgia Vineyard <jl5
Tobacco Farm, Decatur County 625
Agnes Scott Institute, Decatur, DeKalb County 629
Artesian Well at Albany 637
Early Richmond Cherry 647
Public Artesian Well 651
Rome Beauty Apple 661
Brighton Grape ^"^^
Potato Field near Brunswick 681
Pecan Grove near Brunswick 681
Buff Plymouth Rock Cock 6^"
Packing Cantaloupes at Fort Valley, Ga ^13
Turpentine Farm, South Georgia ^1^
Bartlett Pear 3^^
Orchards and Nursery ^"^^
Artesian Well Jf^
Wickson Plum "^"^
Abundance Plum ^^^
Watermelon, Rattle Snake ^^^
Moore's Diamond Grape • ^-^
Packing Cantaloupes near Albany, Ga S29
Picking Tomatoes ^"^^
Yellow Transparent Apple ^"^
Paper Shell Pecan °"^
Greenville Strawberries ^^"
879
Miller Raspberry
ERRATA.
On page IGl, in the last line of tlie first paragi-apli, instead of "5,000 pounds"
read "500 pounds"; and in the next line above "cotton seed" should be "seed
cotton."
On page 411, third line from the end of the page for "1840" read "1844."
On page 791, in the middle of the second line of the second paragraph, for
"dairy cows" read "dairy farms."
On page 800 in next to the last line in the first paragraph on Quitman county,
for "Big Potato creek" read "Pataula creek."
GEN. JAME.S EDWARD OGLETHORPE.
'J'O.MICHICHI AND NEPHEW.
GEORGIA:
Historical and Industrial.
CHAPTER L
HISTORICAL.
In 1732 a number of benevolent gentlemen of London conceived the
idea of founding a home for the poor of Great Britain and a place of
refuge for the Salzburgers and other persecuted sects of the continent
of Europe. It was to be a model colony, in which both slavery and
rum would be prohibited. It was to be also somewhat of a military
■colony, a barrier against the hostile encroachments of the Spaniards
upon the Province of South Carolina. The charter for its establish-
ment was obtained from George II., king of England, in June, 1732.
James Edward Oglethorpe, a gentleman of great benevolence, marked
ability and experience in military affairs, being selected by the trustees
to take charge of the new colony, set sail from England in IsTovember,
1732, with one hundred and sixteen emigrants. After a voyage of
nearly two months they arrived in the harbor of Charleston (then
known as Charlestown), S. C, where they met a gracious welcome from
the Carolinians and their governor, Robert Johnson, who furnished
them with provisions, stock, vessels to convey additional supplies to the
Savannah river, and a company of soldiers to protect them against the
Indians until they could build houses and fortifications.
Leaving his people for a few days at Beaufort, South Carolina, Ogle-
thorpe ascended the Savannah until lie came to Yamacraw Bluff, which
lie selected for his settlement. On February 12th the colonists arrived,
and on the 20th was commenced tlie first house of the new city, which
Ogletliorpo called Savannah from the name of the river on whose banks
it stands. Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraws, immediately sought an
-alliance with Oglethorpe, who made a treaty with him, as he did also
2 ga
16 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
with the Creeks, the Muscogees, and even with the Cherokees of the
mountains and the Choctaws on the borders of the Gulf of Mexico.
Like William Penn, Oglethorpe purchased from the Indians the title
to the lands where he founded his settlements, and so long as he re-
mained in Georgia peace prevailed between the red men and the white.
In March, 1734, the colony was strengthened by the arrival of
seventy-eight Salzburgers from Germany. These men, who had been
driven from their homes by terrible persecution, found rest and safety
higher up the Savannah in Effingham county, at a place which they
called Ebenezer, the "Stone of Help"; "for," said they, "the Lord hath
delivered us out of the hands of our enemies." Goethe's beautiful
poem, "Herman and Dorothea" was founded upon an incident which
occurred during the exodus of the Salzburgers.
Oglethorpe was diligent in establishing settlements, locating a Scot<3h
settlement at Darien, a company of immigrants at Frederica, on Saint
Simon's Island, and trading posts at Augusta. In February, 1736, among
two hundred and twenty-seven immigrants who came over were John
and Charles Wesley, afterwards so celebrated as the founders of Method-
ism. Their purpose was to preach the gospel to the Indians and also-
to the settlers. Two years later came another celebrated Methodist min-
ister, the Kev. George Whitefield, who resided in the colony several
years and founded the Orphan House at Bethesda, a few miles from:
Savannah.
The Spaniards, who had settled Florida nearly one hundred years be-
fore the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, regarding
the settlements in Georgia as an intrusion upon their rights, determined
to expel the English. In anticipation of war Oglethorpe went home,,
and having raised a regiment of six hundred men for the defense of his
colony, returned to America and was appointed commander-in-chief of
the militia of South Carolina and Georgia. Marching at the head of
two thousand men of the two colonies, with friendly Indians included,
he invaded Florida, meeting however, with but partial success. Later
on the Spaniards invading Georgia with a land and naval force of three
thousand men, landed on St. Simon's Island. Oglethorpe, who at this
time had barely eight hundred men available, met the Spaniards and
inflicted on them so dreadful a defeat that the scene of the conflict has
ever since been known as the Bloody Marsh.
So long as Oglethorpe remained in Georgia rum and slavery were
prohibited; but in 1743 he returned to England, and four years later
restrictions were removed, and Georgia, like all the other English colo-
nies of that day, admitted both slavery and spirituous liquors. That
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. I7
same year the colony was in great danger from the machinations of
a man named Bosomworth, former chaplain of Oglethoi'pe's regiment,
who, having married Mary Musgrove, an Indian claiming to be queen
of the Creeks, marched at the head of a large Indian force upon Savan-
nah threatening to exterminate the colonists unless his claims in behalf
of his wife were complied with. The undaunted courage of the au-
thorities, who seized the leaders and awed the Indians into submission,
saved the colony.
In 1752 the trustees of Georgia surrendered their rights to the crown,
and in 1754 John Reynolds was appointed governor. At the close of
the French and Indian war in 1763, Spain, who had been the ally of
France, ceded to England her possessions of East and West Florida-
At this time the boundaries of Georgia, which had embraced a territory
between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, were extended to the
Mississippi on the west and on the south to latitude 3 1*' and the St.
Mary's river. Thus Georgia embraced not only the present State, but
also the greater part of what we now know as Alabama and Mississippi.
THE REVOLUTION.
Georgia joined with the other colonies in resisting the aggressions of
the mother country. On May 11th, 1775, the Savannah powder maga-
zine was taken possession of, and in July a British vessel at Tybee, hav-
ing 13,000 pounds of powder for the use of British troops, was cap-
tured by thirty volunteers under the lead of Commodore Bowen and
Colonel Joseph Habersham. Five thousand pounds were sent to the
Continental army at Boston, and the rest was stored in the magazine.
Another noted exploit was performed near Savannah in March, 1776.
Some loyalist planters near Savannah had loaded eleven merchant ves-
sels and prepared for a sea voyage. Some British war vessels, for the
purpose of assisting these tories^ moved up the river and threatened Sav-
annah. But the Georgians under Colonel Mcintosh, aided by the Caro-
linians under Colonel Bull, burned three of these merchant vessels
and rendered six unfit for service.
In April, 1776, Georgia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote
for independence, which, on July 4th of the same year, was declared by
the unanimous vote of all the delegates of the thirteen colonies in Con-
gress assembled. The signers of the declaration on the part of Georgia
were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton. For two
years Georgia escaped serious invasion, but in December, 1778, Savan-
nah was captured, and Augusta soon after. The defeat of the Tories at
Kettle creek by the Carolinians under Pickens, and the Georgians
18 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
under John Dooley and Elijah Chirke, resulted in the recapture of Au-
gusta bj the Americans, who, notwithstanding the defeat of Ashe ar
Brier Creek and the repulse of the allied French and American armies
before Savannah, continued to hold all upper Georgia until after the
fall of Charleston in 1780. While the allied armies were before Savan-
nah, Colonel John White of the Georgia Continentals, bj a skillfus
stratagem, captured five British vessels, one hundred and thirty stands
of arms and one hundred and eleven British soldiers. Although after
the fall of Charleston South Carolina and Georgia were both ovemm,
the patriot bands of those two States under their favorite leaders con-
tinued the struggle. The Georgians shared in the victories of King's
Mountain and Cowpens, and Colonel Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Geor-
gia, after failing in one attempt to capture Augusta, in the next year
began another siege of that post, which was made successful by the ar-
rival of General Pickens of South Carolina, and "Light Horse Harry"
Lee of Virginia, with a considerable force. Almost the last fight of the
Revolution was Wayne's victory over the Indian allies of the British
near Savannah on the night of June 23d, 1782, a little over eight
months after the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. On the 11th of
July, 1782, Savannah was evacuated by the British and the authority of
Georgia was established over all her borders.
On the 2d of January, 1788, the Constitution of the United States
was ratified by a convention of delegates from the different counties of
Georgia, assembled at Augusta. The following is a list of the delegates
of the ratifying convention:
John Wereat, President, and delegate from the county of Richmond
William Stephens, Joseph Habersham, Chatham county.
Jenkin Davis, IST. Brownson, Effingham county.
Edward Telfair, H. Todd, Burke county.
William Eew. James Mcl^eil, Richmond county.
George Matthews, Florence Sullivan, John King, Wilkes county.
James Powell, John Elliott, James Maxwell, Liberty county.
George Handley, Christopher Hillary, J. Milton, Glynn county.
Henry Osborne, James Seagrove, Jacob Weed, Camden county.
Jared Irwin, John Rutherford, Washington county.
Robert Christmas, Thomas Daniell, R. Middleton, Greene county.
UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, 1788 TO 1860.
Under the government established by the Federal Constitution, Geor-
gia increased rapidly in population and wealth. Settlers poured into
the State from North Carolina, Virginia and States farther north. Of
JASPER MONUMENT, SAVANNAH, GA.
GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 21
these the Virginians were so numerous that the Indians, who still oc-
cupied many of the fairest portions of the State, frequently spoke of the
Georgians as Virginians.
One of the most important events in the history of Georgia is tlio
invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, in 1794. Prior to that time
the separation of the seed from the lint was so difficult as to limit
the cultivation of cotton. This had to be done by hand, a task being
four pounds of lint cotton per week for each head of a family, working
at night, in addition to the usual field work. At this rate it would take
one person two years to turn out the quantity of cotton contained in one
average standard bale, or 500 pounds. One gin, in proportion to its
power and saw capacity, will gin out from three to fifteen 500-pound
bales in one day. At the time of this important invention Mr, Whitney
was the giiest of his aunt, the widow of General Xathaniel Greene.
Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the in-
dustry with which it was associated. In 1793 the exportation of cotton
from the United States was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales, estimated at
500 pounds to the bale. In 1900 the production in the United States
was 9,345,391 bales.
The Yazoo Land Act, passed by the legislature of 1795, conveying
to four associations thirty-five million acres of land lying between the
Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, Alabama and Mobile rivers, for five
hundred thousand dollars, produced great excitement throughout Geor-
gia. Though a bill ratifying the sale of these lands passed both houses
of Congress, a subsequent legislature, under the influence of General
James Jackson, repudiated the Yazoo act and commited the records of it
to the flames, at the same time ordering the purchase money to be re-
funded to whomsoever it might belong. Twenty years, however, elapsed
before a final settlement was reached.
In 1802 Georgia ceded to the Federal government all her lands west
of the Chattahoochee, embracing nearly one hundred thousand square
miles of territory, the greater part of the present States of Alabama
and Mississippi. Thus Georgia, like Virginia, is a "Mother of States."
The purchase from France by the United States, in 1803, of the vast
Louisiana territory was of great benefit to Georgia. That territory had
for a long time been under the dominion of Spain, whose agents fre-
quently incited the Indians of the western border to hostile acts. Being
no longer subject to these annoyances, new counties were laid olT and
towns and villages sprang up in the wilderness. In 1807 the new
town of Milledgeville became the seat of government.
During the second war with Great Britain, 1812-15, the Indians of
22 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Alabama perpetrated horrible massacres. The Georgians under Gen-
eral John Floyd, and the Tennesseeans under General Coffee, with
Major-General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee as commander-in-chief,
defeated the Indians in battle after battle. The power of the savages
was finally crushed by the great battle of Tohopeka, or the "Horse-shoe
Bend" in Alabama, and the Indians sued for peace.
The first steampship that ever crossed the Atlantic Ocean, though
built in New York, was owned in Savannah, and from that port
started on its voyage to Liverpool in 1819. It was named "Savannah."
When, in 1821, Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States and
thus passed forever from the hands of the ancient enemy of Georgia,
great was the rejoicing throughout the State.
"When Georgia ceded her western lands the United States agreed to
extinguish the Indian title to the same. This was not done rapidly
enough to suit the Georgians and a controversy arose between the
State and the Federal government, during which Governor Troup pro-
claimed the most ultra State rights doctrine, and defied President John
Quincy Adams. Georgia triumphed in the controversy, and when An-
drew Jackson became president he did all in his power to promote the
wishes of the Georgians, with the result that all the Indians east of the
Mississippi were finally transferred to the Indian Territory, west of the
great river.
In the Mexican War (May 8, 1846 to May 30, 1848), Georgia's sons
promptly answered the call to arms, and faithfully discharged the du-
ties assigned them. Among the most distinguished of the officers in
the regular army of the United States were sons of Georgia, of whom
Colonel James S. Mcintosh was killed at Molino del Eey, and W. H. T.
Walker desperately wounded at the storming of Chapultepec.
THE WAE BETWEEN THE STATES,
In the lamentable confiict of arms between the Northern and South-
em States of the Union (1861-1865), Georgia bore a prominent part.
This war was the outgrowth of a long struggle for the balance of power
between the commercial and manufacturing States on the one side, and
the purely agricultural States on the other, in combination with oppos-
ing theories as to the real nature of our Federal Union. This struggle
became manifest in 1820 on the application of Missouri for admission
into the Union with a Constitution allowing slavery, an institution
which differentiated the opposing groups of States. The opposition to
the admission of Missouri was not based on moral grounds, but on the
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A.VZ) INDUSTRIAL. 03
idea that it gave to the South a preponderance of influence. By the Mis-
souri compromise the dangerous dispute was settled for a time; but the
acquisition of new territory from Mexico in 1848 reopened the old quar-
rel, and slavery, now opposed by some on moral grounds but by the
great majority for reasons purely political, became the occasion of the
most stupendous conflict of modern times.
In this fierce struggle, for which Georgia furnished ninety-four regi-
ments and thirtysix battalions, embracing every arm of the service, the
blood of her sons was freely poured out on every battlefield from Penn-
sylvania to the Mississippi, and from the Ohio to the Gulf, and (if we
include the thousands who had emigrated to the States west of the
^Tather of Waters"), in every important combat throughout the bounds
of the Trans-Mississippi department of the Southern Confederacy. On
Georgia's soU were fought the great battles of Chickamauga, Resaca,
Xew Hope Church (a series of engagements from May 25th to June
4th), Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, two fierce battles at Atlanta
(July 22 and 28), Jonesboro, and numerous smaller engagements and
skirmishes. Sherman's march to the sea, when almost the entire mili-
tary force of the State was absent in Virginia or Tennessee, scattered
ruthless destruction all along its path, and the final disastrous close of
the long continued war wrecked the hopes and fortunes of her people.
AFTER THE WAR
But the brave men, who with constantly diminishing strength and ex-
hausted means had maintained so heroic a struggle against overwhelm-
ing numbers and boundless resources, lost no time in idle repining, but
with the energy, pluck and perseverance characteristic of the Anglo-
American, wrought out by the blessing of God the redemption of their
State. During the dark days of reconstruction they did not yield in
base submission to oppression and wrong, but maintaining their rights
in every legitimate way, shared at length in the final triumph of the
whole South in the courts and Congress of the nation. From the un-
daunted energy and pluck of the Old South sprang the New South, with
its rapid development along all lines.
While Georgia is yet poor compared with States not injured by the
war, she stands in the front rank of those that did suffer, and in the ratio
of progress compares favorably with those of the North which even
prospered during all the years of strife, oppression and wrong.
24 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
THE WOMEI^ OF THE SOUTH.
During the tremendous conflict that shook this continent, the women
of the South exhibited a heroism and devotion to principle scarcely
equalled and never surpassed since time began. With aching hearts
they bade their loved ones bood-bye, and through tearful eyes gave them
a smile of hope, speaking at the same time brave words that nerved the
warrior's soul to deeds of daring unparalleled in the records of this
world. With undaunted spirit they bore privations, perils and heart-rend-
ing bereavements, and when, after the final catastrophe the survivors
returned downcast and almost despairing, it was faithful woman's smile
that bade them hope again and stirred them to that high endeavor,,
which, amid the most appalling surroundings, brought forth the ISTew
South from the ashes of the Old, redeeming by the help of God their be-
loved States from opporession and ruin, and starting them again upon the
road to prosperity and power. Even before the debris of our shattered
fortunes had been cleared away, noble women turned their attention to
the preservation of the memory of the heroic deeds that wreathed the
Southland's brow with Fame's unfading chaplet, and mid their povertjp
began the erection of monuments to the illustrious dead, gathered the
scattered remains of heroes from many a battle-field, marked their last
resting places with headstones, and organized into societies whose chief
object is to keep alive the remembrance of the heroic deeds of the South's
heroic men, whether living or dead.
THE SLAVES DUEING THE WAR.
'Not should we forget that humble class whose ancestors were brought
from their African homes in Dutch, British and ISTew England ships and
sold tO' the white men who, by the aid of the stalwart muscle of the sons
of Africa, cleared the wilderness and prepared the way for thriving
farms, great plantations and growing cities. Though the legislatures of
some Southern colonies endeavored to prevent the importation of these
Africans, the British government set their acts aside in the interest of
English and New England traders. Even after the establishment of
American independence the traders of IsTew England, who had been
among the first to engage in the African slave tradei, continued it to
the year 1808, when the trafiic was abolished by Congressional enact-
ment. These same New England traders, previous to that date, often vio-
lated the laws of such Southern States as had prohibited the trafiic by
smuggling slaves into out-of-the-way places and selling them to those
who were ready to purchase. Thus the South became so stocked with
GEORGIA GONFKDKKATK MONUMKiNT AT GU lOK AM A UG A I'AIiK.
TO THE LASTING IV EMORY OF HER SONS
Who fought on thiF field —
Those who fought ar.d lived, and those who fought and died;
Those who gave much and Ihosc who gave all—
Gcoroia
ERECTS THIS MONUMENT.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 07
negroes that the Southern people considered emancipation under any
condition too dangerous an experiment to be even thought of.
Yet, such were the kindly relations that for the most part existed be-
tween masters and slaves, that even after the war had become on the
part of the i^orth a struggle for emancipation as well as for union, the
negroes remained in peace on the plantations, made the crops that sup-
ported the armies in the field and their families at home, and with a
fidelity that amazed the enemies and slanderers of the South protected
the wives and children of the men who, far from their defenseless loved
ones, stood upon the firing-line striving with steadily diminishing num-
bers to keep back the ever increasing hosts gathered from the fields and
crowded cities of the North and of Europe. Many faithful slaves went
with their masters to the tented field, cooked and did other service for
them, nursed them when- sick, and, if they died in battle or hospital, wept
over them, and returned with the lifeless bodies to lay them beside
kindred dead in the family burial ground.
The tender care showm for them by kind masters and mistresses in
sickness and old age, the pious instructions of godly women and de-
voted missionaries, among which latter class some in malarial districts
(harmless to the negro but dangerous to the white man), laid down their
lives for the salvation of the slave, created in the bosom of the negTO a
devotion and loyalty which even the results of the war and the teach-
ings of fanatics have not been able to efface from the minds and hearts
of the great majority of the older members of the race. Acts of violence
such as have in recent years disgraced so many of the younger genera-
tion of negroes were unknown before the war, or even when the mighty
armies of invaders were thundering at our gates. The estrangement be-
tween the races and the outcroppings of violence in some quarters are
due to the teaching of those who have endeavored to preach a political
and even social equality that will never be allowed.
The majority of our colored pojpulatioli are still contentedly toiling in
the fields, helping to increase the wealth of the State, and acquiring
property themselves, in which they have the encouragement and aid of
their white neighbors. There are no agricultural laborers so well suited
to large sections of our State as are the majority of our negro popula-
tion.
TIIE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAK AND THE WAR IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
In the restoration of good will between the States of the Union, tho
sons of Georgia have been conspicuous, and when the United States be-
28 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
came involved in war with Spain, Georgia furnished according to popu-
lation more volimteers than any other State of the Union. General
Joseph Wheeler, a son of Georgia and adopted son of Alabama, nobly
illustrated those States at Santiago, and many gallant young Georgia
officers of the regular army and navy of the United States, both in Cuba
and in the Philippines, proved that the Confederate blood in their veins
did not diminish, but rather increased their devotion to the flag of the
restored Union. Georgia furnished three regiments for the Spanish-
American war, and a fourth one, "Eay's Immunes," was made up al-
most entirely of Georgians. The twenty-ninth regiment of the United
States Volunteers in the Philippines consisted almost entirely of Geor-
gians.
GOYEKNOES OF GEOKGIA.
The governors of Georgia, from its first settlement in 1733 to the
present time (1900), are as follows:
Under the Trustees.
James Edward Oglethorpe, July 15th, 1732, to July 11, 1743.
William Stephens, acting in absence of Oglethorpe, from July 11,
1743, to April 8, 1751.
Henry Parker, Acting Governor from Api-il 8, 1751, to October 1,
1754.
Under the Crown.
John Eeynolds, from October 1, 1754, to Eebruary 15, 1757.
Henry Ellis, from Eebruary 16, 1757, to October 31, 1760.
James Wright, from October 31, 1760, to July 11, 1782.
James Habersham, President of Council and Acting Governor from
July 2, 1771, to Eebruary 11, 1773.
Under the American Oovernment.
William Ewen, President of Council of Safety from June 22, 1775,
to January 20, 1776.
Archibald Bulloch, President of the Provincial Council and Com-
mander-in-Chief from January 20, 1776, to February 22, 1777.
Button Gwinnett, with same title as last, to May 8, 1777.
Governors Under the New Constitution of Georgia of 1111.
John Adam Treutlen, from May 8, 1777, to Januaiy 8, 1778.
John Houston, from January 8, 1778, to December 29, 1778.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 09
John Wereat, President of Executive Council and Acting Governor
from December 29, 1778, to Xovember 4, 1779.
George Walton, from ISTovember 4, 1779, to January 7, 1780.
Eichard Howlej, from January 7, 1780, to January 7, 1781.
Stephen Heard, President of Executive council and Acting Governor
from January 7, 1781, to August 15, 1781.
Xathan Brownson, from August 16, 1781, to January 8, 1782.
John Martin, from January 8, 1782, to January 9, 1783.
Lyman Hall, from January 9, 1783, to January 9, 1784.
John Houston, from January 9, 1784, to January 14, 1785.
Samuel Elbert, from January 14, 1785, to January 9, 1786.
Edward Telfair, from Januaiy 9, 1786, to January 9, 1787.
George Matthews, from January 9, 1787, to January 25, 1788.
George Handley, from January 25, 1788, to January 9, 1789.
George "Walton, from January 9, 1789, to ITovember 9, 1790.
Edward Telfair, from isTovember 9, 1790, to November 7, 1793.
George Matthews, from ]S3"ovember 7, 1793, to Januaiy, 15, 1796.
Jared Irwin, from January 17, 1796, to January 11, 1798.
James Jackson, from January 12, 1798, to March 3, 1801, being the
first governor under the Constitution of 1798.
Under the State Constitution of 1198.
Aft€r James Jackson, David Emanuel, President of Senate and Act-
ing Governor from March 3, 1801, to ISTovember 7, 1801.
Josiah Tatnall, from November 7, 1801, to November 4, 1802.
John Milledge, from November 4, 1802, to September 23, 1806.
Jared Irwin, President of the Senate and Acting Governor from Sep-
tember 23, 1806, to November 7, 1806.
Jared Irwin, Governor from November 7, 1806, to November 9, 1809.
David B. Mitchell, from November 9, 1809, to November 9, 1813.
Peter Early, from November 9, 1813, to November 9, 1815.
David B. Mitchell, from November 9, 1815, to March 4, 1817 (re-
signed).
William Kabun, President of Senate and Acting Governor until
November, 1817, from which time he was governor until October 25,
1819, when he died.
Matthew Talbot, President of Senate and Acting Governor until
November 13, 1819.
John Clark, Governor from November, 1819, to November, 1823.
George M. Troup, Governor from November, 1823, to November,
1827.
30 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
John Forsyth, from I^ovember, 1827, to ISTovember, 1829.
George R. Gilmer, from November, 1829, to N'ovember, 1831.
Wilson Lumpkin, from N'ovember, 1831, to N^ovember, 1835.
William Schlej, from IS^ovember, 1835, to N'ovember, 1837.
George R. Gilmer, from iN'ovember, 1837, to ISTovember, 1839.
Charles J. McDonald, from :tsrovember, 1839, to November, 1843.
George W. Crawford, from :N'o'vember, 1843, to N'ovember, 1847.
George W. Town, from I^ovember, 1847, to N^ovember, 1851.
Howell Cobb, from Is^ovembQr, 1851, to E'ovember, 1853.
Herschel V. Johnson, from JSTovember, 1853, to iN'ovember, 1857.
Joseph E. Brown, from ^N^vember, 1857, to July, 1865.
James Johnson, Provisional Governor (appointed by President An-
drew Johnson), from July, 1865, to December, 1865, imtil an election
could be held by the people.
Charles J. Jenkins, Governor from December, 1865, to January, 1868,
when he was deposed by General Meade, acting under the reconstruction
measures of Congress, and Brigadier-General Thomas H. Ruger of the
United States army, was appointed to act as military governor until
July, 1868, at which time Rufus B. Bullock, elected under the recon-
struction measures, became Governor.
Under the Constitution of 1868.
Rufus B. Bullock, Governor from July, 1868, to October 30, 1871,
when he resigned his office.
Benjamin Conley, President of Senate and Acting Governor from
October 30, 1871, to January 12, 1872.
James M. Smith, Governor from January 12, 1872, to January 12,
1877.
When Governor Jenkins was deposed, he took with him the Great
Seal of Georgia, refusing to give it up, but after the inauguration of
Governor Smith he turned the Seal over to him as the first governor
elected by the untrammeled voice of the people since 1868. On that oc-
casion he received the thanks of the legislature, and a handsome medal
was voted to him for his fidelity to the interests and honor of Georgia.
This event deserves to rank with the Charter Oak incident of colonial
days in Connecticut.
General Alfred H. Colquitt, Governor from January 12, 1877, to
November, 1882, beginning under the Constitution of 1868 and ending
under that of 1877.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDVSTRIAL. 33
Under Constitution of 1877.
Alfred H. Colquitt's second term, ending jSTovember, 1882.
Alexander H. Stephens, from N'ovember, 1882, to March 4, 1883,
"when he died.
James L. Boynton, President of the Senate and Acting Governor
from March 5, 1883, to May 10, 1883.
H. D. McDaniel, from May 10, 1883, to Ts^'ovember, 1886.
John B. Gordon, from :N"ovember, 1886, to November, 1890.
W. J. IST-orthen, from i^ovember, 1890, to ITovember, 1894.
W. Y. Atkinson, from November, 1894, to E'ovember, 1898.
Allen D. Candler, inangtirated Xovember, 1898, the present incum-
bent.
INDUSTRIAL PEOGRESS OF GEORGIA.
Scarcely had the war ended before the Georgians set to work to re-
build their ruined homes and fortunes. The city of Atlanta afforded at
that time a striking evidence of the marvelous pluck and energy of the
people. In the spring of 1865, even before the close of hostilities, the
old citizens began to return, and Atlanta springing phoenix-like from
her ashes was already starting anew on the road to prosperity and wealth
with an impetus which even the succeeding days of force and oppression
could not check. This city is a fair type of Georgia, whose cities and
towns have steadily grown, some of them showing a surprising ratio of
increase. Even little villages have a neater, more substantial appear-
ance, and beautiful country dwellings are more numerous than ever be-
fore in the history of our State. Our manufacturing interests have
made steady and active progress, and within the last year the number of
cotton factories has increased at an unprecedented rate. Old and long-
established lines of railroad have increased their mileage and new ones
have been constructed, so that most of our farmers of to-day are with-
in easy distance of the road over which the products of their farms can
be transported. Electric cars give rapid transit from suburban homes to
the hearts of our cities, and telephones of both sljort and long distance
supplement the telegraph in affording instantaneous communication for
business or pleasure. Agriculture has been greatly improved; up-to-date
methods have been adopted; two blades of grass have been iiuido to
grow where one did a few years ago..
Just after the war the high price of cotton led the plantci*s of Geor-
gia to devote all their energies to the production of the fleecy staple,
and then by its subsequent rapid decline brought disappointment and
34 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
threatened ruin. Taking tlie alarm the farmers began more and more to
raise their own supplies. Thus thej are making the fann what it should
be, a little world of its own, whose master living independently on the
• heavy interest paid into his eofiers by his well-tilled soil, can become a
prince among men, and not, what a borrower must ever be, a servant to
the lender. The improvement in the planting interest of Georgia is
largely due to the Agricultural Department, established in 1874. Dr.
Thomas P. Janes, its first commissioner, made this department a mighty
agency for good. The noble work was continued by his able successor,
John F. Henderson and his zealous assistant, R. J. Redding (now di-
rector of the Georgia Experiment Station and president of the Georgia
Dairyman's Association) ; next by Commissioner K. T. ISTesbitt, a faith-
ful and diligent promoter of the people's welfare ; and is now being car-
ried forward by the present incumbent. Commissioner 0. B. Stevens,
and his assistant, Mr. Eobert F. Wright, who are determined not to be
.excelled by their illustrious predecessors. One of the chief objects of
this department is the inspection and analysis of fertilizers and oils, the
profit of which, over and above all expenses, is about $30,000 annually,
set apart for the benefit of the school fund. Thus this department in-
stead of being an expense is a source of revenue to the State, though it
was not originally so intended, and ought not so to be, for every dol-
lar collected could be spent much more to the advantage of the Stat^ by
being used for the legitimate purposes of this important branch of the
government. Other objects are the encouragement of agriculture in all
its branches, the promotion of dairying and creameries, the raising of the
best breeds of cattle for the farm and the market, and the eradication
of that pest commonly known as the cow-tick (hoophilus hovis). The
department has succeeded in lowering the line of quarantine against the
tick so as to exempt some of the North Georgia counties from its opera-
tion as to them, and is earnestly seeking the co-operation of the people
in completely rooting out this plague, so injurious to the cattle interests
of the State.
One of the great benefits of this department to the planters was seen
in the fall of 1899. When the great statistical! Neil predicted a cotton
crop of twelve and a half million bales, and consequently low prices,
word went forth from the Agricultural Department that it was advis-
able for all farmers who could do so, to hold their cotton, as there would
probably be only nine and a half millions of bales with a probable rise
in the price. The advice was justified by the result.
The State Chemist, John M. McCandless, and his assistants, R. G.
Williams and J. Q. Burton, in addition to the other important labors of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 35
their department, are doing faithful and efficient work in protecting the
farmers against spurious fertilizers and dangerous oils.
The State Entomologist, W. M. Scott, has won the favor of the fruit
growers of Georgia by his zealous labors in their behalf, and, especially,
by his unceasing efforts for the extirpation of all the pests that attack
the orchards.
The Geological Bureau under the management of the State Geologist,
W. S. Yeates, and his assistants, S. "W. McCallie and Dr. T. L. Watson,
is doing a great work for Georgia, by promoting the development of
its minerals, metals, building stones, clays and artesian wells.
In everything that should characterize an enlightened Christian State
Georgia stands among the foremost in our Union. Leaving behind the
past she is pressing forward to a future of increased prosperity and
gTcatness. One strong evidence of growth in a State is increase in pop-
lation. By the census of 1890 the population of Georgia was 1,837,353.
By that of 1900 it is 2,216,331. This is an increase of 378,978, or
within a very small fraction of 21 per cent.
CHAPTER II.
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE SEIETCH.
Georgia, the greatest in area of any State east of the Mississippi river,
embraces 59,475 square miles, being larger by 1,274 square miles than
England and Wales combined, and nearly equal in size to all ISTew Eng-
land. On its northern border are North Carolina and Tennessee, on the
northeastern side South Carolina, on the east the Atlantic Ocean, on the
south Florida, and on the west Alabama. Containing in its greatest
length from north to south 320 miles, and nearly four and one half de-
grees of latitude, it has great variety of soil, climate and productions. Its
northern portions are diversified by mountain, hill and vale, and
drained by niunerous rivers, some of which are navigable. The sides
of the hills and mountains are covered with the various hard woods, in-
terspersed with pine, a lighter wood, which furnishes an excellent resin-
ous kindling for fires. The soil of this mountain region varies from dark
to a red or mulatto color, and is very productive. The valleys and
river bottoms are covered in their proper seasons with abundant crops
of wheat, corn and other cereals, and are dotted with substantial farm-
houses located near some bubbling spring of pure, cold water, from
which runs a rippling streamlet through the farm, affording to the
stock abundance of healthful drink at all seasons of the year. In
some portions of this section cotton is successfully raised, and occasion-
ally thriving fields of tobacco may be seen.
The surface of Northeast Georgia varies from 1,000 to 5,000 feet above
the level of the sea. This section is traversed by that part of the Ap-
palachian chain known as the Blue Ridge, with an altitude above sea
level of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. This range runs about one third the
distance across the State, and terminates abruptly. Northwest Georgia,
the Limestone Region, with an altitude ranging from 600 or 700 to
2,500 feet, covers the greater part of ten counties, with an extent of
3,600 square miles. Of Northern Georgia about 6,000 square miles are
above the altitude of 1,000 feet.
About twenty miles west of the Blue Ridge lies the Cohutta Range,
a continuation of the Unaka of Tennessee, having an altitude of 3,000
feet, with an abrupt escarpment toward the valley of the Oostanaula on
(36)
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 39
the -svest, and continuing into Alabama in a low elevation known as
Dugover Mountain. To the northwest come Lookout and Sand Moun-
tain ranges, which, with their table-lands, belong to the Alleghany sys-
tem. The highest point of Lookout, known as High Point, has an ele-
vation of 2,408 feet. A northeastern spur of Lookout is known as Pig-
eon Mountain, with an elevation of from 1,800 to 2,000 feet above
the sea, but with one point rising to 2,331 feet. Along the top
of this mountain runs the boundary line between Walker and Dade
counties. Hound Mountain, also a spur of Lookout, has an elevation of
over 2,200 feet. Prom this point rises Rock Creek, flowing longitudi-
nally along the surface of the mountain adjacent to a beautiful waterfall
known as Lula, all of which, with Lula Lake, make one of the most
picturesque scenes in Georgia. Taylor's Ridge with its extension, the
White Oak Mountains, traversing parts of Catoosa, Whitfield and Chat-
tooga counties, i-ises to 1,300 and 1,500 feet above the sea, Rocky Face
Ridge, rising to an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,Y00 feet, crosses the
western part of Whitfield county, forming the eastern watershed of East
Chickamauga creek, which flows through the valley at an elevation of
900 feet above the sea.
Among the interesting features of ISTorthwest Georgia are numerous
caves. One of the largest, of great extent, with far-reaching galleries, is
Hardin's cave, about three miles southeast of Kingston. Some of the
chambers are twenty to twenty-five feet high, and, owing to the sloping
roof, the cave appears even higher. At Crawfish Springs, near Chicka-
mauga, a stream sufficiently large to be used as a water-power, issues
from an underground cavern, and has been converted into a beautiful
lake and waterfall. Many other caverns, some extensive, occur at the
bases of Lookout, Pigeon and Sand Mountains.. Near the beautiful
little town of Cave Spring extensive caverns are found in the limestone
formations.
The mountain section of Georgia is noted for its charming valleys.
Cedar, Texas, Broomtown and Vann's valleys, are among the most noted
in Northwest Georgia, while the fame of Nacoochee, in the northeast
section among the mountains of White county, has been proclaimed in
song and story. Nacoochee, or the "Evening Star," so the story goes, was
the beautiful daughter of a noted Cherokee chief. She was wooed and
won by Sautee, a brave young warrior of the Choctaw nation, a people
who were the bitter foes of the Cherokces. One dark night Nacoocheo
eloped with her lover. The enraged father, at the head of a hundred
warriors, after days and nights of ceaseless search, found the lovers in
their hiding-place among the rocky fastnesses of Mount Yonah. Sauteo
3 ga
40 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Avas condemned by the old chief to be thrown from the highest preci-
pice of the mountain, and the sentence was put into immediate execu-
tion; but to her father's horror the maiden leaping over the precipice
shared her lover's fate. !N^acoochee and Sautee were buried on the
banks of the Chattahoochee in one grave, and a mound raised over them
to mark the spot. Two adjoining valleys now bear the names of the
young Cherokee girl and her Choctaw lover. In Habersham county
are found the falls of Toccoa and in Eabun county the grand chasms and
cataracts of Tallulah, famed far beyond the limits of Georgia. Toccoa '
creek falls 185 feet perpendicularly over a ledge of sandstone. Of the
beauty of this silvery cascade descending so gently from the lofty rock,
Vv^hose sides are plainly seen behind the watery veil, no j^en can give an
adequate description. Toccoa the Beautiful! ISTever was name more
worthily bestowed. The Tallulah river is the western branch of the
Tugaloo, one of the sources of the Savannah. Ten miles above the junc-
tion of the Tallulah with the Chattooga, the Falls of Tallulah, by four
perpendicular j)itches of water of from fifty to eighty feet and a great
many smaller cataracts, plunge downward into a grand chasm 860 feet
deep. The four principal falls are L' eau d'or, Tempesta, Hurricane
and Oceana.
All ISrorthern Georgia abounds in useful minerals. Coal is found in
the extreme northwest in Dad© and Walker counties, the various iron
ores in Dade, Walker, Chattooga, Floyd and Polk. In the State some lead,
silver and copper are found, the latter being an extension of the cele-
brated Ducktown region of Tennessee, varieties of it being found in the
counties of Union, Towns, Cherokee, Paulding, Haralson, Carroll, Mur-
ray, Pulton, Lincoln and Greene. Ochre and sulphate of baryta exist in
large beds. Other minerals that have been successfully mined are pyrites,
mica, talc, slate, tripoli, limestone and infusorial earth.
Dahlonega, in Lumpkin county, is the center of gold operations in
Georgia, the richest veins being in Lumpkin and White. Other coun-
ties in Avhich gold is found are Eabun, Towns, Habersham, Hall, Union,
Gwinnett, Forsyth, Dawson, Milton, Cherokee, Bartow, Paulding, Doug-
las, Carroll, Haralson, Gilmer, Fannin, Lincoln, and McDuffie. It is
found in small quantities in Fulton.
The bauxite deposits are the largest in the United States. This is the
basis of aluminum. Deposits of commercial value have been found in
Walker, Chattooga, Bartow and Floyd.
Corundum is found in Georgia in all its varieties except emery. Slate
is successfully quanied at Pockmart by the Georgia Slate Company.
The manganese deposits are very rich. Sandstones of a variety of colors
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 4^
and adapted to a varietv of purposes are found in Xorthwest Georgia.
In the northern counties asbestos is also found.
Georgia to-day stands second only to Vermont as a marble State, be-
ing noted throughout the United States for the excellent quality of her
marble.
In 1S93 the value of the output was in round numbers $273,000, and
almost the entire product was at that time supplied by the Georgia
Marble Company, whose headquarters and quan-ies were near Tate, in
Pickens county. The quarries here opened are named respectively,
Creole Xo. 1, Creole Xo. 2, Cherokee, Etowah and Kennesaw. The
Piedmont quarry, also in Pickens county, is very extensive. The in-
crease from all these quarries had, in 1894, brought the entire product
up to 481,529 cubic feet, valued at $71G,359, an increase in one year
of over 174 per cent. The structure of the marble from the different
quarries is essentially the same, the only marked difference being in
color. Some of it is white, some bluish-gray with dark-blue spots, some
^vith dark-blue mottlings, useful for monumental work and interior
decorations, others with a variety of shades, such as pink, salmon, rose
and dark green, producing rich effects, specially adapted for wainscot-
ing, panels, counters, table-tops, etc. The deposits are larger than any
other in the United States. The companies operating the quarries are
prepared to saw and finish the stone, and this is done by them and also
by other large companies established for this work at Xelson, Canton,
and near Marietta. Thus almost the entire product of the Georgia quar-
ries is put upon the market in a finished condition. Marble is quarried
also in Cherokee, TVhitfield and Polk. Beautiful marble is found also
in Floyd.
Fifteen years ago Georgia marble was little known beyond the lim-
its of the State. iSTow it is the most famous in America, and is recog-
nized as the best for building purposes. The demand for it extends
throughout the United States, and shipments have been made to Hawaii.
From the Southern Marble Company at ^larble Hill was shipped the
largest block of marble ever quarried in the United State, to go into
the capitol of IMinnesota. In the construction of Mississippi's new cap-
itol Georgia marble is one of the main materials, as it is also in the new
capitol of Rhode Island.
Granite of the best grade abounds in Georgia. The largest known
deposit of this useful stone in the world is found in DeKalb county,
fourteen miles east of tlio city of Atlanta. In the midst of a vast bed
of stone extending in all directions, from a comparatively level country
there rises to the height of 1,G86 feet a solid mountain of granite, with-
42 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
out soil except in a few scattered places, where a little verdure appears.
This "geological monstrosity," as Dr. Alexander Means, an eminent
scientist of the State in his day, styled it, is known by the appropriate
name of Stone Mountain, It is seven miles in circumference at the
base, and by the ordinary ascent one mile from base to apex. The stone
of this mountain and of the wide extended bed of granite that spreads
out from its base is uniform in character, admirably adapted for paving
Bs well as for building and monumental work, and is being used for these
purposes not only in the cities of Georgia, but also in those of the East
and West. There are many other extensive deposits through the State,
notably those in Coweta, Elbert, Oglethorpe, Walton, Hancock, Spald-
ing, Eayette and Carroll counties. In 1880 the entire granite product of
the State for paving material was valued at $13,000, and the entire in-
dustry employed only thirteen hands. In 1896 the product in paving
material alone was worth more than $750,000, and gave employment
to one thousand hands.
Gneiss is quarried extensively in Carroll, Coweta, Meriwether and
Heard counties. Red sandstone is quarried near Graysville, in Catoosa
county.
The granite beds are found in what is known as Middle Georgia.
This is the most thickly settled section of the State. The line dividing
it from South Georgia may be considered as running directly across
the State from Augusta to Columbus and passing at the head of naviga-
tion near Milledgeville and Macon. Much of the land is exceedingly
fertile, producing abundant crops of cotton and of com, or any of the
grains that can be raised in any part of the United States. The various
grasses, too, afford abundant pasturage for horses and cattle. The creek
and river bottoms are exceedingly fertile, but, as they are liable to
overflow, these lands are generally devoted to corn, an exceedingly profit-
able crop in such localities, even though subject to occasional damage by
floods.
Even the so-called worn-out lands have, by judicious fertilizing, been
brought to a high state of productiveness. This region varies in alti-
tude from 180 to 500 and in some instances to 1,000 feet. There are
few elevations that are designated as mountains, and lands too steep for
the plow are seldom found over the greater part of this area. Pme
Mountain in Harris and Graves Mountain in Lincoln rise a few hun-
dred feet above the surrounding country. Atlanta stands upon the crest
of Chattahoochee Eidge at an altitude of 1,050 feet above the level of
the sea. Kennesaw Moimtain in Cobb, with an altitude of 1,809 feet,
and Stone Mountain in DeKalb, 1,686 feet above the sea, tower con-
spicuously over the surrounding landscape.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 43
Sonthern Georgia, covering more than half of the State, extending
from the southern limit of Middle Georgia to Florida and the Atlantic
coast, ranges in altitude between 100 and 500 feet. About 3,000
square miles of the coastal region have an elevation of 100 feet or lesa
above tide. The productions of Southern Georgia are very much the
same as those of Middle Georgia. Throughout both these sections fruits
of many varieties abound. Pears grow well in every part of the State,
but best in ISTorthern and Middle Georgia. The apple succeeds well in
every portion of the State where the elevation is four or five hundred
feet, with a clay soil or subsoil.
It is in Georgia that the most luscious peaches are produced, those
having the richest flavor, the best varieties being found in Middle Geor-
gia and the elevated plateaus of the southwestern portion of the State.
In the same sections figs and pomegi'anates grow admirably, needing no
protection in winter except in the upper part of the middle belt. Grapes
grow well in every section, and there are some fine vineyards. It may
be remarked here that, while the founders of Georgia forbade the im-
portation of the stronger liquors, they did intend to make the colony a
wine-producing country. Olives succeed well on the coast. The pecan
and English walnut do well. Watermelons and cantaloupes are
celebrated for their quality. In fact, the Georgia watermelon has a
national reputation. In Thomas county, in the extreme southwestern
section of the State bordering on Florida, and with but one county (De-
catur) between it and the Alabama line, in addition to all the agricul-
tural productions of the temperate and semi-tropical zones, the apple,
pear, peach, plum, pomegranate, fig, quince, cherry ,grape, raspbeny,
blackberry, strawberry, mulberry, orange, lemon and banana may be
seen, all growing in the same orchard. In. Camden county, in the ex-
treme southeast, oranges flourish, and in the streets of St. Mary's the
trees may be seen laden in their season with golden fruit. Berries of all
kinds flourish in every section of Georgia. Groundpeas and chufas
abound, the former being extensively raised for home consumption and
the markets of Georgia and other States. Sugar-cane and sorghum are
also crops of great value.
No area of similar extent in the United States shows greater variety
than Georgia, and no State east of the Rocky Mountains as great. In
its southern part tropical fruits and flowers grow and mature, while on the
high peaks of some of its mountains grow plants indigenous to the far
north. Many people suppose that latitude determines climate. But
other factors which also largely control must be taken into the count.
Of these factors rainfall, elevation and air currents exert ]u-obably the
44 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
greatest influence. Of nine climate belts in the United States, eight are
represented in Georgia. Of these eight belts the lowest in mean annual
temperature is below 40 degrees, the highest between TO and 75. Thus
Georgia's four and one-half degrees of latutude show a variety of climate
equivalent to the average range of 15 degrees, according to the usual
estimate, which assigns two degrees difference in the thermometer for
one degree of latitude, and one degree of the thermometer to three hun-
dred feet of elevation. The climate of below forty degrees is found on
some of the mountain peaks known as "bald" above the range of trees,
where only shrubs appear, and on whose summit arctic insects are found.
Of course there is but a small part of this belt in Georgia.
mea:n' a:n'i^ual temperatuee.
On the sides of these mountains below the summit is a mean annual
temperature of between forty and forty-five degrees, corresponding with
upp^r 'New England and New York and the mountain region of Vir-
ginia. A larger climate zone between forty-five and fifty degrees cor-
responds with portions of ISTew York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The
zone between fifty-five and sixty degrees embraces a narrow strip run-
ning through ISTorth Carolina and Virginia up to New Jersey. The zone
between fifty-five and sixty contains an area two or three times as large
as all the preceding zones together, and passing through both Carolinas
ends in Virginia. The zone between sixty and sixty-five degrees em-
braces nearly all of Middle Georgia, upper Alabama, Mississippi, Louis-
iana, Texas, West Tennessee and Arkansas, and extends into Virginia.
The mean annual temperature at some of the important stations in this
area are: Leo, 60.1; Rome, 61.9; Gainesville, 61.3; Atlanta, 61.4; Car-
roUton, 62; Oxford, 62.6; Athens, 63; Augusta, 64; LaGrange, 64.1;
Thomson, 64.7. The climate of Southern Georgia corresponds with that
of lower Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi and upper Florida, being chiefly
in the zone between sixty-five and seventy degrees of mean annual tem-
perature, this zone embracing the following stations: Macon, 66.1;
Swainsboro, 67; Cuthbert, 68.1; Americus, 68.2; Walthoursville, 67.6;
Brunswick, 68.7. Blackshear, 70.2, is the only station touching tha
zone between seventy and seventy-five degrees. The climate of Atlanta
corresponds mth that of Washington, St. Louis and Louisville, the win-
ters being warmer and the summers cooler.
Eor the whole State the July mean temperature is 81.8. The isother-
mal line of eighty degrees, July temperature, runs above Augusta and
Macon to West Point. Above this line, embracing nearly all of North
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 45
and Middle Georgia, the July temperature is between seventy-five and
eighty degi-ees. Below this line, embracing nearly all Southwest, East
and Southeast Georgia, the July temperature is between eighty and
eighty-five degrees.
The only climatic belt in the United States not found in Georgia is
that in the extreme south of Florida, with a mean annual temperature
of between seventy-five and eighty degrees.
Georgia's summers are, on an average, cooler than those of more
northerly sections, while the wintei-s, though seldom severe, are cold
enough to dissipate the germs. of disease.
The annual average rainfall of Georgia is 49.3 inches, the highest be-
ing at Rabun Gap, 71.7 inches, the lowest at Swainsboro, 39.4 inches.
The average for different sections of the State is: for Middle Georgia,
49.7 inches; Xorthwest Georgia, 60.3 inches; East Georgia, 41.4 inches.
The summer rainfall for the State in inches averages 13.4; I^orth Geor-
gia, 13.6; Southwest Georgia, 14.5. Of summer rainfalls the averages
in inches are: Brunswick, 16.6; Americus, 16; Rabun Gap, 15.4; At>-
lanta, 10.8; Rome, 10.2. Atlanta's annual rainfall is 52.12 inches.
The average elevation above the sea of iSTorth Georgia is 1,700 feet;
of Middle Georgia, 750; of Southwest Georgia, 400; of East Georgia,
125; of Southeast Georgia, 100, giving an average for the State of 615
feet. Here is a difference between the extreme averages of 1,600 feet.
Snow seldom falls in Southern Georgia, and then rarely to a depth
of more than two inches, disappearing entirely in one or two days. There
are a few notable exceptions at intervals of several ycai-s near the line of
Middle Georgia, when it falls to a greater depth, and is followed by a
severe freeze. and has been known to stay on the ground for several days.
In Middle Georgia the fall of snow is slightly more frequent, while its
frequency and depth is greatly increased in the mountain region.
The climatic conditions in Georgia are favorable to man and
beast. There is no more salubrious climate than that of North Georgia.
It compares favorably with that of many sections famed throughout the
Union as summer resorts. In North and Middle Georgia summer and
autumn are the most delightful seasons of the year. Cool breezes gen-
erally temper the sun's rays in the heat of a summer day, and the
nights, especially near the mountains, are cool, refreshing, and invigorat-
ing. Nothing is more restful to the weary laborer, whether he bo a
mechanic or a toiler in the fields of thought, than to lie dowm to slumber
unoppressed by the sultriness of a summer night. An evening cooled by
gentle zephyrs is a luxury, and such it is one's j)rivilegc to enjoy ainid
the mountains of the northern section or the ninrc elevated portion-^ ol
46
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Middle Georgia. Even in Southwest Georgia there are plateaus and
ridges with an elevation of from 300 to 500 feet above sea level, where
summer nights are refreshing and invigorating. Even in the lowlands
of the coastal region and the interior portions also, the heat is greatly
modified by the sea breezes which, coming from the Gulf and the At-
lantic, cool the summer evenings and nights.
In calculating the healthfulness of the State, the ratio of mortality of
the colored population ought to be excluded, since their mode of life, esr
pecially in the cities, is far from conducive to health, and their death-
rate is far in excess of that of the whites.
The following table shows the average number of deaths in every
1,000 of the population for the year 1890 in the States of Georgia, Cali-
fornia, Illinois, 'New York and Massachusetts:
NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000.
STATES
White
Colored
Total Average
Including
both Races
Georgia
10.98
13.42
18 99
17.03
19.48
15.50
14.34
18.43
16.25
28.57
13 24
California
13.88
Illinois
16 21
New York
16 64
Massachusetts
21.52
Hence it may be seen that Georgia's climate as compared with the
eastern, middle, western middle and extreme western is pleasant and
healthful.
The Coastal Region of Georgia abounds in large, deep and navigable
rivers, sounds and inlets, offering every facility for commerce and trade,
to which advantages should be added the splendid lines of railway that
connect the seaports. Savannah and Bnmswick, with the highly produc-
tive regions of the south, southwest and west. Savannah, though a city
of only 54,000 inhabitants, is seventh in the Union in the total value of
its exports, is the third cotton port in America and ranks first in the
world in lumber and naval stores.
When John Verrazzani, in the service of the king of France, visited
the Georgia coast in 1525, he was so charmed witJi its rivers that he
named them after the most noted streams of France. He called the St.
Mary's the Seine; the Satilla, the Somne; the Altamaha, the Loire; the
Savannah, the Grande; St. Catherine's inlet, the Garonne; Ossabaw
Sound, the Gironde.
The islands that skirt the Georgia coast produce the famous sea-island
cotton. They, as well as the mainlands opposite, furnish great quantities
e
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ost
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 49
of rice, in the production of "which Georgia conies after Louisiana and
South Carolina. Some of the largest plantations of this grain, which
furnishes such wholesome food to thousands of people, are situated on the
banks of the Ogeechee. The lumber business of Southern Georgia, espe-
cially of the southeastern section, is of great proportions and has added
much to the prosperity of the wire-grass section, if it has not been the
greatest factor in its recent rapid development. It has built thriving
towlis and opened up new fields for commerce, increasing greatly the
value of the exports of Savannah and Brunswick, and giving to Darien
and St. Mary's their most valuable articles of trade.
Of all the forest trees of the State the long-leaf pine of Southern
Georgia, well known as the Georgia pine, holds at the present time the
chief place. It is the same as the Pinus palustris or australis, which
is to be found all along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to a distance of 150
miles back from the sea, from the Potomac to the mouth of the Missis-
sippi. iSTo tree in the temperate zone, and perhaps not in the whole world,
serves better the wants of mankind. From its roots to its slender, needle-
like leaves, every atom can be utilized. It has a long, slender trunk,
often rising to the height of seventy or a hundred feet without a curve
or a branch until near the top, where there appears a cluster of branches
bearing bunches of needles, long and evergTcen, which decay and drop
out annually, one after another, and yet never enough at any time to
deprive the tree of its richly colored foliage. These pines form a con-
tinuous forest for a distance of 1,000 miles, unaffected by frost or heat,
growing densely on sandy soil or in the swamps. The ground under
them, whei'e it is not swampy, is covered with a carpet of decayed needles
of a reddish-brown color, slippery and elastic under the tread. The
pine mast or seed is a great food for hogs. The aromatic odor of the
pines is very helpful to asthmatic and consumptive patients. The tim-
ber which is cut from it is equally good for building, for cabinet work
and furniture, is susceptible of high polish, can be furnished in almost
any size and length, and can stand exposure to the weather. Some of it
has a curly grain, which, when polished, makes furniture beautiful and
greatly prized. The roots and bark have medicinial and chemical proper-
ties that have for years been utilized. From them the best of lamp-
black is made. From the bark comes the highest grades of charcoal.
The sawdust furnishes a heavy percentage of alcohol and creosote. The
sap, as it oozes from the tree, supplies a gum from which, when thrown
into a cauldron, boiled and distilled, there is obtained spirits of turpen-
tine, while the residue in tlic cauldron is resin, sometimes called rosin.
This resin is divided into different grades, the finest of which consists
5Q GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of amber-colored crystals, known as window-glass resin, used on violin
bows, for the manufacture of stained glass, and fine painters' materials.
ISTorth Carolina has long been famed for the production of tar, pitch, tur-
pentine and naval stores ; but of late years Georgia has forged ahead of
her in these valuable articles of commerce. The short-leaf pine abounds
in Middle Georgia and the white pines in ISTorthwest Georgia. In
Southeast Georgia is also found the live-oak, a valuable wood for ship-
building.
Another valuable wood, the cypress {Taxedium distichum), grows
along the margins of streams or in swamps with the sweet-gums and black
gums. It is found in the country traversed by the Central Railroad
from Augusta and Macon toward Savannah, along the Southern Rail-
way from Macon southward and eastward, and in much of the interven-
ing country. This tree attains its largest dimensions in swamps near
the coast. Capable of standing exposure well, it shrinks and swells but
little when subject to alternations of temperature or of moisture and dry-
ness. These characteristics make its timber especially suitable for
shingles, doors, sashes and exterior trimming.
In Middle and IlTorthem Georgia there is an abundant supply of
hardwood lumber for manufacturing railroad cars, wagons and agricul-
tural implements, besides a great variety suitable for manufacturing
furniture. Among these are oak, hickory, ash, walnut, cherry and
maple. In iTorth Georgia there is found also the sugar-maple, the wood
of which is light brown and hard. From its sap can be made excellent
sugar and syrup.
The pine timber land, which a few years ago could be bought for
from 50 cents to $1.50 an acre, now brings from $4.00 to $8.00. Of
course the wealth brought into Georgia by the immense pine forests
through the trade in lumber and naval stores is of great present benefit
to our State. But will not the day come, when through the turpentine
ax and the saw these noble pines will disappear and be a .thing of the
past? Most assuredly yes! What then will be the fate of this section
of Georgia? The lands from which the forests have been cleared
will be opened up for farms and the staple crops, fruits and vege-
tables from the cultivated fields and carefully tended truck gardens will
find their way to the markets of the ^orth, in which there is a rapidly
increased demand for the products of our Georgia farms and gardens.
Best of all they will pass through our own ports, bringing into them a
continuation of the profits now derived from the shipments of lumber
and naval stores. In addition to this the grasses will supply a natural
pasturage which, together with the fact that no shelter would be needed
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 51
in winter, will make this the choice section of the State for extensive
sheep fanus.
iSTot even in Louisiana does the sugar-cane grow more luxuriantly, or
yield a greater amount of saccharine juice than throughout this same
sand piney belt. In Thomas county vineyards have been, and are
very successful, and the best of wines have been made. Experiments at
Waycross, in Ware county, show that the soils of that region are ad-
mirably adapted to the culture of fruits, figs and grapes. "Watermelons
can be grown in any quantity and size. In the extreme southern tier of
counties oranges and bananas can be produced, and ^vith the same care
should be made to do as well as in the neighboring counties of Florida.
Dr. Thomas P. Janes, in his handbook published in 1876, says: 'T
have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to secure a
comfortable supply of food with less effort, and can see no reason why
the whole country may not be made equal, if not superior, to that section
of Prussia, where Frederick the Great founded the city of Berlin. There
is the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sections,
and should the tide of German immigi-ation be turned hither, there
would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures of the Father-
land." From the Okefinokee Swamp, in the extreme southeast section,
thousands of tons of muck can be obtained which, mth the aid of the
Satilla river marls, will convert the sandy and red clay lands in its
neighborhood into the most productive market-gardens. According to
an act passed by the legislature October 29, 1889, and approved by the
Governor, John B. Gordon, the Okefinokee Swamp was sold to certain
gentlemen incorporated as the Suwannee Canal Company, of which
Henry Jackson, of Atlanta, was elected president and A. E. Thornton,
vice-president of the Atlanta National Bank, was. made vice-president.
Explorations made by the company have shown the swamp to be al:>out
forty-five miles long, with an average width of about thirty miles. In it
are numerous islands covered with long-leaf yellow pine along the central
ridges, while on their hammock lands are found the red bay, white bay,
magnolia and white holly, known as Henderson wood. This last
named tree, when dry, is white like ivory, with a grain not perceptible,
and from it excellent piano keys are made. The red bay takes a beau-
tiful polish not much inferior to that of mahogany. The timber bays or
cypress brakes running north and south through the swamp, supply the
very best quality of black cypress, which will cut from 25,000 to 100,-
000 feet to the acre. One of the. islands, called Billy's Island, was onco
the home of the Seminole chief, Billy Bowlegs. Okefinokee Swamp
abounds in fish and game of all kinds. On some of the islands are fnund
52 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
deer, bears, turkeys, woodcocks, partridges and snipe. Here also dwell
the otter, wild cat and panther. The waters of the swamp abound in
bream, perch and the large-mouthed black bass, the last being sometimes
called trout, which the fishermen, after the primitive Indian fashion, ob-
tain bj shooting them with bow and arrow. The cypress brakes are
separated from each other by what are called prairies, though covered
with water to the depth of two or three feet, which innumerable water
lilies cause to resemble a field white with cotton. The water being
drained off leaves a muck eight feet deep, the great utility of which as a
fertilizer has already been mentioned.
The Georgia sugar-cane crop deserves special mention as one of our
most important wealth-producing factors. The striped or ribbon cane,
which is now so successfully grown in the southern section of our State
was in 1825 introduced from Savannah, Georgia, into Louisiana, which
State is now famous for its molasses and sugar industries. Throughout
Southern and Middle Georgia this is one of the best crops, and in some
localities is raised with profit even as high north as Whitfield county, in
the mountain regions. Mr. W. L. Peek of Conyers, a little north of the
central part of Middle Georgia, wrote to the Agricultural Department
in 1899 that he had made during that season 600 gallons of syrup to the
acre, while a letter from Rev. Luke Johnson of Dalton, Whitfield
county, reported 300 gallons to the acre from cane raised by him. But
in the southern counties are obtained the best ^results, and Cairo, in
Thomas county and .Quitman, in Brooks, are perhaps the greatest ship-
ping points for Georgia cane syrup, the rival in our southern markets
of the best "New Orleans brands and of the famed maple-syrup of. the
ITorth.
Sorghum syrup, produced from what is called Chinese sugar-cane, is
also a great favorite with many of our planters, especially for their negro
laborers, by whom it is preferred to almost any other kind.
As a wheat-growing State Georgia is making a record of which her
people may well be proud. Mr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist, after
a careful analysis of nineteen Georgia samples, has shown that Georgia
farmers can raise as fine wheat as is grown anywhere. The attention
that is being given to all the small grain crops is an encouraging sign
of the progress being made in diversified farming.
But the greatest wealth-producing factor in Georgia when the farm-
ers first raise their own supplies, and make it their surplus crop, is King
Cotton, the fleecy staple, which all the world wants and must have. In
1S9Y-98 and again in 1898-99, Georgia produced 1,500,000 bales, an
over-production, and to do this neglected to give to other crops their
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 53
proper attention. The price of cotton, which, steadily decreasing for the
past two decades, had reached the low figures of four and one-half cents
a pound, compelled them now to a change of policy, which had long
been urged by the press of the State, notably the Macon Telegraph, the
Atlanta dailies, the Constitution and Journal, the Augusta Chronicle,
the Savannah Morning News, the Columbus Enquirer, and many other
papers of Georgia, and to the adoption of which the Agricultural De-
partment had bent its every effort. Raising first the food crop, they
planted cotton in a less, and yet sufficiently large quantity, and the re-
sulting high prices brought renewed hope and prosperity to all classes of
our people.
Here it may be not inappropriate to say that the traveler from the
ISTorth and West passing through the State should not judge Georgia
from the ordinary fai-m scene, viewed from the window of a moving
train.
Our railroads generally run along the ridges where the land is poorest,
the best lands being away from the great highways of travel. The
negro laborer, generally a prominent figure in the scene, is a thriftless
sort of farmer who knows only how to plow and hoe, but who, under the
intelligent eye of the white man, makes the best of laborers.
A sight of some of the farms where improved methods have been
practiced shows conclusively that there is no better country in which to
seek for homes, where not merely a comfortable living amid pleasant
surroundings can be had, but where, under the skillful hand of the
white man, competency and wealth may be acquired.
The water-powers of Georgia are immense, and are estimated at
550,000 horse-power, of which less than 50,000 have been utilized.
The school and church privileges of Georgia are treated in full in the
chapters on "Education" and "Religious Denominations."
In the State of Georgia there were in 1890 440,459 sheep with a wool
clip of 841,141 pounds; 873,926 cattle, of which 49,108 were working
oxen and 287,717 were milch cows. Of the cows 3,931 were pure bred
and 28,148 were graded as one half blood or higher. There were pro-
duced 53,234,508 gallons of milk, 14,483,323 pounds of butter and
12,833 pounds of cheese.
There were also 103,501 horses, 150,860 mules, 517 donkeys, 1,396,-
362 swine, 7,357,934 chickens, 148,797 turkeys, 291,076 geese, and
105,537 ducks. There was a production of 11,522,788 dozens of eggi^y
and 1,757,758 pounds of honey.
The annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899, pub-
lished by the United States Department of Agriculture, gives the number
54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of sheep in Georgia as 294,826, valued at $518,893, yielding 1,218,612
pounds of wool, washed and unwashed, and 731,167 pounds of scoured
wool. The Year Book published by the same department for 1900 places
the number of sheep in Georgia at 271,534, yielding 1,086,136 pounds
of wool, washed and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds of scoured wool.
This indicates a steady decrease in the sheep and wool industry of Geor-
gia. Are our farmers going to let this state of affairs continue, and
allow an industry which, under proper conditions, would be a great
source of wealth to our State to go to ruin for the lack of such laws
as will give the sheep proper protection ?
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY AND MmEKALOGY.
In the steady growth of industrial development that is taking place
along various lines in Georgia, the mineral resources of the State are
not being neglected, and the subject of economic geology and mineral-
ology is claiming each year a larger share of attention. Through the
active and systematic work, both of private individuals and of the State
Geological Department, thoughtful men are realizing more and more
that this phase of the State's material development is only in its child-
hood, and that a most promising field here awaits the trained worker and
the capitalist.
A brief outline is here given of the general geologic features of the
State, together with a short account of some of the most valuable mineral
deposits, building-stones, water-powers, etc.
By reference to the accompanying map it will be seen that the State
is divided geologically into three main divisions: 1st. The Paleozoic
area in the northwest, embracing the counties of Dade, Walker, Catoosa,
"Whitfield, Chattooga, Eloyd and the greater parts of Murray, Gordon,
Bartow and Polk; 2d. The Crystalline area, including all that portion of
the State north of a line through Columbus, Macon, Milledgeville and
Augusta and not embraced in the Paleozoic areaj 3d.. The Coastal
Plain area, beginning at the line above described and taking in all the
southern portion of the State.
In the Paleozoic area Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carbonifer-
ous formations are represented. The rocks are principally shales, sand
stones, limestones, quartzites and cherts.
The general surface configuration presents a region of parallel valleys
and mountain ridges, the bulk of the area forming a portion of the great
Appalachian valley.
In this area are valuable deposits of coal and ores of aluniimnn and
manganese. The roofing-slate of the State is found here, and all the
iron deposits tliat have been so far worked are in this area.
The Crystalline area is composed of granites, scliists and gneisses, witli
intruded basic eruptives of later ago. The rocks of this area are of
(55)
56 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
great age, but their exact position in the geological time scale has not
yet been definitely decided upon.
The Blue Ridge Mountains, the easternmost of the Southern Appa-
lachians, traverse this region in a northeast southwest direction. From
the southern foothills of this range the land surface slopes gradually sea-
ward to its junction with the Coastal Plain. This portion of the area
is known as the Piedmont Plain. Atlanta, situated in the upper part of
this belt, is 1,050 feet above sea level.
Conspicuous among the minerals of commercial importance in the
Crystalline area are gold, corundum and asbestos.
The best building-stones in the State are also in this region and near
the contact between it and the Paleozoic.
The Coastal Plain is much younger, geologically, than either of the
other two areas and is very different from the adjoining crystalline area,
both in the character of the rocks and the surface configuration. The
great mass of the strata is of Eocene and Miocene age, overlaid by the
Lafayette and Columbia formations. In the northwest comer a con-
siderable area of underlying Cretaceous rocks have been exposed through
the removal by erosion of the latter formations. These rocks have their
greatest width at the western end of the belt, but according to Dr. Geo.
E. Ladd, they can be traced clean across the State into South Carolina.
The rocks of the coastal plain consist of loosely consolidated sands and
gravels, with clays, marls and limestones. In passing from the harder
formations of the Crystalline area to these much softer rocks, all of the
rivers form falls or cascades. The line marking the junction of the
costal plain with the Crystalline area is hence called the "fall line."
Up to this line all of the larger streams, flowing through the flat, low
lying coastal plain, are navigable. The fall line, forming the head of
navigation and affording important water-powers on the streams, deter-
mined the location of a number of important towns — Columbus, Macon
and Augusta.
In the coastal plain are found the finest clays of the State and valu-
able beds of marl.
GOLD.
Gold is known to have been f oimd in Georgia in 1829 on Duke's creek
in White county, that part of the county where the discovery was made,
being at that time a part of Habersham county. It is also claimed that
it was found a year prior to this in Lumpkin county. By the year 1830
the "gold fever" had fully developed in Georgia. In 1831 $212,000
was sent from Georgia to the United States Mint, and in 1838 the United
V.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 59
State government established a branch mint at Dahlonega, which contin-
ued in operation till the civil war in 1861. The gi-eatest output of any
one year during these twenty-four years was in 1843, when over a half
million dollars were coined.
The State Geological Survey estimates in Bulletin ISTo. 4 — A, that the
total production of gold in the State, from its earliest discovery till 1896,
was $16,228,730, Statistics from the Director of the mint show a total
coining value of $546,006 for the gold received from Georgia during the
four years following 1895.
The gold deposits of Georgia form one of the main belts of the gold
fields of the Southern Appalachians. Two auriferous areas, as defined
in Bulletin 'No. 4 — A of the State Geological Survey, are to be traced on
the southeast side of the Blue Ridge running in a northeast-southwest
direction, closely parallel with the main axis of the mountain range.
The northernmost and largest of these two belts is the Dahlonega belt.
It has a length of about 150 miles with a width varying from one to
five miles.
Beginning with Rabun county it runs southwest through Habersham,
T\Tiite, Lumpkin, Dawson, the northwest corner of Forsyth, Cherokee,
the northwest comer of Cobb, the southeast comer of Bartow, Paulding
and Haralson counties.
The other belt, called the Hall county belt, traverses the counties of
Rabun, Habersham, Hall, Gwinnett, Forsyth, Milton, DeKalb and Ful-
ton.
A third belt traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties.
A fourth belt may be traced through Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie
and Warren counties, in the southeast portion of the Crystalline area.
The Dahlonega belt is the largest and most important of all these belts.
Besides these well-defined areas many irregularly located deposits may
be mentioned occurring in Towns, Union, Gilmer, Fannin and Meri-
wether counties.
Gold is to be found in Georgia under three conditions: 1st. As water-
worn pebbles and fine grains in the beds of the streams traversing the
•auriferous regions.
2d. In veins or leads, the gold-bearing quartz generally occurring
in lenticular masses or stringers, designated by Mr. G. F. Becker of the
United gtates Geological Survey, "stringer leads." Small cross fissure
veins often ocx?ur at right angles to the principal leads, and the wall
rocks are frequently impregnated with gold to a considerable distance.
Beneath the influence of atmospheric weathering these leads yield the
4 ga
60 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
so-called "refractory" ores, reqiiiring expensive treatment for tlie pro-
duction of the gold.
3d. In decomposed wall-rock and included vein material. The de-
composition in situ of the wall-rock, which is generally a gneiss or schist,
varies in depth at different localities, sometimes amounting to as much
as a hundred feet. For this rotten material Mr. Becker has proposed the
term "saprolite."
The richer placer mines in Georgia have long since been exhausted,
though dredging operations are at i)resent being successfully conducted
on some of the rivers in the Dahlonega belt.
In Lumpkin county the working of the saprolites constitutes the prin-
cipal mining operations now being carried on.
The material is washed out of its bed by directing against it a stream
of water under high pressure from a hydraulic giant, and is conducted
away in flumes or sluice-boxes, the ore and fragment of partially de-
composed wall-rock being carried to the stamp mill where it is to be
crushed, while the free gold is caught in the riffles with which the flumes
are lined and collected with mercury.
Deep mining has been developed as yet to only a limited extent in
Georgia. A good example of this kind of mining is to be found in the
Greighton, formerly known as the Franklin mine, in Cherokee county.
Here the undecomposed sulphides have been taken out for a depth o£
several hundred feet, by sinking shafts and driving drifts at one hundred-
foot levels. The chlorination process is employed in the extraction of the
gold. This and the Eoyal mine, in Haralson county, serve as an index
to what may be accomplished in the future with the sulphuret ores.
Activity in mining matters has been very marked in the region of Dah-
lonega for the past two years, and large sums have been invested.
The following quotations may be taken as a summary in regard to the
economical features of gold mining in Georgia:
The first is from a paper on the gold deposits of Georgia, read by
Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, before the International
Gold Mining Convention, held at Denver, Colorado, July 8, 1897.
"The future of the gold mining industry of the State depends, to a
great extent, on the economic treatment of low-grade ores which are
knovTU to. exist in large quantities."
The other is from Prof. W. S. Yeates, State Geologist, who, in the
concluding chapter of Bulletin ISTo. 4 — A, of the State Survey, on a part
of the gold deposits of the State, says: "I do not believe that the Georgia
gold mines may be expected to produce bonanzas; and the fortunes to
be made in a day will be exceedingly rare; but there is eveiy reason to
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. Ql
believe, tliat when properly developed and equipped for extensive opera-
tions, the gold deposits of Georgia will rank among the best dividend
producers of the world."
Among some of the well-known mines in the State may be mentioned
the Barlow, Finley and Hand mines in Lnnipkin conntv, the Creighton
mine in Cherokee conntv, the Loud mine and the Yonah Gold mines in
White county, and the Royal mine in Haralson county.
SILVER.
Ores of silver in any quantity have never been found in Georgia. As
a by-product in the refining of the gold sent by the State to the United
States Mint, silver to the coining value of from six to seven hundred dol-
lars is derived annually. -
IROK
The iron ores of Georgia furnish one of the most valuable of the vari-
ous mineral products of the State.
All the ore so far mined has been taken from the Paleozoic area,
though deposits of limonite (brown iron ore) that would warrant bein^j
developed are to be found in several localities in the Crystalline area,
and magnetite also occui*s in this area; but whether in workable quanti-
ties or not has not yet been determined.
The ores of the Paleozoic area consist of the brown iron ores or limon-
ite, and the red ores, or hematite.
The 13ro^^^l ores furnish the bulk of the material taken out and arc
mined at present in Bartow, Polk and Floyd counties.
Mr. S. W. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in an article written
for the Engineering and Mining Journal, has described in outline the
occurrence and character of these ores. According to him, the most abund-
ant deposits occur in pockets, or irregular deposits, in residual clays that
have resulted from the weathering of an extensive magnesian limestone
formation of Lower Silurian age, known as the Knox Dolomite. From a
number of analyses he concludes that the ore will yield from forty-eight
to fifty per cent, of metallic iron.
Other deposits of less extent occur in Cambrian and Carboniferous for-
mations.
Most of the limonite of this region is not pure limonite but is the
hydrous sesquioxide of iron, having a greater or less per cent, of the
anhydrous oxide or hematite mixed with it, giving the typical "brown
ore" of commerce.
62 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The red iron ore is mined in Walker and Chattooga counties. It is a
fossiliferons hematite usually correlated with the Clinton beds of New
York. Below the influence of atmospheric weathering the ore carries
a considerable percentage of lime.
According to statistics kindly furnished by Dr. David T. Day of the
United States Geological Survey, the output of iron ores in Georgia for
1899 was 236,748 long tons, valued at $235,343.
A few blast furnaces are in operation in the iron-mining region, but
the greater part of the ore mined is shipped to other States.
OCHER
Yellow ocher, an earthy form of hydrated iron oxide, used in the
manufacture of paints and pigments, and linoleum, occurs in Bartow
county. The ocher of these deposits is of good quality and is favorably
known to the trade. The following is an analysis of a sample by Mr.
K P. Pratt:
Hygroscopic moisture 60
Water of combination 9.31
Free silica (sand) 7.10
Silica as silicates 6.51
Alumina 8.86
Iron peroxide 66 . 82
99.20
The production of mineral paints in Georgia in 1899, as shown by
figures furnished by Dr. Day, was 3,212 short tons, valued at $39,505,
Mr. J. J. Calhoun of Cartersville, Ga., informs us that the shipment
of yellow ocher from Bartow county from August 1, 1899, to August 1,
1900, was 4,500 tons.
MANGANESE.
The oxide of manganese constitutes another of the more valuable min-
eral products of the State. Manganese ore of fine quality occurs in Bar-
tow and Floyd counties, where it is extensively mined. There are also
deposits of less extent in other counties in the Paleozoic area. Man-
ganese is used for a number of purposes in the industrial arts and
sciences, especially in the manufacture of steel and in the preparation of
chlorine gas.
t ebowu 0D thti map.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 63
The production of manganese in Georgia has fluctuated greatly dur-
ing different periods. In 1898, as shown by the twentieth annual report
of the United States Geological Survey, Georgia led all the States in the
production of manganese, the output being 6,689 long tons, valued at
$6.21 per ton. In 1887 the output reached a little over nine thousand
tons.
In 1899 the total amount as shown by the figures furnished by Dr.
David T. Day, was 3,089 long tons, valued at $23,377.
BAUXITE.
Extensive deposits of this mineral occur in the Coosa valley of the
Paleozoic area. The largest deposits are in Floyd and Bartow counties,
but its occurrence is also to be noted in Polk, Walker and Chattooga
counties.
Bauxite is a hydrate of the metal aluminum, and is the principal
source of the aluminum of commerce. It is also largely used in the
manufacture of alum. It occurs in commercial quantities in only three
other localities besides Georgia in the United States: in Alabama,
where the deposits are a continuation of those in Georgia, in Arkansas
and in 'Nev7 Mexico, to a limited extent.
In Georgia the ore occurs in pockets or distinctly defined bodies, and
can generally be extracted with pick and shovel without resorting to
blasting. The bulk of , the ore is very pure and is worth from $3.50 to
$4.50 per ton at the mines. The production has varied considerably dur-
ing different years. The production in the United States is at present
confined to Georgia and Alabama. In 1897, as shown by the United
States Geological Survey Eeport, the output from the two States was
20,590 long tons, valued at $57,652. Of this, 7,507 tons were from
Georgia.
CORUNDUM.
Corundum occurs in a number of counties in the Crystalline area and
may be ranked as one of the important mineral products of Georgia.
Corundum, used in its broadest sense, is a terra for all native occurring
oxide of aluminum, including the precious stones, ruby and sapphire.
In a more restricted sense, it is used for all the non-transparent varieties
of dark or dull color.
Emery is a black or grayish-black, granular corundum having some
iron oxide, either hematite or magnetite, intimately mixed with it.
Q^ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Conindum, using the term in its more restricted sense, like bauxite,
occurs in commercial quantities in the United States in a limited num-
ber of localities. The other States producing it besides Georgia are
JS^orth Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts. The Geor-
gia deposits occur in a belt of considerable width running in a parallel
direction with the main axis of the Blue Kidge mountains on their south-
east side. Some occurrences are to be noted, however, in Towns and
Union counties on the other side. The belt runs from Eabun and Towns
southwesterly to Carroll and Heard counties. The most important de-
* posits are in the northeast end of the belt in Rabun, Towns, Union and
Habersham counties.
According to Mr. Francis P. King, formerly Assistant State Geologist,
the deposits occur in veins intersecting basic magnesian rocks of which
peridotite may be taken as a type. These basic magnesian rocks form
igneous intrusions in the prevailing gneiss and schists that maks up the
country rock.
In Bulletin K'o. 2 of the State Geological Survey, page Y4, Mr. King
says : "A matter of note is the constant presence of hornblende gneiss,
either on one side or the other, of these formations. Such being the
case, and since these gneissic-hornblende formations, varying from fifty
to three hundred feet and more in width, are continuous for miles across
the country, they act as an excellent guide in a search for the corundum-
bearing formations. Gneiss or mica-schist seems always to surround the
peridotites, or "chrysolite formations," as they are commonly called, the
hornblende gneiss apparently never coming in close contact with the per-
idotites."
The largest mine in the State, and one of the noted ones of the United
States, is the Laurel Creek Mine in Eabun county near the Carolina line.
Comudum is the hardest of all naturally occurring substances, the dia-
mond excepted, and its extensive use as an abrasive was the natural
sequence to its discovery and a knowledge of its physical properties.
PYEITE
Pyrite, the naturally occurring sulphide of iron, is widely distributed
in small quantities throughout the northern part of the State, but so far
it has not been found in sufficiently concentrated deposits to warrant
mining operations, except in a few localities.
Pyrit© is extensively used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. §5
where deposits occur not too remote from traiisportation facilities, they
are "well worthy of attention.
The best prospects for this mineral seem to be in Lumpkin county.
COPPER
Copper ores occur in Murray and Fannin counties as a continuation
of the Tennessee deposits, and mining operations are carried on to a
limited extent in the upper part of these counties.
GKAPHITE.
Graphite occurs in a numbei' of localities in the northern part of the
State, but whether in quantites of a quality that would repay system-
atic development is not known.
Graphitic schists have been mined in considerable quantities near
Emerson, Ga., for use in the manufacture of fertilizers.
ASBESTOS.
Asbestos occurs at a number of localities in the Crystalline area,
Georgia and California are the only States in the Union in which it is
mined, the most of the asbestos used in this country being imported from
Canada.
Asbestos finds various uses in the industrial ai*ts where a heat-resisting
substance is needed, as in the manufacture of fire-proof safes and other
articles liable to be subjected to high temperature. Being a good non-con-
ductor it is also extensively used for wrapping pipes in steam-heating, etc.
The asbestos found in Georgia is a fibrous variety of the common
mineral hornblende, and is the true asbestos of mineralogists. The
Canada asbestos is a fibrous form of the mineral serpentine called chryso*
lite.
Figures furnished by Dr. Day show six hundi'ed and fifty short tons
to have been mined in Georgia during 1899, valued at $10,500. The
most extensive mine in the State is located at Sail's mountain in White
county. Mines have also been opened up in Rabun, Meriwether and
other counties.
TALC.
Talc occurs in a number of counties in the northern part of tho State,
the principal deposits occurring in tlie contact region of the Paleozoic
and Crystalline areas.
66 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Mining operations have been carried on from time to time in Murrajy,
Fannin and Cherokee counties.
Soapstone is a compact massive variety of talc. This mineral is used
as a lining in stoves and furnaces and for other similar purposes. Talc
ground to a powder is used as a lubricator, and the finer varieties can be
used for crayons and various purposes.
MICA.
Mica occurs widely distributed over the Crystalline area, but little has
been done as yet towards the development of the mica industry in Geor-
gia, although deposits have been worked in Union and Fannin counties.
The marketable value of mica depends on the size of the cleavage
sheets that it will yield and their freedom from flaws and discoloration.
The usual occurrence of mica is in pegmatitic dikes or veins, of which it
forms one of the constituent minerals along with quartz and feldspar,
BAEITE.
Barite, or heavy spar, the sulphate of barium, occurs in the Paleozoic
area in Bartow county, where it has been mined for a number of years.
Its chief use is in the manufacture of paint as a substitute for white
lead.
PKECIOUS STONES.
Amethysts of good quality are found in Rabun county. A few dia-
monds have been found in Hall county. Rubies and sapphires of small
size have been obtained in limited numbers in connection with corundum
mining, and some green beryl suitable for cutting has been found in the
northeast part of the Crystalline area. Some good moonstones have been
cut from feldspar from Upson county.
COAL.
The coal fields of Georgia are in Dade and Walker counties in the
Paleozoic area and are a part of the Warrior coal field of Alabama. The
following figures taken from the twentieth report of the United States
Geological Survey, giving the output in short tons from 1890 to 189S
will give an idea of the extent of the industry.
1890 228,337 1895 280,998
1891 171,000 189G 238,546
1892 215,498 1897 195,869
1893 372,740 1898 244,187
1894 354,111
Q
H
D
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. (39
Statistics furnished by Dr. Day show an output of 233,111 short tons
in 1899, valued at $233,344. A good per cent, of the coal mined in
Georgia is converted into coke.
CLAYS.
Throughout that portion of the State north of the fall line (a line from
Columbus through Macon to Augusta) clays occur in situ, derived from
the feldspathic constituents of the country rocks. At numerous localities
these clays are suitable for the manufacture of common brick and the
coarser gi-ades of earthenware.
Immediately below the fall line and extending in a narrow belt across
the State are to be found, in addition to the clays suitable for the pur-
poses mentioned above, extensive deposits of what is technically termed
"fire clay." This term is used for a clay of comparative purity which
subjected to heat fuses at relatively high temperatures, and can be used
in the manufacture of burnt products, such as porcelain, enameled brick,
china wares, sewer pipes, terra-cotta, etc.
Dr. Geo. E. Ladd, from his work in the clay area, the results of which
are set forth in Bulletin ]^o. 6 — A of the State Geological Survey, con-
cludes that these clay deposits were formed at a period when the sea-
shore approximately coincided with the fall line previously described;
the clay beds accumulating in lagoons and quiet off-shore stretches.
The most important deposits occur in the lowest formation of the
Cretaceous beds, known as the Potomac group.
Extensive plants for the manufacture of sewer pipes, terra-cotta
articles, etc., are located at several points in the clay belt.
Pure white clay, free from grit, is largely used in the manufacture
of wall-paper, and much of the Georgia clay is suitable for this purpose.
The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows that
articles to the value of $834,908 were manufactured from Georgia clay
in 1898, exclusive of pottery.
MARLS AND PHOSPHATES.
Numerous beds of marl occur in the counties forming the lower part
of the State, and can be used to advantage for marling adjacent lands.
Mr. McCallie, Assistant State Geologist, in his report on the Phosphates
and Marls of Georgia (Bulletin No. 5 — A), in referring to the marls of
New Jersey, says: "The marls in South Georgia are found in many in-
stances to e(pial in plant-food those of New Jersey; and if abundantly
70 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
and judiciously used, there appears to be no reason why they might not
produce a similar effect on the fertility of the soil."
Deposits of phosphate have been found and mined to a limited extent
in Thomas county.
LIMESTOlSrE.
Limestone beds of good quality, both for calcimining and for building
purposes, are foimd in the Paleozoic area. Lime for local consumption
has also been made for years from a naiTOw belt of limestone in Hall and
Habersham counties, in the Crystalline area.
Limestone suitable for calcimining is also to be found at different
localities in the coastal plain region.
Figmres from the United States Geological Survey Report show the
production of lime in Georgia in 1898 to have amounted to $57,803.
This indicated an increase of $25,803 over that in 1897, and of $28,722
over the production for 1896.
Hydraulic cement rock is also found in the Paleozoic area. A good
cement is obtained from beds in Bartow county. The production of
cement in Georgia in 1898, as given by the United States Geological
Survey Eeport, was valued at $13,500.
EOOFIlSrG-SLATE AND STONES EOR BUILDING, INTEPJOR
DECORATIVE WORK AND MONUMENTAL PURPOSES.
SLATE.
Roofing-slate of good quality is quarried at Rockmart in Polk county.
In the twentieth report of the United States Geological Survey, the
production in Georgia for 1898 is put at 3,450 squares, valued at
$13,125.
Figures received from Dr. Day show the value of the output for 1899
to have amounted to $7,500.
MARBLE.
The marbles of Georgia occur in a narrow belt about sixty miles long
in the contact region of the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas. The belt
traverses Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens and Cherokee counties. The most
important quarries are in Pickens county.
For a number of years the marble industry in Georgia has steadily
grown in importance, and at the present time Georgia marble is recog-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 71
nized all over the Union as one of the most superior stones for building
and decorative work that can be purchased.
The following figures giving the production from 1890 to 1899, from
the United States Geological Survey Report, and those for 1899 fur-
nished by Dr. Day, show the importance of the industry:
1890 $196,250 1895 $689,229
1891 275,000 1896 617,380
1892 280,000 1897 598,076
1893 261,666 1898 656,808
1894: 724,385 1899 742,554
Many handsome structures have been built in various parts of the
country of Georgia marble and testify to its beauty and popularity as a
Imilding-stone.
Among others may be mentioned the State capitol of Rhode Island
and the Corcoran Art Gallery at Washington.
GRAOTTE.
Granites of good quality occur in immense quantities in a number of
localities in the Crystalline area. Large amounts are quarried annually
for building, street-paving and monumental work.
Stone Mountain, in DeKalb county, is an immense mass of granite
about six hundred and fifty feet high, and having a circumference at the
base of something like seven miles. Extensive quarrying operations have
been carried on at this mountain for years.
Among others, a belt of blue granite, designated by Dr. Thos. L.
Watson, Assistant State Geologist, as the Lexing-ton-Oglesby blue gran-
ite belt, traverses Oglethorpe and Elbert counties and furnishes most
superior stone for decorative and monumental work.
Dr. Watson, who is just completing an extensive report for the State
Geological Survey on the granites of Georgia, is authority for the state-
ment, that, "there is in the State an abundance of granite suitable for
the various purposes to which the stone is put, of a quality unexcelled
anywhere."
From figures received from Dr. Day it is seen that the granite output
of the State in 1899 was valued at $411,344.
GNEISS.
At Lithonia, Georgia, large quantities of contorted gneiss are quar-
ried. There is a number of localities in the Crystalline area where
gneiss can be had, suitable for curbing and paving stones.
72 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SANI>STONE.
Sandstones suited for building work are to be found in several counties
in tbe Paleozoic area. A very fine, brown sandstone is quarried in Ca-
toosa county.
An interesting exhibit of sample cubes of the various building-stones
of the State has been arranged by State Geologist Yeates, and is kept
on exhibition in the museum at the State capitol.
MINERAL SPEINGS, ARTESIA]\t WELLS AND
WATER-POWERS.
MINERAL SPRINGS.
A number of mineral springs of note are to be found in the Paleozoic
and Crystalline areas. Among those of medicinal value may be men-
tioned, chalybeate, sulphurous and lithia waters.
The twentieth United States Geological Survey Report shows an out-
put of 197,100 gallons of mineral waters in Georgia in 1898, valued at
$39,230.
ARTESIAN WELLS.
The artesian wells of Georgia are confined to the coastal plain region.
Mr. S. W. McCallie, in Bulletin 'No. 7 of the State Geological Survey,
in the concluding chapter of his report on the artesian wells, says:
"While there is much yet to be learned about the underground water
system of the coastal plain, there is, nevertheless, suificient known already
to warrant the statement, that almost this entire portion of the State is
underlaid by pervious beds, which will furnish large quantities of pure,
wholesome water when pierced by the drill. It is not to be inferred
by this statement, however, that these water-bearing beds will furnish
flowing wells. On the contrary, the flowing wells will be found to be
limited to certain areas not yet fully defined."
It is further shown by Mr. McCallie's report that the average depth
of the wells already bored is about 450 feet, and that the various strata
penetrated consist of soft limestones, clays and sands, so that the wells
can be had for a comparatively 'small outlay of money.
The marked sanitary advantages that have resulted to many towns
in Southern Georgia through the supply of pure, wholesome drinking
water, obtained from artesian wells, hardly requires comment.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 73
WATER-POWERS.
The streams of Georgia fumisli water-powers at numerous localities,
varying in amount of power all the wav from that furnished by the small
cascade that runs the farmer's individual mill to that of the great shoals
and falls, amounting to from 20,000 to 30,000 horse-power.
The drainage system of the State comprises nine basins, as follows:
Ist. The Tennessee basin, drained by tributaries of the Tennessee river.
2d. The Mobile basin, draining into the Gulf of Mexico by the Coosa
and Tallapoosa rivers. 3d. Apalachicola basin, drained by the Chatta-
hoochee and Flint rivers. 4th. The Altamaha basin, drained by the
Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, which empty into the Altamaha, flowing
to the Atlantic Ocean. 5th. The Ogeechee basin, drained by the Ogee-
ehee river into the Atlantic Ocean. Gth. The Savannah basin, drained
by the Savannah river into the Atlantic. Yth. The Ocklockonee basin,
drained into the Gulf through Ocklockonee bay. 8th. The Suwannee
basin, drained into the Gulf by the Suwannee river. 9th. The Satilla
and St. Mary's basin, drained by the rivers of the same name into the
Atlantic.
Speaking generally, and leaving out a few notable cases, the largest
water powers of the State occur at or just above the fall line running
through Columbus, Macon and Augusta, where the streams pass from
the hard rocks of the Crystalline area to the softer formations of the
coastal plain; and on the line formed by the contact of the Paleozoic and
Crystalline areas in the northwest. This latter line passes through Polk,
Bartow, Gordon and Murray counties, and is kno^vn as the western fall
line as distinguished from the other, which is called the southern fall
line.
In addition to the larger powers located on these fall lines, numerous
other powers are to be found at various points on different streams
throughout the State.
The following list of important streams and tables of powers is taken
by permission from Bulletin Xo. 3— A, of the State Geological Sun-ey:
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124 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SOILS.
The soils of Georgia vary gi-eatlj in different regions and present di-
versities of character corresponding to tlie differences in composition of
the nnderlying rocks from which thej have been derived. "With the
exception of the alluvial deposits of streams, they are everywhere the
result of the weathering of the country rock; and in almost any railroad
cut in the hilly upland part of the State, the different stages of weather-
ing and decay can be observed, from the perfectly formed soil at the top,
through coarse-grained gravelly soil and partially decayed rock to the
firm imderlying material below. Such being the case, the classification
of the soils will necessarily correspond with that of the different geolo-
gical formations.
In the Paleozoic area the soils derived from those of the limestone
beds, which do not carry a large amount of silicious matter, and from
the calcareous shales, are reddish loamy soils, and are among the most
fertile of any in the State.
AVhere a large amount of chert is present in the limestone, gray soils
result, varying with locality in their fitness for agricultural purposes.
The sandstones of the Paleozoic region form sandy soils, and the different
shale formations give rise to a variety of soils, some, as mentioned above,
that are quite fertile, and others that are sterile.
In the Crystalline area two varieties of soils are distinguishable. The
first gives rise to the red clay lands and the other to the gray, graveEy,
or sandy lands.
The red clay soils are derived from schists, gneisses and granitoid rocks
containing f erro-magnesian minerals, yielding on decomposition hydrated
ferric oxide of iron, which gives to the soil its deep-red or bTO^\mish-red
stain.
The gray soils are coarser grained than the preceding and are derived
from the disintegration of granites, and in some localities from gneisses,
and grade into the finer grained red soils wherever complete chemical
decomposition has succeeded mechanical disintegration.
Most of the soils of the Crystalline area where not naturally fertile
respond well to fertilization, the clay subsoil that underlies the most of
them preventing the leaching out of plant-food.
The soils of the coastal plain region have been derived principally
from the Columbia and Lafayette fonnations, and are prevailing sandy
or clayey sands or loams.
Their constitution varies according to locality from almost pure sand
to the darkest brick-red loams of the Lafayette. At some places calca-
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 127
reoiis rocks underlying these formations outcrop, and at different points
limestones and marls have an important influence on the character of the
soil.
Xo detailed investigation from a geological standpoint has yet been
made on the soils of the southern part of the State.
A paper on the Mineral Resources of Georgia read by Prof. S. W.
McCallie before the International Mining Congress held at Boise City,
Idaho, in the. latter part of July, 1901, will form a fitting conclusion to
this chapter on the Geology of Georgia.
All of the great divisions of geological history are represented in Geor-
gia with the exception probably of the Jura-trias. The northern and
central parts of the State known as the Crystalline ai'ea are made up
largely of gneisses and schists, which are supposed to represent the south-
ern extension of the old Archean continent. To the northeast of this
ancient land surface and comprising the greater part of ten counties in
the extreme northwestern part of the State, occur the Paleozoic rocks;
while to the south, extending over an area of 30,000 square miles, are
the wide-spread deposits of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary periods. A
State thus endowed with such diversity of geological formations must
necessarily possess extensive and varied mineral resoiu'ces. In the dis-
cussion of these resources, many of which are in a large measure at pres-
ent in an incipient stage of development, only those will be considered
whose economic importance can not be questioned.
The red and the brown iron ores constitute one of the most important
mineral resources here to be considered, and one that has been a contin-
uous source of revenue to the State for more that half a century. These
ores are confined mainly to the Paleozoic area of jSTorthwest Georgia,
where they occur in large quantities.
The brown iron ores, or more properly speaking, the limonites, are
most abundant in Polk, Bartow and Floyd counties. ISTevertheless, work-
able deposits are also to be found in eveiy county in the northwestern
part of the State with only one or two exceptions.
The brown iron ores are confined chiefly to two different geological
horizons, viz., the Weisner quartzite, and the Knox dolomite, the fonncr
of Cambrian, and the latter of Silurian age. The Weisner quartzite,
which corresponds to the Potsdam sandstone of Kew York, is an exten-
sive deposit of mountain-making metamorphic sandstone, forming the
eastern boundary of the Paleozoic rocks. At many points the formation
has been subjected to intense pressure during the process of mountain-
making, and as a result, its strata are frequently much folded and
brecciated. Along the line where the dynamical forces have acted most
energetically is a great displacement in tlie strata known as the Carters-
ville fault near which all of the main iron ore deposits of the Weisner
quartzite are located. Tliese ores, which always run high in metallic
iron and low in sulphur and other impurities, often occur in well-defined
fissure-veins, but generally they are found in tlio form of irregular dc-
128 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AlfD INDUSTRIAL.
posits in the residual clays, or as tliick skeets, or blankets, overlying the
metamorphic sandstone. The fissure-veins vary from a few feet to sev-
eral yards in width and frequently continue for a quarter of a mile
or more in length. They always dip at a high angle and apparently ex-
tend to a great depth. The ore of these veins is generally more or less
porous and is usually of an excellent quality.
The blanket deposits are not so plentiful as the residual or the fissure
deposits; nevertheless they are of special economic interest on account
of the large quantities of ore which they contain. These deposits in the
extreme northeastern part of Bortow county, in what is known as the
Sugar Hill district, often mantle the mountain side to the depth of many
feet. One of the deposits of this district has been producing daily for
the last few years from twenty to thirty cars of high grade ore, and yet
there still remain large quantities of the ore in sight. It is questionable
whetheir there are to be found anywhere in the south brown iron ore de-
posits which will surpass, or even equal in extent, the blanket deposits of
the Weisner quartzite of Bartow county.
The brown iron ores of the Knox dolomite formation occur chiefly
in the form of pockets or in*egular deposits in the residual clays. These
deposits are quite variable in size. Sometimes they produce only a few
carloads of ore but generally they are far more extensive and cover a con-
siderable area. Some of the individual deposits in the vicinity of Cedar-
town have been worked on an extensive scale for more than twenty years
without exhausting the supply of ore. It is not an uncommon thing to
find the deposits extending over six or eight acres, but in such cases the
deposit is not equally rich in all parts. The depth to which the ores of
the Knox dolomite formation extend, as well as its surface dimensions,
is variable. In some instances the deposits are very superficial, extending
only a few feet below the surface, while in other cases they have been
worked to the depth of eighty feet or more without reaching their limit.
In addition to the above brown iron ore bearing formations there are
two others, viz. : the Deaton limestone and the Fort Payne chert, which
have also produced considerable ore. The ore from these formations is
similar to the ore occurring in the Knox dolomite series though, as a
general rule, it does not run as high in metallic iron.
The total amount of brown iron ore produced from these several de-
posits last year aggregated more than 400,000 tons, thus making Georgia
the third in the list of broAva iron ore producing States in the south.
The Bed Iron Ores. — The red, or fossil, iron ores of Georgia are con-
fined chiefly to three counties in the extreme northwestern part of ^the
State. These ores occur in what is known as the Rockwood formation,
which is the northern extension of the Red Mountain, or the Clinton iron
ore bearing series of Alabama. Stratigraphically, the Rockwood forma-
tion occupies the same position in the geological scale as the fossil iron
ore bearing rocks of ^ew York and Pennsylvania.
The Rockwood formation in Georgia is made up of shales, sandstones,
and thin-bedded limestones with from one to three beds of fossil iron ore.
The formation, though not necessarily ridge forming itself, always out-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyOUSTRIAL. 129
crops along the side or at the base of the moiintiiins and ridges. It is ex-
posed at the base of Sand, Lookout, Pigeon and Dirt Seller's mountains,
and also along the slopes of Taylor's Kidge, where it attains a total thick-
ness of several hundred feet.
The workable iron ore is found usually near the center of the Rockwood
formation, where it occurs in continuous beds varying from a few inches
to several feet in thickness. Each of the beds, which usually dip at a
low angle, generally cairies two varieties of ore, viz. : the soft ore and the
hard ore. The soft ore, which forms the weathered part of the bed, rarely
ever extends to a depth of more than ten or fifteen feet below the sur-
face. It differs from the hard ore mainly in having little or no lime
present, and as a consequence, always runs higher in metallic iron than
the hard ore. The relative chemical composition of the soft and the hard
ore is shown by the f ollo^\4ug analyses :
Hard Ore.— ILetallic iron, 32.10; lime, 23.19; phos., 0.S04.
Soft Ore. — Metallic iron, 59.00; silica, 9.11; phos., .092.
Some idea may be had as to the abundance of the red fossil iron ores
of Georgia, when it is stated that the aggregate length of the outcrop-
pings of the beds, which average more than two feet in thickness, is
about 150 miles, and that in places the ore can be economically mined
to the depth of more than 200 feet.
The output of the red iron ores of Georgia last year was not so great
as that of the brown iron ores. Nevertheless, should the price warrant it,
the output of these ores could be increased to meet almost any demand.
Cool. — The coal measures of Georgia which occur in the northwestern
part of the State, form the the northern extension of the Warrior Coal
Field of Alabama. They are confined chiefly to Sand and Lookout
mountains in Dade, "Walker, and Chattooga counties, where they cover
a total area of about 200 square miles. The coal formation of Georgia,
as elsewhere in the great Appalachian coal fields, is divided into upper
and lower measures. The upper measures are best developed on Lookout
mountain, in the vicinity of Durham coal mine, where they attain a maxi-
mum thickness of about 900 feet. This division of the coal formation
carries seven different coal seams, but only one is worked at present.
The lower coal measures are not so thick by many feet as the upper.
However, they carry a greater number of workable coal seams. In the
vicinity of Cole City, on Sand mountain, as many as three different
seams have been worked in the lower measures more or less extensively.
In addition to the three workable coal seams here mentioned, the lowc^
measures contain two other seams which are probably also workable in
places.
The coal obtained from both coal measures is an excellent quality of
bituminous coal, well suited for coking and steam purposes. At prosent,
there are three coal mines being operated in tlic State, two on Lookout,
and one on Sand mountain, with a total output of about 14,000 tons per
day, the greater part of which is used for coking purposes. Two of the
mines, here referred to, are in the upper coal measures of Lookout, nnd
the other is in the lower measures of Sand mountain. The niinos on tlio
130 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
latter mountain have been worked almost continuously for more than half
a centurj, and were among the first coal mines opened south of the Ohio
river.
Manganese. — The manganese ores, like the brown iron ores, are con-
fined chiefly to Bartow, Floyd and Polk counties. The largest and
most productive deposits are found in Bartow county, in the vicinity
of Cartersville, where, the ores occur as irregular deposits in the residual
clays derived from the Knox dolomite and the Weisner quartzite. The
ores are. usually in the form of nodular concretions, varying from a frac-
tion of an inch to a foot or more in diameter. In places these concretions
become so abundant that they form beds, of considerable thickness. De-
posits of this character which have been extensively worked, occur in the
vicinity of Cave Spring, Polk county.
The manganese deposits of Georgia have been worked continuously for
many years. During their early workings the ores were shipped to Eng-
land, but at present, they find a ready market at home, where they are
used in the manufacture of steel and for bleaching purposes. In 1898,
Georgia produced nearly 7,000 tons of manganese ore, which was ap-
- proximately one half of the manganese produced in the United States.
With the exception, probably, of Virginia, Georgia easily stands first in
the list of manganese producing States in the Union.
Ochre. — Ochre deposits of commercial value are found at a number
of points throughout northwest Georgia, where they are always more or
less intimately associated with the brown iron ores. The most extensive
deposits are confined to the Weisner quartzite in Bartow county, near
Cartersville. These deposits occur mostly along the western margin of
the quartzite, where it has been much crushed and broken. According
to Dr. C. W. Hayes, of the United States Geological Survey, the ochre
forms a series of irregular branching veins, which intersect the fractured
quartzite in all conceivable directions. At some points the veins become
greatly enlarged and contain large quantities of excellent ore. Deposits
of this character, which have been worked for some years, are to be seen
at the eastern end of the county bridge across the Etowah river, near
Emerson; and also at a number of points along the western margin of
the Weisner quartzite north of that point. The ochre of these deposits.,
which is really only a pulverulent form of brown iron ore, is quite free
from impurities, and well suited for making linoleum and paint.
The output from the ochre mines in the Cartersville district last year
was nearly 4,000 tons, about one-fourth of the ochre outpi^t of the United
States. The greater part of the ochre now being mined r Bartow county
is said to be shipped to England, where it is used in the manufacture of
linoleum. In addition to the above named ochre, which is known as yel-
low ochre, Georgia also produces a considerable amount of red ochre,
which is the pulverized, or ground red fossil iron ore, obtained chiefly
from Walker county.
Bauxite. — Bauxite, a hydrate of alumina, first discovered in America
near Pome Ga., in 1887, is a clay-like mineral used principally in the
manufacture of alum and the metal aluminium. The Georgia deposits
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. I33
of this mineral are found mainly in Floyd, Polk, and Bartow counties,
where they occur in more or less extensive pockets associated with the
residual clays of the Knox dolomite. The size of these deposits, like
those of the brown iron ores, is quite variable. In some instances they
have been known to have produced several thousand tons, but as a rule
the deposits are not so extensive. The physical appearance of the mineral
bauxite, which varies from 30 to 70 per cent, alumina, is often amor-
phous, resembling kaolin, but generally it has a concretionary or oolitic
structure.
The first bauxite mined in the United States was from Hermitage,
Floyd county, in 1889. Subsequent to this date, other mines were
opened in Floyd, Bartow and Polk counties, so that in a comparatively
short time the mining of bauxite in Georgia became a very important
and lucrative industry.
The annual output from the Georgia bauxite mines in the last few
years has varied from 1,000 to 7,000 tons, the greater part of which has
been shipped to Philadelphia, where it is used in the manufacture of
alum. Previous to the opening of the bauxite mines of Arkansas in
1899, Georgia and Alabama produced all the bauxite mined in America.
Corundum. — Corundum was first discovered in Georgia on Laurel
Creek, Kabun county, about 1871. This mineral has since been found
in greater or less deposits in a number of counties throughout the north-
ern part of the State. It occurs associated with peridotites, and other
basic igneous rocks in the form of iiTegular veins and pockets. The co-
rundum found in Georgia is usually pink, gray or blue. It is rai*ely trans-
parent and as a consequence the gem sapphire or ruby is seldom met
with. In a few instances these gems are reported to have been found,
but they are probably of rare occurrence. The commercial value of the
Georgia corundum may therefore be said to depend upon its use in the
arts as an abrasive material.
Between 1880 and 1893, the corundum mines of the Laurel creek dis-
trict were extensively worked and became one of the main sources of sup-
ply to the corundum trade of the country. About the same time, corun-
dum was successfully mined at Track Rock, Union county, and favorable
prospects were later exposed in Habersham and other counties.
In recent years the corundum mines of Georgia have remained inac-
tive, due chiefly to the low price of corundum, and not as might be sup-
posed to the exhaustion of the deposits.
Asbestos. — For the last few years the chief supply of asbestos mined
in the United States has been obtained from Georgia. The mine sup-
plying this material is located on Sal mountain, White county, in the
northern part of the State. Asbestos, like corundum, is always associated
with peridotites and other basic rocks. It exists in many localities in the
northern part of the State but at present it is worked only at the above
named mine. The asbestos of Georgia has never been investigated, and
as a result but little is known of the extent and eomniorcial value of tlio
deposits.
Marbles. — Previous to 1884, the marbles of Georgia were practically
134 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
unknown as building and ornamental stones, but at present the output
of the quarries exceeds that of any State in the Union, with the exception
of Vermont.
The most valuable marbles of Georgia are those of the Crystalline area
confined to Pickens, Cherokee, Gilmer and Fannin counties. These mar-
bles occur in a narrow belt which runs parellel to the Atlanta, Knoxville
and E"orthem R. E.., from near Canton, Cherokee county, to the Geor-
gia-North Carolina State line, a distance of more than sixty miles. The
main marble industry of the State is located in the vicinity of Tate, Pick-
ens county, just north of the southern terminus of the belt where the
deposit attains a thickness of nearly 200 feet.
The Pickens county marble has a coarse texture but admits of a very
fine polish and is admirably suited both for building and ornamental pur-
poses. In color the stone varies from white to almost black. A flesh-
colored variety is also found in considerable abundance. The physical
and chemical properties, as shown by the numerous tests made by the
State Geological Survey, demonstrate that its durability equals or ex-
ceeds that of any other marble now being put upon the market. The
stone is remarkably free from fissures and seams, so that monoliths suit-
able for huge columns can be quarried with ease.
At present seven different marble quarries, having an aggregate an-
nual output of several hundred thousand cubic feet of stone, are being
operated in Pickens county. The product of these quarries is shipped
to nearly every State in the Union, where it is used in the construction and
decoration of some of the most costly buildings. The State capitols of
Minnesota and Rhode Island; the United States Government Building,
Boston; St. Luke's Hospital, New York; and the Corcoran Art Gallery,
Washington, with numerous other handsome buildings throughout the
United States are constructed wholly or in part of the Georgia marble.
In addition to the marbles here described there are also valuable de-
posits to be found in Whitfield county. These marbles belong to the
same deposits that traverse East Tennessee and are extensively worked
in the vicinity of Knoxville. The stone has a dark chocolate or light
gray color and a rather fine texture. The light gray variety which is
always quite compact and highly Crystalline, is traversed by dark zigzag
lines that give to the polished surface a very pleasing effect. The Whit-
field county marbles are well suited for building material, but they have
not yet received the attention which their economic importance demands.
Granites. — The granites of Georgia, together with the gneisses, con-
stitute the most extensive and important building and ornamental stones
in the State. They occur in inexhaustible quantities and are profusely
distributed throughout the Crystalline area. One of the most interesting
and probably the largest granite mass in the world is that of Stone
Mountain, located only a few miles northeast of Atlanta. This mountain
whose barren summit attains an altitude of several hundred feet above the
surrounding country, has long been the seat of a very important granite
industry. The stone obtained from these quarries is a light-colored mus-
covite granite possessing remarkable strength and is quite free from all
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL.
135
cliemical and plivsical defects. The stone has extensive use as a build-
ing material, and is also largely employed in street improvement. There
is likely no granite in the south more widely known and more generally
used than that furnished by the Stone Mountain quarries. It not only
has an extensive local use, but much of it is shipped beyond the borders
of the State.
Another granite, or rather a granitoid gneiss, of almost as much econo-
mic importance as the Stone Mountain granite itself, is the Lithonia
gneiss. This stone, which differs chiejSy from the Stone Mountain gran-
ite in being laminated, covers a considerable area in the eastern part of
Delvalb and the contiguous parts of Eockdale and G\\'iunett counties.
The Lithonia quarries are very extensive and furnish large quantities of
stone for street improvement as well as for general building purposes.
Granites and gi*anitoid gneisses similar to the above are found in many
localities in Xorth Georgia, but only at a few points have they been quar-
ried to any extent.
la addition to the granites and granitoid gneisses here named there
ai'e other granites of superior quality used for monumental stone. Some
of the granites of this character which in the last few years have become
quite popular as decorative stone are those obtained from the Elberton,
the Oglesby, the Lexington, and the Meriwether quarries. These monu-
mental granites are fine-grained biotite granites unusually free from in-
jurious minerals and admitting of a very brilliant polish. They have
but few equals, if any superiors in the United States as a decorative stone,
and it is only a question of time when the Georgia monumental granite
industry will be of very great commercial value to the State.
Sandstone. — Sandstone has been quarried to a considerable extent in
Catoosa county near Graysville. The stone, which is of Silurian age, has
a dark-brown color and resembles very closely the brown sandstone of the
Connecticut valley. It makes a beautiful building-stone and appears to
be quite durable. This stone is found in gi*eat abundance in Taylor's
Ridge, White Oak, Horn, and other mountains in the northeastern part
of the State. Carboniferous sandstones of a light color and well adapted
for building purposes occur in Lookout, Sand and Pigeon mountains.
Serpentine. — This is one of the most beautiful decorative stones found
in the State. It occurs in workable quantities in Cherokee county, near
Holly Springs, where it was quarried to a limited extent a few years ago.
The stone, though difficult to work, admits of an excellent polish and is
very desirable for ornamental purposes. It is of a dark-green color, mot-
tled and streaked with white and black. The larger part of the stone ob-
tained from the Holly Springs quarry is reported to have been shipped
to Chicago, where it is used for interior decoration. Georgia serpentine
used for similar purposes may be seen in the Pmdcntinl building of At-
lanta.
Limestone. — Silnrian and carboniferous limestones suitable for lime,
fluxing and building materials, exist in great abundance in northwest
Georgia. The most extensive of these calcareous formations is the Knox
dolomite, a magnesian limestone of great thickness. Tliis formation fur-
136 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
nishes much of the lime used in the State, as well as a large amount of
stone for general building purposes. The different beds of the formation
vary greatly in texture and chemical composition, so that almost any va-
riety of stone can be procured. Other calcareous f onnations of scarcely
less commercial importance are the Bangor and the Chickamauga lime-
stones. The latter stone in the last few years has had an extensive use in
constructing the foundations for monuments in the Chickamauga , Na-
tional Park. The stone is also of considerable local importance as a
building material.
Cement Rock. — Hydraulic cement of good quality has been manu-
factured in Georgia since 1845. The location of this industry is at
Cement, on the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in the western part of Bar-
tow county. The cement rock found in this district is an impure mag-
nesian limestone belonging probably to the lower division of the Knox
dolomite formation. It occurs in beds several feet in thickness, inter-
calated with the purer limestones. The cement manufactured from this
stone is slow setting, but it forms a bond of great strength and hardness.
Maj. M. T. Singleton, late Assistant United States Engineer, in speak-
ing of this cement says : "My experience with the cement has been en-
tirely satisfactory. In fact, for general purposes, and especially for heavy
cut stone masonry, I prefer it to any cement I have used."
Hydraulic limestone of good quality is reported at numerous other
points throughout the Paleozoic area of ISTorth Georgia, but the extent
and quality of the stone has not yet been investigated.
Slate. — Slate suitable for roofing purposes occurs at a number of points
in northwest Georgia along the line of contact of the Paleozoic and Crys-
talline areas. The most important deposits are those of the Pockmart dis-
trict in the eastern part of Polk county, where slate has been mined on
a more or less extensive scale for a great many years. The Rockmart
slate, which is 'of Silurian age, has a deep blue-black color and a fine, even
texture. It splits with a smooth surface into thin slabs and is quite free
from pyrites and other impurities. The chemical analysis of the Pock-
mart slate shows it to be a first-class stone for roofing purposes.
The only slate quarries now operated in Georgia are those in the
vicinity of Pockmart. A few years ago a small amount of slate was
quarried near Cedartown, but these quarries are now abandoned. The
slate at the latter quarries belongs to the same formation as the Pockmart
and is of similar character. The slate now being quarried in the Rock-
mart district is quite generally used throughout Georgia and a number
of other Southern States, where it has a high reputation as a roofing
slate.
Clays. — The clays of Georgia are abundant and widely distributed.
There is scarcely a geological formation of any extent that does not fur-
nish clays of commercial value. Residual and alluvial clays, well
adapted to the manufacture of brick and the cheaper grades of crockery,
abound in every county in the northern part of the State. Associated
mth these impure clays are often found pockets or irregular deposits of
porcelain and fire clays of greater or less extent. The latter clays are
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 139
confined cliieflj to the Knox dolomite formation of northwest Georgia,
but they are also oecasionally met with in the Crystalline area further to
the east and south.
The most valuable and extensive clay deposits in the Stiite are those
of sedimentaiy origin belonging to the Cretaceous formation of central
Georgia. They occur in a belt several miles wide, extending from Colum-
bns to Augustii. Tlie Crotaeeous clays differ greatly in their physical
and chemical properties, so that almost any desired variety may be found.
Some of these clays have an extensive use in the manufacture of wall-
paper, while other vai-ieties are used in making porceLain, terra-cotta, til-
ing, sewer-pipe, pottery, etc. Besides the varieties of clays here men-
tioned, fii-e-clay also occurs in the Cretaceous fonuatiou in commercial
quantities. Dr. George E. Ladd, Director of the [Missouri School of
Mines, in speaking of the Cretaceous fire-clays of Georgia, says: "Some
of these kaolins suitable for fire-clays are more refractory than any of the
noted fire-clays of the United States."
The clay industiy of Georgia, although in its infancy, has already be-
come well established. The value of the clay product of the State last
year exceeded that of any of the Southern States, with the exception of
AVest Virginia and ]\Iaryland.
Gold. — Gold has been mined in Georgia for nearly three quai-tcrs of a
century. The first discovery of the precious metal within the limits of
the State was made on Duke's creek. White county, in 1829. Previous
to the discovery of gold in California, the mines of Georgia furnished the
greater part of the gold produced in the United States. As early as 1838,
the output of the mines of the State had become so important that the
United States government found it necessary to establish a mint at Dah-
loncga, the center of the main gold-mining district.
The gold deposits of Georgia belong to the Appalachian gold fields,
an auriferous belt extending from Nova Scotia to Alabama. The belt,
which consists of highly Crystalline rocks, probably of Archean age,
varies in width from 10 to 75 miles. In Georgia, the belt breaks up into
a number of minor parallel belts, having a northeast-southwest trend. The
most important of these arc the Dahlonega and Hall county belts. The
former, which takes its name from Dahlonega, the county seat of Lump-'
kin county, is the most important. This belt enters Georgia from North
Carolina in the northwestern part of Rabun county, M'liere valuable
placer deposits have been worked at the Smith and the Moore Girls' mines.
Further to the southwest in White county, the belt increases in width and
the mines at the same time become more numerous. As the auriferous
belt entei-s Lumpkin county it again increases in size, reaching its great-
est development in the vicinity of Dahlonega. In Dawson county tlio
Dahlonega gold belt becomes more or less broken up, but upon entering
Cherokee county it again regains its econoviic importance and continues
with but few interruptions throngh Bartow, Cobb, T^nilding and llnral-
pon counties to the Georgia-Alabama State line. Tlie enliro leuglh of
the Dahlonega gold belt thus outliiiod i< .'iIkhiI 1 ."iO miles, wliilc ]\< widfli
varies from 1 to 5 miles.
240 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The Hall county gold belt lies some 10 miles east of the Dahlonega
belt and runs more or less parallel with it for more than 100 miles, stop-
ping short in Fulton county, only about 10 miles north of Atlanta. A
third belt, which includes the Acworth, the Villa Rica and the Bonner
mines, traverses Cobb, Paulding and Carroll counties. This belt is best
developed in the neighborhood of Villa Rica, where in former yeai-s
much gold was mined. Another belt, including some very important
mines, traverses Lincoln, Columbia, McDuffie aoid Warren counties in
the eastern part of the State. Beyond the limits of the belts here men-
tioned al-e found a number of isolated localities where gold occurs in
paying quantities. Such isolated deposits as here referred to are found
in Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Meriwether, and other counties in
the northern part of the State.
The individual auriferous belts of Georgia are usually made up of a
great number of veins or ore bodies running parallel to each other and
conforming in dip and strike to the gneisses and schists, the country
rock. They vary in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several feet
or rods, and often continue without interruption for long distances. In
places the veins^ which consist largely of quartz, become greatly ex-
tended, forming huge shoots of excellent ore. A vein of this character
at the Creighton mine in Cherokee county has been worked continuously
for years and has produced large quantities of gold. Ore bodies of some-
what similar nature are quite abundant in the Dahlonega district where
in the last two years extensive developments have been carried on which,
no doubt, will soon result in a large increase of the gold output of the
State.
Copper. — Previous to the Civil War copper was successfully mined
in Fannin and Cherokee counties in the northern part of the State. The
deposits of the former county are located near the Georgia-Tennessee
line, and from the southern extension of the deposits so largely worked
just across the State line in the Ducktown district. One of the Fannin
county mines, known as the MobUe mine, at one time was quite exten-
sively worked and is said to have produced a large amount of high-grade
ore. The copper deposits of Fannin county, although practically unde-
veloped at present, are thought to be of considerable economic impor-
tance. Other copper deposits which, from time to time, have excited con-
siderable local interest, occur in Fulton, Paulding, Lumpkin, Haralson,
Lincoln, and other counties in Koirth Georgia. The most important cop-
per ore met with in the counties here named is chalcopyrite (copper py-
rites). It occurs mostly in irregular veins associated with schists and
highly metamorphic slates.
Pyrite. — ^Pyrite, an iron sulphide employed in the manufacture of sul-
phuric acid, is widely distributed throughout Georgia, but only in a few
localities has it been found in sufficient abundance to be of commercial
importance. Probably one of the most important deposits of this mineral
known at present in the State, occurs in the eastern part of Lumpkin
county, on the Chestatee river, about six miles northeast of Dahlonega.
This deposit is quite extensive and the ore is of good quality. The com-
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 143
mercial value of the deposit has long been known, but the great expense
of hauling the ore by wagon to Gainesville, the nearest railway station,
twenty miles distant, rendei-s the mining of the ore unprofitable. Other
deposits of pyrite of considerable promise occur in Paulding and Haral-
son counties. The deposit in Paulding county was worked to some ex-
tent a few years ago and the ore was shi]Dped to Atlanta where it was
used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. This ore, which runs high
in sulphur, is said to carry from four to five per cent, of copper and a
small amount of gold.
Xo systematic study has yet been made of the pyrite deposits of the
State, and as a consequence little is known of their extent and commercial
importance.
Soapstone. — Soapstone, or talc, has been mined to a limited extent in
Murray and Fannin counties. It also occurs in Cherokee and in Gilmer
counties, and is reported in other localities in North Georgia. The soap-
stone mines of Fannin county, which have been worked for some years,
are located at Mineral Blufl:", only a short distance south of the Georgia-
K'orth Carolina State line. This deposit is probably the southern ex-
tension of the ^STorth Carolina deposit which is extensively worked just
north of the State line. The Fannin county soapstone is compact and of
a dark gi'ay or blue color. It occurs in veins varying from a few inches
to a yard or more in thickness. The Murray county soapstones, which are
found on Fort mountain, a few nules east of Spring Place, are of similar
nature.
Mica. — This mineral is quite generally distributed throughout the
Crystalline area of iSTorth Georgia. It usually occm-s in veins associated
with pegmatites and coarse-grained granites. The veins are often of
large size, and occasionally contain mica crystals eighteen inches or more
in diameter. Many of the mica deposits of the State have been pros-
pected to a limited extent, but no systematic mining of any importance
has been attempted. There is little doubt, however, that the mica de-
posits of Georgia are of commercial importance and demand more atten-
tion than they have heretofore received.
Graphite. — Both massive and foliated varieties of this mineral occur
in considerable quantities associated with the highly metamory)hic slates
and schists along the western margin of the Crystalline area. It is quite
abundant in the neighborhood of Emerson, Bartow county, where it is
now mined and used in the crude state as a fiJler for commercial fertil-
izers. Promising prospects of graphite are also reported to occur in
Pickens, Elbert, Hall, Madison, Douglas and Cobb counties. The Pick-
ens county deposit is at present being developed and it i* thought that in
a short time it will become an active producer.
Marls. — Marls of good quality abound throughout the cretaceous
and tertiary formations of South Georgia. There is probably no county
in the southern part of the State which does not possess marl deposits
of more or less agricultural value. They are well exposed along the
Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, as well as along other streams of South
Georgia. In addition to the common calcareous or shell marl, green
144 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
sand marls are also plentiful. The latter are especially well developed
along the Chattahoochee river south of Columbus, where they often form
beds many feet in thickness. Analyses of these greenlands show that
they cai-ry a considerable amount of phosphoric acid and potash, two of
the most important plant-foods. The use of the Georgia marls as a
natural fertilizer has so far been quite limited, but in all cases where they
have been given a fair test the result has been entirely satisfactory. As-
sociated with the marls in the extreme southern part of the State fre-
quently occur deposits of phosphate of limited extent. A deposit of this
character was worked some yeai"s agx> in Thomas county, near Boston, but
the phosphate was not of sufficient abundance to be of commercial value.
Tripoli. — A light, porous, silicious stone occurring in Murray, Chat-
tooga, and other counties in JSTorthwest Georgia has locally been known
for some years as tripoli. The material, although quite different in
origin from tripoli, has a similar use in the arts. The so-called Georgia
tripoli, is a residual product derived from certain impure silicious beds
of the Knox dolomite formation. The stone, which is usually found asso-
ciatd with chert, ,is quite porous and is easily pulverized into an exceed-
ingly fine grit or polishing powder. A small amount of this material is
at present being mined in Chattooga county, and is used by an At-
lanta firm in the manufacture of polishing-soap.
Sand. — Sand suitable for building material is widely distributed
throughout the State. In ISTorth Georgia it occurs chiefly as alluvial de-
posits along the numerous streams, while in the southern part of the
State it is found in stratified beds often of wide extent. In addition to
that used for general architectural purposes, sand well adapted for mould-
ing and glass-making also ccurs. The pure sands are confined mainly to
the cretaceous deposits of South Georgia, where they are frequently in-
tercalated with beds of pure kaolin,
Pioad Materials. — There is probably no State in the South that hw a
greater variety of road materials than Georgia. The supply is inexhaust-
ible and of the best quality. Besides the limestones, granites, and
gneisses, heretofore spoken of, trap, diorite, chert, and gravel abonnd in
great quantities.
Mineral Waters. — The number of mineral springs in Georgia to which
public attention has been directed on account of the medicinal properties
of their waters is very large. There is scarcely a county in the northern
part of the State which does not possess one or more of these springs of
greater or less repute. Many of them are so far only of local interest,
but in some instances they have a national reputation, and are a source of
much profit to their owners.
The commercial value of the mineral waters of Georgia in the last few
years has exceeded that of any other Southern State with the exception of
Virginia. The main supply of these waters now put upon the market is
shipped from Lithia and Austell, a noted mineral water district on the
Southern Railway, twenty miles west of Atlanta. The waters shipped
from the Lithia-Austell district are among the best lithia waters found
in the country. Their curative virtues are widely kno^vn and they are
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. I47
now shipped to all parts of the south in large quantities. Other springs
having an excellent local reputation occur in North Georgia, but only in
a few instances is the water put upon the market.
Besides the minerals above described there are many others found in
Georgia which, at some future time, will probably become a source of
revenue to the State. Among the most important of these may be
• mentioned silver, lead, zinc, baryta, gypsum, etc.
The annual output of the mineral products of Georgia is shown by the
following table:
Iron Ores $ 578,526 00
Coal 450,000 00
Manganese G0,201 00
Ochre 73,095 00
Bauxite 35,274 00
Asbestos 10,300 00
Marble 812,070 00
Granites 790,000 00
Sandstone 2,000 00
Limestone and Lime 125,000 00
Cement-Kock 75,000 00
Slate 13,125 00
Clays— Brick, Potteiy, &c 1,062,213 00
Gold 129,246 00
Soapstone 4,054 00
Graphite 12,000 00
Tripoli 500 00
Sand 200,000 00
Road Material and Ballast 350,000 00
Mineral Waters 42,000 00
Total $4,824,604 00''
CHAPTER IV.
SOILS OF GEORGIA.
The soils of Greorgia, from a geological standpoint, were partially dis-
cussed in the last chapter. We shall now ondeavor to look at them from
the point of view of the argiculturist.
NOETHWEST GEORGIA.
The northwestern section of the State presents a variety of soils; as
a brown and red loam; silicious soils of the ridges of a grayish-hue; the
sandy soils of table or mountain lands, either gray or yellow, and more
or less gi'avelly; tlie soil of the flatwoods; and the alluvial or bot-
tom lands adjacent to streams. On the eastern and western sides of this
section soils of a brown calcareous loam, belonging to the blue limestone
area, prevail, whil© in the central parts is found a red calcareous loam
of the rotton limestone area. Lands that have been in cultivation for
thirty years will yield from thirty to fifty bushels of com to the acre.
By merely planting in clover or peas and turning the crop under without
fertilization, the farmer can make these lands produce from ten to twenty
bushels of wheat to the acre. They have been cultivated in cotton .to
only a limited extent, but will, under ordinary cultivation in Floyd and
Polk counties, produce eight hundred pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
Under the best methods the production can be greatly increased. These
lands generally lie well. They are apt to wash when hilly, but this
can be prevented by a good system of terracing. Very little cotton is
grown to the nolrtli of Eloyd county. The timber is large, consisting
chiefly of red, Spanish, and white oak, hickory, poplar, sugar-maple, post-
oak, cedar, and a mixture of other varieties. The brown loams vary
from light to almost black, while the red loams are of a dark red color
with red subsoil.
Subcarhoniferous hroiun loam lands consist of limestones, arenaceous
and silicious shales. They are generally rolling, but nearly level where
the valleys are broad. They have a brown, calcareous, sandy soil, with
enough clay to make them sufficiently retentive, and admit of good drain-
age even when nearly level. Lands of this character are found in West
Armuchee valley in Walker county. Sugar valley in Gordon, Dirtto^vii
(H8)
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 149
valley in Chattooga, and Texas Valley in Floyd, about twelve milesf^
northwest of Rome, and in much more of the country west of the Coosa
in Floyd county. Xot only do com, wheat, oats and all the grasses and
other forage plants do well, but these are also the best cotton uplands
in this part of Georgia, yielding often without fertilizers from 1,000 to
1,200 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and under the most scientific
farming going far beyond that.
In sections of ISTorthwest Georgia there occur lands in belts of from
two to three miles in width, which are underlaid by a series of shales and
limestones of about 2,500 feet in thickness, known as Knox shalee.
IS'early all this area consists of an orange, or liglit colored clayey soil.
The lands are rolling, or nearly level, and have a good drainage. After
having been steadily worked for thirty or more years under the old ex-
haustive methods, with almost nothing returned to the soil for improve-
ment, they will produce, fairly well, wheat, oats, and corn. In the forests
are found the usual timbers of this section with some dog^vood and
pine. Clover and all the grasses do well.
Gray gravelly lands, wdth a soil varying in color from light to dark
gray, are also found in this section. Some of these gravelly lands have
a good clay subsoil, and are then of a dark brown, or red color. Those
nearest the valley lands are the most highly esteemed. They were once
regarded as poor and are in great part covered wdth original forests. The
timber is about the same as already described, except that in broad belts
of nearly level lands the short-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. But
taking the whole area of the gravelly lands, oak predominates.
Instead of being the poor lands that they \vere formerly regarded,
they have been found to give a better return for manures than the
richer valley lands. They are profitable for cotton, and with the use of
fertilizers will yield 1,200 pounds to the acre. Fruit trees here are
healthy and long-lived. The tops and slopes of tlie ridges are less subject
to late spring frostis than the lower lands.
The lahle-l-ands from 1,000 to 1,200 feet above the valleys are grny
or yellow, and more or less gravelly, or rocky. They are found on Sand
Mountain, in Dade county, and on Lookout Mountain, in Dade, Walker,
and Chattooga counties. They are well adapted to fruit culture and pro-
duce a great variety of vegetables. The daily range of the thennometer
is fifty per cent, loss than in the valleys, and yet the daily minimum tem-
perature is rarely more than two or three degrees less. The timber is
of medium size. A good grass covers the surface nearly everywhere, af-
fording excellent pasturage for stock.
The most extensive area of what is known as flatwood lands is near
150 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
the Oostanaula and Coosa rivers, in Gordon, Floyd, and Polk counties,
and in a belt of hills in the southern part of Murray county, extending
southward nearly across the county of Gordon, They are also found in
Catoosa in a naiTOw belt extending southward into Whitfield. These
flatwoods abound in short-leaf pine, post and red oaks.
The alluvial soil of the valleys of the Oostanaula, Etowah and Coosa
rivers, fertile with the debris of ages, is capable of producing the finest
yields of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, cow-peas, clover,
timothy, orchard gTass, red top, in fact, all the most useful hay crops
iN'ear the city of Eome forty acres planted in clover, which averaged
when mature, three feet in height, have been known to produce in one
season 200 tons of hay, or five tons to the acre. This shows what can
be done on this line. The clover crop may be cut three times annually.
The finest grade of upland cotton grown in America is produced on
this soil, and is considered in Liverpool the best of its variety. All this
is true, also, of the creek bottom lands. The higher or table-lands of
IN'orthwest Georgia are somewhat less fertile, but better adapted to the
growing of such fruits as peaches, plums, pears, quinces, cherries, and
all kinds of berries. The best apples grow on the lower lands, where
large, magTuficent old trees grow to perfection. On the mountain tops
and slopes, all the varieties of grapes that grow east of the Eockies flour-
ish and give abundant yield. On these heights the frost seldom kills
the bud, or nips the bloom of the peach. Often, when the lower lands
iiave little or no fruit, these sun-kissed hills smile in plenty and gladden
the heart of man.
In !N^orthwest Georgia can be found almost every species of wood
known in the Southern States. The oaks and pines predominate. Of
the former, there are six varieties, red, white, mountain or chestnut,
black, water and post-oak; and of pine there are two varieties, long and
short-leaf. Thousands of acres of these valuable timbers can still be
found, and can be bought at reasonable prices. There are also found
poplar, ash, beech, elm, chestnut, hickory, maple, walnut, iron-wood,
sugar berry, sycamore, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood, persimmon,
sassafras, wild cherry-, redbud, warhoo and cedar. Many of these are
found in large quantities and can be utilized in the manufacture of furni-
ture and hardwood finish for dwellings. The oaks and pines are for the
most part used in buildings, furniture, and in the manufacture of farm-
ing utensils, wagons, etc. Large quantities of the oak and pine are an-
nually shipped.
The indigenous grasses of this section are: Bermuda, Johnson, crab,
perennial Paspalum, and annual or drop-seed Paspalum. These all make
Bplendid pasturage and the best of hay.
o
GEORGIA: HISTORFCAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 153
SOILS OF MIDDLE AXD XORTHEAST GEOKGIA.
The red hiUs of Georgia are familiar to all 'U'ho have traveled through
these sections by rail or wagon-road.
In the phrase red lands are included both red sandy and red clayey
soils. The decomposition of hornblendic rocks form a red clayey soil,
which, though more or less sandy for a few inches, has a deep red-clay
aubsoil. The color and character of the soil varies of course in propor-
tion to the hornblende and other minerals associated in the rocks. If
biotite mica, which contains much iron, is present to any great extent in
the soil, its decomposition produces a deep mulatto, or sometimes red
soil similar to that from hornblendic rocks, but usually of a lighter
character. Though the surface of the red land country is rolling and
often quite hilly with few levr-l areas, very little is too broken for cul-
tivation. The forest trees of rhese lands are red or Spanish oak, white
and post-oaks, hickory, chestnut, dog-wood, and, in the lowlands of some
of the counties, short-leaf pine, poplar, ash, walnut, cherry and buckeye.
There is more hickory and less pine than on gray sandy land. Black-
jack is interspersed with these. Except in the more southern counties
these lands are considered best for small grains, though about one-third
part of those under cultivation is devoted to cotton.
"Where gray, sandy, gravelly 'and occurs, though much of the sur-
face is more or less rolling and hiJly, there are broad level areas on the
ridges and in the valleys. Excep'^ in the more mountainous districts
the slopes of the hills and ridges are so gradual as not to interfere with
their successful cultivation. Though their light, sandy nature makes
them liable, when under cultivation, to wash into gullies and flood the
lowlands with sand, such damage can be prevented by the prevailing
method of hill-side ditching or terracing. These gray sandy soils are
frequently colored dark for an inch or two with decayed vegetation.
Then from the intermixture of the dark soil and the yellow, clayey sub-
soil there is obtained what is commonly called a mulatto soil. These
lands are considered better than the red clays for cotton, because under
favorable conditions they are more productive. They are also moro
easily tilled, although often loose quartz rocks, or stones, are so abundant
that they must be removed before the ground can be broken up. From
one half to two tliirds of these lands under cultivation are devoted to
cotton.
In the granitic lands the soil is often a coarse, gray, or gravelly sauvl,
from three to six inches deep, with a more or less sandy subsoil of rod
or yellow clay. Ninety-eight per cent, of tlie granite lands are in th«
]54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
main good and easily tilled, yielding about 800 pounds of seed cotton t«
the acre, wlien fresh and unmanured. Almost everywhere in these
lands the timber is pine, either. long or short-leaf, oak, chestnut, hickory
and some black-jack. One feature of these soils worthy of note is their
superiority over other metamorphic soils in both potash and lime, de-
rived doubtless from the feldspar of the granite. In the mountainous
Blue Ridge region, especially in Towns and Eabun counties, but little
of this land is tillable except along the watercourses. In ten counties
of the northeast section only a little over 12 per cent, of the area is
under cultivation owing chiefly to the fact that that part of Georgia is
as yet but thinly settled. The tillable lands have a very rich, dark red
soil. Little Tennessee valley, in Rabun, is noted for fertility, l^acoo-
chee valley, in White county, is famous as one of the most beautiful and
productive in the State. Wheat and other small grains, corn, the choicest
of fruits and vegetables, flourish luxuriantly. The rich grasses are of the
very best for stock, and the beef, lambs, kids and veal, are as fat and nice
as one could desire. Honey, butter, eggs, and chickens are abundant
and can be had at reasonable prices. The forests are filled with the
best timber. There are also to be seen beautiful flower gardens, sum-
mer houses and fountains, artificial lakes, parks for deer and pools for
fishes.
The valley lands of the Tugaloo, Middle, Hudson and Soque rivers
are productive of the best wheat and com. Around Cornelia, in Haber-
sham county, the most luscious peaches and other fruits are grown.
As we go southward fiom the Blue Ridge counties, there is a steady
increase in the acreage under cultivation, until we get to the pine hills
of the central cotton region, where from 60 to 75 per cent, of the entire
area is under clutivation. Of the lands north of the Chattahoochee^
those to the northeast have almost entirely gray, sandy soils, with but
few strips of red clay. German millet and buckwheat flourish in this
section, and good tobacco can be successfully grown, as is proven by the
patches raised here and there exclusively for home use. This section is
well adapted to such fruits as the apple, cherry, pear, grape, all varieties
of plums, the peach, and to the gooseberry, raspberry, strawbeny, black-
berry and dewberry.
The Middle Georgia region was the first settled after the coast country
and is the most populous section of the State. All the largest cities of
the State, except Savannah, are in this belt. All through this section,
whose lands are for the most part, of the red clay soil, cotton, com, oata,
wheat, and the other small grains, peas and all the grasses do well. To-
bacco also can be successfully grown. Though injudicious culture for a
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 155
long time injured the soil, fields that had been abandoned and left to
grow np in "weeds have, after years of rest, under judicious cultivation,
regained their fertility, and are once more among the best lands of
Georgia. To give some idea of what may be done under wdse manage-
ment of the soil, we cite just a few examples.
On one farm in Hancock county, the first year after tlie sod of Ber-
muda grass was broken, there were gathered 1,800 pounds of seed cotton
to the acre, and the second year 2,800 pounds to the acre. In each case
this was without fertilizing. A third crop, corn manured with cotton-
seed in the usual manner and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels to the
acre. The fourth year the crop on this ground was wheat, and without
fertilizing it yielded forty-two bushels to the acre. In Spalding county
wheat has often yielded forty bushels and sometimes sixty to sixty-five
bushels to the acre, and as much as 10,726 pounds of hay have been gath-
ered on one acre in one season. In Bibb county 8,646 pounds of crab
grass hay have been harvested on one acre in a season.
To show what "worn-out" land can be made to do, we give the ex-
ample of Mr. Samuel Bailey. In 1868 he purchased a place in Ogle-
thorpe coimty which every one considered almost worthless for farming
purposes. The first year he cultivated only sixteen acres, ploughing deep
and subsoiling, and leveling all washes as near as posssible. He sowed
one acre in wheat and fifteen in cotton. From his acre of wheat he
gathered fifty-seven bushels, and from his fifteen acres in cotton be ob-
tained eleven bales weighing 465 pounds each. He always advocated
deep culture and thorough preparation of the lands before planting, more
especially when manuring highly, either with barn-yard or commercial
manure. He gave special attention to the drainage of land, stopping all
washes. He used the manures manufactured at the Oglethorpe Fertiliz-
ing "Works. He expressed the conviction, however, that barn-yard and
cotton seed manures were more lasting. By saving all manures accumu-
lated on his place, he brought his lands up to such a state of cultivation,
that in an ordinary crop year without the aid of manuring, they would
produce on an average from thirty-five to forty bushels of wheat, and one
bale of cotton to the acre. He also grew all kinds of vegetables for
family use, and sold annually Irish potatoes, onions and watermelons.
He met with the best results in all kinds of fruits, such as peaches, pears,
apples and strawberries. From one-eighth of an acre he has gathered
twenty-eiglit bushels of strawberries of a superb variety (the Wilson
Albany).
Another instance: In 1872 W. J. Born, in Gwinnett county, bought
twenty acres of land that had been u))andone(l for years. Tliis land had
156 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
gone to waste, and the twentj-acre plot was filled with gnllies from five
to ten feet deep, and some of them from five to ten feet wide. There
appeared to be no soil, and all the humus was practically gone. Immedi-
ately upon the purchase of this plot of ground Mr. Born filled these
gullies and waste. places with pine brush cut from a neighboring field,
hauled and scattered many loads of pine needles and oak leaves, using
a two-horse plow, plowed and re-plowed this land, and leveled as best
he could. Then he strewed broadcast the twenty-acre field with stable
and barnyard manure, re-plowed, harrowed and rolled again. He then
sowed it down in oats, and used two tons of commercial fertilizers,
turned these oats under, harrowed and rolled again. The following
spring these oats were mowed while in the "dough" state for hay, get-
ting a fairly good crop of oat hay. He again fertilized heavily with
barnyard manure and some commercial fertilizers, and sowed peas im-
mediately after taking off the oat hay. In the fall the peavines were
turned under and again oats were sown, using a liberal quantity of ma-
nure. This process was continued until the fourth year, when he planted
this twenty-acre plot in. cotton, and made twenty bales. This land was
purchased for five dollars an acre. At the end of the fifth year it had
been brought to a high state of cultivation, and instead of being worth
five dollars could have been easily sold for twenty-five dollars per acre.
This land had a red clay foundation. What Mr. Born did in 1872 has
been done by others, and should be done by many more.
Throughout this whole section peaches, pears, apples, plums, cherries
and other fi-uits, with all kinds of berries, abound. Its melons are with-
out a superior. Among them the Augusta melon, so-called from its chief
shipping point, takes high rank. All along the lines of railway from
the northeast section down through Middle and Southern Georgia are
extensive tracts devoted to grape culture.
SOILS OF SOUTHEKN GEOEGIA.
The central cotton region of the State includes the southern part of
Middle Georgia, and large areas of Southern Georgia. It embraces three
distinct belts having well marked differences. The first of these is the
sand and pine hills belt. Its northern limit is a line iimning from
northeast to southwest as follows: from a few miles north of Augiista and
Thomson ranging a few miles south of Warrenton and Sparta to Mil-
ledgeville, Macon, Knoxville, Geneva and Columbus. At this point the
metamorphic rocks are found outcropping in the beds of the streams,
while the sand hills extend northward a short distance along the uplands.
c
o
c:
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 159
The southern limit of the sand and pine hills belt is clearly marked by
the somewhat abrupt appearance of the red clay hills along its border.
Tbe width of this belt varies greatly, being rather narrow in the part of
it lying between the Ogeechee and Flint rivers, and gi-eatest within
twenty-five or thirty miles of the Savannah on the east, and the Chatta-
hoochee on the west. Its southern limit on the Chattahoochee is near
the mouth of Upatoi creek. In Taylor and Marion coimties it widens to
twenty miles or more. The area embraced in the sand hills is 2,950
square miles, the surface of the country being high and rolling, especially
along the northern limit, where the altitude is from 500 to 600 feet
above the sea, and from 100 to 150 feet above the adjacent metamor-
phic region. In some localities, as between the Flint and Ocmulgee
rivers, the lower part of the belt is a broad plateau gradually declining
southward. In the western portion the transition to the red hills is grad-
ual.
As might be infen-ed from its name, the soil of this belt is sandy, and
the prevailing timber pines, both long and short-leaf. There is also some
scrub black-jack, oak, sweet-gums and dog^vood, with an undergrowth
along the streams of bay and gallberry bushes.
The second belt is the red Mils. This belt is characterized by a high
rolling, or broken and well-timbered surface. The lands are of red clay,
associated generally with silicious shell rocks, and are found in isolated
areas over the entire yellow loam region. At Shell Bluff, on the Savan-
nah river, the beds are sixty feet thick, and at Fort Gaines, on the Chat-
tahoochee, fifty feet. Between these two points their thickness dimin-
ishes to ten or twenty feet near the divide of the Central Atlantic and
Gulf waters. The soil is somewhat sandy, from twelve to twenty-four
inches deep in the eastern counties and six to twelve inches in others,
with a subsoil of heavy clay loam, stiff and hard to break up, of deeper
color than the soil, overlying at times a variegated and elastic pipe-clay.
Between the Savannah and Flint rivers are the best lands of this belt,
more productive and durable, and easily tilled, and in large areas. They
yield from 800 to 1,000 pounds of seed cotton when fresh, and under
proper culture continue to do so. The timbers are oak, hickory, short-
leaf pine and dogwood, with beech, maple and poplar on the lowlands.
Small grain is one of the best crops for these lands.
The third belt is the Yelloiu Loam Region, or the oah, hickory and
long-leaf pine hills, with soils sandy and gray, but dark on the imniodi-
ato surface from decayed vegetation, with a subsoil of yellow clay-loam
or yellow sand, at a depth of from three to nine inches from the sur-
face. This belt extends across the State from east to west. In width it
1(30 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
varies, in some parts reaching from the sand hills south to the pine and
wire-grass region, and in others from the red hills southward to the same
limit. In Houston county these lands are found north of the red hills.
The entire area embraced by the yellow loam region and red hills is
6,650 square miles. The names given to this belt indicate the character
of its growth and soil. The lands are well drained and eaisy to cultivate,
and yield an average of 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The Southern Oak, Hickory and Pine Region comprises portions of
the counties of Decatur, Thomas and Brooks, lying along and near the
Florida line. This region is for the most part rolling, about seventy-five
feet above the wire-grass country on the north of it or 130 feet above
the Flint river. From a point seven miles south of Bainbridge the as-
cent, eastward to Attapulgus and northward by Climax, is quite abrupt.
But farther to the east it gradually merges into the wire-grass. The area
of this section is about 2,317 square miles. The surface of the country
is generally open with a growth of tall, long-leaf pine, where the soil
is sandy with generally a clayey subsoil, underlaid by white limestone;
but in some localities, where there is a red clay loam, the timber is oak
and hickory.
One feature of this region is the rare appearance of wire-grass, and
the almost total absence of silicious shell rocks, except in some lowlands.
The yield under ordinary cultivation is reported at from 600 to 800
pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The lowlands of the Central Belt comprise the bottoms and ham-
mocks of the streams and gallberry flats. On the Chattahoochee river
there is but little bottom land, because the uplands approach to the
water's edge as bluffs. The soil is a dark loam, more or less sandy, red on
some of the streams, and from one foot to six feet deep, down to a tena-
cious pipe-clay. On some of the other large streams the bottom lands
proper, which vary in width from 200 to 1,500 yards, when cultivated,
are devoted to corn and oats, for the reason that cotton crops on these
lands are liable to injury from early frosts and wet.
The hummocks, or second bottoms, of the larger streams above over-
flow are well cultivated, and on some of the streams they are extensive,
being very level, with a growth of pine and most of the hardwoods com-
mon to Georgia. The soil is a rich sandy loam, with a depth of from
twelve to twenty-four inches, having in it much decayed vegetation, and
is very productive. These hummock soils yield about 1,400 pounds of
seed cotton to the acre when fresh, and from 800 to 1,000 pounds after
a few year's cultivation; but under skillful raanagement their original
fertility can be pretty well maintained. The allm^al lands of the Sa-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 161
Yannah river have a growth of beech, white and water oaks, holly, bay,
birch, raulbeny, sycamore, cottonwood, hickory, ash and walnut. These
lands have a soil which is a brown loam, mixed with mica scales and of
a depth of from two to three feet. They are well adapted to cotton, com
and grain. Being very productive, they are largely under cultivation
and yield 1,500 pounds of cottonseed on fresh land, and under the or-
dinary modes 5,000 pounds after a few yeai's' cultivation.
Along the Chattahoochee from Columbus to Georgeto^vn are level val-
leys of open prairies similar to- the second bottom of other streams, but
higher and without their growth. In Muscogee county these valleys are
broad and open, with a fine sandy loam soil from five to twelve inches
deep, and a heavy clay subsoil. Farther south where the blue clay marls
approach the surface, the valleys are richer, and yield 800 to 1,200
pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The long-leaf pine and wire-grass region covers a large part of South-
em Georgia south of the oak and hickory and pine lands of the central
cotton belt. The entire region is a vast plain very nearly level, except
on the north, covered with long-leaf pine, and including in its area
eighteen whole counties and large parts of others. The surface of the
upper and western portions is somewhat rolling, being elevated from
twenty-five to seventy-five feet above the streams, and from 200 to 500
feet above the sea. The northeastern and southwestem portions of this
region, being underlaid with limestones, have a better class of soil, as
may be known from the intermixture of oak and hickory with the long-
leaf pine.
This region can be subdivided into two: the lime sink, and the pina
woods region.
TJie lime sinh region embraces 7,020 square miles, and includes the
following counties and parts of counties: Screven, except a strip along
the eastern and northern side of the county; the southern part of Burke;
the northern part of Bulloch; all of Mitchell, Miller, Colquitt and
Worth; the southern parts of Pulaski, Baker and Early, and the south-
ern and eastern parts of Dougherty, the northern parts of Decatur,
Thomas, Brooks and Lowndes; the eastern parts of Dooly and Lee; and
the western parts of Irwin, Berrien, Dodge and AVilcox. The
uplands of this region have a gray, sandy soil, from six to
twelve inches deep, with a subsoil of red or yellow sandy clays, and yields
about 500 or 800 pounds of seed cotton. The bottom or alluvial landa
of the rivers and hummocks of the creeks have a dark loamy soil with
a clay subsoil, at a depth of from ten to twenty inches Being very du-
rable they yield from 800 to 1 ,000 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, even
162 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
after many years of cultivation. Along the uplands oak is the principal
timber, and on the bottom lands, white and red oaks, ash, hickory, pop-
lar, beech, bays and magnolia.
The pine woods, or sandy ivire-grass region covers an area of over
10,000 square miles, including the folio wing, counties and parts of coun-
ties: Tattnall, Montgomery, Emanuel, Telfair, Appling, Coffee, the mid-
dle of Effingham, the southern portions of Bulloch, Johnson and Lau-
rens, the eastern parts of Wilcox, Irwin, Berrien and Lowndes, the upper
portion of Pierce, Wayne, Mcintosh, Liberty and Bryan, and portions
of Jefferson, Washington, Dodge, Ware and Clinch. The surface is
generally level, but sometimes slightly undulating, underlaid in some
places by sandstone which, along the streams, juts out into bold bluffs.
The soil is usually fine and sandy, with a subsoil of yellow sand, fre-
quently underlaid with clay. This piney wire-grass region terminates
near the coast, forming a terrace, from which there is a descent for fifteen
or twenty-five feet to the Savannah and pine flat and palmetto lands.
The soil of the uplands is sandy and gray, or ash-colored, twelve inches
deep, with a subsoil of yellow or orange-colored loam, to which some-
times an underlying clay gives durability and vigor. These lands, when
fresh, yield without fertilizers about 500 pounds of seed cotton to the
acre, and sometimes more, and a judicious use of fertilizers keeps up this
degree of productiveness. Corn, oats and sorghum-cane do well. On
the low hills, where ferruginous concretions, commonly known as "Geor-
gia pills," occur, other crops thrive better than cotton, which in those
special localities is liable to rust. In bottom lands the soil is richer
and colored almost black by decayed leaves and other vegetation, and the
growth is poplar, cypress, and titi, with some pine and "fever tree" or
"Georgia bark." The vast pine forests that cover this pine woods region
are a source of great wealth to the State, and the trade in lumber has
built up thriving tovnas. Wherever the timber lands are cleared, the
land is being occupied and put under cultivation. The marls that abound
in many parts of this section, when mixed with the muck from the
swamps, afford a cheap fertilizer, which increases greatly the productive-
ness of the soil. This region opens a fine opportunity to the enterprise of
truck-farming. Those desiring to engage in such business had better
come while lands can be purchased at low rates.
The pine and palmetto fiats lie in the southeastern corner of the State,
around Okefinokee Swamp, and embrace mainly the counties of Charl-
ton, Echols and Clinch, and large parts of Ware, Pierce and Wa."viie.
This belt is considerably higher than that of the coast region, extending
across other counties to the Savannah river.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 165
The country is level and open with many swamps, having a dense
gi-OT^Iih of titi, tupelo and Llack-gnms, sweet and loblolly bays and cas-
sino, a short-leaf pine, all interlocked with bamboo briers, forming a
dense thicket. The chief timber growth is the long-leaf pine and cypress,
and on the open lands a dense mass of low saw-palmetto, gallben-y
bushes and some wire-gTass. This region is about 125 feet above the
sea, the descent on the east being very rapid from Okefinokee Swamp to
Tradei-s' Hill, at the head of tide-water and Saint Mary's river. From
thence is a level second terrace to the edge of the savanna covered with
deep white sand.
The cre-eh bottom and hummoc'k. lands, though not very wide, have
a dark loam soil from eight to twelve inches deep with a clayey subsoil,
beneath which lies a blue clay stratum. The growth of these hum-
mock lands is in the main oaks, black-gum, tupelo-gum, cypress, maple,
etc.
The coast region, covering in all about 2,045 square miles, includes
savannas, live oak lands and islands. The "savannas," a belt of country
from ten to fifteen miles wide, between the pine woods and wire-grass
region on the one side, and the "live oak lands" on the other, extend
from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's river, embracing nearly all the
counties of Chatham, Bryan, Glynn and Camden, and large portions of
Liberty and Mcintosh. The surface of the country, kncwTi as the first
terrace, is very level, standing from ten to fifteen feet above tide-water,
and at some points higher. Its northwestern limit is the bluff of the
second or wire-grass terrace, passing through the lower part of Effing-
ham (twenty miles north of Savannah), into Bryan, where it is fifty feet
high. At Savannah the bluff is forty feet above low-water mark. South-
ward through Liberty county, at "Gravel Hill," south of Hinesville, its
elevation is from fifteen to twenty feet above the sea, and in Camden
county fifteen miles east of Colerain, it is about twenty-five feet Along
the first or lower terrace of this region are meadow or savamia lands,
broad, flat and open, with a sparse growth of tall long-leaf pines, and a
thick undergrowth of saw-palmetto with here and there bunches of wire-
grass which have found their way down from the upper or second ter-
race. In spring and early summer all over these broad extended plains
beautiful flowers present to the delighted eye of the beholder a charm-
ing view.
The live oalc and coast lands spread along the coast and occupy the
numerous islands strctchiTig from the Savannah to the Saint Mary's
river, with an irregular and interrupted belt of yellow or mulatto sandy
soil, characterized by magnificent live oaks, festooned with streamers of
IQQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AlfD INDUSTRIAL.
gray moss often ten to fifteen feet long. There is also a growth, of red and
water oaks; hickory, chincapin, pine, red cedar, sweet-gum, cabbage
palmetto, a tall variety of blue palmetto' and sassafras. There are really
three divisions of this live oak belt, viz.: upland or ridge, middle, and
lower bottom lands, the last of which have a very rich dark soil, under-
laid by a blue clay, well adapted to the celebrated black-seed or sea-island
cotton. IN'ot so much attention as formerly, however, is paid now to
this long-staple cotton, since the use of fertilizers makes the upland or
short-staple a more remunerative crop.
The coast tide sivamp lands occupy a narrow belt, not continuous along
the Atlantic coast, but bordering on the various inlets and streams to the
limits of tide-water. Along the Savannah these lands are cultivated up-
ward of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river. On the
Altamaha their extent from the marshes upward does not exceed sixteen
miles, because freshets prevent them from being of value except for tim-
ber. The soil along the Altamaha having more of decayed vegetable mold
than that of the Savannah is more easily cultivated. The tide lands of
the Ogeechee extend from the marshes about ten miles. Those of the
Satilla, though not as broad as the others, extend from the marshes
twenty miles up the river and are not liable to freshets. The swamp
lands of the Georgia side of the St. Mary's river extend only to the foot
of the second terrace some fifteen miles east of Colerain, though tide-
water reaches Trader's Hill. The lands of this belt are the rice lands
of the State, being devoted almost exclusively to its cultivation. Geor-
gia's yield of this wholesome article of food is second to that of South
Carolina, which State ranks next to Louisiana. Other crops do well, but
rice is so much in demand that planters give to it the preference.
Of marsh land there is only a small area along the Georgia coast, at the
mouths of some of the rivers.
The Sea Islands, which, large and small, form along the coast a net-
work, with a rolling surface not exceeding fifteen feet above the tide,
have a united area of 560 square miles. The soil is usually sandy, well
adapted to the production of sea-island cotton, corn and sweet potatoes.
In their delightful climate, sufficiently warm, and yet cooled by ocean
breezes, lemons, figs, pomegranates, olives and oranges grow finely.
Finally in every part of Georgia are lands capable of the highest cul-
tivation, with soils adapted to the very best results. If the settler desires
to raise the various grains or grasses, the fleecy cotton, or the fruits found
in every zone of production in the United States, from the hardy apple
of the north to the tender orange of the tropics, he can choose his section
of Georgia, buy his land and go to work with as much certainty of sue-
GEORGIA: UISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 167
cess as in tnj other of the most favored parts of the Union. Fine Irish
potatoes can be raised in Georgia, and no better sweet potatoes are any-
where produced. Again we would call attention to the fact that in ad-
dition to the various crops that have been mentioned in this description
of soils, Middle and Southern Georgia are the home of the sugar-cane,
richer in saccharine matter than any other plant from which sugar is
extracted. No more charming farm scene meets the eye than a vast field
of tasseled cane with all its promise of good things to come and future
profits.
The ground-pea, which, when parched, is held in such high esteem,
is produced extensively in Georgia The chufa, though not so well
known, is valued as good food for hogs.
Xor should we fail to name among other good products of Georgia
Boil the chestnuts, walnuts, hickory-nuts, chincapins and pecans, which
help to give good cheer to the family circle as they gather on a winter
eve before the hearth heaped up with blazing logs. Or grate with glow-
ing coal.
The mulberry tree should come in for a share of notice. This tree
grows in every part of the State, especially in the sandy soil of some parts
of Middle and Southern Georgia. The fruit of the black mulberry
makes a very fattening food for hogs. The leaves of the white mulberry
are the favorite food of the silkworm. When the colony of Georgia was
founded it was intended that the production of raw silk should be one
of its industries; Would it not pay some one who understands this busi-
ness to embark in it in Georgia ?
An excellent article of tea has been grown in Southeast Georgia.
Indigo grows wild in its southern section, and was at one time culti-
vated, until cotton absorbed almost all the attention of our people.
Peas and beans grow in every section of the State and the value of
the cow or field-pea to all the cotton belt of Georgia, both for forage and
soil fertilization, cannot be overestimated. The peas furnish excellent
food for stock, and are good food for man as well, superior to the Boston
bean. The hay made from the vines is of fine quality and very nourish-
ing.
The reports that have been made on authority of the United States
census concerning Georgia's soils give but a feeble conception of their
productiveness. The authors of those reports in making up their aver-
ages for crops raised in the different belts, gave the results of the
work of the unskilled laborers under overseers who were themselves ig-
norant of the best modes of cultivation. But skillful farmers using the
beet methods give us a fair idea of the capacity of Georgia soil in every
section of the State. We give here some well authenticated yields:
Igg GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
In Cotton. — In Washington county, partly in Middle and partly in
Southern Georgia, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; in Troup
county, Midde Georgia, 4,594 pounds; in Burke county, in the northern
part of Southern Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Carroll county. Middle Geor-
gia, 4,500 pounds; in Crawford county, southeastern part, in Middle
Georgia, 4,500 pounds; in Clay county, Southwestern Georgia, and
Brooks, bordering on the Florida line, 2,700 pounds; in Coweta and De-
Ivalb counties, in Middle Georgia, but both above the center of the State
(DeKalb considerably so), 2,200 pounds.
In Corn. — In Spalding county. Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the
acre; in Cobb county, in the northwestern part of Middle Georgia, 125
bushels; in Wilkes county, Middle Georgia, 123 bushels; in Thomas
county, Southwestern Georgia, bordering on the Florida line, 119 bush-
els; in Crawford county, partly in Middle partly in Southwestern Geor-
gia, 115 bushels; in Cherokee county, in Middle Georgia belt, but north-
, western part of the State, 104 bushels to the acre.
In Oats. — In Wilkes county. Middle Georgia, 137 bushels to the
acre; in DeKalb county. Middle Georgia, 131 bushels; in Floyd county,
iJ^orthwest Georgia, 121 bushels; in Coweta county, western Middle
Georgia, 115 bushels; in Schley county. Southwestern Georgia, 100
bushels; in Brooks county. Southern Georgia, on the border of Florida,
75 bushels to the acre.
In Wheat. — In DeKalb and Spalding counties, Middle Georgia, 65
bushels to the acre; in Carroll county. Middle Georgia, 40 bushels; in
Cherokee, Middle Georgia belt, but northwestern part of the State, in
Milton next on the south, and Walton, Middle Georgia, 28 bushels to
the acre.
In Sweet Potatoes. — 800 bushels to the acre in Richmond, Crawford
and Berrien counties, the first named being on the border of Middle and
Southern Georgia and bordering on South Carolina, Crawford in South-
western and Berrien in Southern Georgia, with but one county between
it and the Florida line; 500 bushels in Brooks county, on the Florida
border; 400 bushels in Fulton county, Middle Georgia belt but north-
western part of the State.
In Irish Potatoes. — Four hundred and twenty bushels to the acre in
Wilkes county. Middle Georgia; 109 bushels in Walker county, extreme
Korthwestem Georgia.
In Upland Rice. — One hundred bushels to the acre in Hall and White
counties, in !N^ortheast Georgia; Pike, in Middle Georgia; and Early in
lower Southwest Georgia on the Alabama line.
In Cane Syrup. — Seven hundred gallons to tlie acre in Bulloch
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. m
countT, Southern Georgia; 695 gallons in Thomas county, in Southwest
Georgia, on the Florida border; 600 gallons in Brooks county, Southern
Georgia, on the Florida border; and 480 gallons in Burke county, in the
northern part of Southern Georgia.
Ill Clover Hay. — Sixteen thousand pounds to the acre in DeKalb
county, Middle Georgia; 10,000 pounds in Greene county. Middle Geor-
gia; 6,575 pounds in Cobb county, northwestern part of Middle Geor-
gia belt.
In Peavine Hay. — Ten thousand seven hundred and twenty pounds
to the acre in Spalding county. Middle Georgia.
In Bermuda Grass Hay. — Thirteen thousand nine hundred and fifty-
three pounds to the acre in Greene county. Middle Georgia.
hi Lucerne. — Xine thousand four hundred pounds to the acre in Gor-
don county, ISTorthwest Georgia.
In Crahh Grass Hay. — Eight thousand and forty-six pounds to the
acre in Bibb county, on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia.
In Com Forage. — Twenty-seven thousand one hundi-ed and thirty
pounds to the acre in Greene county. Middle Georgia.
In Sugar. — Twenty-one barrels to the acre in Bulloch county, north-
ern part of Southern Georgia.
9ga
CHAPTER V.
PUBLIC ROADS IN GEORGIA.
RAILKOADS AND WATER TRANSPORTATION
In every county there should be good roads, on which the farmer
can haul to the nearest market, or shipping point, the produce of his
farm with the greatest degree of comfort to himself and the least pos-
sible wear on his wagons and stock. Roads must keep pace with all
other improvements; for the public highways will have an important
bearing on the judgment formed in regard to the thrift and enterprise
of any county. Much interest in this subject has been aroused in Geor-
gia for several years.
In 1891 a law was enacted authorizing commissioners of roads and
revenues of each county, upon recommendation of the grand jury, to fix
and levy a special road tax, not to exceed two mills on the dollar, and
also to exact of each male inhabitant a commutation tax not to exceed
fifty cents a day for the number of days' work required. The law also
authorized authorities to organize chain-gangs of convicts, or to hire free
labor for improvement and maintenance of public highways. The ex-
penses were to be met by special road and commutation taxes. Many
of the counties have adopted the new road law and every year adds to
their number. The plan, on which the work is done, is to divide the force
employed into squads, each of which consists of from fifteen to forty-five
men under a competent superintendent and one or more overseers. Each
squad is supplied with camping outfit, two or more road machines,
wheeled scrapers, wagons, plows, and from ten to twenty mules. Usually
on leading roads the working force first goes over them with machine
giving proper crown, opening side ditches, macadamizing boggy places,
and cutting do\vn the grades of the steeper hills. In the case of less-im-
portant roads the force employed works them from one to two years. On
the second working more attention is paid to grading and macadamizing.
In counties having large cities, where from 100 to 400 convicts are em-
ployed, the roads are graded and macadamized at the first working.
Under this system several hundred miles of first-class macadamized road*
(172)
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. I73
have been built in several counties mthin the last three years. Among
the best are the Manchester and Peachtree roads near Atlanta, thorough-
fares equal to the best ideal. In this great work Fulton county leads all
others, spending in 1900, $140,000, and constructing many miles of
well-graded macadamized road. Other roads of similar merit are found
in Bibb, Floyd, Bartow, Eichmond, Jefferson, Emanuel, Spalding, Meri-
wether and Chatham counties. The shell road from Savannah to
Bonaventure and Thunderbolt was noted even before the civil war. The
shell roads of Glynn county radiating from the city of Brunswick are
also worthy of mention. From the city of Rome in Floyd county some
of the finest macadamized roads in Georgia lead out in all directions.
These roads of Floyd county cover more than seventy-six miles, and are
built of hard limestone and marble. They are being added to at the
rate of one mile a month. All of these roads are of easy grade and thor-
oughly drained. The county authorities expect to continue this system of
road-building. In Bartow county there radiate from Cartersville in all
directions splendid roads over which it is a delight to drive. The same
is true of those of Richmond county, which center in Augusta, or those
of Bibb, that form the favorite drives of the citizens of Macon. Thomas
county has long enjoyed a good reputation for its well-graded drives
through the fragrant pines. Ere many years at the present rate of
progress all the citizens of Georgia will be blessed with good coimtry
roads, on which travel and transportation will be pleasant at all seasons.
One of the most efficient means of arousing interest on this subject of
good roads in Georgia, is the meeting of the county road commissioners
held in Atlanta.
RAILROADS OF GEORGIA.
Georgia was from the first introduction of railroads into America, one
of the most active in their construction. In fact, her preeminence
among her Southern sisters in railroad building, combined with the lead-
ing part played by her in the promotion of various manufacturing en-
terprises, gave her the proud title "Empire State of the South." In the
number and extent of her railroads she still ranks foremost. Among
and through her mountains and hills, valleys, plains and forests, high-
lands and lowlands, north, south, east and west, they thread their way,
pouring wealth into the laps of Georgia's cities and towns, and giving
convenient and rapid transportation to the farmers, merchants and manu-
facturers of the State. The condition of the roads is excellent. The
great trunk lines arc laid with heavy steel rails and well ballasted. Witli
174 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
these main lines shorter ones connect many towns and stations, which
otherwise would be remote from the great arteries of trade and travel.
Several great systems of railroads are operated in Georgia.
The Central of Georgia enjoys the distinction of being the first built
in the State (1833). It extended originally from Savannah to Macon.
By taking in other lines and building branch roads, it has spread out in
every direction, traversing with its 1,301.54 miles of rail fifty-one coun-
ties of Georgia, giving to them access to the ocean through the port of
•Savannah.
The lines of this company penetrate and cover, in a most complete
manner. Middle and Southwest Georgia, the great fruit and trucking
sections of the State. Its lines also cross the Chattahoochee river at Co-
lumbus, Georgetown and Columbia, and, passing through the mineral,
agricultural, timber and naval stores section of Alabama, gather the
rich products of that great State and bear the bulk of them to the mar-
kets of the world through Savannah, the greatest South Atlantic sea-
port, where direct steamship connections are made for all points in the
East and Europe.
The lines of this great system reach nearly every important town in
the State, among which are Atlanta, Savannah, Macon, Augusta, Co-
lumbus, Athens, Americus', Albany and Griffin. A great many other
progressive towns of Georgia are reached by this system. Twenty-one
of these cities and towns have electric light pulants and are otherwise
equipped with all modern conveniences.
Among the most important industries located within the territory cov-
ered by the Central in Georgia are: fifty-six cotton mills, operating 698,-
070 spindles and 25,739 looms, representing an aggregate capital of
$10,650,800; one woolen mill; twelve knitting mills; sixteen flour mills;
twenty-five cottonseed-oil mills; twenty guano factories; sixty-three brick
kilns and clay potteries; tvventy-six iron foundries; twenty-seven machine
shops; twenty-two canneries; sixteen wagon and buggy factories; five
spoke and handle factories; eleven tanneries; twenty-eight ice manufac-
turing plants; three granite quarries; 131 dairies and 5 creameries.
In addition to the above there were handled from points on the lines
of this company during the past year (1900), 126,891 barrels of rosin
and 33,158 barrels of spirits of turpentine.
'Ho compendium of facts bearing on the resources of Georgia, or of
that territory in the State covered by the Central of Georgia Railway
would be complete without reference to the great agricultural and horti-
cultural interests of this section. Of agriculture should be mentioned the
more staple crops, cotton, com, sugar-cane, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes,
Q
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 177
field-peas and broom corn. Under this head we would also mention the
making of hay from native and foreign grasses, to which more attention
is being paid than ever before.
In horticulture should be mentioned the market gardens, or truck
farms, raising cucumbers, beans of all varieties, tomatoes, cabbages, on-
ions, etc. Under this head comes the fruit industry, which has reached
vast proportions. More interest than ever before is being taken in grow-
ing peaches, pears, plums, apples, grapes of many varieties, watermelons,
cantaloupes, cherries, strawberries, blackbkerries, etc.
In addition to the above mentioned crops, special attention should be
called to the grovtdng of tobacco, which has hitherto been a small crop
in Georgia. From successful experiments in planting tobacco during
the past year in lower Middle Georgia it is confidently predicted that
the section of the State lying south of Macon is destined to become
in time, one of the greatest tobacco-growing sections of the Union. With
the distribution of tobacco seed and the assistance of an expert tobacco
grower, all of which is being furnished free to the farmers by the Cen-
tral of Georgia Railroad, every reasonable effort is being made to interest
the farmers in this crop.
The manufacture of syrup from sugar-cane has in the past year or two
reached such a stage of perfection, as to render the growing of sugar-
cane very profitable. Analyses recently made by thoroughly reliable
and expert chemists show that sugar-cane grown on the hill-sides of
lower Middle Georgia, or in the light sandy soil on the Atlantic coast,
contains from two to four per cent, more saccharine than can be grown in
the alluvial lands. The farmers in this territory are appreciating the im-
portance of paying more attention to growing sugar-cane and to the
handling of its products.
The timber and lumber industries in this State have reached vast
proportions. In addition to the enormous trade in Georgia pine and
all hard woods in our domestic markets, there are millions of feet of this
class of timber and lumber exported annually through the South At-
lantic and Gulf ports.
The terminus of the Central of Georgia Railway, with its magnificent
wharf and terminal properties, is at Savannah, the great South Atlantic
seaport. In the sketch of Chatham county is given a complete state-
ment in detail of the business handled through this port during the past
year. A large percentage of this was handled by the lines of the Central
system.
The Southern Railway operates in the State of Georgia nearly 1,016
miles of travel. Beginning at Atlanta lines radiate to the south, weet^
178 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
north, and northeast, and place the cities and towns of the State along
its lines in close touch with the Atlantic Ocean, the coal fields to the
west and the great cities and markets of the North. Its lines pass
through the important cities of Atlanta, Augusta, Athens, Columbus,
Griffin, Macon and Kome, and connect them with Savannah, the greatest
South Atlantic port, and with Brunswick, the second in importance of
Georgia's ports.
Fifty-one counties are traversed by this system, and, taken as a whole
throughout the State, every variety of resource, soil, climate and industry
in Georgia is found somewhere contiguous to its lines.
The textile industry is well represented. On January 1, 1900, there
were in the towns tributary to the Southern in Georgia, forty-four cot-
ton m'ills, operating 628,896 spindles and 16,960 looms, and representing
a capital stock of over $10,000,000. There were also six knitting mills
and six woolen mills, and there are now under construction, or com-
pleted since that date, twenty other textile concerns.
The timber wealth of this country is enormous, and at the present time
there are tributary to the Southern seventy-five saw and planing mills
with a daily capacity of about Y80,000 feet of pine, oak, poplar and other
lumber. There are nineteen cottonseed-oil mills with several more under
construction or in contemplation. There are also more than forty grist
and flwir mills, besides new ones now contemplated, to handle the large
wheat crop. In fourteen towns there are electric light plants; in five,
large brick making establishments, while many more have clay deposits
suitable for development; more than forty foundries, machine works, or
other iron industries; five canneries, and as many more projected or be-
ing built; eight furniture plants and a large number of factories making
spokes, handles, wagons, crates, coffins,.vehicles, etc. Several towns have
ice factories, and at a large number quite a business is done in shipping
naval stores to Brunswick and Savannah for export. There are four
companies making leather products, two creameries, several fertiliser
factories and a large number of ginneries. The most active mineral dis-
trict is Dahlonega, tributary to the Southern at Gainesville, where a
large stamp mill and chlorination plant has been erected, extensive min-
ing done and a large amount of money expended in developing the gold
deposits of that section. At Gainesville a million dollar cotton-mill is
being erected; another small one organized and a smelter projected.
The Southern traverses the great mineral section of the State as well
as some of the best lands for all the staple crops, fruits, melons, berries
and vegetables, and some of the finest timber lands in the world. The
Southern and Central systems give to a large section of the State two
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
179
splendid competing lines, and each stretches out its great arms into sec-
tions not traversed by the other. Both these roads are doing all they
can to advertise and build up the sections through which they pass, and
their efforts are meeting with great success.
The Plant System operates in Georgia 616 miles, and traverses nine-
teen counties, possessing every grade of soil from light sandy and allu-
vial to the heaviest clay and river bottom, and having a climate tem-
perate and especially adapted to agriculture and horticulture. On its
line are three cotton-mills with 18,000 spindles; three cottonseed-oil
mills, four fertilizer factories, two barrel factories, ninety-six turpentine
stills, twenty-five camps where railroad ties are manufactured and sold.
Eight of the towns on the system ha.ve electric plants, viz.: Savannah,
Brunswick, Quitman, Waycross, Albany, Yaldosta, Thomasville and
Bainbridge. There are two brick plants at Albany, one at Bainbridge and
one each at Johnson's and Williams's stations, five in all; also one pot-
tery plant at Stockton. There are foundry and machine works at Savan-
nah, Brunswick, Waycross, Albany, Yaldosta and Tifton, and canneries
at Tifton and Albany. There are also bucket factories at Whigham and
McRae's. Along the lines of this system the output of naval stores
amounts to 260,000 barrels of rosin and 90,000 barrels of spirits of tur-
pentine. There are ice plants at the eight large towns. Almost every
mile of the territory traversed by the Plant System is suitable for agri-
cultural and horticultural pursuits, dairying and grape growing. Dairy
farming is profitably conducted near most of the large towns.
The Georgia Kailroad was the second chartered in the State (Dec. 31,
1833). Its main line connects Augusta and Atlanta, and including its
branches operates 314 miles and traverses eighteen counties, having on
its line the two important terminal cities already named besides Athens,
Macon, Greensboro, Madison, Covington, Oxford, Milledgeville, and
other smaller but flourishing towns. The country traversed is a part of
the great cotton belt of Georgia. Many of the foundries and mills al-
ready spoken of as being on the line of the Central and Southern sys-
tems are also on the line of the Georgia Railroad at Atlanta, Augusta,
Athens and Macon. There arc brick plants at several points, and pot-
teries at Milledgeville, Macon and Grovetown. At each of the terminal
points of the main trunk of the Georgia Railroad are extensive planing-
mills and furniture factories. No road in the State has more extensive
local traffic, in both freight and passengers.
The Georgia Southern and Florida Railway Company operates 160
miles of track in Georgia, beginning at Macon and ending at the Florida
State line, connecting Vienna, Cordele, Tifton, Valdosta and many
130 GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL.
smaller towns with Macon, its chief terminal. The principal trade opened
np by this line is that of lumber and naval stores. There are on its line
within the State of Georgia forty-seven sawmills with a daily capacity
of 1,073,000 feet of lumber; twenty-one planing-mills with a daily capac-
ity of 454,000 feet; eighteen shingle-mills with a daily capacity of 425,-
000 shingles; six lath mills, turning out daily 94,000 laths; five stave
mills capable of a daily production of 77,000 staves; twenty-five turpen-
tine stills turning out 85,000 barrels of rosin and 25,000 barrels of tur-
pentine annually. Beginning at Macon this line runs along a ridge be-
tween the Ocmulgee and Flint rivers, the waters of the former flowing
into the Atlantic Ocean, and of the latter into the Gulf of Mexico.
This territory is for the most part what is known as the "wire-grass" sec-
tion, and is one of the best in the State for grain, cotton and stock. The
farms are generally small and cultivated by the owners, who', raising their
own provisions and making cotton a surplus crop, are generally out of
debt and prosperous. Long-staple or "sea-island" cotton is chiefly raised
in the Southern counties, there being marketed at Valdosta alone one-
tenth of this entire crop in the United States. This is also a great section
for fruit, which is less liable than in other sections to frosts in the spring,
as was shown in 1894 and 1899, when a considerable quantity was ship-
ped off this line, while in other parts of the State peaches were a total
failure. There are on this line outside of Macon two cotton factories ag-
gregating 14,000 spindles and 450 looms, with a capital of $235,000,
three cottonseed-oil mills, three guano factories, two ice factories, three
iron foundries, four machine works, three canneries, one spoke and han-
dle factory, one broom factory, four barrel factories, one wagon and one
buggy factory, and two harness factories. There are on the line in Georgia
five brick yards, four being in Macon and one near Lenox in Berrien
county. There is not much dairying along this line, but those engaged
in the business are prosperous.
Considerable upland rice is produced for home consumption, and in
some years considerable is shipped. The yield is 30 bushels to the acre.
Both cigar and smoking tobacco have been grown along this road, the
former producing from 1,000 to 1,200 pounds to the acre, and the lat-
ter averaging 750 pounds to the acre. A good local market would cause
a renewal of the growth of this plant.
This region is especially adapted to the growth of sugar-cane, which
is true also of the sections traversed by the Central, Southern and Plant
systems. Many families from the northwestern and other States are
settled along the Georgia, Southern and Florida.
The Western and Atlantic di\Tsion of the Xashville, Chattanooga
C
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 183
Railway system operates in Georgia 139 miles, of which eight-
een are known as the Rome Railway. This road connects Atlanta with
Marietta, Acworth, Cartersville, Rome, Calhoun, Dalton and Ringgold
in Georgia, and Chattanooga in Tennessee, passing through seven coun-
ties, embracing a splendid agricultural section, whose crops of cotton,
grain and hay are excelled nowhere in the State. Fruit trees, especially
peach, have been planted in great numbers and with wonderful success.
From Cartersville to the Chattahoochee river grape culture is success-
fully carried on, and from Ringgold and vicinity strawberries are gro^vn
and shipped in abundance. The section about Ringgold is best adapted
to small fruits and grain; about Dalton to vegetables, fiTiits and gTain;
about Calhoun to corn, small grain and peaches; about Adairsville to
wheat and peaches; about Cartersville to fine staple cotton, corn and
wheat; around Marietta to cotton, peaches and grapes; around Smyrna to
small fruits, peaches, grapes and cotton. Considerable sorghum is made
for domestic use. Tobacco is grown in small quantities for home use
only. A fine timber country is tributary to the line on the headwaters of
the Coosawattee and Conesauga rivers, which streams unite above Resaca
to form the Oostanaula. All manufacturing interests seem to be in a
thriving condition. The increase in mining has probably been 100 per
cent., in other lines about 20 per cent. Outside of Atlanta, are the fol-
lowing cotton mills: two at Dalton with a total of 25,000 spindles and
620 looms; one at Rome with 5,200 spindles and 108 looms. There are
nine flour mills; oottonseed-oil mills at Rome and Acworth; knitting mills
at Marietta and Atlanta; paper mill at Marietta, and mills for production
of guano filler (graphitic slate) at Emerson. There is a carriage factory
at Cartersville, a crate factory in Adairsville, furniture factories at
Rome, Dalton, Acworth, Marietta and Atlanta. There are tanneries
in Atlanta, Acworth and Cassville, and ice plants in Atlanta, Marietta,
Cartersville and Rome. There are iron ore beds near Emerson, Carters-
ville, Roger's Station, Clifford, Adairsville, Tunnel Hill, Ringgold and
Allatoona, near which latter place is a gold stamping mill. There is
manganese in abundance near Cartersville; granite at Vining's Station
and on Kennesaw Mountain, but no quarries; black and variegated mar-
ble near Calhoun and Dalton, but not being quarried; large marble mills
in Marietta, using marble from along the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville
and Northern Railroad, on which connecting line are a number of quar-
ries in operation, the greater portion of whose output is handled by the
Western and Atlantic. Lime^stone quarries are in operation at Grays-
ville and Clifford, the output being eight car-loads a day. At Cement
are cement works whose output is 200 barrels a day. The Southern
184 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Company plaster works at Emerson, making filler for fertilizers, have
an output of 10,000 tons per annum.
The Atlanta, Knoxville and ISTorthem, operating 105 miles in Geoi^
gia, runs from Marietta to the Tennessee line, through six counties, pass-
ing through the town of Canton, Tate, Jasper and Ellijay. Through
the Western and Atlantic Eailroad it connects with Atlanta. Along this
line are some large orchards and the finest marble quarries of Georgia.
The Macon and Birmingham Eailwaj operates nearly ninety-seven
miles of its own track and uses about eight miles of the track of the
Central between Macon and LaGrange, having on its line also the towns
of CuUoden, Yatesville, Thomaston and Woodbury. It traverses six
counties of an excellent agricultural district, the principal product of
which is cotton. There is one cotton mill of 6,600 spindles at Thomas-
ton; two at LaGrange agrregating 27,500 spindles, and a third one of
10,000 spindles in process of erection. There are electric light plants at
Thomaston and LaGrange, a cottonseed-oil and guano factory at La-
Grange, and a shoe factory at Thomaston. There is a factory for the
manufacture of sash, doors, blinds and crates at Woodbury, and a coffin
factory at Mutual, operated by the Mutual Aid Society (colored). The
output of naval stores is 5,000 barrels of rosin and 100 barrels of spirits
of turpentine. There is a tannery at Thomaston and a creamery at La-
Grange. There are excellent granite deposits for thirty or forty miles
of the distance, principally in Upson and Meriwether counties. There
is a granite quarry at Odessadale. Along the line the agricultural
products are cotton^ com, sugar-cane, sorghum, wheat, oats, rye and po-
tatoes. The land is well adapted to grapes, peaches and other fruits, the
flavor of which is especially good, owing to the large amount of potash
in the soil.
The Seaboard Air Line operates nearly 134 miles of railroad between
Atlanta and the South Carolina State line, traversing eight counties, and
passing through the towns of Lawrenceville, Athens and Elberton. The
country traversed is a fine agricultural section and has great manufactur-
ing interests at Atlanta, Athens and Elberton.
The Georgia and Alabama road, running almost a bee line from the
Alabama line eastward to Savannah with its many branch roads, 376
miles in all, and traversing sixteen counties, is now a part of the Sea-
board Air Line system. It transports the products of a large section of
Georgia and Alabama to swell the exports of Savannah. Some of its
territory is also traversed by roads of the Central of Georgia and South-
em systems. The leading cities and towns on this road and its branches
are Columbus, Lumpkin, Preston, Americus, Dawson, Albany, Fitz-
, GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 185
gerald, Abbeville, Mount Vernon and Savannah. All along its line
are important manufactories, whose products help to swell its freights.
A great many people from northern and western States are settling along
the three great lines of the Seaboard Air Line. This is true also of the
Central and Southern.
The Florida Central and Peninsular Eailroad, which, with its hundred
and thirty-eight miles, traverses eight counties of Georgia from the Flor-
ida line to Savannah, thence northward to the South Carolina line in
Effingham county, has also been consolidated with the Seaboard Air Line
system. Along its line are large sawmills and turpentine distilleries.
Its main sliipments are naval stores gathered at the stations along its
route through the great pine belt of Georgia. It passes near St. Mary's,
but not through any important town in Georgia except the city of Sa-
vannah, which it connects with Femandina, Jacksonville, Lake City,
Live Oak, Madison, Tallahassee, St. Marks and other points in Florida.
The total number of miles embraced in this great combination, now
known as the Seaboard Air Line system, is 648, passing through thirty-
two counties of Georgia.
The Atlanta and West Point Eailroad, named for its two terminal
points, passes through five counties of a productive portion of Georgia.
The soils along this line are red clay, sandy, with clay subsoil and hum-
mock lands. Abundant crops of the staple productions of Georgia are
handled by this road. It forms a connecting link between the
great trunk line systems from the East and the Louisville and
Xashville Railroad, and thus participates in the carrying of the trade
from the eastern markets to the Pacific coast, and likewise shares the
freight moving in the reverse direction. The industries along its line are
varied, consisting of agriculture, dairying, fruit-growing, cotton fac-
tories, foundries, canning establishments and tanneries. There is one
flour mill at Xewnan, one knitting mill at Grantville; of cotton-oil mills,
one each at IS'ewnan, LaGrange, Hogansville and West Point; of brick
plants, one each at Moreland, West Point, Speers and Hogansville. Iron
foundries and machine shops are located at Newnan, Moreland and
West Point; there are two canning establishments, one at Newnan and
one ice plant at Newnan. Three towns, ISTewnan, LcGrange and
West Point, have electric plants. There is a gold mine in operation
near Grantville. There are along this line seven cotton mills with 144,-
000 spindles, representing a capital of $3,032,000.
The lands are adapted to general farming, fruit and vegetables. Large
quantities of grapes and peaches are raised near Moreland, Coweta and
JTewnan.
IgQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The above are the principal railroad systems of Georgia. There are
many short lines which play an important part in giving an outlet to' thft
products of many sections, which without them could not reach the trunk
lines except by the tedious and more expensive method of transportation
offered by the mule team upon the country road. The following table,
prepared for the last annual report of the Railroad Commission of Geor-
gia, gives the railroad mileage of the State together with the names of
the respective lines:
EAILROAD MILEAGE IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA FOR
1901.
Alabama Great Southern 24.32
Albany & ITorthern 35.00
Atlanta & West Point 86.11
Atlanta Belt Line 5.50
Atlanta, Knoxville & ISTorthem 105.30
Atlantic, Valdosta & Western lO.IS
Augusta Belt 3.80
Augusta & Summerville 2.00
Augusta Terminal '^•^^
Central of Georgia 1,301.54
Charleston & Western Carolina 20.47
Cliattanooga Southern 42.65
City & Suburban 22.00
Collins & Reidsville 6.91
Darien & Western : 29.00
Dooly Southern 8-00
East & West 4:5.Y0
Flovilla & Indian Springs 3.00
Toy Railroad 10.00
Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern 65.00
Georgia 314.50
Georgia N'orthern 51.00
Georgia Pine 39.52
Georgia Southern & Florida 169.00
Hartwell 10.10
Hawkinsville & Florida Southern , 33.00
Lawrenceville 10.00
Lexington Terminal ^-00
Louisville & Wadley 10.00
i GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 189
Macon & Birmingham 96.80
Macon, Dublin & Savannah 53.54
Midville, Swainsboro & Ked Bluff 17.75
Millen & Southwestern 33.78
Nashville & Sparks 11.50
Xashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis 2.73
Offerman & "Western 35.00
Plant System 616.39
Sandersville 4.00
Savannah & Statesboro 34.00
Seaboard Air Line 647.83
Smithonia & Dunlap 7.00
Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville 6.00
South Georgia 28.00
Southern Railway 998.15
Sparks, Moultrie & Gulf 40.00
Stillmore Air Line 34.05
Sylvania ^5.00
falbotton 7.00
Tallulah Falls 20.90
Tilfton & Northeastern 25.00
Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf 55.50
Valdosta Southern 14.50
Wadley & Mt. Vernon 30.00
Waycross Air Line 45.00
Western & Atlantic (including Eome Railroad) 139.34
AVestem of Alabama •! *
AVrightsville & Tennille ''6.00
Total 5,623.92
WATER TRANSPORTATION^.
Before the invention of railroads interior towns remote from naviga-
ble streams had small chance of becoming centers of trade. The con-
struction of railroads has altered this, and has built up great cities re-
mote from any water highway. And yet a navigable stream gives to a
city the great advantage of a competing line, which reduces freight
charges to a considerable extent. The Savannah river is navigable to the
city of Augusta, whose im.portance as an interior cotton mart is greatly
enhanced thereby. A line of steamboats plies between that city and
190 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Savannah. The Chattahoochee is navigable from the city of Columbus
to the Apalachioola and through that river to the Gulf of Mexico. The
river trade of Columbus through its several steamboat lines is consider-
able. The city of Rome enjoys a fine river trade through two naviga-
ble streams, the Coosa and Oostanaula. Steamboats bring to that city
ihe productions of the Coosa valley, lumber, iron, grain and cotton, and
the staple products of the Oostanaula valley, among them large quantities
of walnut, poplar and oak lumber. The Flint, which unites with the
Chattahoochee to form the Apalachicola, flows past the flourishing little
city of Albany, which enjoys the advantage of an extensive steamboat
traffic. Darien has always had a considerable river trade along the Alta-
maha and its tributaries, the Ocmulgee and Oconee, boats running as far
as Hawkinsville on the first named tributary and Dublin on the latter.
The Savannah is the most important of Georgia's navigable streams,
because over eighteen miles of its course heavily laden ships bear to the
ocean the rich and varied articles of export that find their outlet through
the prosperous city of Savannah. The St. Mary's will some day play
an important part in the development of the southeast section of the
State. On its right bank is situated the beautiful little to\vn of St. Mary's,
which already, through its fine harbor, accessible to the largest vessels, has
a considerable trade in lumber, a large amount of which is brought to
this port by the boats that ascend the river for some miles. The Satilla
and Ogeechee are other navigable strams of Georgia, whose advantages
have not been utilized to any considerable extent. Other navigable wa-
ters of Georgia are the inlets and sounds which flow between the main-
land and the charming islands that skirt the coast from the Savannah
to the St. Mary's. Through St. Simon's sound the largest vessels pass
up the Turtle river to Brunswick, the second in importance of the sea-
ports of Georgia, a city with a bright future before it, like Savannah, the
center of a fine fruit and truck farming section, and having excellent
shipping facilities.
CHAPTER VI.
AGKICULTUEE.
Having discussed the economic minerals, water-powers, soils, and
means of travel and transportation of our State, both by land and water,
it is well to take up here the subject of agriculture, the special care
of the department under whose auspices this work is given to the public,
and to which already abundant reference has been made. What has
been done in this important field of enterprise in Georgia is a matter of
history. What shall be done in the future will depend upon the skill,
as well as the industry, of our farmers.
Cotton. — Cotton, when made a surplus crop, and cultivated with such
limitations as a sound business judgment would dictate, is still the great
money crop of Georgia. Although our State has for several years past
ranked most of the time as the second in cotton production, its average
yield to the acre is not so great as one might suppose, who has seen the
wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best
scientific methods. The reason for this is, that the loose methods which
prevailed in the ante-bellum days, when, after exhausting the land, the
planter sought new fields, are still employed on many farms. These are
rented out for fixed money value or for share of products to unskilled
negro laborers, who, without the guiding hand of an intelligent white
farmer, cannot be expected to produce the best results. What Georgia
soil can be made to do under the best scientific farming was shown in
a previous chapter (page 1 55.) The more numerous the class of skilled
farmers, the better show will Georgia make in her average yield by the
acre.
From the first Georgia has stood high in production among the cotton
States of the Union. Tor many years it was outranked only by South
Carolina, which State was the first to engage in this industry. After
passing South Carolina, Georgia was second only to Mississippi. In
1849 it fell behind Alabama; but in 1880 again took rank just behind
Mississippi. Since 1895 it has, with the exception of one year, gone
ahead of everything except the combined yields of Texas and Indian
Territory. In this connection the following table will be found inter-
esting:
(Htl)
192
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
COTTON CROP BY STATES— BALES.
1900-01 1899-1900 1898-1899 1897-1898 1896-1897
1895-1896
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas (and Indian Ter-
ritory to 1899)
1,000,000
1,008,313
762,000
669,885
45,000
41,855
1,295,000
1,345,699
719,000
699,476
950,000
1,203,739
542,000
503,825
911,000
830,714
350,000
355,000
3,809,000
2,438,555
1,159,000
834,000
70,000
1,536,000
590,000
1,522,000
583,000
1,012,000
414,000
3,555,000
1,159,000
922,000
70,000
1,536,000
740,000
1,627,000
583,000
1,003.000
485,000
1,019,000
700,000
60.000
1,300,000
575,000
1,226,000
500,000
800,000
330,000
3,075,000 2,248,000
830,000
620,000
48,000
1,079,000
430,000
860,000
384,000
664,000
252,000
1,990,000
For the season of 1899-1900 Texas is estimated by itself.
The total cotton acreage of Georgia for the crop of 1899-1900 was
3,287,T41.
Of Georgia's cotton production for the season of 1899-1900 the up-
land crop was 1,284,811 bales, averaging 490 pounds to the bale, at 7.11
cents a pound, and thus bringing $44,761,530. The sea-island crop was
60,888 bales, averaging 397 pounds to the bale, at 13.5 cents a pound,
making this crop worth $3,263,292. The entire crop of Georgia was
1,345,699 and was worth $48,024,822. The average to the acre for the
whole State was about 600 pounds of seed cotton. *
*The total Sea-island crop of 1899-1900 is shown in the following table taken from the report
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture:
Sea-Island Cotton Crop for 1899-1900
Receipts at—
Total Crop
State
Savannah.
Charleston
Brunswick
Jacksonville
Georgia
Bales.
49,939
22,278
33
Bales.
Bales.
10.949 ;
Bales.
Baits.
60,888
7,329
29.607
South Carolina
7,810
7,848
Total
72,250
7,810
10,949
7,329
98,338
The Department's special agent at Charleston, S. C, Mr. Lewis F. Sloan, submits the fol-
statistics and observations relating to this crop:
Exports and Coastwise Shipments
Exports in Bales to-
Ports
Great
Britain.
Continent.
American
mils.
Total.
4,991
33,181
1.368
6,639
1,316
30.806
10,949
7.329
7.675
From Savannah
70,626
10.949
From Jacksonville
7,329
Totftl
38.172
8,007
.50.-100
96.579
Stock on hand at Charleston, S. C, September 1, 1900 bags... 385
Stock on hand at Savannah, Ga., September 1, 1900 do... i,b«t)
Total stocks <io- "^'073
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 195
The following States, including Oklahoma Territory, not in the above
list also raised some cotton: Virginia, 8,007 bales; Missouri, 17,275;
Oklahoma, 66,555; Kansas, 188; Kentucky, 24; Utah, 26.
A cotton crop does not necessarily deplete the soil more than other crops.
But the fields, being left bare, are washed and leached by winter rains,
and some of the best elements of the soil are withdrawn. A systematic
rotation of crops would save this waste and preserve the fertility of the
land. A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the pro-
ductiveness of the fields and correspondingly enlarge the profits of the
planter. The composting of commercial fertilizers with animal manures,
marl, muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization.
Ail the manurial resources of the farm should be saved under shelter
that they may be ready for application to the fields at the proper time.
For every pound of lint produced there are two of seed, which are useful
as a fertilizer. Peavine hay, properly turned under, has already been
frequently mentioned as a cheap and valuable fertilizer. jSTo longer is
the sale of the lint the only source of profit derived from the cotton crop.
The various uses made of the seed, for food for stock, for oil and a fer-
tilizer, swell the profits of the skillful and provident farmer. The steady
increase throughout Georgia of mills, either for the manufacture of
cloths and thread from the lint, or of oil, cotton-meal cakes and hulls
from the seed, has already affected the price of cotton to the great ad-
vantage of the producer. Let every farmer raise his own supplies, and
plant the rest of his land in cotton. Then competence and wealth will
reward his skill and diligence.
Some idea of the increased wealth to the farmers of Georgia, derived
from the by-product of the cotton, may be gathered from the following
statement: In 1890 the cottonseed of Georgia amounted to 596,000 tons,
the average value of which by the ton, was $10.21, which would give
$6,085,160. During the season of 1898-99 the number of tons of cot-
tonseed was 778,000. Toward the close of the season this sold
as high as $14.00 a ton. At that rate the value of the total product
amounted to $10,892,000. Of course it was not all sold, some of it being
used as a fertilizer, and some as feed for stock. Yet the possibilities, as
shown by these figures, enable one to form some idea of the value to the
farmer of his cottonseed, which in ante-bellum days were considered of
no account. There is no doubt that cotton properly managed is the
greatest wealth-producing crop in the United States.
Any skilled farmer of the West and North, who, in the gi*eat grain
States, makes a success of farming, vrill find his opportunities for acquir-
10 ga
196 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ing wealth in his chosen occupation greatly enlarged by settling in Geor-
gia and adding to his assets the rich revenue, that comes from an intel-
ligent cultivation of the fleecy king.
EGYPTIAN COTTOK
The experimnets in the Southern States on Egyptian Cotton have
"been very limited. The United States Department has several times
in the last decade sent out a few of these Egyptian seed for exiDeriments,
but, although the results have not been very satisfactory, the Depart-
ment is convinced that the Egyptian cotton can be groAvn in favorable
localities in the South, especially in parts of South Carolina and Geor-
gia. It has been suggested that the Egyptian cotton should supply the
mills from our Southern cotton fields, and the idea is a good one.
The Jannovitch Egyptian cotton was grown in South Carolina under
tlie direction of the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology.
In common with other Egyptian varieties it shows a marked resistance
to root diseasev It has many good qualities, chief among which are the
length and quality of the staple and fiber of the plants. It has disap-
pointed the planters, however, by its small bolls, making the cotton hard
to pick, besides the yield is not so large as that of upland cotton. It is
easier to pick than the Sea-Island cotton, and makes about as much to
the acre. This Egpytian cotton is inclined to nm to weed on rich, moist
soils, whereas it does not grow large enough in the poor soils in the hilly
counties. Hence, the Egyptian cotton gro^vs best in those parts of Geor-
gia, Ilorida, Alabama, and South Carolina, where the SeaTsland cotton
is more or less established, not only because these soils wiU probably
prove to be best adapted to the EgyiDtian cotton, but because the planters
are accustomed to the planting and handling of long-staple cotton, and
have the roller gins necessary. "The importation of cotton from Egypt
steadily increased," say the Department at Washington, "from less than
two hundred thousand pounds in 1884 to more than forty-three million
pounds in 1896." The price of Egj'ptian cotton ranges from four to six
cents higher than the price of ordinary American upland cotton. The
annual import of cotton from Egypt for the last three yeai-s has averaged
in value nearly four millions of dollars. The Egyptian cotton has a
very fine, silky fiber, generally shorter than that of Sea-Island, but
lono-er than that of upland varieties. It is used in the manufactua-e of
fine yams for the finer qualities of hosiery and knit goods. A number
of mills buy this Egji^tian cotton to mix with wool, since it is much
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 197
harder to detect in wool than our American upland cotton. As has
been said before, some attempts have been made to grow Egyptian cot-
ton in this country. In 1894: the Department imported and distributed
a stock of Egyptian seed5, and, while experiments with these have shown
favorable results, there is still need of further trial to determine the
exact conditions, imder which this cotton can be grown to best advant-
age. The AgTicultural Department at Washington is of the opinion
that with proper management the Egyptian cotton industry may be-
come well established in the United States.
In 1897 the United States imported of Egyptian cotton nearly six
thousand bales; in 1899 it had increased to more than sixty thousand
bales. One great cause of this importation is, that the Egyptians handle
their cotton with so much more care than the South does. Our country
now supplies about eighty per cent, of the cotton consumed by the mills
of Europe and America.
Egyptian cotton has a long, strong, silky staple from 1^ to If inches
in length, -^-hile the staple of what is called our upland cotton ranges
from f to 1 inch, and of our Sea-Island cotton from 1^ to 2^ inches. It is
especially adapted for sewing thread, fine underwear, and hosieiy, such
as balbriggan, and for other goods requiring a smooth finish or a high
lustre. It gives a fabric a soft, silky-like finish, and this character, to-
gether ^rith its lustre, makes it desirable for mixing mth silk in the
manufacture of various kinds of silk goods. Hence this Egj^^tian cotton
does not compete with either our shoi"trstaple or long-staple. It fills a
gap between the two.
Another reason for the increase of the Egyptian cotton importation is,
that many descriptions of goods ai*e now made in this country which
were formerly made in Europe.
Xow we come to the question, can Georgia and the South raise these
60,000 bales of Egyptian cotton which our mills annually use? The
State Department of Agriculture is clearly of the opinion that this can
he done. "Wherever long-staple cotton can be grown successfully the
Egyptian cotton can be grown. While we would not advise one to plant
hh entire crop with the Eg}T)tian variety, still we think it worthy of a
fair trial.
Corn. — Xext to cotton in rank as a staple crop of Georgia comes corn.
The yield of this important cereal, wherever the best methods are em-
ployed, is very large. As is the case with cotton, so also, in respect to
com, the number of farms in ever)' county tilled by unskilled methods
brings down Georgia's average yield to the acre. This is between eleven
198 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^'D IXDUSTRIAL.
and twelve bushels, although, it has been seen that some of our most
progressive farmers have produced as much as 125 bushels to the acre.
Of the cotton States, however, only two, Tennessee and Teaxs outrank
Georgia in the area devoted to com. Counting in the great grain States
of the northwest, which produce no cotton, Georgia, in 1890, came in as
the eleventh State in the number of acres devoted to corn, viz.: 2,592,-
316, which yielded 29,261,422 bushels.
Ey the census of 1900 Georgia's corn area was 3,411,953 acres and her
production, 34,119,530 bushels, valued at $19,448,132. On March 1,
1901 the stock on hand was 17,400,960 bushes, or 51 per cent, of the
crop. The number of bushels shipped out of the counties in which they
were grown was 2,047,172.
In the years of the civil war Georgia's production of corn was very
great, and the southwestern cart of the State was the granary of the
Confederacy.
Corn is one of the most important products of the field, and every
farmer should seek to increase the capacity of his land to give him an
abundant yield. From the matured grain comes the meal, which con-
stitutes the chief source of the bread supply of thousands of people, while
the bran separated from the meal by bolting, forms an excellent feed
for stock. For this latter purpose the unground grain is also used, the
ration of com upon the cobb being part of the daily stock food in every
well-filled stall. The truck farms, or market gardens, which furnish
vegetables to neighboring or distant cities and towns, send to the market
thousands of juicy roasting ears, a favorite article of food in every
American community.
But when we have considered the acreage and production of com,
we have by no means exhausted the subject The leaves, or fodder, and
the shucks that are stripped from the ears constitute, when properly
cured, a forage highly prized on every farm. Sometimes while in a
green state, the stalk, fodder and shucks are cut up together, and being
deposited in a silo, constitute the corn ensilage, so useful as a food for
the milch-cow and other stock.
The old-time custom of pulling fodder is not so much in vogaie now as
formerly. At the proper time, before the grain is fully ripe, the stalks,
with their leaves and corn still on them, are cut and shocked like
wheat or other grain. Then, when the ears have been taken out of the
shucks, the shucks are shredded by means of a machine made for that
purpose, and the material then baled is ready for the market. Sometimes
a field of corn is purposely planted so closely as not to produce ears, and
GEORGIA: ^HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 201
the whole mass, at the proper stage of advancement, being cut down, af-
fords most excellent forage.
Further mention of the uses of corn as a forage crop will be made
in the section on grasses and forage crops.
Wheat. — Although Georgia, being a leading cotton State,, has never
ranked in wheat production with the jSTorth Central grain States, yet her
soil, when sowed in that important cereal^ is capable of producing great
results. Before the days of low freight rates from the great west, wheat
cultivation was very remunerative in Georgia, and Georgia flouring
mills declared large dividends. But the grand trunk lines, with their low
rates of transportation, made it so difficult for Georgia millers to com-
pete with the west, that many of the leading mills abandoned the con-
test Then the farmers sowed but little more than enough for their
own use, and Georgia's acreage and production rapidly declined. At the
time of the census of 1890 her wheat area was 196,633 acres, with a pro-
duction of 1,096,312 bushels, or a little more than five and one-half
bushels to the acre. But the fact that they were raising cotton to such
an extent as to cause an over-production and consequent low prices, aided
by the constant and persistent efforts of the Department of Agriculture to
induce the farmers to pay more attention to wheat, oats, and other small
grains, brought about a wonderful revival of wheat culture. Articles
urging the planting of more wheat which from time to time went forth
from the department, were copied in many agricultural publications and
reprinted in agricultural monthlies having exten&ive circulation among
the farmers. The result was the selection of some of the best lands for
wheat, and a great increase in the acreage from year to year. As the
farmers increased their production, the Georgia mills once more became
active. Old ones that had shut do^vn started up again, and new ones
were built in different parts of the State. The revival of the wheat in-
dustry has been especially noteworthy in the last two years. The fall of
1899 saw a larger percentage of land in wheat than ever before. Geor-
gia, not satisfied with her record as one of the foremost cotton States,
seems to be progressing to the point where she can take a proud stand
among the wheat growing States of the South. Her wheat area in 1899
was 297,239 acres and her production, 2,021,225 bushels, showing an in-
crease in area of 101,606 acres, and in production of 924,913 bushel?.
The value of the wheat crop of 1899 was $1,980,800. The wheat crop
of 1900 was 5,011,133 bushels, valued at $4,760,576. This crop was
grown on 550,674 acres, and 501,113 bushels were shipped out of the
counties in wliich they were grown. The stock on hand March 1, 1901,
was 1,302,895 bushels. The splendid increase in acreage and production
202 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of wheat for 1900 is highly gi-atifying to those who are anxious to see
Georgia take her proper stand as a wheat-growing State.
Some farmers sow wheat as a forage crop, preferring it to oats, rye or
barley for that purpose. What may be done with wheat in Georgia is
best seen, not from the general average, reduced by causes previously
mentioned, but from what has been accomplished on some of the best
managed farms. The following yields of wheat are well authenticated:
from one farm in DeKalb county, sixty-five bushels to the acre; from
one in Carroll, forty bushels; twenty-eight bilishels an acre from farms
located in Cherokee, Milton and Walton counties. Of these five counties
Dekalb, Carroll and Walton are on the northern border of the Middle
Georgia belt; Cherokee and Milton are higher north. In Oconee, a
Middle Georgia county, forty-eight and one-half bushels of wheat were
grown on one acre in 1900.
On the 11th of July, 1900, the third annual convention of the Wheat
Growers Association of Georgia was held at the Academy of Music in
• Macon. Reports were made and prizes which had been offered by the
Telegraph, the leading journal of Macon, were bestowed for the best
yields of wheat. In each case the report was rendered by different com-
mittees, each consisting of tllree gentlemen, who measured the field re-
ported and the wheat as it was threshed, and supported their report by
svv^orn afiidavits. The yields were as follows : from four acres in Spalding
county belonging to W. J. Bridges, an average of sixty-five bushels to
the acre; from four acres in Spalding county, belonging to W. D,
Walker, an average of fifty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre; from
four acres in Bibb county, belonging to Julian B. Lane, an average of
forty-one and one-fourth bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wash-
ington county, owned by T. H. Cox, an average of twenty-eight bushels
to the acre ; from four acres in Jones county, owned by W. F. White, an
average of twenty-four bushels to the acre; from four acres in Wilkin-
son county, owned by Z. T. Miller, an average of nineteen and three-
fourths bushels to the acre; from one acre in Bibb county, owned by J. S.
McGee, thirty-nine and three-sevenths bushels. The average of all these
reports from five counties of Middle and Southern Georgia is something
over thirty-nine and one-half bushels to the acre.
This is another proof of what Georgia can do, and another strong argu-
.rnent in behalf of wheat culture in this State.
Mr. Bridges, the successful competitor in the wheat contest, in an in-
terview with a reporter of the Macon Telegrapli, said: "It has been said
by some that wheat should not be planted in the same place two con-
secutive years, or that it could not be made to yield satisfactorily if it was
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyDUSTRIAL. 203
clone. This, I find, is a mistake, as a portion of my land this year had
been planted in wheat for three consecutive years, and on sixteen acres I
harvested Til bushels, or an average of about forty-four and one-half
bushels to the acre. This was done on upland too, ag I do not approve
of bottom land for wheat About four years ago I began to
manure my land with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it
would be permanent, and by judicious use of stable manure and drop-
pings from cattle, used with fertilizers, I brought it up to where it
would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre. To
do this I gave it a very heavy coating of manure in the spring, and saw
that it was well broken up with a two-horse plow. This should be done
in the spring always. As to the land that I planted in wheat this year,
I gave it a very heavy coat of manure in the spring and then planted it
in cotton. After I had gathered the crop, I ripped out the stalks and
then turned the land over with a two-horse plow, following that with a
cutaway harrow, then rolling it with a heavy roller. My Avheat was then
put in with a drill, using about four hundred pounds of a special high-
grade potash fertilizer at the same time. In planting the wheat, I put in
105 pounds, or one bushel and three pecks to the acre The
land upon which my crop was made is a gi-ay, loamy top soil, with an
undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to feed the roots. I
consider that this is the best soil to be found for wheat, as it enables it to
withstand a drouth better, or to go through a rainy season better, than a
shallow gray soil or an all clay on®. The variety of wheat that I sow is
the purple, or, as it is sometimes called ,the bluestem variety, which has
proved the best that I have known used. It should be soaked in blue-
stone to prevent smut, which is more to be dreaded than rust. To do this
successfully you should use about one pound of bluestone in enough
water to wet the wheat thoroughly and go right on sowing it. The blue-
stone should be dissolved in boiling water. It takes only about a gallon
of water to every two bushels of wheat. I have always followed this plan
and have never had the smut to appear in my wheat. '^Vhcat should
never be sown until after the first big frost in November, for then it
will withstand more successfully the ravages of the fly, or small grub,
that begins at the root and saps the vigor from the young shoots, causing
them to grow up spindling, stalks that are short, with faulty heads. Tho
frost seems to have the effect of killing this fly if tho wheat has not been
planted before and has come up to where it makes a nest for the fly and
its young. As for the other bane of tho wheat gi-owers, the cheat, I have
never had any trouble with that, and am not prepared to suggest any
method to get rid of it, though I think that if it were to make its ap-
204
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
pearance in my grain that I WQuld take tke pains to pull it out, each
stalk separately, if necessary.
"After harvesting my wheat I then begin and plant the entire acre-
age in peas, which really amounts to the same thing as beginning to get
your ground in condition for wheat again, as there is no known crop, not
even clover, that under the same conditions will do your ground the
permanent good that peas wilL From my peas I usually get from two
to three tons of pea hay per acre, and sometimes I expect the yield will
reach four tons. This year I have planted about 100 acres in peas and
am confident that with continued seasons a large portion of it will yield
fully three tons per acre. It cannot be beat as a forage for both horses
and cows, and is one of the easiest raised. The acreage that I raised my
sixty-five bushels per acre on will again be planted in wheat this fall
and has on it as fine a crop of peas as ever grew out of gTOund. I am
more than delighted with my success with wheat this year."
Mr. Thomas H. Cox, whose four acres averaged twenty-eight bushels
to the acre, in a letter to the Agricultural Department said: "The land
on which my wheat grew was a light gray. I sowed two bushels of the
bluestem variety per acre broadcast and plowed it as deep as I could
with single plows. I used as a fertilizer about seventy-five bushels of
cottonseed. I sowed this crop the middle of November, and gathered
the 20th of May. I really believe that if I had prepared my land and
had harrowed my grain, in, I would have made more per acre by plowing
in deep. My wheat never came up regular. I notice that some was com-
ing up fully six weeks after the first had come up. My land was ele-
vated but well terraced."
Mr. W. F. White, who made an average of twenty-four bushels to
the acre, wi-ote to the department as follows: "I broke my land with a
one-horse Haimon stock, using a common 4-inch tumplow on what is
known as red land, clay subsoil; used twenty-five bushels of cottonseed
per acre, sowed one bushel of wheat per acre 15th of ISTovember, reaped
on the 18th of May. I sowed purple straw, known as bluestem, broad-
cast; plowed wheat in with 4-inch turner; ran over land with Thomas's
smoothing harrow. I soaked the wheat twenty-four hours in a solution
of one and one-half pounds of bluestone to five bushels of wheat, keep-
ing it well covered under water for time mentioned; I then rolled it in
slacked lime. You can then see where every grain falls."
Oats. — One of the most valuable of our crops is oats. To the raising
of this important product our farmers are paying more attention than
ever before. Under favorable conditions the yield is good and with com-
paratively little expense aids materially in making the farm self -sustain-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 207
ing; for, besides being one of the best forage crops, oats add greatly to
the fertility of land on which they are raised.
In ISO 0 the area devoted to oats in Georgia was 516,886 acres, and the
production was 4,767,821 bushels. There was a slight falling off in
acreage and production in 1899. In 1900 the area devoted to oats was
467,336 acres and the production was 7,010,040 bushels, valued at
$3,434,920. The stock on hand March 1, 1900, was 1,121,606 bushels.
There were 140,201 bushels shipped out of the counties in which they
were raised.
Among well-authenticated extraordinary yields of oats in Georgia are
the following: 137 bushels to the acre on a farm in Wilkes county and
131 bushels in DeKalb, both of these counties being in Middle Georgia;
121 bushels in Floyd county, ISTorthwest Georgia; 115 bushels in Coweta
county, Middle Georgia; 100 bushels in Schley county, Southwest Geor-
gia; 75 bushels in Brooks county in the extreme south of the State. Thus
we see there are lands well adapted to oats in every section of Georgia.
Rye. — This is one of our best green forage crops, but is not so ex-
tensively cultivated in Georgia as oats. In 1899 the area devoted to rye
was 15,805 acres and the yield was 94,830 bushels, a falling off in acre-
age, but an increase in yield over the crop of 1890, when 20,949 acres
produced 87,021 bushels. The area sown with rye in 1900 was 15,647
acres and the yield was 109,529 bushels valued at $112,815.
Barley. — Barley is by some valued more than rye, and is generally
sown about the same time; but in Georgia not much attention is given
its cultivation,, as may be seen by the fact that in 1890 the area given to
barley according to the United States Census was only 549 acres with a
yield of 6,053 bushels. In the Year Book of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1900 Georgia is not credited with any barley,
though it is well known that several Georgia farmers did raise it. It
would pay our farmers to give more attention to both rye and barley.
Rice. — In China and India, the original homes of the rice plant, many
varieties are known. But in America the common distinctions are up-
land and lowland. Its introduction into South Carolina in 1700 is said
to have been acidental. It was carried also to Louisiana, which State
leads all others, with South Carolina second and Georgia third. In 1890
the acres devoted to rice culture in this State were 18,126 and the pro-
duction was 14,556,432 pounds. There have been for several years past
fluctuations in these figures. One hindrance to its production has been
the lack of a sufficient number of mills for cleaning it. This is particu-
larly true of upland rice, to the cultivation of which much attention is
being given in Southwest and also in Northeast Georgia. Milling facili-
208 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ties have been greatly improved of late, which will lead to a considerable
growth of this industry. Improved modem machinery for use in its cul-
tivation may be expected to impart fresh impetus to the growth of this
important cereal. The planters of Louisiana have replaced the antique
implements of the hand laborer by the gang plow, disk harrow, drill and
broadcast seeder. In the cultivation of the lowland rice where water is
needed, if there is not a sufficiency of water, this is secured by irrigation
canals. In the cutting of rice, the twine binder of the northern wheat
fields is a very useful implement. The average yield of rice to the acre
in Georgia is 800 pounds. Some well-authenticatel yields of upland rice
are: 100 bushels or 4,300 pounds to the acre in Hall and White counties
of JSTortheast Georgia, Pike county of Middle Georgia, and Early county
of Southwest Georgia. The present production of rice in the United
States falls far below the needs of our people. In some seasons the im-
ports are half as much again as we raise, sometimes they equal the do-
mestic crop, and sometimes are even greater. Inasmuch then as the
amount produced in this country falls below our o^vn needs, there is room
for great increase in the cultivation of rice. To men of enterprise and
thrift wishing to embark in this business Georgia presents a promising
field.
In 1900 Georgia produced 7,500,000 pounds of rice, a decrease of
more than 50 per cent, since 1890.
Sugar-Cane. — Sugar-cane yields a handsome profit. A steadily in-
creasing demand for sugar and molasses in the United State makes it
certain that there will always be a ready sale for the product of the
sugar-cane. Over large areas of the United States sugar and various
syrups are being extracted from the beet cultivated for that purpose.
But no other known plant equals the sugar or rtbhon-cane in its capacity
for supplying those two articles of universal consumption. "When we
consider that from 1880 to 1895 the United States produced only one-
tenth of the sugar consumed in this country, and paid out $1,500,000,000
for imported sugar, it can be readily seen that there is no immediate dan-
ger of overstocking the market. The 20,000 acres in Georgia devoted to
the sugar-cane in 1890 produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,-
19-1 gallons of molasses. Some of the best yields were: 700 gallons of
syrup to the acre in Bulloch county; 695 gallons in Thomas county; 600
gallons in Brooks county, and 480 gallons in Burke county. Of these
coimties Burke and Bulloch are in the noi-thern part of the Southern
Georgia belt, while Brooks and Thomas are in the extreme south on the
Florida line. In Rockdale county in Middle Georgia 600 gallons of cane
syrup were the product of one acre of the farm of Hon. W. L. Peek.
] GEORGIA: EISTORTCAL AXD lyDUSTRIAL. 209
Tlie growing of sugar-cane and manufacture of syrup in South Georgia
has doubled in two years. Twenty-five thousand barrels of syrup have
been sold in one year from a small section of the extreme southern part
of Georgia, In the fall of 1899 a gentleman in Tennessee sold 150 bar-
rels of Georgia syrup in six days. A great deal of it has been sold to peo-
ple in Cleveland, Cincinnati and Boston, who, after mixing it with ghi-
cose, put the blended article iipon the market as Georgia "Wliite Syrup.
The planters are finding out every year that no country on the face of
the globe can make as good syrup as Southwest Georgia, and are increas-
ing their acreage. Before many years this industry will equal that of
cotton. Pittsburg, Pa., is getting to be a strong market for Georgia
syi-up. The present estimate is that the sales of Georgia syrup in Pitts-
burg for the year will amount to 10,000 barrels. A sample of Georgia
cane tested by Professor '\Ym. C. Stubbs of jSTew Orleans, in 1899 showed
16^ per cent, sugar content and not quite one per cent, glucose, with a
purity coeflicient of nearly 90 per cent. Another sample contained 13^
per cent, sucrose (cane sugar), and only 1 and four one-hundredths per
cent, of glucose, with a purity coefficient of 81 per cent. This means
more than 12 per cent, of sugar available in ordinary mills, and upon a
75 per cent, extraction would be equivalent to 180 pounds of C. P. sugar
to the ton of cane, or nearly 200 pounds of commercial sugar as usually
made in Louisiana sugar-houses from firsts, seconds and thirds. The bet-
ter grade of lands with ordinary cultivation and fertilization will yield
from twenty to twenty-five tons to the acre, and the same land under
the best methods will yield from thirty-five to forty tons to the acre.
Professor Stubbs, already mentioned, is authority for the statement
that the price per ton of sugar-cane in Louisiana will average about SO
cents for each cent that prime yellow clarified sugar is worth on the
Xew Orleans market.
Hence, if prime yellow clarified sugar is worth five cents a pound, the
price for a ton of cane will be five times eighty cents, or four dollars
a ton.
The number of gallons of syrup that can be obtained from a ton of
Louisiana cane will depend entirely upon the extraction of the mill and
density of juice. A mill getting as high as 75 per cent, extraction, or
fifteen hundred pounds of juice to a ton of cane, will give from twenty-
five to thirty-five gallons of syrup cooked to a density of 34 degrees
Baume. The variation is due to the "total solids" contained in the cano
juice. The same statement will apply to Georgia cane.
A complete plant for making syrup can be obtained at several places
in the United States. But prol)ably the most improved machinery can
210 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
be better obtained in ISTew Orleans, where every manufacturer is famil-
iar with, its practical use. For an up-to-date factory there is needed a
first-class mill with filter presses, clarifiers and evaporators. There are
also needed settling tanis, juice tanks and syrup tanks.
Any one who contemplatee embarking in the business of syrup-mak-
ing, should study the question of sterilization of syrup, which can now
be easily done. The syrup, after being sterilized, must be put into steril-
ized vessels, where it will keep indefinitely, if the work has been well
performed.
Soils adapted to cane are those naturally rich and fertile, though upon
soils of very moderate fertility, well prepared and fertilized, remunera-
tive crops can be grown. In cane culture climate, rainfall and manures
are more important factors than soils. In sandy soils without manures
the cane is small. Calcareous soils develop a superior cane, rich in sac-
charine matter. On rich alluvial soils, not properly drained, the canes
are poor in sugar produce, and though they yield a large quantity of
syrup, it is not a first-class article.
As to whether the entire cane should be planted or only that portion
which is the least fitted for making sugar Dr. W. C. Stubbs of Louisiana
says: "It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can
be profitably used for planting our crop, and we can send the lower two
thirds of our entire crop to the sugar-house, thus increasing largely our
sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay annually for seed."
Before planting all soils should be well-prepared, properly fertilized,
and perfectly drained. It is best to break or flush the land, then bed into
rows from five to six feet wide; then open the bed and in this furrow
plant the cane. The part of the stalk selected for seed should be de-
posited in an open furrow and well covered. In the fall this covering
should be several inches thick. Eemove the extra soil in early spring to
secure early germination. The cultivation best for corn land is generally
good for sugar-cane. Let there be thorough and deep preparation of the
soil; then cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit, and
"lay by" when canes shade the ground.
The fertilizers for cane should contain enough nitrogenous matter to
insure a large growth by September 1st, Phosphoric acid is very bene-
ficial to cane. Potash may be demanded upon light sandy soils. Experi-
ments have shown that the limits of prifit in the use of fertilizers are be-
tween forty and fifty pounds of nitrogen obtained from oottonseed-meal,
and from forty to eighty pounds of phosphoric acid.
If under favorable conditions the above formula is used on our best
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 213
cane lands in South Georgia, we should obtain from twenty to thirty tons
of cane to the acre.
It should be remembered that Georgia was the original cane-gi-owiug
State of the Union. In 1825 she gave to Louisiana the seed of the nb-
bon-cane, thus bequeathing to that State a mine of wealth. And now
the genial soil of Southern and lliddle Georgia offers this same source
of wealth to her own people or to the stranger seeking a home within
her gates.
The establishing of sugar refineries will greatly promote the interests
of the cane growers. There will be no scarcity of capital for such enter-
prises if sufficient quantities of cane are grown. "We predict for the near
future the establishment of a number of sugar refineries in South Geor-
gia.
Syrup-making in Georgia commences about the last of October or the
first of ISTovember, and continues until Christmas. At this season the
traveler journeying on a country road will see on almost eveiy farm the
smoke issuing from the syrup furnace, an invitation to either neighbor or
stranger to enter the home and share the hospitalities to which every one
is made to feel welcome in cane-grinding time. Here youths and maid-
ens, wath those of riper years, engage in the sports of the holiday season,
or seated near the cheerful fire regale themselves with the healthful and
delightful beverage extracted from the sugar-cane. At this season of
cane-grinding and syrup-making, the sick and feeble recuperate and
often find their health again. The negroes, too, both young and old,
have their part in the good cheer, and even the stock upon the farm share
in the general glee.
The stalks of the cane shredded are worth more as forage than corn-
stalk or cottonseed-hidls.
The little, old-time sugar mill on each man's farm ought, in this pro-
gressive day, to give place to well equipped, up-to-date syrup mills and
sugar refineries. This would transfer the syinip-boiling and sugar-mak-
ing to the mill, just as cotton is taken to the factory, and not spun upon
each farm.
If the most improved methods are used, the cost of extracting the juice
from the stalks and converting it into syrup is a mere fraction of a cent
per gallon.
It has been estimated that the average farmer can count on getting
$120 gross to the acre for syrup, at a general average product of 600 gal-
lons to the acre.
In 1890 the area devoted to sugar-cane in Georgia was 20,238 acres,
214 GEORGIA: EI8T0BICAL AWD INDUSTRIAL.
which produced 1,307,625 pounds of sugar and 3,223,194: gallons of
molasses.
In 1890 the area devoted to sorghum in Georgia was 22,089 acres,
which produced 1,342,803 gallons of molasses.
CASSAVA.
Recent experiments go to prove that cassava will make a profitable
crop for South Georgia. The species of this plant recommended for
Georgia, is the sweet cassava, which does not, like the bitter
cassava, require boiling to drive out poisonous juices, but can
be fed to stock in its natural state without risk of harm. It
also makes a very paltable table vegetable. But its chief excellence
consists in the fact that it yields abundance of the best starch. One acre
of South Georgia land planted in sweet cassava will yield 4,000 pounds
of starch, while the best corn or potato lands in Illinois or Michigan can
produce only 1,200 pounds of starch from these vegetables.
Cassava is easily propagated by cuttings of the stem and grows rapid-
ly, attaining maturity in six months. The production is at least sixteen
times that of wheat.
When the fanners of South Georgia become thoroughly convinced of
its worth and embark extensively in its cultivation, starch factories will
be started on every hand. It has been estimated that these will pay five
dollars a ton on the cars, at any station within one hundred miles of their
factory.
With sugar-cane and sugar refineries, cassava and starch factories,
South Georgia possesses grand opportunities for profitable farming.
GRASSES AND FORAGE CROPS.
If it be true that the farmer's only capital is his land, how important
it is for him not only to preserve his capital but to increase it year by
year. There is no surer or easier way to do this than by growing the
grasses.
The value of the hay crop of the United States exceeds that of the
cotton crop by more than fifty million dollars. The present race of
planters grew up under a condition of things which looked to cotton as
the sole market crop and since grass was the deadliest enemey to cotton the
energy of the planter was directed to the, complete extirpation of all the
grasses of the field. But in recent years new light has dawned upon our
progressive farmers, and in every section of Georgia the grasses and for-
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDU8TRIAL. 215
age crops are recei^^ng, to some extent, the attention which they de-
serve. While we recognize cotton, when cultivated upon a true business
basis, as a great source of wealth to Georgia, yet we must remember that
its culture is attended with great expense, since it requires constant at-
tention and work from January to January. This labor largely con-
sumes the profits, whenever cotton sells below seven cents a pound. If
we look upon an agricultural map of the United State, we shall find that
lands sell, at the highest price in those States, or parts of States, where the
grasses and forage crops are cultivated with the gi-eatest attention. On
the other hand we shall see that lands sell cheapest in these States or
parts of States, that raise all cotton and kill all grass. Hence we coDt-
clude that the value of land increases in proportion to the attention given
to the grasses and forage crops. If we turn to Europe, we find a similar
state of affairs.
Spain grows practically no grass and has cheap lands, while Holland is
known as a vast grass meadow, and some of her farm lands sell at $800
or $1,000 an acre.
Therefore, every farmer who wishes to enhance the value of his land
should give attention to the cultivation of the grasses and forage crops.
Georgia is rich in native grasses, and it has been fully demonstrated by
some of our intelligent, wide-awake farmers that the artificial or foreign
grasses also thrive well in Georgia soil. In fact, when we consider the
entire year, Georgia and other States of the South offer better advan-
tages for these crops than the ITorth. While Georgia's acreage in hay I&
small compared to that of States which make it one of their principal
crops, yet she ranks high in her average yield to the acre. Georgia's
acreage in hay has not quite doubled since 1890, but her yield has more
than doubled. Her hay crop for 1900 amounts to 190,237 tons, being
an increase of 120,468 tons over that of 1890.
Alfalfa, or lucerne, is cultivated to some extent in Georgia, although
it has not received the attention that its merits should claim. Among
all the forage plants it stands unrivalled for abundant yield, longevity
and hardness. It flourishes under heat that would destroy any other spe-
cies of clover. Over the entire plant are scattered purple, pea-like
flowers, in long, loose clusters or racemes. It is not affected so much by
altitude as by the depth and warmth of the soil, and the depth of the
water-table beneath the surface. A rich, sandy loam, limy, with a por-
ous subsoil, suits it best. A considerable amount of sand in the soil is not
injurious to it. It will grow on favorable soils at almost any altitude,
from sea level to 7,000 feet above the sea.
Alfalfa, when young, is very delicate and requires much nursing. No
216 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
crop requires more careful preparation to secure a good stand. But
when it is planted upon suitable soil, and a good stand is obtained, it
may yield luxuriant crops for thirty or more years. It rarely grows
tall enough the first year to be mowed for hay. It reaches its best growth
during the third year. "When properly managed up to that time the
number of cattle, which one acre of it will keep by soiling throughout
the whole season, is something wonderful. "While this is a good grass for
hay, it is not good for pasturing. The trampling of stock compacts it so
much that the plants deteriorate. Hogs, however, do not injure it like
heavier stock. Hence it may be used as pasture for them, and one acre
will furnish abundant forage for from ten to twenty hogs throughout
a season.
Bermuda grass is perennial and is the most valuable for pastm-age of
any grown in the Southern States. It can endure the greatest amount
of summer heat, and its growth is not arrested by droughts that threaten
the vitality of all other grasses. It does not propagate grass by seed, ex-
cept to a limited extent. The best means of propagating it is to cut pieces
of the turf and scatter it along shallow furrows, or sow it over the land
well prepared by plowing and harrowing, and cover or compress the roots
into the soil with a roller or drag brush; or the plants can be gathered,
root and branch, from any patch of ground covered by them, and, after
being shaken free from earth, passed through a cutting-box, as though
being prepared for the stall. Then sow these little cuttings by hand
broadcast before the harrow in the spring of the year. Every joint will
germinate and bud. "When Bermuda grass is once thoroughly rooted it
spreads rapidly and soon takes possession of a field. Being extremely
difficult to exterminate, it should not be planted on land intended foi>
tillage. But Eev. C. "W. Howard, who was in his life-time a well-known
^rriter on grasses, thought it very doubtful whether any acre of land in
the South thoroughly set with Bermuda grass was not worth more than
with any other crop that might be grown upon it.
"A good Bermuda sod," says a writer in the Southern Farm Magazine^
"will yield an almost incredible amount of pasturage that cannot be
gTazed out by the severest treatment in the hottest summer drought.
Bermuda is highly esteemed for hay, wherever it grows to a sufficient
height for mowing." It must be cut early and often to make good hay.
When left until the culms harden, it will not do for feeding. To make
good hay and make the largest yield, it should be mowed from three to
five times every summer.
Under the Bermuda sod large numbers of earthworms may be found.
These add fertility to the soil, and when in summer hogs are turned into
\ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 219
tlio pasture, the ^vorms and grass combined make a fattening food which
they much enjoy. Bermuda grass will not bear dense shade, but thriven
best where most exposed to the sun.
On the same fields where cotton grows best Bermuda grass is most
thriving. A grass which affords such excellent pasturage for cattle is
capable of carrying also large flocks of sheep. There is no reason why
the cheapest wool should not be produced on the same lands that produce
the cheapest cotton. It has been estimated that one acre of Bermuda
grass on soils entirely suited to its growth will, in many parts of the
South, maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year. Bermuda grass
pastures in Georgia, supplemented by pasture of winter grasses, suitable
for grazing sheep, would add to our people another source of untold
wealth. If Georgia should become a great wool-growing, as well as cot-
ton-growing State, who can measure the degree of her prosperity ? "With
cotton and wool, two of the most important fibers for clothing that the
world produces and manufactures, our people would double their present
opportunities for acquiring wealth. Dr. Thomas P. Janes in his "Hand
Book of Georgia," in order to illustrate the fertilizing effects of a Ber-
muda grass sod of long standing, mentioned the following results ob-
tained by Colonel A. J. Lane in Hancock kcounty: "The first year after
breaking the Bermuda sod he harvested 1,800 pounds of seed cotton to
the acre, the second year 2,800 pounds. His third crop, corn, manured
with cottonseed in the usual way and quantity, yielded sixty-five bushels
to the acre. The fourth year he harvested forty-two bushels of wheat
to the acre. ISTeither the cotton nor wheat was fertilized. On this same
land oats or wheat may be sown after the corn. If Bermuda sod is torn
up by the plow, and after harrowing, but before rolling, blue grass seed,
white clover and hairy vetch are so^vn, a pasture of the highest capacity
for both winter and summer will be obtained. As the Bermuda dies
down in the late fall, the blue grass and white clover appear, giving pas-
turage in the winter. As the summer approaches, the reverse of this
occurs.
It will be well to bear one thing in mind. The cultivation of artificial
grasses is accompanied with more or less expense. But Bermuda is with-
in easy reach of the poorest farmer.
The celel)ratod line-grafts of Kentucky and TenncRsoe is used in con-
siderable extent in Georgia for lawns and yards, and thrives very well in
some of the soils of the State. The Texas blue-grass, wliicli, as its name
indicates, is a native of the Lone Star State, is a hardy perennial and has
a vigorous growth. Fertile soils, especially calcareous loams, will pro-
duce this grass in great luxuriance. It is an excellent pasture grass for
11 «a
220 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
the extreme south, and remains green throughout the year, growing
through the winter months and blooming in the latter part of April or
the first of May. It also is well adapted to Georgia.
Meadow oat grass is excellent as a winter pasture grass. It will grow
on more sandy soil than most of the artificial grasses; but rich upland is
the proper soil for it. It is good not only for winter pasturage, but also
for hay. It matures so rapidly that seed sown in the spring will produce
.'Seed in the fall. Since the seed becomes ripe, even while the stalk is
/green, it can be saved by cutting off the heads with a cradle and tying in
bundles, after which the rest can be mowed for hay. Cattle should not
graze upon it in summer and fall. After Christmas they can feed upon it
until the latter part of February, or even later, until the other grasses
spring, unless it is designed to make hay of it.
Orchard-grass, so called because of its growing vnld in orchards or in
thinned woodland, is next to the tall meadow oat-grass for winter pastur-
age or for hay. In order to be sweet and nutritious it should be cut as
<s,oon. as it blossoms.
€rdb-gass is indigenous. It is never sown, but, wherever cultivation
'ceases, takes possession of the fields. It forms an excellent pasturage
through the summer and until late in the fall. It grows very rapidly
after oats, and if cut when in flower, gives a very large yield of hay,
and sometimes yields more forage than the oat crop that preceded it.
This grass sends out numerous stems, branching at the base, but forms
no sod.
Crowfoot grass is confined to the lower and sandy part of Georgia.
Both this and crab-grass should be cut as soon as they are in blossom.
Crimson or scarlet clover is an annul, and grows to the height of three
feet on good soil. It should never be fed to stock after the crop has
ceased flowering, and the practice of feeding stock with the straw after
it has been raised and threshed as a seed crop should be avoided. It
makes excellent pasture during the fall months, when other green crops
have dried up. For green manuring it ranks high. Having made ita
growth during the fall and winter months, it can be turned under in the
spring. It should always be sowed alone, as it needs all the land. It
is excellent food for milch-cows, since it causes a full flow of rich milk,
A rich clayey loam containing more or less carbonate of lime, and yet
not a calcareous loam, suits it best. After the clover has been cut in
the spring the same field may be planted in com.
Eed clover thrives on land of moderate fertility, such as will produce
remunerative crops of wheat or com. With the right treatment red
clover will succeed in Georgia. It has been tested with successful results
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 221
among tlie mountains in Middle Georgia, and on tlie coast, notably on
Hiitchinson's Island, opposite Savannah. In all of these localities there
have been fine cloverel fields. Though lucerne is superior to it in the
quantity and quality of its hay, yet red clover does make good hay and
in great abundance, with the additional advantage that it is splendid for
pasturing, while lucerne cannot be grazed, and cannot form part of an
ameliorating rotation of crops. The suitable soil for clover is one which
contains a large percentage of clay. Extremely sandy soils will not do.
But where the surface is sandy, if there is a clay subsoil, the clay may
be brought to the surface and manured. A good wheat soil is generally
a good clover soil. The subsoil for clover must be dry, because it will
not thrive on wet lands. But it will thrive on bottom lands that have
been thoroughly drained. Captain C. W. Howard, in his "Forage
Plants at the South," published in 1881, says: "Clover should be cut for
hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown. Earlier than
this it is too watery, later it is too woody The great object is to
cure it as much as possible in the shade. The hay when cut at the proper
time, and cured in this way, will be of a nice green color, with all the
leaves and blossoms attached ISTo live stock should be turned
upon a clover field, until the clover is in blossom. The temptation to
violate this rule is very great. Clover springs so early and our live stock
is so hungry, that the inducement is very great to put them upon the
clover before the proper time. But it would be less costly to buy food
than to do this. By too early pasturing the clover is killed out, and it
is then said that clover will not succeed at the South. Precautions should
be taken in turning horses or cattle into a clover field. If they are 1mn-
gry at the time, they would overeat themselve and the result is an attack
of what is called hoven. The animal sweUs, and often in a short time
dies. To prevent this, live stock turned into a clover field should pre-
viously be fully fed; they should not have had access to salt within
twenty-four hours; they should not the first day remain more than half
an hour, and the dew should have been dissipated."
White clover in the South will grow tall enough to be cut by itself,
which is not the case in the North. In the spring it affords excellent pas-
ture for hogs, sheep and cattle. It is also good for horses until the blos-
soms fall, when it salivates them. This is also true of the second crop of
red clover. In England white clover is much valued on account of its
manurial properties.
The fescue grasses are perennial and are strongly recommended for
worn-out soils and hill-sides. They grow well on dry, sandy soils, have a
creeping habit and make good turf.
2215 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Italian rye-grass is short-lived, having a duration of two or three years^
It grows best on rich, moist alluvial lands and calcareous loams. It is
a very valuable grass when early forage is desired. Indifferent to climate'
and texture of soil, it requires only dryness and richness. It gi'ows suc-
cessfully in every part of Georgia. If sowed in August or September
it will be ready for grazing in February. Although it yields largely for
hay or winter grazing, it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than
barley or rye for these purposes.
Cow-peas and peavine hay have come into imiversal favor in all the
Southern States. Up to about thirty years ago their cultivation was con-
fined mainly to the cotton-growing States, but now they are a staple crop
even in the border Southern States. They have in many localities taken
the place of clover, and may appropriately be called the clover of the
South. The pea-vine is a leguminous plant and appropriates nitrogen
from the atmosphere, as do all other plants of the same family. The
vine and peas supply as much humus to the ground as clover, and can
be grown upon soils, in which clover would wither and die. The peas can
be sown in Georgia at any time between April 1st, and August 1st, and
the soil may be prepared by breaking it with a two-horse plow. About
one bushel and a half to the acre should be sown, after which the ground
should be well-harrowed. Some farmers prefer to drill the peas in rows,
from two and a half to three feet apart, placing the peas at intervals of
one or two inches in the row. After they have come up a cultivator
should be run between the rows. Peas furnish a large amount of feed
if planted between the corn rows at the second or last plowing of the
com.
The hay should be cut when the first pods begin to turn yellow, and
while the leaves are yet green and the stems tender. If cut after all the
peas have thoroughly ripened, the stalks will be hard and the leaves will
fall off. They should be cut in clear weather and after the dew is off.
There are many varieties of the pea. Those commonly used in Georgia
are the whippoorwill, the black clay, the red clay and the unknown.
There is no better soil renovator than the cow-pea. The most worn-out
soil can be brought to a condition of profitable production by planting a
succession of cow-peas upon it.
Valuable as is the pea-vine for food, its chief excellence is this property
of restoring exhausted soils. It surpasses, perhaps, all other leguminous
plants in producing maximum results in a minimum of time. In Geor-
gia cow-peas are planted in the late spring or early and middle summer,
and the crops of vines are either harveeted for hay or buried for fertil-
izing in the early fall. The more economical plan is to har^^est the crop
c
o
/ GEORGIA: ^HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 225
for hay, then turn under the stubble and the roots, which are said to
contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovation
of the soil.
The vetch is found in two varieties, the winter and summer vetch.
The latter is of very little use to us in Georgia, because it will not for
summer soiling yield as large an amount of green forage as com. Since
the winter vetch is ready for the first cutting during the first warm spell
in February, it is very useful for soiling early in the spring. The seed
should be sown early in August, allowing one bushel to the acre. "Where
land has been well manured, the vetch or tare yields a large amount of
early cut food, or it may be made into nutritious hay, or may be used as
a winter pasture.
Eight varieties of millet have been cultivated in this country. It is
used for soiling purposes, for hay and for its seed. More than fifty bush-
els of seed to the acre have been raised on rich land. The hay made from
it is of good quality and large quantity. But Captain Howard says: "For
forage purposes it is not superior to oats and is inferior to the vetch. It
is an annual."
All the millet family requires a strong, rich, deep soil, sufficiently
clayey to retain a large amount of moisture; but at the same time the
land must be thoroughly drained. The most favorable conditions for the
growth of a large crop of millet are a clayey soil in a moist situation, en-
riched by the application of well-rotted stable manure, kept in good tilth
and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings. Millet
must be cut as soon as it begins to head and before it blooms.
Gayna or Sesame grass is one of the largest and most beautiful per-
ennial grasses gro\vn in Georgia. It is a native grass and is found
throughout the South from tlie mountains to the coast, reaching often a
height of seven feet. The seed brealc off from the stem as if in a joint,
a smgle seed at a time. The leaves are very much like those of com.
Horses and cattle are fond of the hay, which may be cut three or four
times during the season.
Ilerd's-Grass is the most permanent grass for all soils. It is a universal
feeder and is therefore of special value to every faraier. It is a good
meadow grass and one of the best pasture grasses. When it has been
cut for hay, its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pastures.
It may bo sovm in the fall or in the spring. It may be sown alone, or
with wheat, barley, rj-e, or oats. It is often sown with other grasses, as
timothy and clover. This herdVgrass is known in New England as red-
top.
226
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Timothy, sometimes called cat-tail, is also called kerd's-grass. It is
useful only for hay. The well-drained rice land of the Georgia coast
will produce it in perfection, as will also the richest of bottom land that
is dry enough for wheat. It should be cut when in full bloom.
Brome, cheat and rescue grasses, belonging to the same family, make
a very good winter pasturage, but are Kable to some objections.
Peanuts or ground-peas, which when parched, are so much relished by
young and old, and have such ready sale everywhere, are also fine forage
for cattle and hogs. The white peanut grows with spreading branches
that lie flat upon the ground; the red has an upright growth. Spanish
peanuts are earlier than other varieties and have an upright growth like
the red. This is the surest crop of the three. Those grown in the far
south are valuable for making peanut oil. The harvesting must always
take place before frost. The usual yield to the acre is from thirty to
fifty bushels, though sometimes as high as a hundred bushels are made.
When carefully harvested before frost the vine makes an excellent food
for cattle and sheep. Ewes in lambing time can have no better food
given them than well-cured peanut hay, because it increases the flow of
milk and adds richness to it.
Corn, when desired as a forage crop, is planted very close together, and
on rich and well-prepared soil, makes an enormous yield. The whole
crop is cut while yet green and tender, and properly cured. If desired
as ensilage it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pit.
Cane forage is prepared from the sorghum cane, grown in the same
way as the com forage, and gathered and cut up in the same manner.
The millets, or any of the grasses, including peavine and peanuts, may
be gathered green and stored in the silo.
The Soja bean ranks among our best crops, both as an improver of
soils and as food for stock, as will appear from an analysis taken from
the United States Agricultural Department:
AS A FOOD
SOJA BEANS
Protein
Per Cent
Fiber
Per Cent
N. Free
Extract
Per Cent
Fat
Per Cent
Green fodder
4.0
14.4
?4.0
2 4
16.6
20.8
6.7
22.3
4.8
4.3
20.1
4.1
10.5
39.6
23.8
7.1
42.2
55.7
1.0
Dry fodder
5.2
Grain
16.9
cow PEAS
Green fodder .
.4
Dry fodder
2 2
Grain
1.4
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
AS A FERTILIZER
227
Nitrogen
rer Cent
P. Acid
Per Cent
Potash,
Per Cent
Soja beans
Cow peas . .
2.32
1.95
.07
1.05
.08
.52
As jou will understand 'protein furnishes the materials for lean flesh,
blood, muscles, hair, wool, albumen of milk, etc., and is a very important
ingredient of all feeding stauffs. Fiber is the framework of plants. The
coarse fodders, as hay straw, contain a large proportion of fiber, hence
less digestible. Nitrogen free extract includes the sugar, starch, etc., and
forms an important part of stock feed, especially the grains. Fat in-
cludes besides real fats, wax, the green coloring matter of plants, etc.
The culture of the Soja bean is very much like that of cotton. The rows
should be from three to five feet apart.
Arctic, or rescue grass thrives beet in ISTorth Georgia and is held in
high esteem by some of the farmers of that section. It will readily yield
from 1,500 to 3,000 pounds of hay to the acre. It can be sown in July
with peas, or in August, September and October. If sown then it makes
a fine winter pasturage, and cattle can be kept upon it until the first of
March without injury to the crop, which can be cut from May 15th to
June 15th. But the rescue grass (bromus inermis) must be carefully
distinguished from cheat (bromus seculinus).
To show what can be done with the grasses and forage crops in Geor-
gia, we give the following trustworthy reports of the work of some of
our best farmers : In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern
Georgia there were cut 8,046 pounds of crab-grass hay to the acre; in
Gordon county in Northwest Georgia, 9,400 pounds of lucerne to the
acre; in Greene county in Middle Georgia, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda
grass hay to the acre; in Spalding county in Middle Georgia 10,720
pounds of pea-vine hay; while of clover hay there were cut in Greene
county. Middle Georgia, 10,000 pounds to the acre; in Cobb county
6,575 pounds to the acre, and in DeKalb county 16,000 pounds to the
acre, both of these last two counties being in Northwest Georgia on or
near the northern line of the Middle Georgia belt.
Greene county reports a yield in com forage of 27,130 pounds to the
acre.
The hay crop of Georgia in 1900 was 190,237 tons, valued at $2,425,-
522. The area devoted to this crop was 112,566 acres, and the average
yield per acre for the entire State is 1.69 tons, or 3,380 pounds.
Again we say there is no industry that will make so much money to the
228 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
farmer at such small outlay of expense and labor, as the cultivation of the
grass and forage crops. We give as an illustration of what can be done
on this line in Georgia, the case of Mr. N. B. Moore, who lived in Au-
gusta and was a gentleman well-known through all his section of the
State. He was one of the pioneers who blazed the way to success in this
important field. Soon after the disastrous close of the civil war he de-
voted himself to grass culture, planting nothing else on his farm of one
hundred acres of Savannah river land, near Augusta. From these one
himdred acres he derived an income of from seven to ten thousand dol-
lars a year. "When the season was propitious his land afforded three or
four cuttings. His bam held two hundred and fifty tons of hay. He
made it a rule that the grass cut at noon should be put up with horse
sulky rakes, in cocks, before sundown. Perhaps it is not inappropriate to
say that he believed strongly in paint for the preservation of every tool,
and that after more than twenty years of use his wagons, cai-ts and har-
rows were perfectly sound. The citizens of Augusta and Richmond
county, who knew of his wonderful success, were prepared to give con-
siderable credit to his expressed opinion that "farmers, as a class, to be
successful, require more brain than any of the so-called learned profes-
sions."
The success of other farmers who have embarked in grass culture has
been so wonderful that there can no longer be a doubt in the mind of
any one as to the adaptability of Georgia soil to this wealth-producing
industry. What is better evidence of a well-managed farm than exten-
sive fields of waving hay ready for the reaper, or the green carpeted
meadow on which are grazing herds of sleek cattle suggestive of rich
cream, milk and butter, or juicy steaks, and where the horses that en-
joy its bounteous feast will compare favorably with the best bloods of
Kentucky ? The well-mowed lawn, too, that skirts the gravel walk and
spreads out in front of the farmer's neat cottage or stately mansion,
and through his grass and forage crops not only fills his bams with
plenty, but also adds to his bank account the handsome profits that ac-
bears testimony to refinement, culture and good taste.
A farm and home like this are within the reach of the Georgia farmer
who, devoting only a part of his land to cotton, raises his own supplies,
crae from the sale of the vast surplus remaining after all the needs of
himself and farm have been fully met.
POTATOES.
"The South is awakening to new industries, and broader fields of use-
fulness." The good work is going on with increasing impetus in this
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 231
year of grace, 1901. Georgia is progressing on all lines. In this chap-
ter, however, we are speaiing of diyersified fanning.
The potato crop is another source of wealth to Georgia. Both Irish
and sweet potatoes make good yields; but the acreage and production of
the latter are much larger than of the former.
The Siveet Potato. — In sweet potatoes Georgia comes just behind
IsTorth Carolina, which State ranks first in this product. The soil is
well adapted to their culture, and when the season is propitious the yield
is very abundant. Not only is this a favorite crop for home consumption,
but great quantities are exported to the northern States. In some sec-
tions they are used also for fattening hogs. The average yield is 78-|
bushels to the acre. Yery large yields have been reported from some
of the best farms, viz. : 800 bushels to the acre in Berrien, Cra^vford and
Richmond counties; 500 bushels in Brooks county, and 400 bushels in
Fulton county. Of these counties Brooks is in the extreme southern part
of Georgia, Berrien just north of it, Crawford partly in southern, partly
in Middle Georgia, Richmond and Fulton in Middle Georgia, the last
on the edge of ISTorthwest Georgia. By the census of 1890 the produc-
tion of sweet potatoes in Georgia was 5,616,317 bushels, worth $3,250,-
000, raised on 71,399 acres. 'No report has yet been received of the acre-
age and production of sweet potatoes in Georgia for 1900.
The Irish Potato. — At one time the Irish potato crop was entirely for
home consumption. The demand for early vegetables in the northern
markets is such that it has caused a great increase in the cultivation of
Irish potatoes, and the truck farmers of Georgia have not been slow to
take advantage of thiis fact. Ordinarily two crops are made in the year,
and there is one instance of a gentleman in Decatur, Georgia, who raised
three crops in one year. Taking the average of all lands, good and bad,
the yield is 74^ bushels to the acre, something less than the average of
sweet potatoes estimated in the same way. But as many as 420 bushels
to the acre have been raised in Wilkes county, Middle Georgia, and 109
bushels to the acre in Walker county, among the moimtaius of North-
west Georgia.
There is no need to be apprehensive about an overproduction of Irish
potatoes in Georgia. Like all other crops of vegetables, berries and fruits
the Georgia products are so much eaMier upon the market, that they
preclude all competition. Our Irish potatoes command the early and best
prices and the Georgia truck farmer cannot be. forced out of the market
by his Western or Eastern neighbors. In April, 1895, a truck farmer
of South Georgia shipped to the Eastern markets one hundred and fifty
232 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
barrels of potatoes, which brought him $7.50 a barrel or $1,125.00 The
production of Irish potatoes in Georgia for 1900 was 391,816 bushels^
valued at $301,698. These were raised on 5,762 acres. This is a falling
off in acreage and production from 1890, when 431,008 bushels were
grown on 5,791 acres.
Tobacco has never been a staple crop of Georgia. Yet it can be grown
with great success. Many farmers have cultivated it for their own use,
and some have made a good profit by its cultivation and sale. Improved
facilities for harvesting, curing and marketing it will greatly increase its
production. The type of tobacco depends upon climate and soil. Rich
lands give one type of tobacco, while other lands, almost useless for
cereal crops, yield a tobacco very valuable for color and flavor. Of
course the culture and curing of the plant have great influence on the
quality. The plant is first raised in seed beds and when large enough
transplanted like cabbage and tomato plants. The land used for the crop
must be well plowed and harrowed. Before seting out the plants, the
land must be marked three feet or more apart each way, and hills or
ridges must be made at the intersection of the marks, and in these in-
tersectdons the plants are set out as soon as warm weather is assured.
A Gei-man farmer in Dodge county who tried tobacco-raising reported
that he raised on one-twentieth of an acre 160 pounds of Sumatra leaf
tobacco. He was offered $80.00 for the crop, which would be at the
rate of $1,600 to the acre. In Decatur* county, about eight miles from
Bainbridge, is a tobacco farm of 600 acres, which yields the famous
Sumatra tobacco of the finest grade.
By the census of 1890 the area devoted to tobacco in Georgia was
800 acres, which produced 263,752 pounds, or 329.69 pounds per acre.
In 1900 Decatur county alone produced more than the whole State of
Georgia in 1890.
*See account of tobacco farm in Decatur county in the sketch of that
county.
AGRICULTUKAL PRODUCTS OF GEORGIA IN 1900.
Bushels. Value.
Corn 34,119,530 $19,448,132
Wheat 5,011,133 4J60,567
Oats """ 7,010,040 3,434,920
Rye '.'.".".'.'.'.".'.' 109,529 112,815
Sweet potatoes „,^ „„„
Irish potatoes 391,816 ^^^Vfl
Hav 190,237 Tons 2,425,522
Cotton '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1,345,699 Bales 48,024,822
By products of cotton ^'*'o29-!!5n
Rice 7,500,000 pounds 3/o,000
Sugar-cane No report received.
Tobacco
Peanuts
Apples
Peaches
CHAPTER VII.
TRUCK - FARMING.— HORTICULTURE.
TRUCK-FARMING.
Truck-farming has long been one of the industries of Georgia. Before
the civil war there were in the neighborhood of our cities and large
towns market gardens, where vegetables were raised for sale in the mar-
kets and upon the streets, and it is well remembered by many that an im-
portant part of the cargoes of vessels sailing from Savannah were early
fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia, New York and Boston, which
were raised not only near Savannah, but all along the lines of railroad
that centered in Georgia's chief seaport. Augusta, even in those days
was one of the points from which melons, fruits and vegetables found
their way northward, either by rail or by steamer from Charleston and
Savannah. Immediately after the close of hostilities between the North
and South, there wa sa great revival of this business, and new men en-
tered into this inviting field. From year to year there was a steady
growth, until at the present time, not only in the neighborhood of cities
and towns, but near even little railroad stations along all the great lines
of transportation that traverse all sections of our State, market gardens
have multiplied and trucking has reached those proportions, which en-
title it to rank among the leading industries of Georgia. The vicinity of
Savannah is still one of the chief centers of the trucking business. The
soil is well adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, and the cli-
mate is so mild that one crop or another can be grown almost every
month of the twelve. Major Garland M. Ryals, who moved from Vir-
ginia to Savannah soon after the war, has accumulated a fortune in truck-
ing. From one acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage, selling them at
$1.35 a crate or $540.00 for the product of one acre. After the cab-
bages have been gathered, he raises a crop of com which brings him
$30.00. Then he raises a fall crop of radishes, the sale of which, added
to the other amounts, will bring the total income of one acre to about
$700 in one year. Another farmer near Savannah gathered over 500
bushels of cucumbers from a single acre, which sold for a little more than
(233)
234 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
$540, bringing him an enormous profit Another truck farmer sold from
one acre $400 worth of beets, a delicacy much in demand in the northern
markets in the early spring. So mild is the season about Savannah, that
lettuce can be grown in midwinter with only light covering of leaves or
canvas during the cold spells. This product reaches the northern mar-
kets when most in demand. English peas constitute one of the most
profitable crops. They are ready for the table at Christmas time, and
being shipped to the eastern markets bring the highest price. One farm-
er reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of over $600.00 in one
season. The crop of tomatoes is so planted as to come in just when the
northern supply is exhausted, and they always command good prices.
One small farmer west of Savannah made $250.00 net from less than one
acre of tomatoes. At Bloomingdale, Meldrim, Guyton, Egypt, Oliver,
Halcyondale, Dover and Kocky Eord, along the Central Kailway, the
lands are specially suited for trucking, and many farmers of that section
have abandoned cotton for the more profitable truck crop. Mr. L. C.
Oliver of Bloomingdale, gives an estimate of cost and profit by the acre
on the Irish potato crop alone. His expense on one acre for fertilizing,
seed, planting and working, gathering and freight was $100.00. An acre
produced 60 barrels at $4.00 a barrel, amounting to $240.00, or a net
profit of $140.00 to one acre. Fertilizing was the heaviest item of ex-
pense; but by this means his land is becoming permanently enriched.
All truck farming enriches the land. In this famous trucking section
lands can be bought at from three to fifteen dollars an acre, according to
location in respect to towns and railways. Of course improved lands sell
at a much higher figure.
The value of the trucking business of Chatham county amounts to
$225,000 a year; of Eichmond county, $85,000; of Bibb, $35,000; of
Muscogee, $30,000; of Fulton, $150,000.
These are the counties in which are the largest cities, viz. : Savannah,
Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Atlanta. Brunswick, the Georgia port
of the Southern and Plant systems of railway, is the center of a large
trucking business, which in that vicinity has taken a great bound for-
ward. All kinds of vegetables and early fruits do well there. The bot-
tom lands of the rivers of Southeastern Georgia are admirably suited,
after drainage, to celery, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries and other prod-
ucts. The sea-islands cannot be surpassed in healthfulness of climate,
and with the advantage of the fish and shell-fish, the market gardener
near Brunswick cannot fail to live well and prosper. With some vege-
tables as many as three crops can be raised on the same ground in one
year. The value of the trucking business in the vicinity of Brunswick
is $50,000 a year.
c
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 237
Besides the more important centers already named are numerous
towns and stations along all the railway lines of Georgia. Some of the
counties with a large trucking business are: Houston and Burke, the
product of whose market gardens is $15,000 a year for each; Spalding
county, with a product of $16,000, and Macon county, with a product
of $12,000. While Eastern Georgia supplies the markets of the I^orth
and East, Middle and ISTorthwest Georgia should supply Louisville, Cin-
cinnati, Chicago and the northwest with early vegetables.
Men of intelligence and thrift here and there throughout Georgia have
shown the great capacity of our soil for high cultivation. "What has
been done by some can be done by all with the same good skill and man-
agement.
Georgia is so famous for melons that this subject should not be closed
wdthout reference to them. The Georgia watermelon stands unrivaled,
both in quality and quantity, and enjoys a national reputation. So ex-
tensive is its cultivation and so large its shipment and sales, that it ranks
as one of the money crops of the State. One hundred thousand acres are
devoted to its culture, and more than 10,000 cars are required to carry
this fruit to market. As many as 316,000 melons have been sold in or
shipped from Augusta alone in a single season.
Thousands of melons are consumed on the farms and in the cities and
towns of the State, vast numbers of which were carried to their various
markets in wagons and carts. So the shipments by rail or steamer do not
give a complete idea of the great numbers sold and consumed. Georgia
cantaloupes, too, get to the northern markets first, and like all other early
fruits command the first and highest prices.
We close this section on truck-farming with one more example of the
success which attends well-directed management. Mr. E. J. Merriam,
who runs a hill-side farm near Atlanta, says that in 1893 he broke ground
to meet the market demands in Atlanta. Though he only made $500.00
the first year, the receipt of $115.00 from 250 hills of cucumbers con-
vinced him that he was on the right track. The next year his sales went
to a little above $1,900, and from one acre of potatoes he received $500.
The receipts from his land continued to increase and the fourth year
his receipts were $5,068, of which $704.00 came from lettuce, $583.00
from turnip salad, and $404.00 from beets. In 1899, not^vIithstanding
the very bad season in the spring months, he had sold up to the 1st of
August $4,138.55 worth, $000.00 of which came from one acre planted
in cabbage. lie estimated tliat lie would, by the close of the year, re-
ceive a round $10,000 frnm his little ftiriii.
238 GEORQIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
To the careful, intensive farmer, the land yields rich returns. Many
farm lands with just as good soil as those that have been cited as ex-
amples, yet unimproved, can be bought on very reasonable terms.
HOKTICULTTJEE.
In the product of her orchards, Georgia stands in the front rank. It
has long been known that her soil was well adapted to the raising of cer-
tain kinds of fruit. But of recent years it has been shown through the
labors of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, that Geargia soil has a
capacity for the production of a great variety of fruits, especially of ap-
ples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, grapes and straw-
berries. In the extreme southern section of the State we can add to this
list oranges, pineapples and bananas.
Peaches. — But the queen of all these fruits in Georgia is the peac^,
and our State has as great a reputation for peaches as Tlorida has for
oranges. Her acreage in peaches has much more than doubled since
1890, and the capital invested in orchards of this delicious fruit has
greatly increased. From counties of the northern tO' those of the southern
section the development has been rapid. There is in all America no
peach of superior flavor to that of Georgia.
The land seems specially adapted to their production, and in this cli-
mate the crop can be marketed so early that it commands the highest
prices. "With the great improvement in the transportation service and the
fine reputation of the Georgia peach the steady growth of this business
is well assured. The country lying south of Macon is the best fruit-
growing country in the world. The fruit-grower ships his fruit to the
best market at express speed. South Georgia fruit being the first to
reach the market has the advantage of the first prices, which are, as be-
fore said, the highest. Some of the results of peach-growing in this sec-
tion seem almost fabulous. A few years ago Messrs. N. Dietzen and
brother, near Fort Valley, cleared $24,000 from a 200-acre orchard, the
net profit being $120.00 to the acre. Mr. Ed. M. McKenzie, of Monte-
zuma, by his first year's shipment, cleared $2,000 above aU expenses
from fifty acres of peach-trees. Mr. J. D. Howard, of Lorane, Ga., from
a five-acre orchard of three-year-old trees realized $1,200. Mr. S. M.
Mashbum of Bamesvillle, from thirty acres, sold $4,000 worth of fruit.
This was a net profit of $133.00 to the acre. Mr. S. H. Kumph, of
Marshallville, is probably the largest fruit-grower in the South. He was
the first to produce the famous Elberta peach. He has more than 160,000
bearing trees, and one orchard of Abundance plums of 20,000 trees. He
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 239
13 also largely engaged in the nursery business, from which alone his an-
nual sales run as high as $70,000. Edgewood Farm, the property of the
Hale Georgia Orchard Company, at Fort Valley, covers 1,000 acres of
the best fruit and nursery lands of the South, and is situated on a table-
land, 600 feet above the level of the sea. There are in the orchard
200,000 trees in full bearing from May to August. Four hundred hands
are employed in these orchards. Every extensive peach-grower should
own and know how to operate a canning factory, as this would guarantee
the saving of his entire crop in any kind of weather. The two canning
factories of Eatonton offset in 1900 by canning a great deal
of what had been lost to Putnam county through the shipment of fruit
which had been so affected by the wet spells in June, that it reached the
market in an unsalable condition. During the peach season the canning
factories of Fort Valley are kept busy putting up thousands of the best
peaches, which are too ripe to bear shipment, and notwithstanding, are in
tine condition for immediate use. The steam evaporator for drying the
peaches has also been the means of saving much excellent fruit that other-
wise could not have been utilized.
In the neighborhood of Eastman a new peach region is rapidly de-
veloping. At Tifton, the junction of the Plant System of railways, and
the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad, are large orchards produc-
ing the best varieties of peaches. This section is less liable to the effects
of late frosts, as is shown by the fact that in 1894 and again in 1899,
when peaches in other parts of the State were a total failure by reason
of late frosts in the spring, a considerable quantity was shipped from
Tifton and other points near by. Cobb county in the northwestern part
of the State, on the extreme northern border of the Middle Georgia belt,
is among the leading peach-growing counties. The number of peaches
shipped from Marietta, the county seat, was much larger during the sum-
mer of 1900 than in any previous year, because so many new orchards
were beginning to add their product. The largest shipper for the season
of 1900, Mr. W. K. Turner, shipped from his large packing house
more than 20,000 crates. The principal crop of the county is the
luscious Elberta. Mr. W. M. McKenzie, from his own orchard at the
foot of Kennesaw Mountain and those of Mr. J. G. Morris and United
States Senator Clay, shipped over 12,000 crates of some of the finest
fruit, both in size and color, that went from Marietta in the summer of
1900. The orchards of Judge George F. Gober in Cobb and adjoining
counties of Cherokee and Pickens, consit of 300,000 trees, most of
which were too young to bear in 1900. Of these more than 100,000
are in Cobb county, 75,000 in Cherokee and 125,000 in Pickens.
240 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Mr. G. A. Moore lias an orchard of 60,000 trees, most of which are
yet young. These details about Cobb county give some idea of how the
fruit industry is growing all over Georgia. The vicinity of Rome, close up
to the mountain region, and Dalton, among the mountains, is coming into
notice for orichards which produce the very best of peacheis, and in all the
region between Dalton and Dallas new orchards are adding their pro-
ducts to swell Georgia's prosperity. Marietta, Austell, Rome, Summer-
ville, Adairsville, McHenry, Plainville, Calhoun and Dalton are com-
ing to the front among the great shipping points for Geoir'gia fruits.
The bulk of the crop from this section gets into the northern market
after the rush from Middle and Southwest Georgia and before the Dela-
ware crop. The beauty and flavor of the fruit commands the highest
prices.
!Nor should we forget Cornelia, located upon a ridge of ITorth Georgia
hills, 1,600 feet above sea level, and commanding a splendid view of the
far-reaching Blue Ridge. This is the trading point for quite an exten-
sive farm neighborhood, and only eighteen miles distant from ISTacoochee
valley. Here in the mountains some of the most successful orchards of
the State are located, which have escaped injury from frosts, even when
the peach crops of other sections have been damaged. The great
success attending the efforts of peach-growers here has led to the begin-
ning of new orchards.
In addition to the commercial orchards, almost every farm in ISTorth
and Middle Georgia, large or small, has its orchards of peach, apple, pear,
plum and cherry trees, its patches of watermelons and cantaloupes, its
strawberry beds, dewberries and blackberries in abundance ; and some of
them have also their raspberry bushes.
Mr. J. H. Hale of Connecticut, who was in charge of the Horticultural
Department of the eleventh census, in a speech at Mirmeapolis at a meet-
ing of the American Association of Nurserymen, said, concerning the
great peach sectiom of Georgia: "It is a magnificent soil, easy to work,
and the peach-trees going down into that red clay, it does produce fine
colored peaches, and they look better and taste better than those of Cali-
fornia."
The Boston Herald in an editorial pronounced the Georgia peach
superior to that of California and to all others. The Chicago Record
said :"The fanciest peach that comes to Chicago is the Georgia Elberta,
.... richer than a bowl of fresh cream."
The New York Tribune said: "They are larger than the peaches pro-
duced for this market on the Delaware peninsula and in New Jersey, and
by universal consent much more delicious than the northern fruit." In
ELBERTA PEACH.
One of the largest and most esteemed of all yellow fleshed peaches ; tree vigorous and
productive ; a valuable acquisition.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 243
an editorial on "A Nation's Debt to Georgia," the New York World
said: ^'The more northern States of this country have long had a deep
sense of their obligation to the State of Georgia for its devotion to the
cultivation of the watermelon. This debt is now increased by the suc-
cess of the Georgia peach crop, which has this year been sufficient to
drive out of the Eastern market the beautiful but tasteless peach of Cali-
fornia."
The following is an extract from an article which appeared in the
Chicago Tribune of Thursday, March 7, 1901, regarding the peach crop
of the country : "While the bulk of the Georgia yield goes to New York
and other eastern markets, Chicago is favored annually with a steadily
increasing percentage, and fruit men agree in pronouncing the Georgia
peach as by all means the best in point of size, flavor and firmness that
comes to this market."
During the season of 1900 the number of car-loads of peaches from all
Georgia shipping points was 2,500, of which 1,400 were from stations
along the Central Railway, along the various lines of which road about
2,100,000 trees were at that time in bearing.
According to figures furnished by Professor W. M. Scott, the
State entomologist, there are this year (1901) 5,253,000 bearing peach-
trees located as follows:
On the Central of Georgia, including the former Chattanooga,
Rome and Southern 3,473,000
On the Plant System 300,000
On the Georgia Southern and Florida 200,000
On the Macon, Dublin and Savannah 200,000
On the Georgia Eoad 150,000
On the Seaboard Air Line 150,000
On the lines of the Southern Railway 1,250,000
On the Western and Atlantic 200,000
On the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern 180,000
On the Chattanooga Southern 100,000
On the Wrightsville and Tennille 50,000
If the bearing trees away from the railroads be counted the number in
Georgia will reach 6,000,000. At a moderate estimate there will be sold
from these trees 4,000,000 crates of peaches at a dollar a crate.
Last fall (1900), 2,000,000 new trees were set out, which, with those
put out in 1899, will give Georgia over 8,500,000 bearing trees in 1903.
Thus it is seen that the peach industry in Georgia is rapidly growing
in importance.
Apples. — The next largest fruit crop of Georgia is that of apples.
12 ga
244 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
These have been grown successfully in all sections oi Georgia. Those
raised in the northern part of the State are particularly fine. Large ship-
ments are made from Kome, Marietta, Cartersville and Dalton. This
section for early apples has the markets of the North and West. For
later apples it has the holiday and winter trade in all the cities of the
South, especially in the gulf region, where the best varieties cannot be
successfully grown. The charming city of Rome, so romantically sit-
uated on picturesque hills sloping to the water's edge, at the point where
the Etowah and Oostanaula join their streams to form the beautiful
Coosa, is the chief market for the receipt and shipment of apples for a
large fruit-growing section. We have no apple that will grow in South
Georgia of such size and flavor as to come in competition with the ap-
ples of the ISTorth, but may we not develop one ? If, when Europe had no
beet that would make sugar in paying quantities, scientific agriculture
could develop one, may not our horticulturists do the same for the Geor-
gia apple ?
Judge Gober, who owns so many fine peach orchards in I^orthwest
Georgia, has also 3,000 apple trees, bearing fruit of excellent flavor, and
there are many thousands of apple trees all through ]^orth and Middle
Georgia.
Pears. — This fruit, too, receives considerable attention from the or-
chai'd metn of Georgia. Thirty-five varieties are mentioned with approval
by the Georgia State Horticultural Society. In Houston, the banner
peach county of Georgia, over 10,000 pear-trees are owned by Ohio com-
panies. There are also numbers of small orchards of from 1,000 to 5,000
trees. These net their owners anywhere from $500.00 to $10,000 dollars
a year. There is said to be a strip of land near Marshallville where the
fruit crop never fails. ITear this town there is a mile of pear-trees flank-
ing the cotton fields. Here can be seen fruit and cotton ripening side
by side. One of the most noted points near Fort Valley is the Pear Drive
with its double row of trees lining the road, a favorite resort for Hous-
ton's belles and beaux.
Plums. — There are also in Georgia many varieties of plums. Many
grow wild, but considerable attention is given now to the culture of the
better kinds. In the two great peach counties of Houston and Macon,
the number of plum-trees exceeds that of pear-trees by several thousand.
Near Marshallville is a magnificent orchard, partly of pears and partly
of plums.
One of the prettiest views of the fruit lands of Georgia is the plum
orchard of James Beaty of Spalding county. The whole country around
Griffin is full of peaches, plums and grapes. On the line of the Central
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 245
Hailroad are 200,000 plum trees bearing finer plums than those of Cali-
fornia.
Grapes. — Georgia is rapidly coming to the front as a grape-growing
State. The average in vineyards has greatly increased of late years, and
their output has attracted the attention of the whole country. The eleventh
census reported that Georgia produced 107,666 gallons of wine and 3,-
876,000 pounds of table grapes. "The latter ripen early," said the census
report, "reaching the northern markets a month earlier than those grown
in Ohio or Xew York, and consequently bring much higher prices than
the northern and western grapes." The report added that the Niagara
variety, a white grape, was hardy and ripened early, and for these reasons
was meeting with great success in the Southern States, but that the acme
of perfection was the Delaware. Grape culture is not confined to any one
section of Georgia. At Cornelia, in Habersham county, a number of
Swiss families settled a few years ago, planted vineyards and are now
turning out wines of the finest quality and in great quantity. In the
vicinity of Tallapoosa, in Haralson count}^, is a large grape and wine dis-
trict, where hundreds of acres of vine-covered trellis stretch before the
eye. In Floyd county, ^Northwestern Georgia, much attention is also
paid to grapes. In Middle Georgia the yield of this fruit is very great.
Xear Tennille, in Washington county, there is a large vineyard flanked
by an orchard of LeConte pears. One can easily surmise whence Vine-
yard in Spalding county gets its name. All along the lines of the rail-
way between Atlanta and Macon a traveler sees stretches of vines laden
in their proper season with luscious fruit. At Visscher's vineyard, a
sunny, fertile spot in Houston county, not far from Fort Valley, all the
well-know varieties are found. Large quantities of grapes are shipped
each year from the prolific vineyards of this neighborhood. The raising,
boxing and shipment of grapes through the various belts of • Georgia
promise to be as remunerative in the near future as is peach-growing now.
About thirty miles from Atlanta, in Coweta county, at Vina Vista, is a
large vineyard and winery. Here grapes of every variety and domestic
wines of the best quality are produced. To give some idea of what has
been done in Georgia we give a few statistics of crops and sales of the
fruit of the vine.
J. F, AVilson of Poulan, Georgia, made from 23,415 pounds of
grapes 1,361 gallons of wine, which he sold for $1.50 a gallon, or $1,-
941.50 for his wine. He also marketed 12,593 pounds of gi'apes. This
makes a total of 36,008 pounds raised on eight acres of land, or 2| tons to
the acre in the first bearing year. Mr. O. A. Dunson of LaG range, Geor-
gia, from a vineyard of about 25 acres of four-year-old vines, 600 to the
246 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
acre, gathered 30 pounds of grapes to the vine, or 18,000 pounds to the
acre, equal to nine tons. The usual estimate is three tons to the acre.
Mr, J, C. Gerioux, of Tallapoosa, has a Worden vine which, in its
fourth year, yielded by actual count 232 bunches, with an aggregate
weight of 75 pounds. In 1895 he sold his grapes at seven cents a pound,
and has never sold them for less than five cents a pound. Mr. George
M. Williams, of the same town, planted one acre which had formerly
been a baseball ground, setting out one-year-old roots. Two years later
his 700 bearing vines bore 8,500 pounds of fruit, which, if sold as low as
two cents a pound, would bring $170.00 as the money product of that
one acre. JS'or should we forget Judge Gober, a noted fruit king of
Northwest Georgia, who owns 15,000 grape vines of sixty varieties.
Oilier Fruits. — Many other fruits thrive well and make abundant
yields. Excellent cheiTies are produced in Northern and Middle Geor-
gia. Figs and pomegranates grow admirably in Midde and Southern
Georgia, needing no protection in winter, except in the upper part of
the middle belt. The olive succeeds well on the coast. In the south-
east Ogeechee limes are gathered in considerable numbers for preserving.
Quinces are raised for the same purpose in Middle and Northern Georgia.
Oranges, pine-apples, lemons and bananas are successfully grown in the
southern and coast tiers of counties.
A pecan grove of 1,000 trees now in bearing, is located in Dougherty
county. Several small groves are located in Mitchell county in addition
to which 100 acres were planted last year in that county. The Tifton
section is well suited to pecan culture, and already several small groves
are in bearing. Nor is this industry confined to South Geargia; bearing
groves are located in Spalding and Hancock counties, and young trees
are in great demand for planting in North Georgia as well as further
Bouth. Eichmond county also has a few pecan-trees, which bear nuts of
fine quality.
Berries. — Georgia raises abundant crops of strawberries, for home con-
sumption and the northern markets. They reach New York and Boston
in the interval between the berries of Florida and those of the Middle
and New England States. Blackberries are abundant, both wild and cul-
tivated. Raspberries with proper attention make good yields.
Georgia has many advantages over California. It requires only two
or three days to transport fruit from this State to New York at a cost
of about $208.00 a car, while it takes nine days from California at a
cost of $3C0.00 a car. Besides, Georgia fruit being so much nearer to
the eastern markets, can be picked at a much more advanced stage of
maturity than the fruit of California.
o
o
Q
Q
O
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 249
The eleventh census of the United States showed that no farmer could
make as much in any other agricultural pursuit as in truck raising and
fruit-growing, the average profit from which was $150.00 to the acre.
In making out this average the South stood the highest, which fact was
due not only to its great productiveness, but also to its cheap labor, and
the higher prices which result from the early seasons. Common laborers
can be hired at sixty to seventy-five cents a day of twelve working hours,
while a better class of laborers command from eighty cents to one dollar
a day. The laborers provide their own board and lodging.
CHAPTER VIIL
DAIKYING AND CREAMEKIES.
}
Among the new industries that are claiming more and more the atten-
tion of our people is that of dairying. Within the last decade encouraging
progress has been made and quite a number of dairy farms and creamer-
ies have been established. Much interest in the subject has been aroused
by the Georgia Dairymen's Association, which, in. its report at the sixth
annual meeting, showed a membership of more than one hundred and
seventy. Of course no one will embark in any industry unless convinced
that it will pay. It can be easily demonstrated that Georgia is in every
respect well adapted to this business. First, climate is all that can be
desired. Even during the hottest summer months, July and August, the
thermometer rarely goes above ninety degrees, though it does sometimes
go as high as ninety-five degrees, and at long intervals, say once in five
or six years, may reach one hundred degrees. In winter it rarely falls
as low as fifteen degrees above zero, although it has occasionally fallen as
low as eight degrees above, and once in about fifteen or twenty years has
been known to gO' to zero. Snow is of very rare occurrence,
Middle and Southern Georgia being sometimes for several years in
succession entirely free of it. The dairyman is not compelled to incur the
expense of housing his cattle for months; for he needs only such sim-
ple shelter as will afford them protection for a few weeks. This is itself
a very important consideration, as dairymen of the ISTorth and West well
know.
In the section on grasses and forage crops we have already shown the
capacity of Georgia soil to produce the most nutritious forage and pas-
turage at the lowest cost. Not only are the so-called foreign grasses suc-
cessfully grown on Georgia soil, but the State is rich in its possession of
the hardy Bermuda, equal to the Timothy of the northwest. Even the
poorest soil is easily set with Bermuda, while an improved soil will pro-
duce it so abundantly that it can be mown two or three times during a
season. By sowing on the Bermuda sod in October several winter and
spring-growing plants, such as red, burr or crimson clover, hairy and
common vetch, either alone, or with each other, or with oats and rye, one
may secure good winter and spring pasturage until April.
(250)
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 251
The cow-pea, besides being a great soil-restorer, is also the best hay and
ensilage crop of Georgia. In ninety days from sowing on wheat, or other
small grain stubble, it will make a full crop of vines. It mil grow on
any sort of soil, although of course the better soils make the better yield.
Wheat soA\Ti Xovember 1st can be harv-ested by June 1st. Any time
from then until July 1st will do to sow the cow-pea, which is harvested
in September. It will make more hay in ninety days, if sown after
wheat or oats, than red clover will in a year. It is the salvation of our
lands and the delight of the milch-cow. Others of our native grasses are
rescue or arctice grass, crab-grass and crow-foot grass, which afford pas-
tpres new and ample, and with the adition of the various clovers, bar-
ley, rye, oats, sorghum-cane and corn forage give a great variety
of food for cattle. Our cotton seed, after the oil has been pressed out,
furnish the cakes, considered among the best of foods for cattle, as well
as the cheapest. A good milch-cow can be fed at a cost of seven cents
a day on cotton seed-meal cakes, cotton seed-hulls and a little wheat bran.
Com ensilage, whose succulence and beneficial effects make it doubly val-
uable, is claimed by some to be the cheapest of all foods for cattle. All
the food necessary for stock can be grown right here cheaper than at
the Xorth. There is the greatest abundance of pure water supplied by
clear running streams. In healthfulness no land is more desirable. Our
markets are numerous and excellent. Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Colum-
bus, Savannah and Brunsvsdck, our large cities, as well as a great number
of large and flourishing towns, all thriving and steadily growing in
population and wealth, are heavy importers of butter and cheese, most of
which they obtain from the States of the North and West and even from
Canada. Gladly would they use the product of our own farms.
The sweetmilk, buttermilk, cream and butter from the dairy farmrs
find a ready sale in all the cities and to^vns of Georgia. The butter,
which by most people, is preferred to the best imported article, falls far
short of supplying the demand. Good creameries, well located, are a
great help to the dairy farms. Creameries in Georgia pay about one
half more for milk than is paid in the North, and the home mraket for
butter and buttermilk insures them a good profit. At our creameries
whole milk is worth $1.25 a hundredweight, and butter-fat brings
twenty cents a pound, which is equivalent to fourteen cents a gallon for
milk, a much better price than can be obtained North and West. A
fully up-to-date creamery is located at Griffin, between Macon and At-
lanta. There is also one at LaG range, in Troup county, and another at
Sparta in Hancock county.
Another is to be located between Macon and Savannah. Thus dairy-
252 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
men in a large section of country will enjoy creamery advantages, and
this will add much to the profits of their farms. The adaptation of the
ice machine to creamery purposes has given to dairying in Georgia ad-
vantages unsurpassed in any section of the Union. Creamery men know
the disadvantages attending this industry in new territory in the North.
Here the difiiculties are lessened in many respects. A good market for
buttermilk, butter, etc., enables a creamery to start witk a small supply
of milk. The profit to the dairymen soon builds up a sentiment favor-
able to the creamery.
Lumber for siloes, bams or other outbuildings will cost from $7.00 to
$9.00 a thousand, and dressed lumber from $10.00 to $14.00. Land can
be bought in Middle Georgia at from $4.00 to $15.00 to the acre, and
can be had on reasonable terms as to time. The rate of interest is 8^.
Land fully stocked can be rented on about the same terms as at the
North. Most of the lands that are for sale are under cultivation and
have more or less of the necessary buildings upon them.
The creamery industry, like that of the dairy farm, has now passed the
experimental stage in Georgia. The satisfactory results and handsome
profits realized by those who have experimented on these lines, prove the
correctness of the opinion of Prof. H. J. Wing, of the Georgia Experi-
ment Station, that in comparing Georgia with many other sections for the
production of milk, butter and cheese ,the "Empire State of the South
has nothing to fear."
Mr. R. J. Redding, director of the Georgia Experiment Station, says:
"I know of no soils that respond so promptly and gracefully to fertili-
zers and manure as the soils of Georgia. During each of the last three
years yields of twenty-five to forty bushels of wheat to the acre have
not been unusual. The same soils would produce 75 to 100 bushels of
oats, or 1^ bales of cotton, or 50 bushels of corn The
common crab-grass, the inveterate foe of the old-time Georgia cotton
farmer, would be considered a very great boon in any northern State, if
it would spring up in the corn fields and small grain fields after har-
vesting and produce 1 to 1^ tons of good hay (much better than Tim-
othy), as it will do in any good soil in Georgia, without any expense ex-
cept the harvesting Cottonseed-meal and hulls afford an
unfailing resource for feeding and fattening, being especially and ad-
mirably adapted to beef-cattle.
Mr John "Wallace of GriflSn, Georgia, to whose "Conclusions of a
Northern Creameryman" we are indebted for some excellent points, de-
clares: "I have been extensively engaged in dairying in the North, es-
pecially in Northwest Iowa, where I operated several creameries and
i
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
255
cheese factories, and have now been operating a creamery in Georgia for
the last six months, and am highly gratified with results. . . . Cheap
lands, climatic conditions, variety of grasses, etc., offer inducements to
young dairymen that can be found nowhere in the northwest."
Of course, after the questions of climate, soil, healthfulness, and food
for man and beast have been considered, the selection of the proper breed
of cattle for the dairy farm is of the highest importance. The question
is what kind of cattle will pay best, and how much attention should be
bestowed upon them. If milk is the object of the proprietor, special at-
tention should be given to providing suitable and abundant food, and
proper care should be bestowed upon the cattle themselves. Of course,
each individual must make his own choice of breed to suit his soil, cli-
mate and pasturage. At present in Georgia the Jerseys are the most
popular and fashionable. Mrs. B. "W. Hunt of Eatonton, the wife of one
of the most successful farmers of Putnam county, in an article on "Ber-
muda grass and the Jersey Cow," gives a decided preference to this
particular breed, which she considers the queen of the milch-cows.
Though the scepter of the Jersey is disputed by the Guernsey and the
Holstein, she is undoubtedly the preference among the dairy farmers of
Georgia.
Skim-milk is a valuable by-product of the dairy, and many experi-
ments have been made in feeding it to pigs and calves at the dairy. These
experiments have shown that skim-milk in combination with grain
makes an excellent food for hogs at all periods of their growth, but es-
pecially during the earlier periods. Not only does this combination make
a much more economic ration for hogs than either milk alone or grain
alone, but also causes the animals so fed to make much more rapid gains
in flesh.
When the proportion of these two articles of diet is three pounds or
somewhat less of skim-milk to one of grain, the return for the skim-
milk is greater than when a larger proportion of it is used.
When hogs are fed on milk alone they gain very slowly and do not
keep in good health, and young pigs fed on grain alone do not thrive as
those to whom milk and grain are fed in proper proportion.
If fed on either of these materials alone they do better pastured than
when kept in small pens.
Young calves up to 3^ months of age require less of both milk and
dry matter to make a pound of gain than do liogs. When they have
reached five or six months, they require more dry matter, lialf of which
at least should be hay.
Considering only the gain in live weight and (juulity of meat, whole
256 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
milk is the best food for calves, but is too expensive a ration, and tbey
may be very profitably fed on skim-milk when properly used.
Calves whose rations are composed larkely of skim milk gain one
lialf of a pound less in a day than those fed on whole milk, but
require practically the same amount of dry matter for every pound of
gain.
When fed to calves, fully as large financial returns are obtained for
the skim-milk as when fed to hogs.
At creameries or cheese factories, it pays to feed their by-products near
these establishments. The proceeds from them can be divided among the
patrons according to the milk supplied by each, in the same way as the
butter and cheese made are divided. Under the very best conditions it
costs five hours of labor, or fi^ty cents, to look after 500 hogs for one day.
This is $50.00 for caring for 500 hogs for 100 days, or ten cents for one
hog for a hundred days, or for a gain of 100 pounds, which gives one-
tenth of a cent as the labor cost of producing one pound of live weight
of hog. If the value of the gain was reckoned at four cents a pound, the
labor cost of producing the pork was only 2^ per cent, of its selling price.
It is evident that when hogs are handled in large numbers, as they may
be at a creamery, the labor of growing them is a very small item. These
remarks on the labor-cost of feeding animals are just as applicable to the
feeding of calves as of hogs, though it would be more difiicult to feed
a large number of the former than of the latter. On the farm the ex-
pense of feeding these animals would be greater than at the creamery.
The value of whey for feeding is generally estimated at one half that ot
skim-milk.
CHAPTER IX.
STOCK-EAISIXG.
So soon as our farmers began to diversify their agricultural industries
and no longer to give their whole attention to the raising of cotton, a
demand was created for improvement in the breeds of cattle, and more
care than ever before was given to the raising of stock. Of course, even
under the old system every enterprising farmer was careful to secure
a full supply of good live stock for his plantation, and it was no unusual
thing to see pastures on which were gracing fine-looking cattle, or flocks
of sheep. Glossy-coated, well-groomed horses, champed in the stalls the
ripened grain or fed upon the nourishing grasses of the meadows. The
well-ordered plantation of the olden time was well-stocked also with fine
mules and well-fed hogs, and abundantly supplied with poultry of every
kind. But there were many farmers who did well wdth corn and cotton,
whose stock was of such inferior sort, as to convey an idea of thrif tlessness
and lack of enterprise. Of late years, with the great improvement in
methods of cultivation, have come advanced ideas on the breeding,
rearing and care of all kinds of stock needed on the farm.
CATTLE.
Cattle. — The industries of dairying and creameries comparatively new
in Georgia, have had much to do with the preference shown in this State
for the Jersey. Indeed the high favor in which they are held is not con-
fined to Georgia. Mr. Henry E. Alvord, chief of Dairy Division of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture,
says: "Jerseys have been so numerously imported, have increased so rap-
idly in America, have been so largely used for gi-ading, and have proved
so remarkably well adapted to a wide range of climate, that the character-
istic markings of no other breed can be so frequently seen wherever dairy
cows are kept, from the Saint Lawrence to the Gulf, and from ocean to
ocean." They derive thoir name from the island in the English chan-
nel, known as Jersey, supposed to be a corruption of Ctesarca, as the
Romans called it. Though there were importations of this breed, at that
time known as Aldemeys, to the United States prior to 1S40, thoso nn-
(259)
260 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
portations did not become active until about 1860. Since that time
2,000 animals or more have been imported from the little home island
year after year, nearly all of them coming to this country. Jerseys are
the smallest in size of the noted dairy breeds, cows ran^ jg from 700 to
1,000 pounds and the bulls from 1,200 to 1,800 pounds. But their
average weight in America is considerably above that attained in their
native island. Where effort has been made to build up a herd of larger
size, mature cows have easily attained an average of over 1,000 pounds.
For a time many persons imagined that a pure Jersey had to be of a
solid color. This was an error; for all the earliest importations were
broken in color. For a long time they were bred almost exclusively for
butter. In this country breeders have successfully striven to increase
the milk yield, while still maintaining its high quality. A Jersey cow is
essentially a machine for producing butter-making milk, and may be con-
sidered as worthless when she ceases to give milk. Sometimes a Jersey
steer or an occasional non-breeding female has been found to take on
flesh and make small beasts for the butcher. They then have a fine-
grained, high-flavored flesh, very rich in color.
Guernseys can be better compared with Jerseys than with any other
cattle. They are a size larger, stronger-boned, and a little coarser in
appearance. They are claimed by some to be hardier and larger milkers,
but both these points are strongly disputed. They are called after their
native home, the second in size of the channel islands and in common
with the Jerseys were long called Alderneys, both in America and Eng-
land, without regard to the island from which they came. They are light
in color, yellow and orange predominating, with considerable white, usu-
ally in large patches on the body and legs. On some cows darker shades,
approaching brown, occur, and these colors are quite common on bulls of
this breed. The cows, when properly handled, are very gentle, and the
aged bulls are more easily managed than Jerseys of like age. The
Guernsey cows give milk in large quantities, and of uncommon richness
in butter-fat and in natural color. Wherever quality secures a good
price their milk ranks high in market. They are noted for the richness
of their milk, combined with special economy in feeding. The grades,
offspring of a Guernsey bull and well-selected cows of no particular
breeding, usually make very satisfactory dairy stock.
On their native island their beef is highly prized and young animals
are said to fatten easily at a profit. The friends of the Guernsey in this
country lay no claims to its being a beef producer; yet when an animal
of this breed, if not too old, ceases to be profitable for the dairy, it can
be converted into beef without loss to the feeder.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^D INDUSTRIAL. 263
The Holstein-Friesians, whose native home was Xorth Holland and
Friesland, constitute one of the most notable of the dairy breeds. Both
in England and America these cattle have been known by several differ-
ent names, viz. : "Holland cattle," "Is^orth Hollanders," "Dutch cattle,"
"Holsteins," "Dutch Friesians," "Netherland Cattle" and "Holstein-
Friesians." After sharp contention in this country the last name was
generally accepted; but, says Mr. Alvord, "It seems unfortunate that the
simpler and sufficiently descriptive and accurate name of "Dutch Cattle"
was not adopted. For it was in Holland, a land noted for a thousand
years for dairy products, that this celebrated breed of large bi-colored
cattle has slowly but surely developed its present dairy excellence. They
are distinguished by "their large frame, strong bone, abundance of flesh,
silken coat, extreme docility and enormous milk yield." The original
Dutch settlers of New York doubtless brought over with them their
favorite cattle (during the I7th century), and there are definite records of
not more than three or four importations previous to 1850. But in 1857
began the importations which have steadily increased in frequency and
numbers until they are now to be found in all parts of the Union. The
striking features of this breed are the color markings of black and white
and the large size of the animals of both sexes. They are the largest of
all the dairy breeds. Their large frames are usually well-filled out, with
the chest, abdomen and pelvic region fully developed. Care must be
taken to prevent the males from becoming too heavy for breeding ani-
mals, and the females, when not in milk, take on flesh quite rapidly.
They are large feeders, and must have abundance of rich food without
the necessity of much exertion to get it. The cows range in weight from
1,000 to 1,500 pounds, with a general average of about 1,250 pounds.
The bulls, when fully matured, often weigh above 2,500 pounds. The
cows are famous as enormous milk-producers. There are abundant
records of cows giving an average above their own live weight in milk
monthly for ten or twelve consecutive months. There are numerous
well-authenticated instances of daily yields of 100 pounds or more for
several days in succession, and 20,000 to 30,000 pounds of milk in one
year. Cows giving from 40 to 60 pounds (or from 5 to 7 gallons) of milk
in a day are average animals, and from 7,500 to 8,000 pounds a year can
be depended on as a herd average. The milk of these large producers is
generally pretty thin, low in percentage of total solids and deficient in
fat. The cows are a favorite with dairymen doing a milk supply busi-
ness, but their product has in numerous cases been below the standard
fixed by State and municipal laws. Some families of Holsteins and some
single cows are, however, celebrated for rich milk and fine butter. In
264 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
temperament these animals are quiet and docile, bulls as well as cows, the
bulls being exceptionally so.
The cattle which have been most famous both in England and
America, which have received the longest attention of breeders and im-
provers, and which have made the most general impression upon the live
stock of both countries during the nineteenth century are the Shorthorns
or Durhams. They are said to be descended from an old IS'ortheast of
England breed, formed by crossing the aboriginal British cows with
large frame bulls imported from the continent. Immediately after the
American Kevolution attention began to be given to the improvement of
cattle in America, Virginia taking the lead. During the last hundred
years the Shorthorn blood has been more generally distributed through
the United States than that of any other cattle. It has been the most ac-
ceptable basis for the improvement of the native stock, both for beef
and dairy purposes.
The Shorthorns are a beef -breed and have been so for generations. Yet
there have always been good dairy cows among them, and some families
among them have been kept distinct and are known as "milking Short-
horns." They are probably the largest among pure-breed cattle. Bulls
ordinarily weigh a ton or more, some running up to 3,000 pounds.
EuUy matured cows range from 1,200 to 1,600 pounds, sometimes a little
below, sometimes a little in excess of these limits. The colors of this
breed have always been red and white, with various blendings of these
two. The red is especially fancied in this country. The Shorthorns are
generally quiet and gentle. Although they are to be generally classed as
beef-cattle, yet there are records of cows giving 6, 8 and 9 gallons of
milk a day, with no other food than grass.
Ayrshire cattle are among the youngest of well-established breeds.
Coming originally from the country of Ayrshire in the Southwest of Scot-
land, a region of moderate fertility, where natural pasturage is so sparse
that grazing animals must travel long distances in a day to satisfy their
hunger, the small, unshapely foundation race has been built up within
the ninteenth century by the liberal use of blood from the cattle of Eng-
land, Holland and the Channel Islands, until they bear little resem-
blance to the cattle of Ayrshire described in 1825. The breed of the pres-
ent day bears strong resemblance to the Jersey in certain features. In
form, color and horn it is very similar to the wild white cattle of Chilling-
ham Park. "With the exception of the little Irish Kerry, there is no cow
which excels the Ayrshire in thriving on scanty pasturage and giving a
dairy profit upon the coarsest of forage. Yet she responds promptly and
profitably to liberal feeding. The Ayrshires are of medium size among
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 267
dairy cattle. The cows weigh from 900 to 1,100 pounds, averaging
probably 1,000 pounds in a well-cared-for herd. The bulls weigh from
1,400 to 1,800 pounds at maturity, sometimes more. This breed is short-
legged, fine-boned, and very active. The prevailing color of the body is
red and white in varied proportions; in spots, not mixed. The Ayrshire
cow yields a large supply of milk. Five thousand five hundred pounds
a year as an average for a cow, well cared for, is counted on and often
realized. The milk is not exceptionally rich, but somewhat above the
average. It is very unifonn in character, the fat globules being small,
even in size, and not free to separate from the milk. The Ayrshii-e is
not, therefore, a good butter cow, but its milk is admirably suited for
town and city supply, being well above legal standards, capable of being
earned considerable distances and roughly handled M^ithout injury. Some
of the cows have been known to produce 8,578 pounds (about 1,000
gallons), in a year.
A good beef breed is the Durham. Some of the cows are good milkers,
but the breed is not sufficiently numerous and has not as yet been handled
much for dairy purposes. American breeders have succeeded in separat-
ing from the general Shorthorn stock a family having all the features of
that race, but with no horns at all. These are called Polled Durhams
and are now allowed a name and place as a distinct breed.
The Brovm Swiss, as the name indicates, had its origin in Switzerland.
Among dairy breeds this may be placed in the second class as to size.
They are fleshy and well proportioned, with straight, broad back, heavy
legs and neck, giving a general appearance of coarseness. But when c-x-
amined closely they are found to be small-boned with a fine silky coat
and possessing many attractive dairy points. They are generally de-
scribed as brown in color, which nms, however, through various shades,
often into a mouse color and sometimes a browmish dun. Bulls and cows
are alike docile and easily managed. They weigh from 1,200 to 1,400
pounds on the average, bulls sometimes running up to 1,800 pounds, al-
though they are not so much heavier than the females as in most other
breeds. The cows, when developed as a dairy breed, give an average of
ten quarts of milk every day in the year.
These cattle, being almost always fat and easily kept so, are good for
beef as well as for milk. The flesh is said to be fine-grained, tender and
sweet. This breed is not well-known in Georgia. In their native coun-
try their ordinary food is nothing but hay, grass, or other green forage
throughout the year, Init they respond promptly to more generous feed-
ing.
The Devons, so called from the elevated region in the north of Devon-
268 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
shire, England, were among the very first cattle brought across the At-
lantic, reaching New England on the ship Charity in the year 1623. But
the first herd to be brought to this country and kept pure, so that breed-
ers can still trace it, was sent directly to Mr. Robert Patterson of Mary-
land, in 1817. There have been many other importations, especially in
later years. They are noted for beauty, compactness, intelligence, do-
cility, aptitude to fatten and quality of milk. The horns of the females
are particularly elegant, sharp-pointed, black-tipped, and of medium
length with a creamy white color and curving upward. In the bull the
horns are shorter and straighter. Devons are of medium size. As a rule
they do not yield large quantities of milk, though some single animals
have given forty or fifty pounds a day. The milk is rich in quality, rank-
ing in that respect next to the Jersey and Guernsey in percentage of but-
ter-fats, total solids and high color. Those who hold this breed in high-
est esteem regard it as chiefly a beef-producer. Its flesh is fine-grained,
usually tender and well marbled, and the fat is of a deep yellow color
like milk fat.
The animals of the Dutch Belted breed are all jet-black, with a broad
band or belt of pure white encircling the body. The cows seem to give
good satisfaction as milkers, although their milk is not above the avei*-
age in quality. There are comparatively few of this breed in America.
The Red Polled cattle resemble the Devons, as closely as the Polled
Durhams resemble the Shorthorns. Yet the two races are probably not
closely related, the Devons coming from the southwestern part of Eng-
land, and the Red Polls having their origin on the eastern plain, north of
the river Thames, particularly in the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk.
They are hornless cattle, red and other colors. They were among those
brought in the early days to the English colonies in America. The so-
called "muley" cows among our native cattle are probably their descend-
ants mixed with other strains. The animals of this breed give rather
more milk than the Devons, though not so rich in quality. They seem
to be better adapted to making meat than producing milk. Their ad-
mirers claim that they are good at both and strongly recommend them
as the general farm cow. Steers of this breed are special favorites as
working cattle.
Other breeds, especially distinguished as beef -producers, are the Here-
ford and Angus.
If beef breeds are wanted, their superiority is in proportion to
their tendency to mature early and to produce beef of high quality. The
thoroughbred animals make gains much more rapidly than those of in-
ferior blood, even though the feed be exactly the same in quantity and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
271
quality. There has been considerable discussion among breeders of
beef cattle as to whether the heifer and steer produce equally good beef,
or whether that of the former is not preferable. To the latter view the
English meat dealers and many of the American are inclined. "A few
years ago," says the report of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, "it
was the aim and purpose of both breeder and feeder to produce cattle
of great weight and size, nor was the steer considered fit for slaughter
or market until he was four or five years old. . . . What a revolution
occurred in the early 80's ! Every progresssive breeder turned his atten-
tion at once to the production of perfectly matured cattle at three years
as an objective point. The governing law was a triune one — the cattle
must possess hardness of constitution, feeding quality and early maturing
ability."
The report of the superintendent of the Farmers' Institutes of the
Province of Ontario, after describing three well-selected animals of dif-
ferent breeds, an Angus heifer, a high-grade Shorthorn steer, and a high-
grade Hereford steer, says: "These animals, though representing differ-
ent breeds, present that compactness of form, thickness and substance, to-
gether with superior finish and quality, coupled with an inherent apti-
tude to lay on flesh thickly and evenly, that always characterizes the
beef animal of outstanding merit." It must be remembered that there
is a pronounced dairy type and an equally pronounced beef type. "There
iire not a few cows of quite positive beef tendencies capable of making
very creditable dairy records, and a great many that combine milk and
beef to a profitable degree, but a good carcass of beef from a steer of a
pronounced dairy type or breed is rarely seen. So clearly and definitely
is this beef type established that to depart from it means to sacrifice beef
excellence."* Those who are engaged in stock-farming in Georgia will
do well to bear it in mind, that for dairy purposes the best breed is the
Jersey, while for beef the best types are the Shorthorns, the Hereford
and Angus.
Long strides have been made of late years by the dairymen of Geor-
gia toward the supplying of our home markets with butter from their
own farms. Though the supply of good home butter is still far short
of the demand, yet, as our dairy farms increase, their butter product will
more and more supplant the imported article. Georgia, so well supplied,
as we have already seen, with abundance of the best grass and forage
<jrops, 'can also raise its own beef equal to the best, and keep at home the
money now paid to the great packing-houses of the North and "West.
Let intelligent stockmen turn their attention this way with the full as-
*Keport of t!ic Superintendent of Farmers' Institute of tlie Province of Ontario,
i;; ga
272 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
surance that large profits will attend here in Georgia their thrift and en-
terprise.
Some of our own people engaging in this business of raising beef for
the market would make a good profit for themselves and keep money in
Georgia that now goes to the West.
The experience of Mr. T. E. Sawtell of Atlanta, will give some idea of
the low price at which cattle can be fed. In a letter to ex-Governor
W. J. Northen, he said:
"Below you have the result of my experiment with the thirteen
months calf that I fed, exclusively on cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed
hulls. I bought the calf from Mr. M. A. Butler of N'oah, Tenn., Decem-
ber 16, 1899. He was thirteen months old and weighed 899 pounds. I
paid 3^ cents per pound, making the cost $31.15. I took him to my
packing-house and fed him until June 16th on cotton-seed hulls and meal.
When slaughtered he weighed 1,320 pounds. He was sold at 5^ cents
per pound.
Bought 899 pounds at 3^ cents $31 15
Fed 180 days at 6 cents . ., 10 80— $41 95
Sold 1,320 pounds at 5^ cents 72 60
Net $30 65
If this can be done by Mr. Sawtell, who makes it a business to supply
good beef to the people of Atlanta, would it not pay some of our enter-
prising citizens to select the best breeds and raise cattle for our markets ?
If the profit on buying and feeding one calf was $30.65, that on one
hundred calves would be $3,065.00, If these calves were raised on a
stock farm with abundance of pasturage, the cost of their rearing would
be less than where all the feed must be paid for at the regular market
prices. As has been said before, no State in the Union is richer in pas-
turage and in grass and forage crops than Georgia. Besides these we
have right here on our farms without any freight expense the cotton^seed
hulls and meal which make such excellent feed for cattle. If cattle in
Norway fed on cotton seed hulls and meal shipped from our country can
be sold at a profit in the markets of England, is it not to be supposed that
our farmers can raise cattle and sell them at a profit in our own markets ?
The most profitable course for the general farmer to pursue in im-
proving the quality of his live stock is to buy first>class thoroughbred
males. The calves of a mixed average lot of cows, sired by a thorough-
bred bull of any of the best breeds, will partake much of the nature of
the sire, and the females of this grade again bred to a thoroughbred will
CALF FATTENED BY T. R. SAWTELL.
BERKSHIRE BOAR— (JOM-MAKJ)ER'S AMERICA, REGISTER
NO. 53609, RAISED AT BELMONT FARM.
Note.— For description of Belmont Farm, see Skotch of Cobb County.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 275
give animals equal to the average tlioroughbred for all practical purposes
except that of procreation. The same principle prevails as to sheep,
swine, poultry and all kinds of farm stock. But especially is it true as
to the best cattle. The Shorthorn, or Durham, is one of the best breeds
for the general farmer. It will give you a steer which, under proper
treatment, will at three years of age weigh from 1,500 to 1,800 pounds,
and a cow which, with like judicious management, will give from two to
four gallons of milk in a day. Be careful to remember one thing. The
best breeds will show no superiority over our native Georgia stock, if left
to shift for themselves, as is too often done by the average farmer.
On the 1st of January, 1898, there were in Georgia 303,392 milch-
cows, valued at $6,629,115. At the same time there were of cattle other
than milch-cow 503,593, valued at $4,492,300. By the census of 1900
there were in Georgia 20,806 dairy cows kept in barns and inclosures.
As the attention of the breeders of cattle for the dairy and for beef is
more and more attracted to the advantages offered by Georgia, there will
be given a new impetus to an industry that will add greatly to the wealth
and prosperity of our noble State.*
For a more complete account of the breeds of dairy and beef cattle
see the pamphlet of Henry E. Alvord, C.E., chief of Dairy Division of
the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Ag-
riculture, to which we are indebted for much valuable information. See
also the other reports from which we have quoted in what has been said
about "Stock-raising."
Hogs. — ^The hog is used very extensively as an article of food both in
America and Europe. His flesh, in the various forms in which it is pre-
pared, furnishes the chief meat supply of a large class of our people. Es-
pecially is this true of the negroes who constitute in the South almost the
entire body of hands employed by our farmers in cultivating the land,
looking after the stock, or attending to the manifold labors of the house,
garden, field and orchard. Pork, sausage, spareribs, backbone, bacon
and ham, are among the most highly esteemed articles of diet in the
lowly huts of the poor and the lordly mansions of the rich. Just as every
farmer should raise his o-wn wheat and com for bread, so also should he
have his smoke-house well stored with bacon and ham of his own curing
♦Organizations of Breeders of pure-bred Cattle and addresses of their Secretaries lor the year 1809 :
Ayrshire Breeders' Association, C. M. Winston, Brandon^ Vt.
Brown Swis^ Breeders' Association. N. S. Fish. Groton. Conn.
American Devon Cattle Club, L. P. Sisson, Wheelintj. W. Va.
Dutrh Belted Association of Amenca. H. B Hicliards, Kaston, Pa.
American Guernsey Cattle Club, W. II. Caldwell. Pcterboro. N. H.
Holstein-Friesiaii Association of America, F. L Iloucliton, Hrattlcboro, Vt.
American lerscv Cattle Clnh, J. J. HeminRway, No. H W.-st 17th St.. New York. N. Y.
American Polled Durham Breeders' Association, J. H. Miller, Mexico, Ind.
Red Polled Cattle Club of America, J. McLain Smith. Dayton. Ohio.
American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, J. H. Pickrell, Siiringfield, III.
276 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
from hogs of his own raking. Thus making on his own lands all his food,
supplies, he can use the money obtained from his crop of cotton or the
surplus of all the products of his fields for the purchase of those things
that add culture, refinement and adornment to the home, besides having
something to lay up for his own comfortable maintenance in old age, or
to add to the inheritance of the children that shall come after him. Every
landowner has thus an opportunity, by economy, thrift and enterprise,
to acquire a competence and secure his freedom from the cares that tor-
ture him who borrows and through interest and mortgages becomes the
bond-slave of the lender. Every farmer can, by intelligent use of his re-
sources, live a prince upon his own estate. But the first step toward this
happy condition is the raising of his own supplies, so that he can be in-
dependent of the meat and granaries of the West. His beef, his mutton,
hogs and poultry demand some part of his attention.
The hog, though originally unknown in America, Australia or the
Polynesian group, was everywhere introduced by the early navigators,
and has propagated his species so rapidly that he is now abundant in all
these lands, both in confinement and in a state of nature. Though thriv-
ing best in a warm, genial climate, yet, like man, he becomes accustomed
to all climates and countries. Where left to roam wild he degenerates
into the razor-backed animal of the mountain or the pine land region.
Where properly cared for and developed by careful breeding, he be-
comes the sleek, fat porker of the well-kept farm.
From the wild boar, once so common in Europe and Asia, the domestic
hog, wherever found, has sprung. At what time breeding for the im-
provement of the wild animal began we do not know, although we are
told that the ancient Romans made it a study.
England seems to have taken the lead in this useful art. The swine-
raisers of her different provinces endeavored to improve their own breeds
by crossing the fine-boned hog of China with the larger breeds of Eng-
land and other countries. By their selections, crossings, and re-crossings,
have arisen the varieties which take their names from the provinces
which first produced them, as the Berkshire, Suffolk, Essex, Chester, etc.
It is not our purpose to go into a description of these various breeds.
Most of the best breeds have been tested by the farmers of this country;
and at one fair or another all the improved breeds have taken premiums.
The great object is to secure such as are hardy, and will make the great-
est supply of pork and lard with the least amount of feeding. If bacon
is the object desired, it is well to select the large and heavy variety. If
pork is the thing desired, choose the smaller varieties, such as arrive with
greatest rapidity at maturity and are likely to produce the most delicate
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 277
flesh. The keeper of the hog should be just as careful to see that the sty
or yard is kept clean, as to furnish him the food which experienced farm-
ers have found to be best suited to his needs.
Cleanliness and careful attention are very necessary to secure the best
results, both as to the healthfulness of the animal and the consequent ex-
cellence of his flesh for food. Among the fine breeds the Berkshire is the
most generally distributed throughout Georgia. E'ext in popularity
comes a breed which results from a crossing of the hog of Poland with
that of China. We have also the red Jersey hog, the white Chester, and
other valuable breeds. All of these do well in Georgia. Our farmers are,
of course, familiar with the various diseases to which hogs are liable, and
also with the remedies. Many of them, especially skin diseases, can, in
a great measure be prevented by keeping the pigsty or yard as clean as
possible, and by seeing that the hog gets wholesome and suitable food.
In the case of an animal that furnishes such a heavy per cent, of the meat
supply of our people, too great precautions cannot be taken in guarding
him against any of the causes that would tend to make his flesh unwhole-
some.
By the United States census of 1890 the number of swine in Georgia
was 1,396,362. By the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture
for 1899 we find the number to be 2,093,987, valued at $8,095,353.
The increase in the number of sr^vine from 1890 to 1899 was 697,625, a
gratifying exhibit, in that it shows, that the farmers of Georgia are rais-
ing more of their own supplies and depending less on the packing-houses
of the West.
Sheep. — In the section on grasses and forage crops the adaptability of
Georgia to sheep husbandry was incidentally referred to. In 1875 Hon.
Thomas P. Janes, then Commissioner of Agriculture, issued a pamphlet
on Sheep Husbandry in Georgia which met with such high favor not only
in this State, but also in the whole country, that in 1883 his successor,
Hon. J. T. Henderson, republished it, with such additions to the original
as were deemed necessary to give more fully a great amount of desirable
information on this subject. Wo deem it well to acknowledge in the out-
set our indebtedness to the aforesaid publication, for many facts herein
recited. According to the United States census of 1860 the number of
sheep in Georgia was 512,618. From that time to 1875 there was a
steady decrease, the number in the State being less by 193,295 than in
1860. Doubtless some of this loss was due to tlie ravages of war, some to
thieves during the disordered times that immediately followed the close
of hostilities, but the greater part to the ravages of dogs. Through the
persistent efforts of the friends of sheep industry the legislature was pre-
278 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
vailed upon to pass a dog law allowing each, county to enact its provi-
sion's within its own borders, as it might see fit. The law has been adopted
in many counties with very beneficial results, and in those counties the in-
dustry of sheep-raising has taken on new life. Many more counties will
doubtless adopt it and then Georgia will resume her proper position as a
wool-producing State. In this industry, as in everything else, one must be
convinced that it will pay before he will put his money into it. The cli-
mate of Georgia corresponds with that of some of the best woll-growing
regions of the world. The southern part of Spain, a country once famous
for its merinos, is warmer than South Georgia. Australia, one of the chief
wool countries of the world, has a warmer climate than Georgia. In the
cost of keeping sheep warm climates have a decided advantage over
cold ones. In Southern, Middle and ISTorthern Georgia sheep have been
kept with a profit to the owner far in excess of that derived from cotton,
notwithstanding the ravages of dogs. In Southwestern Georgia snow
never falls and the ground seldom freezes. The pine forests are car-
peted with native grass, affording rich pasturage all the year. Accord-
ing to a astatement of Mr. David Ayers of Camilla, Mitchell county, his
flock of 3,500 sheep cost him annually 14 cents a head and the average
yield a head was three pounds of unwashed wool, at 30 cents a pound.
Owing to its freedom from hay-seed and to the fact that our heavy spring
rains wash out the yolk and dirt, the unwashed wool of Georgia is as
clean as the brook-washed of Pennsylvania. He did not feed his sheep
at any time during the year, and used only what is known as the native
stock. Of course the ci"oss of the Merino with this stock would have
given a greater quantity and better quality of wool. During the same
year a Mr. John McDowell of Washington county, Pennsylvania, on
land that cost five times as much as that of Mr. Ayers, made only one
half of the profit on money invested in the best breeds of sheep. Thus it
seems that where sheep-husbandry is made a specialty Georgia has a de-
cided advantage over Pennsylvania.
Mr. Robert Humber, of Putnam county in Middle Georgia, kept 138
sheep of the cross between the Merino and the common stock. He said
that they cost nothing except the salt eaten by them and paid 100 per
cent, on the investment in mutton, lambs and wool. They ranged on
Bermuda grass in summer, and on the fields from which the crops had
been gathered, and on the cane bottoms in winter. Their only food was
that thus gathered by themselves. They yielded an average of three
pounds of wool to the head, which he sold at twenty-five cents, a pound.
Mr. Richard Peters, who kept sheep in Gordon county and had an ex-
perience of twenty-seven years, and had tested the Spanish and French
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 279
Merinos, Southdown, Oxfordshire-Down, Leicester, Asiatic Broad-tail, or
Tunisian, Improved Kentucky Cotswold and native sheep, said that a
cross of the Spanish Merino and natives had proved most profitable with
him. Every other Georgia correspondent agreed with him in this opin-
ion. The progeny of the native ewes and Spanish Merino bucks showed
"marked improvement, having constitution, fattening properties, thrifti-
ness and a compact, close fleece." While he raised only 70 lambs to
every hundred ewes of the pure Merinos, he raised a lamb for every ewe
of the cross-bred natives and Merinos. During mild winters in Gordon
county his sheep had to be fed only 30 days; in cold, wet winters, twice
that long. In speaking of the value to land of sheep manure Mr. Peters
said : "I can only judge of its value by the compact sod of grass on my
sheep pasture, capable of sustaining ten head to one as compared to
twenty years ago."
The experience of Mr. Peters agreed with that of almost all the other
sheep-raisers in Georgia as to the breeds most suitable to this State. The
Merinos are better suited to our climate than the long-wooled Leicesters
and Gotswolds.
Every sheep-raiser should remember the maxim that increase of lambs
is increase of wool. Special attention should be employed to have the
lambs come at the best season. The period of gestation is 151 or 152
days. The best time for the coming of the lambs is, for Middle and Lower
Georgia, about the first of January; for North Georgia, either in iTovem-
ber, or about the last of February and first of March.
During the short period in North Georgia when sheep must be fed
cotton seed afford a cheap and excellent food. These, with oats or rye
pastures sown in the early fall, will afford sufficient food to induce an
abundant flow of milk for the lambs, and at the same time will keep the
ewes in a healthy condition, and thus increase the clip of wool for the
next season. Quantity and quality of wool will be greatly improved, and
the health of the sheep be preserved, by keeping them in a uniformly
good condition throughout the year. Do not allow them to grow tliln
during the winter. That part of the fiber grown during a poor condition
of a sheep will be weaker than that grown, when abundance of food is
supplied and all proper attention is given to the animal. Weak points
in the fiber injure its quality, and of course its sale. For this reason
wool grown in warm climates, where there is a continuous supply of
green food, is heavier and of better quality than that grown in colder
climates, where the sheep necessarily grow thin during severe winters.
There is among sheep-raisers a maxim that for sheep "change is more
important than range." In the extensive sheepwalks of the northern
2S0 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
sections of Georgia or the wire-grass regions of the southern section, the
flock can find the necessary change by extending their walk. But when
they are kept within inclosures, in order to insure their health and vari-
ety of food, they must occasionally be changed to new pastures.
If they are to be grazed upon 100 acres, it is a good plan to divide this
laud into two fields of 50 acres each, and let the flock alternate monthly
between them. They ought to have fresh shading ground during the
day and fresh beds at night. Where the sheepwalk is always the same,
certain pungent plants necessary for the health of the animal become ex-
hausted. During the summer sheep feed early in the morning and late
in the evening, spending the middle of the day in the shade. Since they
seek the same sheltering places from day to day, these resorts become
foul and hurtful to the health of the flock. If a change of pasturage
is not practicable, these places should be occasionally cleaned off, and
the manure from them should be saved.
All changes from pasture to pasture, or from pen to pen, should be
made in the cool of the evening or early morning (the latter being thp
better), so as to avoid disturbing the flock in the heat of the day.
Salt should be constantly accessible to the sheep and in sufiicient quan-
tities to prevent scufiling and fighting over it. Or a good plan is to salt
them regularly twice a week, placing the salt in troughs or on clean
rocks. It is best to give the salt in the evening, because in this way too
free use of water after salt, which is not good for the sheep, will be
avoided. It will be found very conducive to health to dig troughs in or-
dinary pine poles and fill them with common tar sprinkled with salt.
These being arranged at a convenient point in the sheepwalk will furnish
salt and at the same time induce a moderate consumption of tar, which
acts as a disinfectant and promotes health by checking the fiy which
sometimes in the summer months deposits its eggs on the nostrils of the
sheep, thus producing worms in the head.
The sheep is exceedingly neat and even fastidious about its food.
Hence it should have clean grass and clear, running water. Though they
do not use as much water as other animals and sometimes go days with-
out it, their comfort and health require that it should be accessible.
In spring and summer the flock should be closely watched for maggots
in the wool, whose presence will be indicated by a dingy, bluish appear-
ance. Spirits of turpentine should be promptly used on the infected
parts; for if the flesh become penetrated, serious injury, if not death, will
follow.
If not salted regularly in wet spells, diarrhea is apt to follow, with a
fouling of the wool in the rear. These "tags" must be promptly removed
^V?5-
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SOUTH DOWN EWES.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 283
with the shears. If the disease is obstinate, the sheep should be led for a
few days on meal with a little salt in it and other dry food, if the animal
can be induced to take it.
For the shearing of sheep clear, warm weather should be selected, not
so early as to risk the health of the sheep by cool spells coming after the
removal of its winter coat, not so late that this coat has become oppressive
or has commenced to waste and shed in order to make way for another.
In butchering the intestines should be removed at the earliest possible
moment after life is extinct, and before the removal of the pelt, if neces-
sary, so as to avoid the peculiar sheepy odor and taste sometimes found
in mutton, and erroneously supposed to be due to the contact of the wool
\vitli the meat.
The same result may be accomplished by pouring a bucket of cold
water into the cavity as soon as opened and before the removal of the
bowels. With proper attention to the butchering of well fattened sheep,
all unpleasant odor or taste will be avoided, and the prejudice which
many people feel toward mutton will be removed.
Properly served, lamb or mutton furnishes a meat at once wholesome
and much more delicate than the gross hog meat so universally consumed
in Georgia.
There are in Georgia nearly 10,000,000 acres of practically unoccu-
pied lands. ISTearly all of these could be profitably used as sheepwalks.
There is an extensive region, beginning in Southeastern Georgia and ex-
tending across the State from the Savannah to the Chattahoochee. This
section is made an ideal home for great flocks of sheep by the native wire-
grass and other herbage which, with their luxuriant growth, afford ex-
cellent summer pasturage, while the aftermath, remaining evergreen and
reinforced by healthful winter-growing weeds, gives ample feed for the
cold season. Besides, there is the Bermuda, most valuj»ble of all spon-
taneous grasses, equal on good soil to the best blue-g'rass of Kentucky,
and capable, even on land unprofitable for cultivation, of supporting five
sheep to the acre for nine months of the year. Where partially protected
by pine trees, it will remain green throughout the winter, supplying pas-
turage for that season. Or from the summer pasturage the sheep nuiy be
turned upon the pea fields from which the corn has been gathered,
care having first been taken to accustom them to the consumption of tlie
pea, as a guard against over-feeding. From the pea-field they can bo
turned into the cotton-field, which in August or September had been
sown in rye or oats. These, together with the rutabaga turnip crop,
which was also sown in July and August, will afford ample green pas-
turage until the return of the spring vegetiition. Or, if a harvest from
284 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
the grain fields be desired, the turnips can be reserved for early
spring feeding, since such a grain field should not be grazed upon
later than the first or last of February, according to latitude. Such is the
advantage of the climate of Middle and Southern Georgia, that small
grain can furnish green pasturage all winter, and a paying crop the next
summer. In the southern half of Georgia turnips need no protection,
and can be utilized with no more labor than is required to change a
movable fence as often as fresh pasturage is needed; or they may be
banked like sweet potatoes, and in the spring be fed, after being reduced
by a pulping machine. Wherever the sheep are fed, either on extensive
^Svalks" or inclosed in narrower bounds, they heavily fertilize the soil.
One great economical consideration in Georgia's favor is, that in its
larger portion sheep do not need winter shelter.
By utilizing Bermuda and wire-grass for summer pasturage, and small
grain and turnips for winter, Georgia, without neglecting her cotton,
corn, grain or forage crops, and while increasing the number of her dairy
farms and creameries, her beef cattle and her swine, and extending her
factories of varied kinds, can build up another great industry of sheep
husbandry, supplying her own markets and those of other States with the
best of mutton and lamb, and deriving a large profit from the sale of mil-
lions of pounds of wool. Georgia can easily sustain 4,000,000 sheep and
at the same time largely increase her agricultural products by converting
much wasting vegetable matter into a superior fertilizer.
In the portions of Georgia where the sheep can have extensive range,
they, for the most part, take care of themselves without taxing either
the time or attention of their owners. It was in consideration of this
fact that Mr. Janes, Georgia's first 'Commissioner of Agriculture, spoke
of slieep as "the best, most quiet, peaceable, industrious and profitable
laborers, who nearly double their number annually, demand no wages, do
not steal or commit other crimes, labor assiduously throughout the year,
feed and clothe themselves and their masters, make no strikes, utter no
complaint, and never 'die in debt to man,' "
There are sections of Georgia which do not afford such extensive sheep-
walks or ranges, and where those who prefer these sections for climatic
or other causes must, if they desire to engage in the business of sheep-
husbandry, grow their sheep upon inclosed farms and provide for them
shelter against the inclement winter. Let such remember that millions
of the best sheep in the world are raised upon inclosed pastures in Eng-
land, upon the continent of Europe (especially in France), and in
America. With one tithe of the care, attention, expense and worry be-
stowed upon cotton devoted to sheep-husbandry, the latter can be made
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 285
to quadruple the net profits of cotton culture on any given area of dry
and reasonably fertile land in Georgia. The fact that the native flocks
of sheep in the southern part of the State, without attention prove profit-
able to their o^^^lel•s, furnishes abundant evidence that under a more
rational system in which ewes and lambs, at least, would have the benefit
of small grain pastures, or other suitable feed during the winter months,
the profits would be much larger tlian under the present "let-alone"
plan. Our neighbors just to the north of us, Tennessee and Kentucky,
make enormous annual profits on early spring lambs shipped to 'New
York and Boston. "Georgia" says Mr. Henderson, "might anticipate
these sources of supply at least one month, by having the lambs dropped
in Xovember and grown upon succulent pastures of small grain sown
for the purpose. If butchered beef can be profitably shipped from Chi-
cago to Georgia markets in refrigerator cars, why may not our early
lambs be shipped to Chicago in the returning cars ?"
The offspring of Cotswold bucks and native ewes would be little, if at
all, inferior to the thoroughbred for mutton. -
ISTotwithstanding the risk of depredation by dogs, sheep-husbandry
can be made profitable in Georgia if proper attention is bestowed upon
the sheep. A single, faithful hired man can care for a thousand sheep,
except at shearing time, when extra labor will be needed. The annual
net income from the flock would exceed that from an area equal to the
sheep pastures planted in cotton. There are few farms in Georgia on
which it will not pay to pasture some sheep. Those inexperienced in.
sheep-husbandry should begin with a small number, which may be in-
creased in proportion to their growth in experience and skill. To those
who have experience in this business we say: "There is room enough
and a hearty welcome in Georgia for you all."
To those of our own people, who depend upon agriculture for a liveli-
hood we commend the words of Charles L. Flint, for twenty-eight con-
secutive years secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of Massa-
chusetts, author of several valuable treatises on subjects pertaining to
the farm, and editor of others, especially of The American Farmer pub-
lished by Ralph II. Park & Co. of Hartford, Conn.:
"Unlike the culture of cotton and other textile materials, the cultiva-
tion of which is confined to certain localities of our country, wool-grow-
ing can be successfully practiced in every State in the Union and its ter-
ritories, being suited to all soils and climates. The South and West are
sections peculiarly adapted to this enterprise, while in New England it
must of necessity bo limited, owing to the density of the population and
the small size of the farms in that section. In the south the season
286 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
for winter feeding is much shorter than at the iN'orth, affording an op-
portunity to depend more upon pasturage in maintaining the flocks, while
the well-sheltered valleys afford protection from the severity of storms in
winter and induce an early growth of spring grasses. The infertile and
worn-out lands can by this means be reclaimed to cultivation and fertility.
By the more general recognition of sheep-husbandry as an adjunct of
southern agriculture, for a few years, a marked improvement in soil, gen-
eral agriculture and State wealth must of necessity follow. The remark-
able success attending wool-growing in New South Wales, which is a
region of excessive heat, proves what can be accomplished."
In an article on "Wool Industry in our National Economy" Hon.
John L. Hayes says: "The relations of domestic wool to domestic manu-
factures are equally conspicuous and important — the rule being that the
characteristic wool manufactures of the leading nations have been deter-
mined by the abundance and peculiarities of their raw material."
After citing as examples the carpets and rugs of Turkey, the dress
fabrics of England, the fine broadcloths of Germany, and the infinite
variety of the luxurious dress-goods of France, and showing how all of
these great enterprises grew out of the sheep-husbandry of those coun-
tries, Mr. Hayes continues: "The woll manufacture of the United
States is dependent upon domestic wool production. The two branches
of wool industry have always stepped together. The more prominent
wool-growing States have woolen-mills. It is safe to say that not one
of these mills would have been established but for the contiguous flocks,
and if forced to seek imported wool, each one would stop."
But some one may say, what has the farmer to do with woolen-mills ?
How does their establishment concern him ? Much every way. Whatever
increases the demand for his products increases his opportunities for
profitable business and the legitimate acquisition of wealth. The farm-
ers of those sections of Georg-ia adapted to sheep-raising, can, by an in-
telligent use of the resources within their reach, help to build up new
manufacturing industries, which, as they increase in number and in
financial strength, will amply reward the thrift and enterprise of those
on whose well-directed work their own success depends. Thus agricul-
ture manufactures and commerce, going hand-in-hand, and mutually de-
pendent, will by their united energies place Georgia in the front rank of
the richest, greatest and most populous commonwealths that constitute
our grand American Union.
In 1890 there were in Georgia 440,459 sheep on farms, and their
wool-clip was 841,141 pounds. The census did not say whether the wool
included washed and unwashed. According to the annual report of the
^:-
^-i^i^-
RKARKD IN (iB()K(ilA BY IJLI./VIONT I ARH,
SMYRNA, (iA., Cobb Co.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 289
Bureau of Animal Industry published by the United States Department
of Agriculture in 1899, there were in Georgia at that time 204,826
sheep, and their wool-clip was 1,218,612 pounds, washed and unwashed,
of which 731,167 pounds were reported as scoured wool.
The Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture for 1900 reports
271,534 sheep sheared ,their wool-clip being 1,086,136 pounds washed
and unwashed, and 651,682 pounds scoured wool. The sheep kept in
inclosures are reported by the census to be 5,745.
POULTRY.
There is scarcely any food more highly appreciated by the great
majority of people than the flesh and eggs of the various kinds of
poultry to be found on almost any farm. Even the poor man, with but
a few acres owned or rented, can, with a little care, raise enough chick-
ens, turkeys, geese and ducks to supply his own table with the whole-
some and palatable food which they afford.
Very few people keep any account of the expense and profit of poul-
try. If you were to ask them whether it pays, they could not tell; for
they keep no account of eggs or chickens used or sold, or of the cost of
the food consumed by them. The commonest fowls, that are left to shift
for themselves, at least pay their way. Take those same fowls and give
them the care and attention that all poultry should have, and they will
bring in a handsome profit on the investment.
One of the secrets of the success of agriculture in France, is the at-
tention bestowed upon the small industries of the farm; and one reason
why many of our farmers fail to make as large profit as they might, is
their neglect of small things. With proper attention to shelter, feeding
and cleanliness of the fowls, the breeds commonly known throughout our
State will not only supply the farmer's own table, but also prove a profit-
able part of his farm produce. There is always a good and unfailing
market in our cities and towns for poultry and eggs, and the demand for
these articles will increase with the growth of our municipal population.
In fact, there is nothing on which the small farmer can more securely
depend. Every true woman delights to be a helpmeet to her liusband,
or her father, not only by economy and saving at every possible point,
but by the wise planning of her head and the diligent labor of her hands.
Nothing better suits the farmer's wife or daughters than the care of the
poultry. And in this task there is abundant need and opi)ortunity for the
employment of tact, skill and scientific knowledge.
Let it be understood that the intelligent application of one's knowledge
or experience, even though that one be a person unlettered and un-
learned, is scientific. The female members of a household on a small
290 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
farm, which affords but one or two milch-cows, a few hogs, a few bee-
hives, and some poultry, can, by thrift and economy, furnish a large pro
portion of all the food consumed by the family, keeping the table sup-
plied with milk, butter, honey, chickens and eggs, looking after all the
wants of the home, while father or brothers drive the plow, or with their
single mule, perchance, carry to market the little surplus that remains
over and above the supply of their own needs. Many a thrifty house-
hold, in which each member lends a helping hand, has, by wise manage-
ment, been able to add from time to time a few acres to their possessions
until the small farm has become a large one, and their intelligent indus-
try has been rewarded by competence and ease.
The poultiy has so often, like the hogs and sheep, been left to shift
for itself, that the profits derived from this industry, where well man-
aged, have in many instances been greatly underestimated or altogether
overlooked.
In considering this subject a very important question is: "What are
the best breeds for Georgia ?"
Of chickens the preponderance of evidence reported by correspondents
continues to favor the Plymouth Rock, if but one breed is to be kept.
Next in favor for general purposes comes the Light Brahma. The Leg-
horn is the universal favorite for egg production, the Brown variety be-
ing generally preferred. In his "Manual on Poultry" published in 1883,
Mr. Henderson gave the testimony of some of the most experienced
breeders in Georgia. Mr. Edgar Ross of Bibb county, after experiment-
ing with more than twenty varieties, said that the Brown Leghorn gave
the most satisfactory result as a combination fowl for eggs and table use.
"They are excellent egg-producers, summer and winter, and the chicks
mature rapidly, being ready for the table at ten weeks old — flesh of ex-
cellent quality." He pronounced the "White Leghorns as good layers as
the Brown, but preferred the latter on account of their color. They be-
gin laying when five months old.
After making every conceivable cross with twenty odd varities ot
thoroughbreds and common stock, he considered the cross of the Leghorn
and Light Brahma the most satisfactory. Brahmas are excellent mothers
and good egg-producers. Leghorns are the best of layers, but are non-
sitters. The cross between them possesses both the qualities to perfection,
losing the clumsiness of the Brahma and inheriting the activity of the
Leghorn. i
Mr. F. IT. Wilder of Monroe county, who had bred the Light Brahma,
Dark Brahma, Brown Leghorn and Plymouth Rock, preferred the Light
Brahma as a combination fowl, which he thought unsurpassed as a table
fowl. He fed his chickens regularly, and always had fresh water access-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 293
ible to them in clean earthen vessels, putting in a few drops of carbolic
acid twice a week. He kept their quarters clean and free from vermin,
and provided them with good dust baths into which a little sulphur was
occasionally poured. Occasionally he hauled a load of cinders from the
blasksmith's shop into their yards.
Messrs. J. T. Scott & Bro. of Crawfish Springs, in Walker county,
North Georgia, obtained satisfactory results from some breeds not ap-
proved by breeders farther south. They tried both the Dark and Light
Brahma, the Partridge, Buff and "White Cochins, the Brown and White
Leghorns, Plymouth Pocks, Black Hamburgs, Golden-Spangled Ham-
burgs, Houdans, etc.
Mr. W. C. Tate of Overton P. O., Elbert county, one of the most suc^
cessful raisers of poultry in Georgia, raising annually from 300 to 500
chickens, after having tried the Langshans, Buff Cochins and many of
the other special breeds, in conversation last summer (1900), said that he
considered the Indian Game the best of all for general purposes, and that
he had for the last six years practically discarded all others. They are a
hardy, thrifty, compact, closely-built fowl, the hens weighing from four
to six pounds, and the cocks from six to eight, making excellent meat for
the table.
The game is certainly the typical breed, most closely resembling the
wild parent, the Gallus Bankiva of Southeastern Asia. The hens are
good layers, superior sitters and unsurpassed mothers, too much disposed
to fight young chicks of other broods, but with great spirit defending
their own brood against all intruders.
Our common Black-red Game, nearest kin of all our domestic fowls to
the common ancestor of them all, the Jungle fowl or Gallus Bankiva, is
the variety from which so many sub-varieties have been bred by selec-
tion or crossing with others.
The Dominiques, in their plain homespun suits, were once a favorite
among the older American breeds. The Plymouth Rocks, now so high-
ly esteemed, are supposed to be a cross between the Black Java or Cochin
and the Dominique. Of the later breeds the Wyandottes and Sebrights
are growing in favor.
The variety to be grown should in a great measure depend upon the
extent of the range available. AU of the smaller varieties require a
liberal range for maximum production. The larger breeds, such as
Cochins, Brahmas, etc., though thriving better with a tolerably wide
range, suffer less from close confinement than Leghorns, Games and otlier
small varieties. If the fowls must be confined to a small area, then the
breeder must supply by artificial means the conditions of the wider range.
294 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Birds at liberty to roam find for their sustenance seeds of various kinds,
a variety of green vegetable matter and insects. If confined within nar-
row bounds, they must be supplied with what they desire and need, by
the foresight and provident care of the owner. Othenvise the fowls will
suffer privation and become unprofitable. If there is not an abundant
supply of perennial grass to which the fowls have daily access, small
grain of some kind should be sown for them as pasturage for fall, winter
and early spring. Breedei-s of poultry in Georgia do not need to con-
struct close houses for their shelter. In our warm climate such houses
are sources of disease and death to the poor birds, by reason of the im-
pure air which they breathe. Mr. Henderson says: "They may be used
during the winter months to advantage, if well ventilated, but the fowls
should be excluded from them from May 1st to October 1st, and required
to roost either in trees or open sheds. Thorough ventilation is absolutely
necessary, even in winter, to prevent disease." The ventilation should
be above the roost. The roof of the chicken-house should be close enough
to keep out the rain and all its sides, except the south, should be close
enough to exclude the cold winds.
It is better to let the fowls roost on trees, where the whole body is ex-
posed alike to the cold than to be confined in a house, in which they are
exposed to draughts of cold air. The roosts should not be higher than
thirty inches from the floor of the house, or eighteen from its sides. If
too high, the larger breeds will be apt to injure themselves in getting up
or down. It is a good plan to place a shelf about two feet wide immedi-
ately under the roost and about eighteen inches from the floor. Over the
shelf should be sprinkled coal ashes or cottonseed to catch the droppings,
which should be collected and removed every two or three days. The
floor of the chicken-house, whether of dirt, planks or cement, should be
occasionally sprinkled with diluted sulphuric acid, which should be care-
fully handled, so as to avoid injury to the clothing or person of those
applying it. Thorough whitewashing twice a year helps to purify the
house and keep it clear from hurtful insects. Fumigation with tobacco
smoke is very beneficial.
It is better to make the nest upon the ground than upon planks. A
nest of green cotton seed hollowed into the form in which the hen pre-
pares it when .oft to herself, is in some way offensive to mites and other
injurious insects. T material of the nests that have been used by sit-
ting hens should be iitirely removed and either burned or thrown into
the manure pile.
In the climate of Georgia fowls are more healthy if required to roost
in the trees duri j the summer. Indeed, they would be healthier roost-
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ing on trees throughout the yearj but will produce more eggs in winter
if kept in comfortable houses.
The appearance of disease among poultry is generally the result of neg-
lect. If contagious diseases appear, the best plan is to kill the diseased
fowls, and either burn or bury them at a distance from the nm of the
balance of the flock. Then the premises should be immediately disin-
fected by the use of sulphuric acid, all the well birds being kept from the
yard, if possible, until the disinfection is complete.
By universal consent the turkey is considered a native of the western
continent. All our domestic breeds of turkeys probably have a common
origin from some one of the original t^'pes of wild turkeys. The prin-
cipal varieties of domestic turkeys are the Bronze, the Cambridge, the
White Holland and the Norfolk.
The Bronze in his plumage resembles very closely the common wild
turkey of our forest (Meleagris Americana), and seemus to be the result
of a cross of the wild gobbler upon the domestic hen. Turkeys of this
breed are very handsome and much larger at maturity than those of other
breeds, the gobblers sometimes weighing as much as forty pounds.
They retain more of the traits of the wild turkey and cannot be kept un-
less the farm affords them an abundant range.
Other breeds are more domestic, but are of smaller size and less hardy.
Many turkeys are of variegated colors, which results from the intermix-
ture of various breeds.
Very little attention has been paid to their breeding in comparison
with that given to chickens. The bronze variety is the result of greater
care in this respect.
The breeding of turkeys on a small scale is not apt to be profitable, but
on large farms, where they have the run of the stubble after grain has
been harvested, they can be raised with small cost and little trouble.
The hens begin to lay in early spring and lay from twelve to eighteen
eggs each. If allowed to do so, they will seek their nests in some se-
cluded spot, where they will not be disturbed by the gobbler who, by his
awkward attentions, sometimes damages the eggs. Some allow the tur-
key hens to have their liberty. Others take them to houses, as soon as
they show an inclination to brood, while others shut them up and compel
them to lay in the house, wlicre they are to sit. If not disturbed, they
usually hatch well under any of these plans.
In the American Farmer a poultry-breeder gives his experience
thus: "All the first lot of eggs received T placed under hens for hatcliinfi^,
and you will find that the turkeys will have finished their second lay
ing a few days before the hens have finished hatching. I then take tlie
14 ga
298 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
eggs from the hens and give them to the turkeys, and sometimes the
turkey has only to sit a few days, when she has her young. If I am
compelled to leave some of the eggs with the fowls to bring out, I deem it
an indispensable requisite to see to it that the hen is perfectly free from
lice, using pulverized sulphur, etc., freely. I regard it as next to impos-
sible for hens to raise young turkeys, for turkeys are exceedingly tender
when young, and above all things they must be kept free from the para-
sites that infest the common fowl. They must not even be allowed to re-
main over night about the same building, where the common chickens
are kept. Do not be afraid of putting as many as forty or fifty young
turkeys with the old mother turkey, but keep them in a dry, warm place,
especially over night."
Young turkeys should be scrupulously protected from rain and not
allowed to run in grass, which is wet with dew or rain. The floor of their
pen must be kept dry and clean, and pure, fresh water must be con-
stantly within their reach.
Young turkeys do not need to eat at all, until two days old. The ut^
most care must be taken in feeding them. Hard boiled eggs, or curd
pressed every day, will prove the safest food for the first two weeks.
After this, bread, soaked in just enough milk to soften it, is a safe and
healthful food. The health of the chicks will be materially aided by
feeding to them the tender tops of onions, garden fennel, purslane or
dandelion, chopped fine and mixed with other food.
Young turkeys are delicate until the red begins to appear upon their
heads. From that time they are hardy, and, if allowed a liberal range,
will take care of themselves.
In rearing large, strong turkeys, much depends upon careful selection
of the breeding stock. The practice of sending to market, about the
time of Thanksgiving or Christmas, all the largest and heaviest birds, and
keeping only the late ones of inferior size for breeding purposes, is a bad
one. The turkey does not attain its full maturity until the third year.
Some of the largest should always be kept; for from matured parents
only can the largest and strongest chicks be secured.
Every year thousands of dressed chickens and turkeys are shipped
from Tennessee to our Georgia cities and towns. Why cannot our own
farmers supply this demand and keep the money at home that now goes
beyond the limits of the State ?
All the varieties of guinea fowls are supposed to have originated in
Africa. Some have a peculiar bone-like helmet on the top of the head,
while others have in its place a crest of feathers. They are very useful
where there are many enemies to poultry, such as hawks, crows, rats, etc.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 299
Being ever on the alert, they give the danger alarm with a loud shrill
cry. An extensive poultry-keeper says of them: ''To any one keeping
a large number of hens a pair of guineas is a good investment I
know from experience that they will, and do, keep hawks away
We have for several years past lost but one chicken by the hawks." They
are prolific layers during the summer season. Their eggs are small, but
rich in flavor, and make up in numbers for what they lack in size.
A good plan is to let chicken hens raise the young guineas, as they
grow up more gentle and manageable than when reared by the guinea
hen. Their flesh is very palatable to those who like a gamy flavor and
dark meat.
The peafowl is an ornamental bird, and is peculiarly appropriate to
spacious grounds or lawns, but is not much desired by poultry-raisers.
Ducks and geese may be successfully raised under domestication^
without more water than is afforded by an ordinary drinking trough; but-
since in the wild state they live a great part of the time upon the water,,
when domesticated, they will seek water, if it is in reach. The five prin-
cipal varieties of thoroughbred ducks are the Pekin, Aylesbury, Kouen,
Cayuga and Muscovy, each of which has its fanciers. The common duck
seems to be a degenerate descendant of the Kouen, which it strikingly re-
sembles in its plumage.
Geese, while not generally prolific, can be more cheaply raised than
any other domestic fowl, if supplied with abundant green pastures. Gos-
lings need feeding only a few weeks, during which time it is well to
give them soaked bread or boiled potatoes, mixed with meal, allowing
them also to run on the grass with the mother goose. If, after two
weeks, they have access to tender grass, they will thrive without other
food, if they have dry shelter in cool nights.
Artificial incubators of various patterns have been largely introduced.
When properly managed they prove very successful, and are useful in
that they produce a much greater number of broilers for the table than
can be obtained under ordinary methods.
By the Uunited otatas census reports of 1890 the number of domestic
fowls reported for Georgia was as follows: chickens, 7,357,934; turkeys,
148,797; geese, 291,676; ducks, 105,537. The number of eggs produced
was 11,522,788 dozen. The pounds of honey produced were 1,757,758,
and the pounds of wax, 49,935.
In France and some portions of England, it is customary for the
ladies of the household to take charge of the poultry. This custom pre-
vails on some of the farms in our State, and it would be well if it wore
more universal. A writer quoted in tho American Farmer has well said :
300 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
"We can assure the ladies that in this specialty there is great scope
for the exercise of the esthetic perceptions. What can be more beauti-
ful, for instance, than the penciling of the gold and silver Hamburgs;
T;he exquisite harmony of color which the best-bred gray Dorking pullets
exhibit, and which, we think, come nearer the wild game birds of the
country in beauty of form and plumage than any other? Then there
are the numerous strains of game fowls, the preux chevaliers of their
race, unexcelled in splendor of plumage and unequalled in grace of form
•and carriage; the Houdans, helmeted like cuisassiers, and the plumed
'■Crevecoeurs, the hlach horse cavalry of the poultry yard; the La Fleche
'with its branching antlers, and the Black Spanish and Leghorns with
battlemented combs of the brightest crimson, flaming above the raven
and snow of their plumage, entitle them to be considered the color guard
of the grand poultry army. Then there are the stately Brahmas and
Cochins, the giants of their race; the Black Polands with their cr^owns of
snow, and their golden and silver cousins beautifully marked; and last
oome the sprightly little Bantams, whose pencilings have made immortal
the name of Sir John Sebright, and whose tints are almost as various as
the wild flowers of spring. Is there not a field here sufl&cient to tempt
the most esthetic taste?"
The Goat. — The much abused goat, the delight of the small boy, and
the butt of the wit, the animal whose destructive propensities and won-
derful digestive powers have furnished many a joke, has his good traits,
and with proper management becomes a useful member of the great so-
ciety of dumb laborers, who spend their days and lay down their lives in
the service of man. The farmer who keeps a little flock of them, shut
in upon a suitable range, will, when he wishes to make merry with his
friends, find no richer feast for them than the well-prepared flesh of a
tender kid. To those who keep even the common goat in large numbers,
there is a good source of profit in their skins. There is a steadily increasr
ing annual importation into the United States of goatskins for necessary
use in home manufactures. The invoice value of these imports was in
1898 $15,500,000, and the market value probably over $25,500,000.
The production in the United States is comparatively none. And yet
there are in all the States of the West and South large areas of unim-
proved land which could be well employed in the feeding of goats for a
profit. Through much of the area are mountain chains, and these are the
favorite pasture ranges of the goat. If all the goats in the United States
were kept with the single object of supplying skins for the market, they
would fail to supply a small fraction of the present demand, and at the
same time remain at their present number. Estimating four pounds to
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 393
the skin, which is about the average weight of dry skins, it would require
the slaughter of 16,261,621 goats and kids to yield the skins imported
during 1898.
A large proportion of our stock of common goats is kept in the suburbs
of cities. In the West many of them are kept with sheep as a protection
against dogs, wolves and coyotes; while the increasing flocks of Angoras
are kept chiefly for their yield of mohair.
The goat thrives in all climates outside of the polar regions. Hence
most of the area of the United States, with the possible ex-
ception of Alaska, is favorable to the goat family generally,
and much of the Pacific slope, the southwest and the south, is particularly
adapted to the long-fleeced varieties, such as the Angora. Mr. J. T.
Henderson, Commissioner of Agi'iculture of Georgia in 1885, in his an-
nual report for that year said : "Experiments in the raising and keeping
of the Angora goat in these mountain pastures are making a very favor-
able impression. It is thought ^vith some reason, that this particular
branch of stock raising may be easily carried to a very large and impor-
tant development in our mountain counties. The adaptedness of this lo-
cality to the raising and support of the Angora has been so marked that
those accustomed to the care of this valuable animal are sanguine that we
shall see in the near future a very important source of profit in this
branch of industry. . . . It is hardly possible that the native habitat
of the Angora is better adapted to its keep and development than are the
mountain counties of this State." In 1878 Colonel Kichard Peters, of
Atlanta, wrote to Mr. John L. Hayes:
"In this connection I may say a few words about the Angora goat,
very improperly termed the ^Cashmere.' I have owned these animals
from six different importations, those brought over by Dr. J. B. Davis
in 1848, proving to be superior in many respects to any of the more re-
cent importations. One of the most valuable, interesting and remarkable
traits of the Angora is the rapidity with which fleece-bearing goats can
be obtained by using thoroughbred bucks to cross on the common short-
haired ewe goats of the country.
I have had great success with the Angoras and regard them as one of
the most valuable acquisitions to the resources of our husbandry. They
have yielded me more substantial pecuniary profit than any other of my
extended stock investments."
Mr. J. W. Watts of Laurens county. South Carolina, in a letter to
Mr. Hayes in December, 1877, said:
"Even here, seventy-five miles from tlio mountains, 1 have for six
years grown most successfully the Angora goat, wlio«o flc«li T regard as
304 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
superior to any mutton, and whose fleece properly handled could there
(in the Blue Ridge Mountain region) be made more profitable than any
wool-growing. In a cross I have made with a pure Angora buck and a
Maltese ewe goat, I have raised a ewe goat that will give four quarts per
day of as good milk as any cow on my plantation. The feed of one of my
cows will keep twelve goats. My cows must have certain food or they
will not thrive. My goats will eat anything, almost, and do well; and
with this advantage also, that their milk and butter are not in any way
affected by their diet.
The ease with which they can be kept, feeding as they do on weeds,
briers and other coarse herbage, fits them for sections where sheep can-
not be raised to advantage. Their readiness and ability to defend them-
selves against dogs is greatly in their favor. A flock of valuable wool-
bearing goats can be raised in a few years by using thoroughbred bucks.
If it be desired to raise these animals for profit, much might be derived
from the sale of the skins, for which there is such heavy demand in the
United States. There is also a good market value for their flesh, tallow,
bones, hoofs and horns. The females, which always constitute the larger
portion of the flock, possess considerable value also in milk for household
uses, or which can be converted into the most salable cheese, similar and
equal to the Roquefort, Mont d'Or, Le Sassenage and Levroux, so high-
ly esteemed in France and Switzerland.
Herded goats, under suitable conditions, whether for skin, fleece or
by-products, will pay a good profit on the investment.
SPECIAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE ANGORA
GOAT.
In view of the many inquiries that have come to the Department of
Agriculture concerning Angora goats, it has been considered best to give
some special information on this subject.
The first importation of Angoras into the United States was from
Turkey in 1848, by Dr. James B. Davis of South Carolina, who two
years before had been appointed by President Polk to visit that country
in response to a request from the Turkish government for the president
to send a man to them who understood cotton culture. On the return
of Dr. Davis to the United States, he brought with him nine Angora
goats. Colonel Richard Peters of Atlanta, Georgia, secured two pair
of these. By the year 1854 he had crossed his thoroughbred bucks and
the common does, and was so well pleased that he visited the farm of Dr.
Davis in South Carolina and purchased the remainder of the importa-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 305
tion with its increase. "These," says Mr. C. P. Bailey, the great Angora
farmer of California, "were the only Angoras imported into the United
States up to 1866." In that year Mr. W. W. Chenery of Boston, Massa-
chusetts, secured a shipment from Turkey and sent seven head to Cali-
fornia, one of which died on the way. Two of the remaining six were
purchased by Mr. C. P. Bailey of San Jose, California, at five hundred
dollars a head, and this was the first importation into California of thor-
oughbred Angora goats.
By two subsequent importations in 1869, by Israel Diehl, United
States Minister to Turkey and Charles S. Brown of Ohio, and in 1876
by Messrs. Hall and Harris, Mr. Bailey has added to his original pur-
chase, and now from their descendants has a flock which runs up into
the thousands. His great success in the raising of Angoras makes him
authority on this subject, and we are glad to avail ourselves of his knowl-
edge and experience, as given in a little pamphlet on "California An-
goras."
One of the principal features of the Angora business is the Mohair,
whose handling and care is therefore of prime importance.
In the first place, special care must be given to the time and methods
of shearing. A general rule is to shear as early in the spring as is safe,
because the earlier the mohair can be taken off without too much risk
from storms, the better it is for the fleeces, as they ar j more oily and
lustrous before the animal begins to shed. Where there is any danger of
snows and storms late in the spring, the first of AprU is early enough for
the shearing, which should be done early enough to save the hair.
If inclement weather, with cold rains or sleet, should follow the shear-
ing, the animals must be carefully protected for a while. The ewes
especially must be sheltered, for, if they should become thoroughly
chilled, they would be liable to drop their young before the time. Sheds
should be provided for them for shelter during storms or cold nights.
These sheds need not be very elaborate, for, if loft i)artially open, they
will dry quicker after a wet storm.
Mr. Bailey thinks it better to shear but once a year, since one long
fleece pays better than two short clips. However, it is the common prac-
tice to shear twice a year in California, the first of September and the
first of April. Care should be taken not to make two cuts in the hair,
the short or second cut being entirely worth.less and very undesirable
at the mills. Start the shearing at the top of the neck where the hair
divides and continue down the side of the neck, keeping the fleece intact.
This will })rcvent the cutting in two of the long locks on the side of the
306 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
neck. Eioiigli handling must be avoided, especially of the ewes, which
are very tender at shearing time.
As isoon as knives shall have been made that will shear Angoras as
well as they do sheep, and will not clog vdth the mohair, machine shear-
ing will be as popular with the goat men as it is now with those w^ho
handle sheep. The great advantage of machine shears over hand shears
is that they shear clean and smooth, without cutting the hair twice or
injuring the goat's skin.
After the fleece is entirely off and the wool on the face and legs
clipped, spread the hair ont on the floor and cut of all tags. Then the
fleece should be turned with the outside out and tied with good sewing
twine — not the ordinary wool twine.
The kid hair should be kept separate, for it always brings the best
price. Care should be taken that there may be no straw or dirt in the
sack in which the wool is packed. The hair, after reaching the mills is
cleaned and made into various fabrics, being often mixed with wool or
cotton.
The most common articles of mohair manufacture are plushes, such as
are used for upholstering furniture, for ladies' dress goods, figured cloth,
braids, rugs, robes, and ornamental furnishings. American grown mo-
hair finds a ready market in ISTew York and Boston, and is manufactured
largely in Massachusetts and Maine.
The price of mohair depends upou its fineness and length. The purer-
bred the goat is, the finer its hair will be and the better price will it com-
mand.
The skin of the goat is also the basis for quite an industry. Leather
skins are obtained chiefly from the common goat. Large numbers of
common goat skins are imported into the United States annually, and
according to Mr. Barnes of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture the value of the importation for 1900 was $25,000,000. The Vici
kid, so popular for shoes, is made from the common goat skin, as is also
a fine grade of glove leather.
The skin of thie Angora is used for rugs, robes and trimmings. It
must be taken off properly and stretched in the shade to dry, or else it
should be well salted. The skin should not be allowed to lap over on
the flesh side, because it is likely to heat. They should never be thrown
in a pile, for the hair will slip, if left for only a few hours, and then the
skins are worthless for robes. The hair. on the skin should be kept as
clean as possible. Shearing skins are classed with common goat skins,
and skins of very young kids are of no value.
The best time to take the skin is in the fall, when the goat is fat and
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 309
has seven or eight months gi'owth of hair. Hair at this time will be
much more lustrous and will shake out more readily than after a longer
growth.
The meat of the Angora resembles mutton so closely that it is sold in
the markets as mutton, though it is really more like venison. The fat
of the Angora is more evenly distributed through the meat than in mut-
ton. The goats usually slaughtered are wethers four years old and over.
In cleai'ing brush land there is no more effective worker than the An-
gora, but he must not be allowed to get into your garden or your field.
A good fence, three feet high, is amply sufficient to hold goats. Three
boards, with two barb-^m-e^, or a twenty-four-inch Page woven wire
fence, with three barb-wires above will keep them within bounds.
The kidding season is the busy time of the year on the goat ranch. If
the weather is good, the task of caring for the young is comparatively
easy; but when the weather is stormy and the lands muddy, considerable
attention must be given to them. With a bunch of from fifty to two
hundred and fifty, and a shed large enough for the entire lot, it is easy
to raise a large percentage of kids.
The kids must not be allowed to go out too young, and after birth the
kid must be kept with the mother goat long enough for her to know it.
If it be found that some of the kids are not being cared for, does, that
apparently are not suckling kids, should be caught and held until the
nnnourished kids have been fed. After a kid gets a good .start, he will
steal a living from different ewes, if necessary.
Large sized Angora skins are worth from one to two dollars, accord-
ing to size and condition.
Half breed goats scarcely yield enough hair to pay for the shearing;
three-quarters bred goats shear from one to one and a half pounds, worth
from 15 to 20 cents a pounds; seven-eighths bred goats shear from two to
three pounds, worth from 20 to 30 cents a pound; fifteen-sixteenths bred
goats shear from three to five pounds, worth from 30 to 45 cents.
Mr. Bailey adds: "the fourth cross, or fifteen-sixteenths, is the lowest
grade I would keep exclusively for mohair. The average fleece of pure-
bred goats is from four to six pounds; but, frequently, eight and ten
pounds have been obtained from choice, well-kept animals."
Goats require less care than isheep.
Shearing must be done as soon in the spring as the hair begins to shed.
Otherwise the oil in the hair goes into the body of the animal and loses
its life, lustre and weight.
Young Angora docs produce the finest and lieaviest fleeces. Tliey are
in their prime at from two to six years old.
310 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
"Will Angoras pay? Mr. Bailey answers the question thus:
Cost of 1,000 fifteen-sixteenth grade does $5,000
Cost of 20 thoroughbred bucks 500
$5,500
4,000 pounds of mohair will bring $1,200
800 kids 2,000
Total value received $3,200
Expenses — Herder, one year $420
Extra help at kidding 50
Shearing expenses 50
Taxes and incidentals 80
Total expenses — $630
Balance, net gain $2,570
This is over 46 per cent, on the investment."
In September, 1898, the number of Angora goats in the United States
was estimated at 247,000. Texas headed the list with 75,000. Of thirty-
two States Georgia came fourteenth with 750. Of common goats the
number is not given. The number of all kinds for the whole country was
estimated at 500,000. The whole number of goats of every kind in
Georgia, kept in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges was 2,045
accarding to the census of 1900.
THE HOESE.
jSTo domestic animal is more intimately associated with man than the
horse. As far back as we have any record he has been mau's willing,
faithful friend, sharing his perils in war, his toil and hardships in travel
long and weary, and his labors in all peaceful pursuits of life.
For whatever purpose a horse is to be used, there are certain character-
istics which he should possess, without which his usefulness is greatly im-
paired. These may be stated as a good disposition, strength, endurance
and activity. Beauty of fonn and color and gracefulness in motion are
veiy desirable, though not absolutely essential; and yet it is better to pay
a little bit more for a horse that has an attractive appearance than to
purchase an ungainly animal, however useful it may be.
A horse with a bad disposition may, by kind treatment, be greatly
changed. Yet he is never safe, for it is impossible to tell when his bad
temper will crop out and cause him to do infinite mischief.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 311
There are also among horses, as among men, different degrees of in-
telligence, a due regard to which is very essential in the selection of a
good animal, whether for the saddle, carriage, or general purposes of the
farm. An intelligent horse is generally more docile, and is safer, be-
cause less liable to become frightened.
Strength and endurance are indispensable qualities, and these depend
more upon form and muscular development than upon size. Of course
these things being equal, the larger the horse is, the stronger the animal.
Regular hours for labor and rest will greatly increase the power of the
animal for endurance.
On farms where several horses are kept for work, and a special one
for the carriage, the heavier draft animal is better suited for the heavy
work. But the larger class of farmers can keep only one or two horses.
For such, an animal of meduium size is the more desirable.
"We can not discuss here the points of a horse. Experienced dealers
know them well, and a man of little knowledge about these tilings
should, in purchasing, get the assistance of some one who understands
such matters.
The diseases of horses are numerous, and in many instances arise from
bad management — an improper system of feeding, ill-constructed or
poorly ventilated stables, injudicious driving or neglect of proper clean-
ing. When diseases do occur, quacks should be avoided. Dis-
eased horses should be treated by those who understand their
ailments and the remedies for them. Intelligent management will
tend greatly to prevent disease, if the animal comes of good, healthy
stock.
The number of horses in Georgia on January 1, 1900, was 109,905,
valued at $6,001,626. The number kept in bams and inclosures and not
on farms was 21,016, by the United States census of 1900.
This noble animal, the faithful servant of man, deserves at all times
the kindest consideration. Careful and sufficient feeding, protection
against inclement weather, rough treatment and overwork will increase
his usefulness and prolong his days. Georgia possesses every requisite
for the raising of the finest breeds of hk>rses for the saddle, the carriage
or the work of the farm.
MULES.
For farm use and all kinds of heavy work t.lio mule excels all
other animals. He is admirably adaj)ted to work in hot weather, such
as would be too severe for the horse or the ox. Therefore he is a favorite
in the Southern States. The mule is longer-lived and more hardy tlian
312 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
the horse. He can work for a much longer period, and will thrive with
less care, is not subject to as many diseases and, when sick, is more easily
cured. A well-bred mule will, with the same amount of attention, out-
last two horses. He is not so easily frightened and therefore not so apt
to run away as a horse. He is more steady in his draught and less likely
to waste his strength. Having a tough skin he is not so much annoyed
by flies. The expense of shoeing a mule is only about one third of that
required for shoeing a horse, because his hoof is harder and more horny
and so slow in its growth, that shoes do not need removal, and will hold
on until worn out.
Although they will thrive on fare coarser and much less in quantity
than that of horses, yet it is economy in their case and in that of all stock
to give them plenty of good food without overfeeding them.
The largest, strongest and best mules are the offspring of improved
blooded mares, having as their sire a jack, active and spirited and not less
than fifteen hands high.
Mules ar too often neglected and abused, and frequently become stub-
bom from mere self-defense. They are naturally affectionate and pa-
tient, and if treated kindly, will be docile and obedient.
The number of mules in Georgia on the first of January, 1900, was
157,008, valued at $10,826,032. The number kept in barns and in-
closures and not on farms was Y,540, according to the census of 1900.
CHAPTER X.
FLORTICULTURE.
SEED FAEMS, IKEIGxVTION, TEKKACING.
While flowei's and flowering plants have been cultivated in hot-houses
and in gardens from the colonial days until now, and while they have
been grown for sale to a limited extent for the last one hundred years,
the business of the commercial florist in the United States has been de-
veloped only within the past thirty-five years and has made its
most rapid strides in the last twenty years. In the vicinity of great
cities the total value of florists' establishments runs up into the millions,
going as high as $9,254,873 in ITew York State in 1890. ITew Jersey,
situated between the great cities of New York and Philadelphia, reported
for such establishments a valuation of over $3,600,000 in 1890, making
the best showing in this line of business of any State in the Union for its
size.
The trade in flowers and flowering plants in Georgia was valued at
$81,932 in 1890, showing that floriculture is beginning to be important
enough, to rank as one of the industries of our State. As our cities in-
crease in size, this beautiful business, so congenial to esthetic tastes,
will expand more and more.
Of the plants sold the demand for the various kinds varies in different
sections of the Union. In the South the favorites are roses, carnations,
chrysanthemums, geraniums, palms and pansies. There is also every-
where a growing demand for aquatic plants, and specialists are giving
marked attention to them. Eegarding the sale of cut flowers the census
reports showed that roses were in greatest demand, and that close behind
them followed carnations. These two furnished G5 per cent, in value
of all cut flowers sold in the United States. Violets, chrysanthcmimis,
lilies, hyacinths, smilax, bouvardia, heliotropes, pansies and tulips in the
order named supplied 25 per cent, more, while the other 10 per cent, was
made up of orchids, tuberoses, mignonettes, primroses, caraelias (or
japonicas), daffodils and many others, cultivated in a small way to supply
(815)
316 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
some special or local demand. For instance the beautiful camelia japon-
ica, which came in far down on the list in the United States census re-
ports, is decidedly the fall and winter favorite in Augusta and Savannah,
blooming in the open air in midwinter in the latter city.
In Georgia there were reported twenty-six florists' establishments, five
of which were owned and managed by women. The largest number of
square feet of glass reported for the hothouse of one establishment was
16,000 and the smallest 750. The total number of square feet of glass
reported in the whole State was 99,918. The number of acres in Geor-
gia devoted to this business in 1890 was 106. In the District of Colum-
bia, where the largest establishment reported 150,000 square feet of glass
and the smallest 1,440, with a valuation for all establishments of more
than a half million dollars, only 61 acres were cultivated. By far the
greatest growth of this business in Georgia was between 1880 and 1890.
SEED FAEMS.
In early times families saved the seed from their annual productions,
in most cases from whatever remained over from the farm. In some
cases careful selection was made, and purer and better seeds obtained,
which not only furnished the home supply, but were willingly given to
friends and neighbors, who, in return, supplied any seed' of their own
that might be considered of superior quality. This same practice con-
tinues in many communities. The general growth of the country, the
rapid increase of population in cities and towns, which led to the estab-
lishment of market gardens, the demand for choice seeds and the diffi-
culty of procuring them led the market gardeners or truck farmers to
grow and save them, .at first for their own use, and later to supply the
increasing demand, until finally some of them drifted into the production
and sale of seed as a distinct business. The first regular seed farm in
the United States, of which there is any report, was established in con-
nection with the nursery business in Philadelphia in 1787. This branch
of horticulture was not made a subject of census inquiry until 1890. Of
the 596 seed farms in the United States reported at that time, 258, or
nearly one-half, were in the North Atlantic Division, the original center
of seed production. In the South Atlantic Division there were 89 seed
farms, of which 31 were in Georgia and 46 in Florida. The 31 seed
fai-ms of Georgia embraced 2,627 acres with a total valuation for farms,
implements and buildings of $177,000, while the 46 seed farms of Florida
embraced only 760 acres, with a total valuation for farms, implements
and buildings of $62,333. Of those in Georgia which reported date of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 317
establishment, twenty-two were established between 1880 and 1890. Of
those in the North Atlantic Division 13 dated back to the decade between
1830 and 1840, and five to even an earlier period. The first one re-
ported in Georgia was in the decade between 1870 and 1880. So as
far as onr State is concerned, it is a decidedly new industry, which, be-
tween 1880 and 1890, showed a very rapid growth. It is believed that
the census report of 1900 will show a large increase in the number of
seed farms in Georgia.
The census report for 1890 said: "While this report shows the ex-
tent and production of the seed farms proper, the total amount of garden
seed produced in the United States is considerably in excess of the
amount here given Again, while the greater amount of seed
grains, cotton and tobacco used upon farms is of home production and
is freely exchanged for labor or for other products, there are in nearly
every county successful farmers who, by a careful selection of seed stock
and by better methods, secure greater returns than their neighbors, and
are able to dispose of part of their production for seed purposes at ad-
vanced rates. These men cannot be classed as seed farmers, and would
hardly be able to estimate what proportion of their crops is sold for seed
purposes annually; but it is safe to assume that such farmers produce
one-third of all the small grains, com, potatoes, tobacco and cotton seed
planted."
IKEIGATION.
One of the most pressing needs of Georgia is irrigation, both surface
and underground. How many a time have the agricultural interests of
our State suffered from a drought, that has blasted the brightest prospects
of a once promising crop ! How many a time has the farmer's heart
throbbed with anxiety as the sun scorched his fields, while he longed for
a favorable season and sighed for the rain that would not come ! Irriga-
tion is not only a preventive of drought, but enables the farmer to con-
trol the supply of water and to furnish it to the plant at the right time
and in the right quantity. This question concerns also the drainage of
the land and the preservation of the forests.
In the vast arid stretches which are found in tlio States west of tho
Missiasippi river, and where farming without irrigation is impossible,
men learn the business thoroughly. But this is intensive farming, a
method in which success can be attained only by tliorongli tilling and
careful attention to details. Although one man cannot look after so
much land as under tlie old method, yet he soon learns that he can make
318 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
larger profits by carefully tilling a small area than by diffusing his efforts
over a larger one. Where a small measure of success can be attained by
the careless tillage of many acres of moderate fertility, farmers are apt
to go on ill the old way, trusting to the weather, getting a good crop if
the seasons are favorable, and in a year of drouth, hoping that the next
one will be better. Then, if disappointed again, they wonder why Provi-
dence is so unkind, forgetting that they have at their command an agent
that will enable them to overcome the ills of which they complain. In
some sections of Texas where the rainfall is inadequate, it is customary
on irrigated fields to make at least a bale of cotton to the acre, while the
average on unirrigated lands of the same soil is hardly more than one-
fourth of a bale to the acre. A large part of Idaho is so deficient in rain-
fall, that the country looks like an arid waste. But right in the midst of
a desert, that appears to be fit for nothing, and looks as though it can
never be made to produce anything, the traveler will come to an orchard
of apples, prunes or peaches, each limb loaded almost to breaking with
luscious fruit. Perhaps only three years ago this noble orchard was part
of the all-surrounding sage-brush desert. What wrought the wondrous
change ? Irrigation, a scientific expedient, of which for three thousand
years man's skill has made use to overcome the unequal distribution of
nature's gifts. Some mountain stream near the foothills has been
dammed, a great reservior built, and a huge ditch, carrying millions of
feet of water, has been led across the country and its water distributed at
the points where needed. The difficulties in the way of successful irri-
gation are nothing like so great in Georgia. Prom our numerous creeks
and rivers, by proper machinery, the water can be conveyed and dis-
tributed wherever needed. Sometimes artesian wells can be used for
this purpose, irrigating the land through a system of ditches or storage
tanks. Windmills can also be used for pumping up water from wells
and distributing it over a garden or field.
TEEKACmG.
The fertility of broken or rolling lands is greatly enhanced by strict
attention to levels or horizontals in their cultivation. As the population
of the State increases, the old system of large plantations, on
which exhausted lands could be turned out to rest, and new ones with
soil yet virgin brought under cultivation, becomes more and more im-
practicable. Smaller farms become a necessity, as more people come in
to take up the land, and the importance of devising plans, by which the
fertility of all lands may be preserved, becomes yearly more apparent.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 321
Especially in river bottoms the exhausting process takes from the ab-
sorbing capacity of the land and renders it more liable to overflow. In-
structed by repeated disastei-s in the bottom lands, and in those of the
Savannah river in particular, by which for three consecutive years tho
farmers of Georgia were sent "West for their com, a few pioneers began
as far back as 1885 to put their land under a more or less perfect system
of level cultivation, and four years later the ten-ace reform began in earn-
est all over Middle Georgia. As to proper methods of terracing, complete
instructions, which meet all cases, cannot be given. To one who has never
tried it, but who wishes to adopt this system, a visit to some well-terraced
farm, with its unbroken horizontal lines well sodded in grass for the pur-
pose of conserving the rainfall, would be an object-lesson easily compre-
hended and worth more practically than the study, or blind follomng of
■^ instructions that can be only general in their nature. If breaks occur
in any of the terraces, a good practical fai-mer who watches his fields and
soon discover whatever may be needed, can take his hands to the spot
and ^\^th an hour or two's work, repair the damage. On land properly
terraced, after a heavy rainfall, each water furrow is covered with a fine
impalpable powder similar to the rich alluvial deposits found on bottom
lands from back water.
Commercial fertilizers are soluble and as a rule are put in near the
surface. Hence they are made more effective by being protected from
washing and leaching rainfalls; and such is the case on land properly ter-
raced.
There are in every country solid, substantial and successful farmers,
some of whom living on their ancestral domains, soon after the close of
the great civil war adjusted themselves to the new order of things, and
studying carefully the changed conditions and their requirements, went
diligently to work, and by intelligence, thrift and enterprise won back
fortimes that had been lost in the clash of arms. Others beginning with
scanty means, by careful cultivation of small farms, using the most ap-
proved methods, have, by the fruits of their industry, purchased the
worn-out lands of their neighbors, and under the best system of intensi-
fied fanning, have brought them back to life and fertility. These are
the men who set the pace for others less enterprising, and may be counted
on for irrigation, tenacing and any other advanced movement calculated
to promote the agricultural progress of Georg'ia.
I') ga
CHAPTER XL
riSH AND GAME.
In almost every county of Georgia are streams whose waters abound
in many kinds of fish. Its rivers, creeks, lagoons and ponds give yearly
contributions from the finny tribes to reward the labors of the profes-
sional fisherman with net or seine, or to repay the patience of the youth-
ful anglers who with rod and line, go forth on holidays to ensnare with
worm or fly the unsuspecting fish. In the mountain streams sport the
speckled trout. On the Savannah, the Ogeechee and the Altamaha, shad
are caught and sold in the markets of Augusta, Savannah and Brunswick.
The little town of Darien, near the mouth of the Altamaha, carries on a
considerable trade in shad. On the sounds and inlets that flow between
the mainland and the numerous islands that fringe the Georgia coast ther
fishermen's boats are continually busy gathering for the home market or
for shipment several varieties of salt fish, besides oysters, shrimps, crabs
and lobsters. In the waters of Okefinokee Swamp abound black bass,
bream, perch and many other varieties.
In commercial fisheries Georgia did not rank high in the census of
1890, simply because the products of the fisheries had been almost en-
tirely consumed in supplying the home demand. By the census of 1890
the inland fisheries of Georgia were reported as employing 69 persons
with a total investment of $7,859 for boats and minor apparatus. The
annual products were 93,480 pounds of fish, valued at $7,829. All these
figures were considerably below the reality. The fisheries along the
coast are classified in the United States census under the head of the
"Atlantic and Gulf Boat Fishery," and embrace the fishing along the
coast in boats. It is so called to distinguish it from that at sea, requiring
vessels large enough for registry, that is of five tons burden, or more.
The fish are generally sold at once to consumers with only enough of
care and labor to insure their delivery. A large proportion of the fisher-
men are negroes, who equip themselves in the most inexpensive manner,
their boats being often so simply made as to have a merely nominal
value. The census report declares that "there is such irregiilarity in
their employment, that the return of the number thus engaged is es-
(322)
lijl I'l riilisfiiilll.
r.LACK I'.ASS.
From a paiiitinj; by Il.il .Muiiisoii of Atl:iiita. Cm.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 325
peciallj unsatisfactory. Of the "Atlantic Boat Fisher}-," reports were
made of only ten of the States leading in this industry. Georgia was
not one of these.
Since 1893 there has been an immense increase in the fishery busi-
ness on the Georgia coast.
From 1888 to 1891 several oyster canneries were started, but all failed
from lack of experience. In the winter of 1893 and 1894 Mr. August
Oemler reopened his canning establishment on Wilmington island. His
business has steadily grown, and for each of the last two winters his can-
nery has packed 1,400,000 cans. His establishment employs 24 sailing
crafts of from eight to thirty-two tons burden, also three tugs Avith seven
barges, besides numerous small crafts of from thirty to one hundred
bushels capacity. There are three other canneries in operation in the
vicinity of Savannah. These are: Vam & Byrd, Thunderbolt; George
W. Lowden, Thunderbolt; Eosedue Cannery Co., Coffee Bluff. These
three establishments put up during the winter of 1899-1900, 1,150,000
cans. Between, 1,500 and 2,000 persons in Chatham county are engaged
in this trade, which amounts to many thousand dollars annually.
Brunswick, in Glynn county, favorably located on Oglethorpe Bay,
and in importance the second seaport of Georgia, enjoys a fine reputa-
tion for oysters. Those shipped from that market are considered of su-
perior quality. One canning company puts up for a ISTew York whole-
sale house a special brand which is said to bring the highest price of any
oyster on the markket. There are in the vicinity of Brunswick not less
than 50,000 acres of natural beds, of which 25,000 have been taJcen up
and cultivated to some extent. These yield a large and fine oyster.
There are fine oyster-beds also contiguous to Darien and St Mary's.
Considerable interest has already been awakened throughout the
United States in regard to fish culture in private ponds. This culture
is attended with slight labor and expense. Almost every farm has some
stream or pond, that could be so utilized, or at least land of a swampy
nature, that could be made valuable by being transformed into a fish-
pond. In this country fish culture has until late years received compara-
tively little attention. The artificial propagation of fish among the civil-
ized nations of the earth is a new science. Yet it has been long practiced
by some of the heathen nations, especially by China and Japan, who, for
thousands of years, have sustained, to a large extent, their dense popula-
tions upon fish, a large proportion of wliich was artificially i)ropagated.
To France belongs the honor of originating fish culture in the manner
now practiced among civilized nations. With such marked results were
their efforts attended, that other European nations promptly followed
their example.
;326 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
On many Georgia farms the carp pond has been introduced as one of
the features. It would be well to introduce ponds stocked w^ith these or
other kinds of fish, wherever nature has not already supplied them.
There are many varieties -of fish in the United States. It would be
well to stock our Georgia ponds and streams with them, wherever for
any cause the supply is running short.
'We append the report of the Fish Commissioner for 1900.
EEPOET OF FISH COMMISSIO^'EE.
Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agi^icuUure for Georgia:
Sir: — In-conformity to your request, I have the honor to submit my
annual report as Superintendent of Fisheries for the State of Georgia, for
the fiscal year ending September 30, 1900.
During the period covered by this report there has been a marked im-
provement in the observance. of the laws pertaining to fish throughout the
State. The distribution of the booklet, "Georgia Fish Laws," over the
State and the work of the Fish Wardens, has resulted in the accomplish-
ment to a large measure of the end desired. During this year the ^nola-
tions of these laws have been less than any former year. This is especially
noticeable in the inland counties. The number of fish has noticeably in-
creased. The abundance has. been remarked on by citizens throughout
the State. More fish have been used and sold, both on the coast and in-
land, than for years past.
The following statistics taken from the latest authority are given to
show the amount involvel and interested in the fisheries :
"In 1897, 1,869 persons Avere engaged in the fisheries of Georgia —
159 in the vessel fisheries, 1,245 boat fishermen, and 465 shoresmen.
The investment in the fisheries amounted to $284,864. Fifty-one vessels
were employed, worth, with their outfit, $28,833, and 680 boats, valued
at $20,277. The apparatus of capture was valued at $17,898, while tli©
shore projDerty and cash capital amounted to $217,856.
"The yield of the fisheries of this State was 4,995,100 pounds, worth
$170,605. The most important items in the fisheries of Georgia are
oysters, the yield being valued at $86,709, and shad, the value of which
w^as $46,705. The catch of teiTapin was valued at $11,254, and sturgeon
at $4,060. The value of products, when compared with that of 1890,
shows an increase of $47,042."
The Superintendent wishes especially to commend the work done by
the Fish Wardens throughout the State. They have shown interest and
activity, and have succeeded veiy effectually in enforcing the laws. The
compensation provided for these Wardens by the Code is "one-half of
the fines and forfeitures imposed by the court and paid by the violators."
Under the construction which has been placed on these words, when they
have been construed, the Wardens get nothing when, the defendant is
sent to the chain-gang in default of paying his fine. This works a mani-
fest injustice, I would ree£>mmend that these Wardens be paid the same
/.'// I'lrmhfion.
Ill i; (;i;( >K< ;i a i'a kiui i>«!1';.
].':■,, Ill ;i p.iiiiiiiii:- by llnl Mnnis.m. ..f Ail;iiil;i. (',:\.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 329
proportion of the amount realized from the hiring out of a defendant to
a chain-gang, where he docs not pay the fine, as is given the Warden
when the fine is paid. The hibor performed by these men in seeming
the con^dction of criminals and the enforcing of the laws makes this just
And the provision should be the same,, whether the money comes directly
from the payment of the fine or from the hiring out of the defendant.
During this year I have distributed over the State more than one
thousand copies of the Georgia Fish Laws. The good which has already
resulted from the publishing of this booklet is gi'eat and will continue.
In many counties the wardens have reported to me that, with the distri-
bution of these laws, violations have practically ceased. An addendum
has been prepared giving the public and local laws enacted by the last
legislature. I will be glad to furnish upon request either this addendum
or the Fish Laws of those wishing. The large demand already made for
copies evidences the interest in and appreciation of the pulication.
Although no systematic effort has been made to investigate the vari-
ous streams and lakes stocked with new varieties of fish, this office is in
constant receipt of infonnation showing the result of their introduction.
The United States has established a fish cultural station at Cold Springs,
BuUochville, Ga., and there some of the fishes most suitable to the warm
waters of the South Atlantic and Gulf States will be propagated. The
results of this, I believe, will be most gratifying.
The expenses of this department from October 1st, 1899, to October
1st, 1900, have been $56.3-1, as shown by the attached itemized state-
ment.
(See Exhibit A.) Very Eespectfully,
A. T. DALLIS,
Superintendent of Fisheries, State of Georgia.
I
GAME.
Game also abounds in almost eveiy part of Georgia. In the mountains
and valleys, in fields or wood, lagoon or swamp, or mid the extensive
stretches of pine forests are found many kind of birds, the squirrel, hai-e
and opossum. In the proper season the echoes resound with the report
of the shotgun, the favorite weapon of those who seek the quail (or ])ar-
tridge), the dove and field lark, or the rice bird of the swamps and
marshes.
In favored sections are found the snipe and woodcock, while in others
the wild turkey, a nobler game, falls a victim to tli(> Inintor's shotgun
or rifle. In Northern Georgia or in the woods of the southern portion
of the State, stalk the stately deer, which are cspcciiilly numerous among
the islands of Okefinokee Swamp, where also dwell tlic hnw, otter, wild-
cat and panther. To the sportsman who does not object to hunting in
water and muck, or to carrying liis food and bl:ink(>ts on his bade, Okeli-
nokee is a paradise of delights. But to him who prefers to hunt amid
330 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
pleasanter surroundings, some of the older localities give ample scope
for the enjoyment of liis favorite pastime.
In Chatham county, which was settled 168 years ago, the deer yet
roam the woods, and almost any winter day one can be started on the
edge of the Ogeechee swamps. A dozen or more of Savannah's hunters
each winter make a specialty of deer-shooting. Every now and then they
return from a hunt with a big buck or a fat doe strapped to their buggies.
For many generations have men been shooting them, and yet there are
many survivors who continue to afford the hunter "lots and loads of fun."
ISTear Savannah regular hunters follow the dog for quail, or trail up
the creeks for duck, or on the islands of the river and along the edges of
the rice fields, bring down with unerring aim doves and partridges, snipe
and woodcock. In one of the large game preserv^es below Savannah
pheasants have been colonized.
Jekyl, one of the loveliest of Georgia's beautiful sea islands, belongs to
a club which has stocked its woods with game and has the exclusive
right to hunt on the island or fish in its waters. The owners of this island
enjoy beautiful scenery, ocean beaches and charming forest drives.
CHAPTER XIL
MAXUFACTUKES.
Georgia stands in the front rank of the Southern States in the variety,
extent and value of her manufacturing establishments, without consider-
ing the question of her leadership in any one particular line. Long be-
fore the civil war the prominence of the State in railroad construction
and manufactures gained for her the proud title which she still worthily
bears, ^'Empire State of the South." Some of her leading manufacturing
enterprises began far back in the thirties and steadily grew in extent and
variety. Many of the small industries, such as shops for making brooms,
buckets and boxes, were early introduced. The larger ones, such as cot-
ton and woolen factories, iron works, tanneries, saw, flour and grist mills,
lumber and planing-mills for making doors, blinds, sashes and almost all
descriptions of carpentry, were found in many localities, especially in or
near the larger towns. Although agTiculture was the leading pursuit,
many enterprising men were engaged in manufactures and their number
was steadily increasing. Georgia was no laggard in the march of progress,
suddenly aroused from long slumber by the rude shock of arms, and
taught in the school of adversity to turn her attention to other industries
besides those of planting. The thoughts of her ^vide-awake business
men had long been turned to manufactures and commerce, as important
colaborers with agriculture in the development of their beloved State,
and many of the most influential men of Georgia, some of them planters
of large means, were stockholders and directors of cotton and woolen
factories, flour, grist and saw-mills. The rattle of looms and whir of
spindles were heard in our growing cities and towns. Manufacturing
villages sprang up near good water-powers, in solitudes that had never
yet been pierced by the whistle of the locomotive. The same spirit,
which is making Georgia great to-day, was abroad in the land then. Tho
rapid growth of our cities had already commenced. We see the evidence
of this in "White's "Historical Collections of Georgia," published in
1854, where we find the following reference to what is now our gi'catest
city: "Atlanta has had a growth unexampled in the history of the South.
It is the point at which the Western and Atlantic, the Macon and West-
em and tho Georgia railroads connect." Then ]\[r. White gives a state-
(331)
332 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ment from Jonathan Iforcross, Esq., a few extracts from whicli are here
given: "Population of Atlanta not precisely known, but placed by none
under 4,500 and still increasing There is in this city one
steam flouring-mill, investment $35,000, the operation of which may
be placed at $150,000 per annum. One iron foundry and machine shop
— cash operations $20,000 per annum. There are three carriage and
wheelwright shops, two large tanneries, one large shoemaking establish-
ment, two large tanneries and shoe-establishments in course of construc-
tion. In addition to the Georgia Railroad and State machine shops,
which employ large numbers of workmen, one car-shop is now going up
as a private enterprise — investment $30,000."
Mr. White then goes on to enumerate "the Winship establishment for
making railroad cars, with a capital of $20,000; the Atlanta Tanning
company — proprietors, Alexander and Orme, with a capital of $20,000 —
hides handled by machinery, propelled by steam — connected with which
establishment were a grist-mill and patent circular saw-mill, lathe and
shingle machine; the Atlanta Machine Company turning out $12,000
worth of work per annum,"
The railroads and manufactures which were then laying the foun-
dations of a great city in what a few years before was a wilderness, were
the fruits of Georgia enterprise. The same agencies were at that very
time putting new life into the older cities, Augusta, Macon, Columbus
and Athens. It may be news to some that the period of Atlanta's most
wonderful development and most rapid growth was between 1850 and
1860. The child of railroads and manufactures, she grew at a tremen-
dous pace, which no subsequent decade of her history has paralleled, and
was an important factor, as she is still, in winning for Georgia a reputa-
tion for energy, pluck and enterprise.
In the whole State there were in 1850 1,522 manufacturing establish-
ments, of which 35 were cotton-miUs, several of these being also en-
gaged in the production of woolen fabrics for the sole manufacture of
which there w^ere three mills. The other entablishments were divided
among the various manufactures which minister to the needs of every
civilized community. The total value of the products of all manufacto-
ries was $7,082,075. The total number of establishments at each suc-
ceeding decade is: in 1860, 1,890; in 1870, 3,836; in 1880, 3,593; in
1890, 4,283.
The total value of their products has shovm a steady increase, being
for 1860, $16,925,564; for 1870, $31,196,115; for 1880, $36,440,948;
for 1890, $68,917,020. In 1880 the 24,875 laborers employed received
$5,266,152 in wages; in 1890 the 56,383 laborers were paid $17,312,126.
HON. .MARK A. COOPKU,
A Pioneer in Goor^'ia M;iniir;i((iiriM.ir Enterprises juul First Presi-
dent of llie (Jt'orjria A^M-i<-iiltnr;i! Sdcicty, the inliiUMico ol'
wliicli organization was largely instrnnieiital in tlie
establishment oC the State Department i>r A^'ii-
enllnre.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 335
The material consumed was valued as follows: $24,143,939 in ISSO;
$35,774,480 in 1890.
If the ratio of increase between 1890 and 1900 was as great as that
between 1880 and 1890, we would have for the number of all manu-
facturing establishments in 1900, 5,113; the total value of tlieir prod-
ucts, $139,509,926; the number of laborers, 187,000; their wages,
$58,861,228; and the value of the material consumed, $51,552,000.
If the official figaires for 1900 can be obtained in time, they will
appear in the Appendix ; if not, they will be published later.
The growth in the textile industries of the whole Union during the
last ten years is remarkable; but the most wonderful part of it is the
progress of the South in cotton manufacturing.
According to figures collected by the Boston Textile World, the Il^orth
had, in 1890, 12,721,341 spindles and the South 1,828,982. Xow the
Xorth has 15,242,554 spindles, w^hile the South has 5,815,429. The
increase in the South for the last decade is therefore 217 per cent, and
for the North 19.8 per cent. South Carolina comes third in the Union,
right after Massachusetts and Ehode Island, with 1,794,657 spindles.
ISTorth Carolina is fourth with 1,429,540 spindles; New Hampshire fifth
with 1,343,923 and Georgia sLxth with 1,218,504. Of the Southern
States Georgia ranks as third in number of spindles.
Cotton Mills. — In 1827 Augustin S. Clayton, Thomas Moore, Asbury
Hull, James Johnson and W. A. Carr, began the erection of the first
cotton-mill south of the Potomac, which was also among the first in the
United States. In 1833 John White became superintendent of what
was then called the Georgia Factory, and to-day his descendants own
this mill, known as White's Factory.
By 1852 two mills, which long outranked all others in the State in
size and product, had been constructed. One was the Augusta Cotton
Factory at Augusta, the other, the Eagle stills of Columbus. The
former of these was first operated in 1847 and was located on the Augusta
Canal, which being completed the same year and greatly enlarged in
1875, gives to that city a magnificent water-power, and aft'ords splendid
sites for factories and mills, of which the citizens of Augusta have not
been slow to avail themselves. For on the banks of the canal tlicro are
now seven other factories. Yet not more than one half of llic water-
power of the canal has been taken up. The Eagle IMills (now known as
the Eagle and Phoenix, with more than double their original capacity),
built in 1851, were first operated in 1852, and have always manufactured
both cotton and woolen goods, l^lwwy nulls for the luaimfacturo of both
these fabrics were built at many points in (ho State where good water-
336 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
powers were available. The cotton and woolen mills at Roswell, on the
Chattahoochee in Cobb county, were famous in the early fifties, their
goods being held in high esteem and finding a ready sale in Tennessee,
Alabama and Georgia. During the civil war the Roswell factory suj)-
plied good woolen cloth for suits for gentlemen and ladies.
In good locations with no available water-power, steam cotton-mills
were erected, which paid good dividends to their stockholders. These
facts, with the additional knowledge that factories of many kinds were
in operation in Georgia, with their number and variety rapidly increas-
ing between 1850 and 1860, show conclusively that those are greatly in
error who imagine that Georgia's manufacturing enterprise is of post-
bellum birth. The four years' conflict of arms between the E^orth and
South checked somewhat, though not entirely, enterprises of this kind.
In the wake of Sherman's army the mills at Roswell, Madison and Eaton-
ton were committed to the flames, as was nearly every other mill of any
kind along its desolating march. And yet in 1870, or flve years after the
close of hostilities, Georgia had 34 cotton-mills in operation, one more
than in 1860, and 85,602 spindles, or 416 more than in 1860. By 1880
the number of cotton-mills in Georgia had increased to 40, with 198,656
spindles, and by 1890 to 53, with 445,452 spindles. The capital invested
in 1880 was $6,348,657, with a product valued at $6,481,894. In 1890
the capital had increased to $17,664,675 and the product to $12,635,629.
In 1880 the Georgia mills consumed 71,389 bales of cotton, and in 1890,
145,869. In 1880 the average number of employees was 6,215, who
received in wages $1,135,185, while in 1890 10,530 employees received
$2,366,086. By 1896 the total amount invested in Georgia in the manu-
facture of cotton textiles exceeded $25,000,000. In 1889 there were in
the United States 74 machines for printing cloth, of which 44 were in
Massachusetts. Only three were located in the South and they were in
Georgia. In the manufacture of higher grade cotton goods, Georgia
stood in the front of the States of the South, being the only one of them
that furnished any bleached yams.
Georgia and South Carolina were the only Southern States at that
time bleaching cloth. The total amount bleached was in South
Carolina, 2,438,468 square yards, and in Georgia 7,593,950 square yards.
Another fact to be noted is that, while ISTorth Carolina had 91 mills in
1890 and Georgia 53, the value of the product of ISTorth Carolina's mills
was $9,563,443, of the Georgia mills $12,635,629, and of the South
Carolina mills $9,800,798.
According to a report on "Cotton Movement and Fluctuations," by
Latham, Alexander & Co., bankers and commission merchants of New
York, in which they cover the period from 1894 to 1899, Georgia had
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
337
for the season of 1898-9 a total of 67 cotton-mills, with 696,394 spindles.
These mills consumed 280,177 bales weighing 129,140,837 pounds.
The report says
"Southern cotton-mills have likewise enjoyed a more prosperous sea-
son than the previous one, especially since the first of January. They
were in better condition than iSTorthern spinners even during the last
quarter of 1898. But since 1899 began, their use of the raw material
has appreciably increased and the margin of profit has been wider. These
changes are the natural result of the more active consumption of goods.
In very many instances Southern mills have found it necessaiy to keep
in operation night as well as day to prevent a too rapid accumulation of
orders. There is as yet no sign of a check in this development. On the
contrary, it is the general opinion among Southern manufacturers with
whom we have been in correspondence, that the future outlook is ex-
tremely bright."
For the year from September 1, 1899, to September 1, 1900, the
growth of the cotton industry in Georgia was beyond all precedent. Many
new mills were put ia operation and many others were in process of con-
struction on September 1, 1900. By January 1, 1900, there were in opera-
tion in Georgia 75 mills with 913,346 spindles, and 21,903 looms. The
value of these factories was $15,614,000. By September 1, 1900, there
had been completed 12 new factories and 24 others were approaching
completion.
The following factories were in operation on January 1, 1900:
LOCATION AND NAME OP COMPANY.
Kqui
pment
Jan. 1. I!00. 1
rr.
i>
o
.S
o
Pt
^
X
Alice — Harmony Mills
Aragon — Aragon Mills .
Athens — Athens Manufacturing Company
Athens — Georgia Manufacturing Company
Athens — Mai tison Braided Cord Company
Athens — Princeton Manufacturing Company
Athens — Star Thread Company
Atlanta — Annestovvn Cotton Mills
Atlanta — Atlanta Cotton Mills
Atlanta — Exposition Cotton Mills
Atlanta— Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills.
Atlanta — Whittier Mills (Chattahoochee)
Augusta — Augusta Factory
Augusta — Enterprise Manufacturing Company . . . .
Augusta — Globe Cotton Mills
Augusta — Jsaetta Mills
Augusta — .J. P. King Manufacturing Company
Augusta — Sibley Manufacturing Company
Augusta — Sutherland Mills
Augusta — Warwick Cotton Mills
Banning — Ilutclieson Manufacturing Company
Barnesville — Harncsviile Manufacturing Company.
Beverly — Pearl Cotton Mills
450
350
"5
100
()
540
143:}
1200
1000
028
lU
150
IS 12
1400
224
800
20000
10000
11048
2000
4000
(iOOO
2:i00
ISOOl)
4tiO()0
45000
10000
:]:>{ 11 )( t
33000
1728
4100
(102SS
43200
8800
4100
5000
12410
7-')00
*$ 25,000
200,000
125.000
* 250,000
•10,000
10(\000
lAO.OOO
* 50,000
300,000
5(X).0(K)
250,000
]50,0(X1
000,000
751), 000
25.000
25,01 0
1,000,000
000,000
35,000
25,000
* 00,000
•» 120.000
* |||,(MI0
338
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
LOCATION AND NAME OP COMPANY.
Equip
ment
Jaii.l, 19C0. 1
m
<D
n
o
,^
q
^
J
GC
Oedartown — Cedar town Cotton Company
Columbus — Clegg Manufacturing Company
Columbus— Eagle and Phenix Mills
Columbus — Hamburg Cotton Mills
Columbus — Muscogee Manufacturing Company
Columbus — Swift Manufacturing Company
Cornelia — Porter Manufi'.cturing Company
Commonwealth — Christian Commonwealth
Covington — Porterdale Mills
Dalton— Crown Cotton Mills
DeBruce — Phoenix Factory
Dennard — Houston Factory
Elberton— Swift's Cotton Mill
Forsyth — Forsyth Manufacturing Company
Gainesville — Georgia Manufacturing Company ,
Griffin — Griffin Manufacturing Company
Griffin— Kincaid Mill
Griffin— Spalding Cotton Mills
Griffin— Rushton Mills
Harmony Grove — Harmony Grove Mills
Hartwell — Witham Cotton Mills
High Shoals — High Shoals Manufacturing Company.
Jackson — Pepperton Cotton Mills
Jewell's — Jewell Cotton Mills
Lafayette — Union Cotton Mills
LaGrange — Dixie Cotton Mills
LaGrange-LaGrfinge Mills
LaGrange— Park Mills
Lindale — Massachusetts Mills in Georgia
Macon — Bibb Manufacturing Company
Macon— Manchester Manufacturing Company
Macon — Payne Cotton Mills
Macon— Willingham Cotton Mills
Monroe— Monroe Cotton Mills
Newnan — Newnan Cotton Mills
Palmetto— Palmetto Cotton Mills
Potterville — Taylor Manufacturing Company
Raccoon Mills — Raccoon Manufacturing Company. .
Rome — Rome Cotton Factory
Roswell — Laurell Mills Manufacturing Company. . . .
Roswell — Roswell Manufacturing Company
Sargent — Wahoo Manufacturing Company
Savannah— Savannah Cotton Mills
Shoal Creek— Shoal Creek Mills
Toccoa — Toccoa Cotton Mills
Trion Factory — Trion Manufacturing Company
Union Point — Union Point Manufacturing Company
Waleska— Little River Mills
Waymanville — Wayman Cotton Mills
West Point— Lanett Cotton Mills
Whitehall — Georgia Manufacturing Company
Whitehall— Whitehall Yarn Mills
116
1754
210
450
423
80
5
80
350
"60
174
593
430
236
150
156
102
150
160
121
212
354
75
25
1726i
534
"87
'164
106
67
120
160
1422
76
1500
2360"
47152
600^
1300^
1300^
600*J
'eooO
lOOOO
51 OO
224O
704O
6OOO
3300
15000
12552
9000
5000
4160
80.0
5000
5400
4000
6780
20000
10000
1600
51264
25000
10000
3328
7500
5200
10000
6000
2300
3400
5136
12600
3000
7736
2200
5000
49936
400
640
340S
56000
1200U
2500
$ 350,000
36,000
750,000
100,000
157,500
250,000
* 125,000
2,500
* 100,000
* 180,000
100,000
* 60.000
* 100,000
* 50,000
» 50,000
* 400,000
* 320,000
200,000
100,000
* 100,000
* 40,000
* 150,000
160,000
75,000
100,000
350,000
157,400
25,000
1,000,000
1,417,000
100,000
* 50,000
100,000
* 100,000
* 70,000
50,000
75,000
164,700
* 98,500
« 55,500
262,000
48,000
150,000
30,000
* 61,000
» 600,000
* 50,000
* 10,000
63,000
500,000
* 120,000
* 75,000
Totals (47 towns, 75 mills) 22,289 927346 $15,914,000
* All Georgia capital.
The following new mills were completed or aj)proaching completion on
September 1, 1900:
!-#
■#.'?*
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1 a
l^
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7 ~
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GEORGIA: Hlt^TORICAL A^^D IXDVSTRIAL.
341
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o -«1
342
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SUMMARY.
Mills in operation January 1, 1900.
Mills built 1899-1900
Total mills
75
36
111
Value of factories in operation $15,914,000
Value of factories building 4,775,000
Total value of factories $20,089,000
Spindles in operation January 1 , 1900 927,346
Spindles installed in new mills 265,140
Total number of spindles 1,192,486
22,289
Looms in operation January 1, 1900
Looms installed in new mills
Total number of looms
Cities and towns with mills January 1, 1900.
Cities and towns with new mills
4,356
26,645
47
36
Total of cities and towns with mills.
83
Capital of organized and proposed mills . . . .$ 1,757,000
The Division of Statistics of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, after a more thorough and searching investigation than ever be-
fore in regard to the growth of cotton spinning in the South, published
in 1901 the following table prepared by Mr. John Hyde:
PROGRESS OF COTTON SPINNING IN THE COTTON STATES.
Number ol Spindles.
No. of Mills in Operation.
New Mills, 1900.
States.
1890
1900
1890
1897-
1898
1898-
1899
38
3
3
5
79
1899-
1900
Com
pleted,
etc.
Pro-
jected.
Total.
Alabama
Arkansas
Louisiana
Missouri
79,234
1
j- a 66,980
J
445,452
437,200
r 17,160
J 62,222
15,744
I 60,876
969,364
2,000
68,730
88,584
1,264,509
1,693,649
155,997
105,452
13
1
2
1
1
53
37
2
3
3
4
77
44
4
5
4
6
86
1
10
10
190
93
32
15
5
1
3
5
10
1
3
Texas
Georgia
3
28
3
13
6
4l
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina . .
South Carolina.. .
Tennessee
Virginia
42,942
57,004
837,786
332,784
97,524
94,294
5
9
91
34
20
9
11
7
161
76
29
15
425
11
7
169
80
29
17
7
. 28
25
5
2
6
2
3
9
34
27
8
Total
1,554,000
5,001,487
239
444
500
105
34
139
a Total for Arkans.is, Louisiana, Missouri and Texas; details for each State not given in census
report of 1890.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
343
The increase in the number of mills in each State from 1899 to 1900
is: Alabama 6, Arkansas 1, Georgia 7, Kansas 1, Louisiana 2, Mississippi
3, Missouri 1, Xorth Carolina 21, South Carolina 13, Tennessee 3, and
Texas 1; total, 59. The records of the Department show, as is seen bj
the above table, 105 new mills completed in 1900, of which number
Georgia is credited with 28. The report of the Division of Statistics says
moreover: "Thirty-four additional mills are projected, that is, companies
have actually been organized and are making preparations to build." Of
these 34 Georgia is credited with 13, or more than double the number in
any other State.
Of the next table taken from this same report the following state-
ment is made: "All the figures are based upon actual statements made
by the officials of the mills in operation, which include woolen as well as
cotton-mills, showing their monthly purchases dunng the season, their
statements having been revived at the close of the year. Of the 501 mills
not a single one failed to report, either to the Department directly or to-
the Department's special agent detailed for this work,"
COMPAKATIVE MILL STATISTICS FOR 1898-99 AND 1899-1900.
[In commercial bales.]
STATES
Number of Mills
1898-99
1899-1900
Bales Purchased
1898-99
1899-1900
Per Cent, of In-
crease or Decrea.«e
of Bales Purchased
Increase Decrease
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
North Carolina. . .
South Carolina. . .
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
Utah and Kansas
Total
38
3
79
11
8
7
3
169
80
29
5
17
1
445
44
4
86
10
5
10
4
190
93
32
6
15
501
121,128
3,288
281,527
25,447
18,749
21,650
3,017
374,891
466,181
36,358
17,156
44,502
34
154,841
2,394
318,302
26,008
15,695
21,440
3,720
442,508
489,559
34,882
16,868
44,595
186
;7.8
13.
9
1,413.928 1,570,998 11.1
23.3
18.0
5.0
0.2
447.0
27.2
16.3
1.0
4.1
1.7
The following table shows the cotton crop of each State for the season
of 1899-1900, the amount of cotton purchased by the mills of each State,
the amount taken by the mills of one State from tlic crop of another,,
etc.:
344
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
CKOPS AND MILL CONSUMPTION, 1899-1900.
[Commercial bales.]
STATES
Crops
Total
mill con-
sumption
Taken
by mills
from other
States
Per cent.
of State's
production
taken by
mills -with-
in the
State
Per cent. of
mill con-
sumption
taken from
other
States
Alabama
Arkansas
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
North Carolina. .
South Carolina. .
Tennessee
Texas
Utahar:d Kansas
Virginia
1,005,313
154,841
669,885
2,394
1,345,699
318,302
24
26,008
699,476
15,695
1,203,739
21,440
17,275
3,720
503,8:^5
442,508
830,714
489,559
192,263
34,882
2,438,555
16,868
214
186
8,007
44,595
18,929
64
16,269
26,008
262
3,720
148,4«7
119,100
13,187
60
43,570
14.0
0.3
22.4
2.2
1.8
58,
44
11.
0.
12.8
9.0
2.7
5.1
100.0
1.2
100.0
33.6
24.3
37.8
97.7
Woolen-Mills. — The woolen industiy of Georgia has been subject to
considerable fluctuation. The first woolen factory in the State was re-
ported in 1840. The niunber increased to three in 1850, eleven in 1860,
and 46 in 1870. The capital invested also showed a steady increase dur-
ing the same period, reaching the maximum of $936,585 in 1870.
With the decline of sheep-raising and wool-producing in Georgia, came
a falling off in the number of mills and the capital invested in them,
and in 1880 there were 32 mills with a capital of $180,733, and products
valued at $239,390. In 1890 the number of establishments engaged in
the manufacture of woolen goods in Georgia was 18, of which 4 were
equipped with machines for making hosiery and other knit goods, and
the rest with spindles and looms for the production of woolen cloth, such
as jeans, doeskins, kerseys, satinets, cassimeres, and cheviots. Though
the number of mills was less than in any other decade since 1860, the
capital invested, $420,033, was larger than that reported at any census
except that of 1879, and the value of the product, $340,095, is clear be-
yond that of 1880.
Labor. — By reason of her climate the cost of living in the South is
much less than at the ISTorth. In Georgia the laborer can live in comfort
for less money. Hence he can, without injustice to himself and family,
work for smaller wages.
According to the report of the United States Commissioner of Labor
in 1891, the average expenditures of each individual amounted in Geor-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AA^D INDUSTRIAL. 347
gia, to $94.26, and in Massachusetts to $177.93. The detailed statement
of the Commissioner as to the condition of families and their indulgences
in the comforts of life proves that the difference in the cost of living was
not due to the failure of the Georgia operative to provide healthful food
and the comforts of home, a^either does Georgia labor under any dis-
advantage from lack of ability on the part of the native Southern mill
operative. The factory hands employed in the cotton and woolen-mills
of Georgia are nearly all American, mostly natives of the Southern
States. They have up to this time shown great aptitude for their work,
and soon become skilled and proficient laborers.
Although of late years there has been a wonderful groAvth in Georgia
in the manufacture of higher grade fabrics, the improvement of the
native workman has kept pace with this gi'owth. The marvelous increase
of the number of mills and spindles in Georgia during the last two years
gives assurance that this State with unsurpassed advantages and induce-
ments will continue either to lead or to stand in the front rank of this
great and wonderful advancement.
"With the splendid advantages for sheep-hiisbandiy offered by Georgia
there is no reason why there should not be raised in this State millions
of these wealth-producing animals, whose wool would build up a milling
industry rivaling in extent that of cotton, and increasing immensely the
prosperity of the people and the revenues of the State.
Silk Factories. — An industry which in the last few years has grown
rapidly in the United States is the manufacture of silk. In 1890 there
were 718,360 spindles and 20,822 looms. In 1900 there were 1,420,2-15
spindles and 48,246 looms. It is mostly confined to the northern States;
but Virginia and North Carolina have entered this field, each with
30,000 spindles. ISTorth Carolina has also 1,455 looms, and Virginia 350.
Although Georgia was originally intended to be a silk-producing country,
at this time the State is taking no part in this business. Yet the found-
ers of the colony of Georgia thought that its chief industry would be
the production of raw silk. General Oglethorpe in speaking of the pos-
sibilities of the colony said: "It must be a weak hand indeed, that can-
not earn bread where silkwkorms and white mulberry-trees are so plenti-
ful." Perhaps at some future day Georgia will realize in this industry
the expectations of its founders.
Colton seecl Oil Mills. — The value of the cotton seed, as food for stock,
for oil and for fertilizing purposes, was long unknown. When the farm-
er had gathered his cotton and ginned out the seed, he baled the lint and
sold it for the best price that it would bring, and tlionglit that ho liad re-
ceived all the possible profit of his crop. "No longer is this the case.
]« ga
348 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Among the faiiner's profits aiow must be counted those derived from the
sale of his cotton seed, for which the rapidly increasing cotton seed-oil
mills have created a great demand. This by-product of the cotton is
worth to the farmers of Georgia millions of dollars annually. Not even
the cotton factory, whose coming to the fields, is hailed as a harbinger
of good to the planter, is more closely allied to the agricultural interests
of Georgia than the mills that untilize the seed, once held in such poor
esteem. They furnish to the farmer the meal, the cakes and hulls, a
cheap and wholesome food for all farm animals, supply him with an ex-
cellent fertilizer, and g-ive him in the cotton seed-meal a material largely
used by the manufacturer of fertilizers to supply nitrogen in his chem-
ical fertilizer. This meal the farmer can use upon his fields either alone
or in the compost heap, thus giving to them that most costly of all plant
foods, nitrogen.
The oil extracted at these mills has many uses. The crude oil, often
refined, is known as summer oil. A prime, summer, yellow oil, also called
butter oil, is used in making oleomargarine, butterinei, cottolene, etc. A
selected yellow oil, subjected to cold pressure, becomes a salad oil, and ia
used in cooking. Bleached summer oil, also known as summer white oil,
is used for making compoimd lard and similar articles. When this same
oil has been cold pressed, it is called winter white oil, and is used in
minei-s' lamps and for making various medicinal compounds. The ordi-
nary summer yellow oil is used for tempering steel and other manufac-
turing purposes.
Cotton seed oil ranks next to spenn for pui-poses of illumination. It is
however, in greatest demand as a food oil, and has to a considerable ex-
tent taken the place of olive oil. The stearine which is left on the
cloths in the filter press, when the oil is refined, is used in making butter,
lard and candles.
We can easily see that the cotton seed-oil mill is a very important in-
dustry in Georgia. The farmer has a sure market for all his seed not
needed in planting. As we have said in a previous chapter, for every
pound of lint cotton there are two pounds of cotton seed, which is sold at
$6, $11, and even $24 a ton.
In 1880 there were no cotton seed oil-mills in Georgia. By 1890 there
were 17, with a capital of $992,131, paying for material $1,298,421 and
giving a product valued at $1,670,196. By 1896 there were 20 of these
mills paying for seed $1,400,000 annually, and giving a product valued
at $1,800,000. In the year 1900, there were 52 active oil mills
with an approximate capital of $2,500,000, not counting money borrowed
on mortgages. These mills paid last year $5,000,000 for cotton seed
X'
J'i
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDISTRIAL. ^bl
alone, not counting other material necessary for manufacturing the raw
material into commercial products. The value of these products was for
last year $14,000,000 approximately. Six new mills are in process of
construction.
LIST OF GEORGIA ^IL MILLS.
Americus Oil Co., Americus, Ga., M. S. Harper, ]\Igr.
Athens Oil & Fert. Co., Athens, Ga., J. A. Smith, Pres., Abbeville,
S. C.
Arlington Oil & Fert. Co., Arlington, Ga.
Blackshear ILfg. Co., Blackshear, Ga.
Co-operative Mfg. Co., Forsyth, Ga., P. B. Maynard & Co., Mgrs.
Carrollton Oil j\lills, Carrollton, Ga., J. A. Aycock, Mgr.
Excelsior Mfg. Co., Washington, Ga., J. A. Benson, Pres.
Elberton Oil Mills, Elberton, Ga., A. E. Thornton, Pres., Atlanta, Ga.
Farmers Cotton Oil Mfg. Co., Locust Grove, Ga., A. G. Combs.
Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co., Fort Gaines, Ga.
Griffin Oil & Fert. Co., Griffin, Ga., Walker Bros.
Gainesville Oil Co., Gainesville, Ga., J. D. Woodsi ie, Pres.
Gate City Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., John Oliver, Pr
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., W. J. Mo cj, V-Pres.
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Macon, Ga., R. S. Pu..
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. H. Tayiur, Mgr.
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Eome, Ga., W. M. Towers, Mgr.
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Columbus, Ga., J. A. "Walker, Mgr.
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Albany, Ga., J. R. Forrester, Mgr.
Georgia Farmers Oil & Fert. Co., Madison, Ga., B. A. Warlick, Mgr.
Grovania Oil Co., Grovania, Ga.
Hardman Oil Co., Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Pres.
Interstate Cotton Oil Co., Augusta, Ga., J. D. Dawson, Mgr.
Jefferson Oil Mill, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, Pres.
Jackson Oil Mill, Jackson, Ga., H. M. Mallet, Pres.
Lathrop Oil Mills Co., Hawkinsville, Ga.
LaGrange Mills, LaGrange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, Pres.
Lavonia Cotton Oil Co., Lavonia, Ga., L. H. Meekin, Mgr.
Middle Ga. Oil & Fert. Co., Hogansville, Ga.
McBride Oil Co., Newnan, Ga., R. McBride & Co.
Macon Oil & Tee Co., Macon, Ga.
Milledgfvinc Oil Mills Millodgevillc, Ga., A. E. Thornton, P;-^.
Monroe Guano Co., Monroe, Ga., T. C. Mobley, Secy.
McCaw Mfg. Co., Macon, Ga., W. E. McCaw," Pres.
Mutual Oil Co., Macon, Ga., Mr. Gray.
Pf'lliam Oil ]\fill. Pf.lliam, Ga., or Hand Trading Co.
Rockflalo Oil tt Fertilizer Co., Conyers, Ga.
Smithonia Cotton Oil Infills, Smitlionia, Gii., J. M. Smilli, Prop.
Southern Cotton Oil Co., Savannali, Cm., L. W. ll;i<kc]], '^^i;r.
352
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Southern Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga., L. A. Eansom, Asst. Mgr.
Talbot Co. Oil Mills, Talbotton, Ga.
Yaldosta Guano Co., Valdosta, Ga.
West Point Oil Mills, West Point, Ga., D. H. Hickej, Mgr.
Wilkins & Jones, Waynesboro, Ga.
Waynesboro Oil Mill & Pert. Co., Waynesboro, Ga.
Cedartown Cotton Oil Co., Cedartown, Ga.
Conyers Oil Co., Conyers, Ga.
Dublin Oil Mills, Dublin, Ga.
Dawson Oil Mills, Dawson, Ga.
McBurney Oil & Pert. Co., Warrenton, Ga.
Walton Oil Co., Social Circle, Ga.
Washington Co. Oil Co., Tennille, Ga.
Cotton Ginning. — Of course every farmer must have recourse to a cot-
ton-gin in order to separate the lint from the seed. Cotton ginneries are
divided in the census reports into three general classes, viz. : those con-
ducted exclusively for the public; those conducted exclusively for the
plantation; those conducted for both the public and the plantation.
The following table gives the number and charecter of ginneries and
number of months operated for crop of 1899 by States and Territories:
number of months operated for crop of 1899-1900 by States and Terri-
tories:
States and Territories.
NUMBER OF GINNERIES.
Total.
Operated for-
The
public
only.
The
planta-
tion
only.
Both.
Average
number
of
months
in opera-
tion for
crop of
1899.
Total
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Indian Territory
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
North Carolina. .
Oklahoma
South Carolina. .
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
29,620
6,468
4,034
792
2,630
668
236
73
4,729
696
297
215
9
1
9
1
2,14s
190
3,976
519
56
40
2,.573
431
133
109
3,308
298
834
255
4,514
2,165
88
15
2,863
20,289
391
133
10
572
6
361
580
278
381
45
100
2,851
1,829
153
3,461
76
1
1
1,597
2,877
16
1,864
24
2,689
534
2,249
67
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 353
It will be seen that Georgia came first in 1899, in the total number
of ginneries, Texas second and Alabama third.
In 1879 a large percentage of the cotton crop of the United States was
handled by private ginneries, and their motive power consisted for the
most part of horses or mules, and their daily capacity was from three to
five bales.
The introduction of steam power has crowded out the primitive horse
ginneries to such an extent that they are now almost a thing of the past.
Of the 29,620 cotton ginneries in the United States in 1899, only
2,863, or less than 10 per cent., are reported as ginning exclusively for
the plantation, and a very smaU percentage of these are of the old-fash-
ioned horse-power variety.
Fertilizer Manufactories. — Georgia consumes more chemical fertiliz-
ers than any other State in the Union. With all her advantiiges for di-
versity of manufactures she ought to be the largest producer. She does
outrank all the Southern States in this industry, and always produces
enough to supply the needs of our own people if the entire products were
consumed in the State. But some of the Georgia farmers purchase fertili-
zer goods manufactured in other States, while a large part of the Georgia
product is shipped abroad and sold outside our borders. This business is
closely allied to that of the cotton seed-oil mill; for the cotton seed-meal
produced by the latter is extensively used for the purpose of supplying
nitrogen in the goods prepared by the fertilizer manufacturer.
In 1880 there were in Georgia only three fertilizer factories giving em-
ployment to 67 men who received $22,872 in wages, and produced goods
valued at $256,500. In 1890 there were 44 establishments with a total
capital of $5,501,881, in which 1,328 laborers were employed, whose
wages amounted to $484,889, and whose product amounted in vlaue to
$5,026,034.
In October, 1899, there were 110 fertilizer establishments of which
32 were also enlarged in the manufacture of cotton seed-oil. Besides those
were 30 establishments from other States, North and South, selling fer-
tilizers in Georgia. A special act of the legislature passed and approved
October 9, 1891, places all this business under the control of the com-
missioner of agriculture and protects the farmer from fraudulent fertili-
zers.
A special bill, approved July 22, 1896, also forbids the sale of any
cotton seed-meal that is shown by the official analysis to contain less than
7^ per cent, of ammonia, provided this shall not apply to long-stapld
cotton, the anal^-sis of which must show not less tlian 5| per cent, of
ammonia.
354 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
A third bill approved December 21, 1897, prescribes the manner of
branding and grading commercial fertilizers.
In 1900 Georgia consumed 412,755 tons of fertilizers. The consump-
tion for 1901 amounted to about 478,000 tons, showing a considerable
increase.
Other Chemicals. — For the manufacture of other chemicals in Georgia
there were five other establishments in 1890 with a total product valued
at $680,497. Among the items enumerated were paints, varnishes, japana
and pharmaceutical preparations. This business has greatly increased in
every way within the last decade.
Lumber Manufacture. — This is one of the most extensive industries in
the State, and together with the tar and turpentine business has brought
into the cities of Savannah and Brunswick a vast quantity of material for
exportation, making the former of those cities the greatest lumber and
naval stores market in the world. The trade arising from these industries
adds much also to the prosperity of the smaller Georgia ports of Darien
and St. Marys. There were reported for the census of 1890 lumber
mills of all kinds in Georgia to the number of 516, whose total product
was placed at $9,855,067. Of these mills 434 were engaged in produc-
ing lumber and other mill products from logs pr bolts, while 82 were
planing-mills, manufacturing sashes, doors, blinds, boxes, and other plan-
ing-mill products, such as wood turned and carved and all kinds of car-
pentry material. The basis of this immense business is the far-famed
long-leaf pine of Southern Georgia, for which millions of feet of lumber
are annually marketed. Its durability and adaptability for every class of
building, interior decoration and many kinds of ornamental work, have
gained for it high esteem. In the Appalachian range through North
Georgia there are also extensive forests of hardwood trees, which are
comparatively undeveloped. In many of the counties there are bodies of
these trees from which the planing-mills gather material for the manu-
facture of furniture of all sorts. Between 1880 and 1890 there was a
very great increase in the planing-mill product. This increase was from
$737,200 to $3,548,972 within the decade. It has been estimated that
the valuation put upon the total lumber output of Georgia by the United
States census of 1890 was at least 50 per cent, short of the actual value.
Great difficulty attends the securing of exact reports.
Rosin and Turpentine. — This business depends on the long-leaf pine
of Southern Georgia, and is known as navel stores. The rosin is drawn
from the standing tree which, after the exhaustion of its sap, is cut down,
transported to the mill, and sawed into lumber. The increase in the out-
put of this business has kept pace with that of other industries of Geor-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
355
gia. The value of the entire product in 18S0 was $1,455,739. Bv 1890
it had more than doubled and amounted to $4,242,255.
When the trees have been removed there remains a cleared field well
suited to agricultural purposes, in some instances adapted to the raising
of the highest priced octton, the long-staple or sea-island variety, or other
staple crops. Especially are these fields fitted to the planting of market
gardens for raising fruits and vegetables, a business for which there is
an ever-increasing demand in the growing cities of our own State, or
those of the whole Atlantic coast from Brunswick, Georgia, to Boston,
in Massachusetts.
Considering the whole product of the pine forests together, there is
probably as much capital invested in it as in any other one interest, per-
haps more. An Atlanta capitalist purchased a tract of timber land in
South Georgia for which he paid $75,000. After having sold from it
enough lumber to pay for the property, he estimates that there remains
on it enough timber to bring him, when cut, $150,000. When the land
has been cleared at a big profit to himself he expects to use the tract for
f ruit-gi-owing or for general fanaiing purposes. This is only one example
among many of the great possibilities of Southern Georgia.
Furniture Factories. — This is a large and profitable business in Geor-
gia. According to the census of 1890 the capital invested in all lines
of this business amounted to $1,036,825, and the value of the products
for that year was $1,633,813. This industry has been greatly enlarged
during the last decade. The 13 establisments of the city of Atlanta
alone reported in 1897 an annual product worth $1,164,000. Much of
the furniture manufactured is of a high grade, and is largely sold in the
Eastern markets. This is especially true of Atlanta, whose furniture fac-
tories are always represented at the annual exhibit at Grand Rapids,
Michigan. The growth in this business in the last three years has been
very great.
Foundries. — Georgia has no great iron plants like those of Alabama
and Tennessee; and yet there is in the State a well developed iron indus-
try, in which a large capital is invested and from which large profits are
derived. The many foundries manufacture nuichinery, agricultural im-
plements, boilers, cotton-gins and castings. The census of 1890 showed
that there were in Georgia 52 iron foundries with a capital of $2,107,969
and an annual output valued at $2,272,653.
The cotton-gins and presses manufactured in Georgia are unrivaled.
Often the factories, working night and day, can hardly supply tlie de-
mand from every section of the South.
Ornamental Iron Works. — The business of miiking arcliitcctural and
356 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ornamental work from iron is of considerable importance and is on the
increase in Georgia. By the census of 1890 there were in the State
three factories for turning out this kind of work. The capital invested
in tlieni was $67,242 and their product was worth $110,075.
Iro7i and Steel. — One of the most notable features of the growth of
the iron and steel industry of the United States is the activity displayed
in the Southern States in the erection of iron-making plants. Steel-
making, though not wholly neglected, has not formed a prominent feat-
ure of this metallurgical development. Under the head of "iron and
steel industry," the census of 1890 reported for Georgia five establish-
ments which had at that time a capital of $908,243 and a product valued
at $471,357.
Blast Furnaces. — In speaking of the pig-iron industry of the South-
ern States the United States census report of 1890 said: "This section
has long been noted for the excellent character of the charcoal pig-iron
produced within its borders; but prior to 1880 attention was not espe-
cially directed to its extensive and easily worked deposits of iron ore, nor
to tlie advantages which the close proximity of coking coal and limestone
to these deposits afforded for the production of coke pig-iron at
low cost. During 1880 the Southern States produced 9.27 per cent, of the
aggregate pig-iron yield of the United States, but in 1890 the furnaces in
this section contributed 18.52 per cent, of the total output, the increase in
tonnage over 1880 being 423.52 per cent." According to the census of
1890 there were in the State of Georgia four blast furnaces T\ath a capi-
tal of $748,845, and an output valued at $339,422. "The pig-iron in-
dustry of Georgia," says the census report, "remained practically sta-
tionarv during the decade from 1880 to 1890." The gi'eater part of the
iron ere mined in Georgia is shipped beyond the State.
Carriage and Wagon Factories. — Under this heading are included
custom work and repairing. There were in 1890 as many as 129 of
these factories in Georgia, some of them doing the best grade of work.
The buggies manufactured at Barnesville enjoy a fine reputation.
The capital employed by these establishments in 1890 was $849,441
and their output was valued at $1,221,119. The number of establish-
ments, their capital and product have steadily increased in the last de-
cade.
In addition to these factories were several where carriage materials
were made.
The BlachsmitJiing and Wheelwrighting E stdblislimcnts, which ten
years ago numbered 331, with an aggregate capital of $245,721, turned
out annually work worth $265,315.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. .359
Car Shops. — Most of these are operated by the railway companies,
and are for construction and repairs. At some of them excellent box-
cars for freight and handsome passenger coaches are made. The num-
ber reported in 1890 was eleven, with a capital of $450,512, and doing
work worth $842,610. The rapid increase of business on the railroad
lines, and the constant need for new cars and for repairs to old ones, in-
sure constant employment for many hands in this kind of work.
Flour and Grist Mills. — The falling off in the cultivation of wheat
between 1880 and 1890 led to a corresponding decrease in the number
of mills, the capital invested, and the value of their products. During
that decade the numbers of mills decreased from 1,139 to 719,
their capital from $3,576,301 to $2,347,835, and their output showed a
corresponding decrease. A revival of wheat growing has commenced in
Georgia, and with it a revival of the milling industry. Many old mills
that had shut down have started up again, and new ones have been built.
The Bread and Bakery products are always in demand, whether the
flour used be imported or made at home. Hence the rapid increase in
the population of Georgia between 1880 and 1890 caused almost a triple
increase in these products for the same periods. Twenty-six establish-
ments with a capital of $118,450 and a product worth $464,162 had in-
creased to 76 establishments with a capital of $394,356, and products
worth $1,241,349.
Brick and Tile Manufactories. — The presence of so much excellent
material for the manufacture of brick in Georgia has led to the erection
of many establishments devoted to this industry, in which Georgia takes
high rank among the States of the South. The brick and tile manufac-
tories showed between 1880 and 1890 a very gratifying increase.
Although the 76 establishments of 1880 had been reduced to 61, the
capital of $212,600 had increased to $950,263, and the product of $409,-
025 had gi-own to $1,201,542. With the growth of cities and towns this
business is sure to increase.
Clay and Pottery Products. — In addition to brick and tiles there are
other products of clay, such as pottery, drain and sewer pipes, etc. For
the manufacture of the various articles from clay (exclusive of brick and
tiles), there were in Georgia in 1890 seventeen establishnicnts with an
aggregate capital of $229,269 and an annual output valued at $211,250.
There has been during the last decade a gi'atifying increase in this busi-
ness.
Ocher Mills and Paint Industry. — Ocher, the basis of paint, is one of
the mineral products of Georgia. The mining and shipment of yellow
ocher has become a considerable business in Bartow county. There are
3(^0 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
at Cartersville four mills for the handling of this material. The
shipment of ocher from this county for the year ending August 1,
1900, amounted to 4,500 tons, which, at the average price of $12.29 a
ton, amounted to $55,305. Superior natural advantages for the grind-
ing and mixing of ready mixed paints are enjoyed by the manufacturers
of these articles in Atlanta where the market for them is always good.
Ice Plants. — The factories for the manufacture of artificial ice, which
in 1890 numbered 16 with an aggregate capital of $487,534, have
greatly increased their capital and business and have with their much
cheaper products, run out of the markets of Georgia the imported natural
ice which in former years was sold at such high figures that.comparanvely
few jDeople could indulge in what was then an expensive luxury.
Electric Light Plants. — Although electric lighting had been intro-
duced into our large cities previous to 1890, no report of these plants
appeared in tlie eleventh census. There are now 50 of them in Georgia
brilliantly illuminating all our large cities and many of the smaller ones,
including towns of less than 8,000 inhabitants.
Electric Motors. — The electric plants furnish the motor-power for
propelling cars on the streets of cities, and in several instances giving to
the large cities such frequent and rapid connection with neighboring
towns and all the intervening country as to make of them practically
one community. All the large cities of Georgia and some of the smaller
ones have excellent systems of electric railroads.
Cras for Illuminating and Heating. — Before the days of electric lights
and motors, gas was the great illuminating power, and was long the best
dispenser of light in darkness for cities and towns. Although surpassed
in brilliancy by electricity, its days of usefulness are not yet ended even
in buildings where electric lights are used. Its utility as a supplier of
heat for household purposes is appreciated wherever the gas-stove is used
for warming offices, or for avoiding in summer the excessive heat of wood
or coal by means of the neat and convenient gas-stove. The million and
a half dollars invested for gas illuminating and heating in Georgia cities
and towns in 1890, still finds reason for the increase of its capital, and
abundant demand for the bestowal of its benefits upon the people.
Printing and Publishing. — l^or is Georgia a laggard in printing and
publishing, especially of newspapers and periodicals. Her many hun-
dred establishment, with capital and product nmning up into the mil-
lions, show the high position which she holds in this respect. Some of her
leading newspapers rank among the first in America and are found on
sale in the chief cities of the Union.
Marble and Stone WorTc. — Georgia marble and stones for building and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 3(31
for monuments, enjoy an enviable reputation throughout the whole
Union. In 1S90 under the heading given to this paragraph the United
States census gave the total value of products as $375,520. According
to Dr. Day, of the United States Geological Survey, the value of the
marble production for 1899 was $742,554, and of gi-anite $411,344.
This shows a wonderful and gratifying increase.
Ship-Building. — Georgia was also represented by this industry in the
census report of 1890, according to which four establishments "with a
capital of $156,100 turned out work valued at $126,300 for the year in
which the report was made.
Paving and Paving Materials. — In the manufacture of paving ma-
terials and in paving the $67,000 invested in 1890 showed a product
valued at $513,648, showing a splendid profit on the investment. This
business has also enjoyed a wonderful increase in the last decade.
Roofing, Etc. — Eoofing and roofing materials with a capital of $40,-
000 showed also a product of $180,960, while tin smithing, coppersmith-
ing ajid sheet iron w^orking for an investment of $282,770 reported a
product worth $528,814.
Carpenter Worh. — This is always in demand in to^^^l and country, and
the business is bound to increase with population and wealth. The value
of work runs up into the millions.
Other Industries. — Other industries that make a good showing in cen-
sus reports are factories for boots and shoes, brooms and brushes, cloth-
ing, cofiins, burial cases and undertakers' goods, dentists' materials, drugs,
perfumes and cosmetics, confectionery, cooperage, dyeing and cleaning,
hand stamps, leather, tanned and curried, lime and cement, liquors, dis-
tilled and malt, lock and gunsmithing, looking-glass and picture frames,
masonry, brick and stone, mattresses and spring beds, musical instru-
ments, millinery, painting and paper hanging, paper and paper bags,
plastering and stucco work, photography, plumbing and gas fitting, sad-
dlery and harness, shirt manufacturers, the manufacture of chewing and
smoking tobacco and snuff, manufacture of trunks and valises, umbrel-
las and canes, vinegar and cider, watch, clock and jewelry repairing and
wooden ware. All these manufactures of Georgia here bunched to-
gether, but stated separately in the census report on manufactures, rep-
resent a combined capital and a valno of products covering several
million dollars. Then the census enumerates a long string of small in-
dustries, some of which are baskets and willow ware, lithographing and
engraving, stereotyping, electrotyping, wire work, rope, cable, etc. To
name them all would require much space. Tliey represent altogether a
capital of nearly $2,000,000 and a ])roduct of more than $3,000,000.
362
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Canning Factories. — The canning and preserving of fruit made but
a small show in the census of 1890. But at the present time this has
become a great industry in the fruit sections of Georgia. The four can-
ning establishments of 1890 have increased to 10.
Creameries. — This is an industry which does not appear at all in the
census of 1890. But the growth of dairy farms in Georgia has created
new wants, and creameries are the result. There are now three of these
establishments, which purchase the products of the dairy farms and
manufacture butter and cheese.
The growth of the manufacturing interests of Georgia has been very
rapid within the last twenty years. Many old establishments have been
greatly enlarged, many new enterprises giving employment to thousands
of laborers have been established, and manufactures of all kinds have
increased to such a point, that scarcely any industry lacks representation.
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CHAPTER XIIL
EDUCATION IN GEORGIA.
In the earliest days of the colony of Georgia provision was made for
the education of the people. For this purpose the rents of certain lands
were set apart by the crown in every parish, as the counties were then
called, and good schools were established at Savannah and Augusta.
"When the Salzburgere settled at Ebenezer, the schoolmaster accompani-
ed the pastor, and education walked hand-in-hand ^\'ith religion. Educa-
tion received the careful attention also of the Puritan colonists who settled
in St. John's Parish, afterward known as Liberty county. Immediately
after the conclusion of the war of the Revolution the Legislature of
Georgia began to provide ways and means for the promotion of this great
interest.
Previous to the great civil war there was no system of public schools
in the State. But under the conditions then existing they were not the
necessity that they now are. Private schools and academies were numer-
ous, and were taught by excellent teachers who had to build up their
schools by their fidelity to duty and ability in their profession. The
greater part of the people were able to educate their children, and doing
so were careful to get their money's worth by patronizing teachei*s who
were thoroughly competent for the work undertaken. The instruction
of poor children was provided for by appropriations made by the legisla-
ture, and it was frequently so well managed that the pay pupil of a school
did not know who the beneficiaries were. In some of the cities there
were flourishing free schools, which were sometimes presided over by
teachers of such ability that the children of well-to-do parents were en-
rolled among the pupils.
Just before the war between the States steps were being taken for the
establishment of a system of public schools. What has been done in
Georgia on this line %vill be discussed farther on.
As far as the action of the State government is concerned the attempts
to promote the cause of education in Georgia began at the top and
worked downward. Immediately after the War of Independence (1784),
tr:e legislature of Georgia took measures for establishing a State TJniver-
eity. A charter for this purpose was granted on January 29, 1785. In
(3(jr,)
366 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ISTovember, ISOl, the site was selected, and G30 acres of land, on which
the flourishing city of Athens is now principally located, were sold off
in lots for the benefit of the college. This land was the gift of Governor
John Milledge. The first commencement exercise took place in May,
1804, on the present college campus, under an arbor formed of the
branches of trees. At first the institution was partly sustained by the rent
of lands given to it by the State. As this plan did not work well, the
lands were all sold, and payment was made in the notes of the purchasers,
secured by mortgage. By act of the legislature of December 16, 1815,
the governor was authorized to advance to the trustees any amount not
exceeding two thirds of the sum called for by these notes, and to receive
the notes in lieu of the same. The amount agreed upon was $100,000,
but as the money was not paid, this sum was regarded as a debt due to
the University by the State, and it was agreed that an 'annual interest of 8
per cent, should be paid upon the same. Accordingly the trustees of the
University have ever since received from the State the sura of $8,000 per
annum. Other amounts have been appropriated by the State for the
University as follows:
-From 1830 to 1841 the amount of $6,000 per annum, to replace
losses by fire in 1830; in 1875 the suan of $15,000 for furniture,
apparatus and general outfit of the State College of Agi-iculture
and the Mechanic Arts; a gift of $2,000 in 1881 for the purpose of
establishing free tuition, and another of $3,000 in 1883 for repairs. In
1854 Dr. Wm. Ten-ell, of Hancock county, bequeathed $20,000 to the
University; in 1873 the city of Athens presented it with $25,000 for tlie
erection of Moore College; in 1883 Senator Joseph E. Brown gave the
trustees $50,000, invested in 7 per cent, bonds of the State of Georgia,
the interest to be devoted to educating worthy young men unable to pay
their way. In 1866 the State of Georgia, by legislative enactment, ac-
cepted from the government of the United States the gift of 30,000 acres
of land for each senator and representative in Congress, and in 1872
Governor James M. Smith transferred the fund arising from the sale of
the lands to the trustees of the University of Georgia, who, in May of the
same year, opened and established the Georgia State College of Agricul-
ture and Mechanic Arts as an integral part of the University. In 1873
the Medical College of Augusta became one of the departments of the
State University.
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, ATHENS, GA.
GHtLS' DoK.MIIdltV. SiVli: \(ii:\L\l. Si'll<»"L, ATllLNS. (JA.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 339
DEPAETMEXT OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OE
GEORGIA.
The science of Agriculture and Horticulture is taught, with practical
illustration and experiment, in the School of Agriculture at the Uni-
versity of Georgia. This is one of the Departments of the State College
of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, which is presided over by Dr.
H. C. "White, and which, together ^\'ith Franklin College, presided over
by Dean D. C. Barrow, composes the University at Athens. The De-
partment of Agriculture is in charge of Prof. II. N. Starnes, a native
Georgian, familiar -with the agricultural situation in our State. He is
an alumnus of the University, and was formerly connected with the
Experiment Station at Griffin.
The Trustees have recently appropriated $5,000 to the Department
of Agriculture, and it is expected that ^rith this liberal expenditure
there will be rapid development and growth in the Department.
TWO COURSES.
Two courses are given in this Department; first, the full course, ex-
tending from the Freshman through the Senior year; second, the short
winter course, extending from January 1st to February 15tli of each
year. These two courses are fully described in the catalogues and in
circulars which will be sent on application to the office of the chancellor
of the University.
The following is a brief summary of the work done in the two courses:
THE FULL COURSE.
The study of the Freshman year is Botany, and is in the School of
Biology. Any student otherwise prepared to enter the Sophomore class
will be allowed to make up Botany in his Sophomore year. In the other
years the course covers the folloAving topics:
(a) Plant production.
(b) Soils (classification and composition, etc.), tillage, drainage, etc.,
fertilization, rotation of crops, etc.
(c) Farm crops, each in detail, ^\dth the parallel course in Agricul-
tural Chemistry, by Dr. II. C. White.
(d) Spraying.
(e) Animal Industry (breeding, feeding and care of live stock).
(f) Agrirultnral Technology (l)uttor and chccso making, canning,
syrup making, etc.).
370 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
(g) Horticulture (small fruits, orchard fruits, pruning, grafting,
packing, shipping, etc.).
(h) Terracing, road, bridge and fence construction.
This course, in connection with other studies (see catalogue), leads
to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.
THE SHORT WINTER COURSE.
This course, lasting for six weeks, and beginning January 1st, is in-
tended principally for farmers' sons and others who are unable to take
the full course.
1^0 fees of any sort are required. The time is fixed at the period
when such persons can best afford to be absent from the farm.
This course covers the most important topics of the full course. While
ihe selection of subjects is limited and the treatment necessarily brief,
it is believed that the students in this course will acquire the point of
view which will make all the difference between the empirical and the
scientific farmer.
Those who are interested in agricultural education in the State are
requested to send to the ofiice of the chancellor of the University the
names of farmers' sons and others who might be interested in this course.
Catalogues and other information will be sent to them.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE TEACHING.
The campus, the University farm and the Agricultural Museum
constitute the means for aiding the instruction, by means of illustration,
observation and experiment.
1. An area of about ten acres on the campus has been set apart to
the Department of Agriculture in order that the professor may have
close at hand a plat of gTOund sufficient to illustrate, in connection with
the lectures, all the processes of seed-growth, etc.
Dairying will be installed on this area on the campus, and Veterinary
Science will also be introduced.
2. The Philosophical Hall has been turned over to the Department
of Agriculture for the lecture room and Agricultural Museum. A full
exhibit of fruits, of agricultural products, of fertilizers, of models, etc.,
will be made.
3. The University farm, situated beyond the corporate limits of the
city of Athens, will be used to illustrate horticultural and agricultural
-processes on a larger scale.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
EXPENSES FOR THE FULL COURSE .
373
Ko tuition fee is charged residents of Georgia.
The following estimate of expenses includes all necessary items ex-
cept clothing and railroad fare:
Low
Liberal
Very
Liberal.
Matriculaton fee
Library fee .
Initiation fee to Literary Society
Board • ■ ■ ■
Fuel, room-rent, lights and attendance.
Books and stationery .
Furnishing room in dormitory
Laundry
10 00
5 00
2 00
72 00
13 00
8 00
6 00
9 00
$ 125 00
10 00
5 00
2 00
108 00
37 00
10 00
12 00
10 00
5 00
2 00
144 00
60 00
12 UO
14 00
$ 184 00 '$ 247 00
Each student, unless excused from drill because of physical disability,
is required to purchase a uniform. The cost of this is $16.00.
The figures above given are for the Freshman Class, which is more
expensive than subsequent years. They are based upon the actual ex-
perience of a large number of students. Expenses are frequently
brought under the lowest estimate by strict economy. Second-hand
books can be purchased at low rates, and it is often possible to purchase
at greatly reduced prices uniforms which have been used but little. In
this and other ways money can be saved, and cases are known to the
faculty where students have spent less than one hundred dollars during
the entire season.
EXPENSES FOR THE SHORT COURSE.
1^0 matriculation or other fee is charged. Board can be had in the
ned Studeaits' Boarding Ilall, which is admirably conducted as a co-
operative students' enterprise, under the charge of Prof. C. M. Snelling,
at $7.50 to $8.00 per month.
FURTHER INFORMATION.
All persons interested are requested to write for catalogues or further
information to the chancellor of the University at Athens; also to send
the names of sons of fanners and others who may be interested in either
of the cour^;es above outlLniil. Circulars, etc., will be sent to all those
whose names are thus supplied. Address
WALTER B. HILL, Chancellor,
Athens, Oa.
17 ga
374 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The following institutions have been established by the State and made
branches of the University : The North Georgia Agricultural College at
Dahlonega, Georgia School of Technology at Atlanta, Georgia Normal
and Industrial School at Milledgeville, Georgia State Normal School at
Athens, Georgia State Industrial School for Colored Youths.
The North Georgia Agricultural College, which was opened in 1873,
is located at Dahlonega. There are no elementary students. There are
two sub-Freshman classes, which prepare students for the four college
classes at Dahlonega or for the University at Athens.
The Georgia School of Technology is located at Atlanta. It offers an
education of high grade, founded on Mathematics, the English Language,
the Physical Sciences and drawing. Degrees are offered in Mechanical,
Electrical, Civil and Textile Engineering. The workshop and the textile
building are important features of this school.
The Georgia Normal and Industrial College is situated in Milledge-
ville. Its purpose is to provide for the young women of Georgia an in-
stitution in which they may be prepared to do intelligent work as teach-
ers according to the best known methods, or to earn their own livelihood
by the practice of some one or another of those industrial arts suitable
for females to follow. It also gives a full classical education.
The Georgia State Normal School was first organized in Athens in
1892 as a summer school. It was permanently organized in April, 1895,
and is devoted entirely to preparing teachers for work in the common
schools of Georgia. It has eight departments: Civics, Latin, Elementary
Science, English, Mathematics, Geogi-aphy and History, Pedagogy, Free-
hand Drawing and Penmanship, and a Model School for observation and
practice.
The Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths was estab-
lished by the State near the city of Savannah in 1890, for the purpose
of fui-nishing a liberal and industrial education to colored youths. It is
supported by an annual appropriation from the State and an appropria-
tion by Congress under the Morrill Act, approved 1890. Its location is
southwest of the city, about five miles from the courthouse and not far
from Thunderbolt.
The following institutions are affiliated with the university, but do not
now receive State funds: The South Georgia Military and Agricultural
College, Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College, and West
Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
The South Georgia Military and Agricultural College is located at
Thomasville, and was opened in 1879.
The Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College is located at
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 377
Milledgeville. The old State capitol buildings and grounds were granted
to the trustees of the State University for the purpose of establishing this
college, which was opened in IS 80. Military exercises form a part of
the course of instruction and cadets are required to wear a uniform. A
commercial course is provided for students desiring to fit themselves for
business life.
The West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College is located at
Hamilton, and was opened in 1882. The building is large and commo-
dious with large study rooms and a spacious chapel.
The basis on which the State University is built is Franklin College,
in its earliest years the only department of the university. It is still the
chief classical school of this great institution. Before the days of free
tuition it admitted "fifty meritorious young men of limited means" with-
out charge, and also young men studying for the ministry of any denom-
ination who stood in need of such aid. There are in the university library
at Athens many thousand choice volumes, of which about 1,000 were the
gift of Hon. George K. Gilmer, for four years governor of the State-
There are also several thousand volumes in the libraries of the two liter-
ary societies of the University at Athens. Another department of the
University at Athens is the Law School, presided over by an able faculty.
OTHEE NOTED COLLEGES.
Emory College at Oxford, in jSre\rton county, is the joint property
of the jSTorth Georgia, South Georgia and Florida conferences of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, South. It was chartered December 29,
1836, and the first class was graduated in 1841. The college has from
time to time, received gifts of money, specimens for its mineral cabinet
and books for its library, which contains twenty thousand choice volumes.
Each of the two literary societies has about three thousand volumes in
its library. One of the early donations to the college was a fund of $5,-
000, given by Mr. George W. Williams, a Georgian, who moved to
Charleston, South Carolina, and became one of the prosperous merchants
of that city. During the presidency of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood Mr.
George I. Seney, of New York, made to Emory College a gift of $125,-
000, part of which was expended in the erection of the building known
as Seney Hall, and part added to the endowment of the college. Under
the presidency of Dr. W. A. Candler, the sum of $100,000 was added
to the endowment, of which Mr. W. P. Pattillo, of Atlanta, gave $25,-
000. The handsome new library building, known as Candler Hall, was
erected at a cost of $25,000. It has ample room for 75,000 volumes.
378 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The founder and first president of the college was Ignatius A. Few.
Three of its presidents, Drs. George F, Pierce, Atticus G. Haygood and
Warren A. Candler, were elected bishops of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South. This institution bears a high reputation for its thorough
instruction, and for making higher education possible to young men of
limited means through its helping halls, loan fund and other agencies.
There is connected with the college a school of law, presided over by
Judge Capers Dickson. There is also a department of Pedagogy. The
mineral cabinet is very large, containing thousands of specimens collected
during the last fifty years. The museum contains an interesting col-
lection of objects of historical interest.
Mercer University, located at Macon, the "Central City" of Georgia,
is under the control of the Georgia Baptist Convention. At its organiza-
tion in the town of Penfield in 1838 it was called Mercer Institute. Its
curriculum was soon after extended and its name was changed to Mercer
University. In 1870 it was removed to Macon, new and handsome build-
ings were erected, and its entire equipment was greatly enlarged and im-
proved. The libraries of the university and of the two literary societies
contain many thousands of well-selected volumes. In addition to a regu-
lar collegiate course there is connected with this institution a school of
law, presided over by Judge Emory Speer. Important feeders of the
University are Mercer High School at Penfield and Crawford High
School at Dalton. The university has in all ten buildings. The main
building, which is four stories high, was erected at a cost of $100,000. In.
this is the president's residence and office, several lecture rooms, the
geological museum, chemical laboratories, apparatus rooms, the literary
society halls and their libraries. The chapel building, also four stories
high, has six large lecture-rooms, also the biological museum and labora-
tory. In the rear of this building and forming a part of it is the chapel,
capable of seating eight hundred people. In the rear of the chapel and
connected with it is the university library with a capacity of 20,000 vol-
umes. There is also the gymnasium, a large, new brick building. There
are two boarding halls and six frame dormitories for students.
There is a fund for the education of young ministers of limited means.
There is also a loan fund secured through a bequest of the late M.
Aquilla Cheney, supplemented by gifts of other friends of the college.
TJie Wesleyan Female College at Macon enjoys the high honor of
being the first college in the world chartered for the express purpose of
bestowing diplomas upon ladies. It is the property of the North and
South Georgia and Florida Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South. It was chartered December 10, 1836, as the Georgia
SKNKY HALL, lOMORY COLLKCH-:, OXFORD, GA.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 331
Female College, and was built bj general subscription, Methodist minis-
ters acting as agents for the collection of the necessary funds. Its first
president was Dr. George F. Pierce, af ter^vards a bishop of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South. The first class was graduated in 1840. A
mortgage of ten thousand dollars against the college was paid off in 1845
by James A. Everett of Houston county, who then presented the prop-
erty to the Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, South,
by whom its present name was conferred upon it. In 1881 Mr. George
I. Seney, of New York, donated to it $50,000 which he afterwards in-
creased to $125,000. Most of this donation was expended on the enlarge-
ment of the college building. About $35,000 of it forms a permanent
endowment of the college. This enlargement of the college occurred
during the presidency of Dr. W. C. Bass, who was for more than thirty
years identified with the work of the college, first as a professor, and for
more than twenty years as president. The Seney gift was bestowed
through the influence of Dr. Atticus G. Haygood, at the time president
of Emory College and subsequently bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South. In 1894-95 a well-equipped chemical laboratory for
practice work was added through money raised by the efforts of Pro-
fessors Charles 0. Townsend and Joseph T. Derry. In 1900 a hand-
some brick building, four stories high and complete in all its appoint-
ments, was erected at a cost of $25,000 and named by the trusteea
"Roberts Hall" in honor of Dr. J. W. Roberts, president of the college,
to whose management the Institution is largely indebted for its recent
rapid advancement. The lower floor is taken up by seven rooms for the
Science Department, which is up-to-date in all its appointments. Its
new chemical laboratory, physical apparatus and mineral cabinet have
been well arranged by the head of the Science Department, Professor
W. B. Bonnell.
The Shorter Female College at Rome was organized in 1873 as the
Cherokee Baptist Female College. In 1877 the property was purchased
by Colonel Alfred Shorter of Rome, who determined to use his money
for the equipment and endownnent of a first-class college for young ladies.
He accordingly employed a skillful architect and erected three large
buildings, equipped them with the necessary aj^aratns, and liberally en-
dowed the institution. He then presented the property to the Baptista
of Georgia as a "gift to our daughters," to be used exclusively as a col-
lege for young ladies. This institution rightly bears the name of the
noble-hearted gentleman who was its greatest benefactor. In all tho
South there are no more beautiful school edifices than the graceful
buildings cro^vning a lofty eminence in the city of Rome. The college
382 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
possesses a fine equatorial telescope, and excellent chemical and biological
apparatus. It also has a large and finely equipped gymnasium.
The Agnes Scott Institute at Decatur, eight miles east from the city
of Atlanta, began its career in a rented building, September, 1889, under
the auspices of the Decatur Presbyterian Church. In the following
spring Colonel George W. Scott, an elder of the church, purchased five
and a half acres and proposed to provide a permanent home for the school.
Hi? first gift was $40,000, which, by the time the work was completed,
he had increased to $112,500. For this splendid property Colonel Scott
delivered deeds to the board of trustees, and in the presence of the Synod
of Georgia it was dedicated to the cause of the Christian education of
young women, November 12, 1891. The trustees, in recognition of Colo-
nel Scott's noble gift, gave to the institution the name of his mother,
Agnes Scott. He has since given to this college $8,000 more, making
his total gift $120,000.
The Lucy Cobh Institute, located at Athens, was first opened to the
public in 1858. This flourishing ladies' college was founded through the
efforts of General Thomas E. K. Cobb. Just about the time of the open-
ing of the school, Lucy Cobb, eldest daughter of General Cobb died, and
the trustees unanimously decided to name the new college in honor of
her, the daughter of its founder. The main building is a convenient and
elegantly arranged home for young ladies. "When the necessity arose
for a new college chapel, many contributions were made by friends in
Georgia and elsewhere, of from five to five hundred dollars. General
Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah, Georgia, was one of the most liberal
contributors. As more money was still needed, one of the young lady
pupils wrote a beautiful and girlish letter to Mr. George I. Seney, of
New York, whose gifts to Emory and Wesleyan Colleges had made his
name familiar in Georgia. He responded with a liberal gift, and Seney-
Stovall chapel stands as a monument to the noble gentleman of New
York and fair daughter of Georgia.
The Southern Female College (Cox College) for young ladies is a
Baptist institution located at College Park, about eight miles southwest
from Atlanta. The buildings are elegant and are furnished with all
modem conveniences. They are also fully equipped with the apparatus
deemed necessary for a first-class college.
The Southern Female College at LaGrange is the property of the
Baptist denomination. It was organized in 1843, and has always enjoyed
a fine reputation. The old college buildings have been lately replaced
by elegant new ones of modem style and are well equipped for college
work.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 385
The LaGrange Female College began its existence as the LaGrange
Female Academy in 1833. In 1836 it was chartered as the LaGrange
Female Institute. In 1852 its charter was amended and it became La-
Grange Female College. It is the property of the North Georgia Con-
ference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, having been ten-
dered to the conference and accepted in December, 1867. It is among
the most noted of the educational institutions of Georgia.
Andrew Female College at Cuthbert, which is the property of the
South Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South,
was established in 1853. It has ever since its foundation been doing a
good work for the young ladies of that section of the State. A large new
building will soon be added to the equipment of the college.
The Monroe Female College at Forsjiih was chartered in 1849, and
in 1850 was opened to the public. It is held in high esteem, and its
handsome buildings are an ornament to the thriving and pretty town in
which it is located. This school is under the auspices of the Baptist de-
nomination. Two commodious buildings have been recently added to
the equipment of this institution.
Young Female College at Thomasville was established in 1808 by
Major E. K. Young, who donated for that purpose the sum of $30,000.
St, Stanislaus College was first organized under the name of Pio
Neno Colege, mainly by the efforts of Right Reverend William H.
Gross, Roman Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Georgia. It is located
at Vineville, near Macon, and is a training school for priests.
Young L. Harris Institute was founded through the liberality of
Mr. Young L. Harris of Athens, who presented the property to the
Methodists of Georgia. It is a college for young ladies and young men,
and is doing a noble work.
The Brenau Female College at Gainesville is the outcome of an in-
stitution founded by Dr. W. C. Wilkes and a board of trustees in 1878,
called at first the "Georgia Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies." In
1880 the property was bought by Prof. A. W. Vanlloose who, in 1893,
foimed a partnership with Prof. H. J. Pearce of Columbus, Georgia.
These two gentlemen have built up a first-class college which was their
own property until 1900, when they sold an interest in it to Dr. M. M.
Riley of Greenville, S. C. The name of the college was changed soon
after Professor Van Iloose took charge of it to the Georgia Fcmalo
Seminary and Conservatory of Music. Brenau is the name just adopted
for this institution with its grcaly enlarged facilities.
The Piedmont Institute at Rockmart, founded in 1889, is doing
386 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
a fine work for the boys and girls of l^orth west Georgia. It is the prop-
erty of the North Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South.
The South Georgia College at McRae, the property of the South
Georgia Conference of the M. E. Church, South, is also doing good ser-
vice in the cause of education.
For the Colored people of Georgia there are also several institutions.
The Atlanta University for the education of negroes was established
in 1867 by the Ereedmen's Bureau and various Northern Aid Societies,
the chief of which was the American Missionary Association.
Clark University at Atlanta was chartered in 1887 for the same pur-
pose.
The Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths at Savannah
has already been mentioned as a department of the State University,
supported by the State.
Payne Institute at Augusta, is a school for the colored people imder
the auspices of the M, E. Church, South.
Other institutions for the education of the negroes are:
Spellman Seminary, Morris Bro\vn College and Gammon University,
all in Atlanta.
In addition to the institutions of learning before mentioned, Georgia
has many schools enjoying a fine reputation. Two of the oldest schools
in the State are the Chatham Academy of Savannah and the Academy of
Kichmond county, in Augusta, each dating back to old colonial days.
Both of these are now part of the public school systems of their respective
cities.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Last, but not least, is the gi'eat public school system of Georgia. The
State Constitution of 1868 made provision for "a thorough system of
general education, to be forever free to all children of the State." At a
meeting of the Georgia Teachers' Association held in Atlanta in August,
1869, a committee was appointed to report upon a school system adapted
to the condition and wants of Georgia. The committee consisted of Pro-
fessor Gustavus J. Orr, for many years professor of Mathematics in
Emory College, chairman; Bernard Mallon, long the superintendent of
the public schools of Savannah, and afterwards of Atlanta; John M. Bon-
nell, then president of Wesleyan Eemale College at Macon; Martin V.
Calvin of Augusta, and David W. Lewis, president of the North Georgia
Agricultural College at Dahlonega. By direction of the committee the
chairman prepared the report, which was then submittted to the exe-
tii
i L.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 389
cutive committee composed of Eev. H. H. Tucker, at one time president
of Mercer University and later of the State University; Prof, W. Leroy
Bro\\'ne of the State University; Rev. Alexander Means, D.D., long a
professor in Emory College; Professor W. D. Williams, principal of the
Georgia Academy for the Blind; Professor Bernard Mallon, and Professor
Gustavns J. Orr. After nine hours spent in discussing the report, section
by section, it was adopted as written, xit another meeting of the Georgia
Teachers' Association, held at Macon in November, 1869, the report
after being discussed for an entire day was unanimously adopted.
That report forms the main provisions of the first public school law,
approved October 13, 1870. Under this act an organization was effected,
and Governor R. B. Bullock appointed General J. R. Lewis State School
Comxaissioner. This office has since been held by Professor Gustavus J.
Orr, Hon. J. S. Hook, Professor S. D. Bradwell and Professor G. R.
Glenn.
It is appropriate to state in this connection that at a meeting of the
National Educational Association, a committee raised for the purpose of
farming an ideal school system for a State, and composed of some of the
ablest educational men of the Union, with the school laws of all the
States before them, in their report followed to a remarkable extent the
public school law of Georgia.
The system of common schools, though organized in 1870, did not
really go into effect until 1873. There was a common school commis-
sioner, and a tax for the support of schools had been levied and collected.
Schools had been put into operation in some counties and teachers em-
ployed; but at the close of 1871 more than three hundred thousand dol-
lars was due to school officers and teachers for services rendered. There
was nothing with which to pay them; for, in violation of the Constitution
of the State, the fund of $327,000 had been appropriated to the payment
of legislative and other expenses of the government. In vain did teachere
and school officers clamor for their pay, for there was nothing to the
credit of the school fund in the treasury.
It was feared that the system had received a fatal blow in the very first
years of its existence. No schools were taught in 1872, and the com-
missioner devoted his attention to systematizing the work under the law
passed in August of that year. The legislature of 1872 provided for the
levying of a tax for the puqDOse of paying the claims of teachers and
school officials. Under the operation of this law the debts were finally
paid. In 1873 the schools were again put in operation, and have in-
creased in number and efficiency from that day to this. From the time
of Governor Smith's induction into office in 1871 to his retirement in
ggQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
1877, the amount of $1,271,368 was raised for the support of the public
school system, out of which the debts to teachers and school officers were
paid, besides meeting promptly the expenses of running the schools.
In 1871 the total attendance on the public schools of Georgia was 49,-
678, and in 1876 it was 179,405. For the year 1877 Professor Orr, the
State School Commissioner, reported the attendance on the public schools
to be in round numbers 200,000.
The report of Commissioner G. K. Glenn for the year 1899 showed a
total enrollment of 416,352 pupils in the public schools of Georgia. Of
this number 247,912 were white and 168,440 were colored.
The amount apportioned and paid for the support of the public schools
in Georgia for 1900 is $1,440,642. To this should be added $400,000
paid by local city and county appropriations.
By a school census taken by the State School Commissioner in 1893
it was ascertained that the number of children in Georgia between the
ages of ten and eighteen, who were unable to read and write, was 114,-
527. Of this number 35,638 were white, and 78,884 were colored. A
similar census in 1898 showed the number unable to read and write be-
tween the ages of ten and eighteen to be 83,616. Of this number 22,-
917 were white and 60,699 were colored. This shows a gratifying de-
crease in the number of illiterates in Georgia. From the report of Com-
missioner Glenn rendered October 1, 1900, it appears that there were in
Georgia 5,866 white teachers and 3,113 colored, a total of 8,979. The
number of pupils enrolled during the year was 251,093 whites and 172,-
374 colored. The average daily attendance was 151,341 whites, about
60 per cent, of the enrollment; and 101,852 colored, or about 59 per cent.
of the enrollment.
Among other prominent schools of Georgia are: Douglasville College,
Douglasville ; J. S. Green College, Demorest; Martin Institute, Jefferson;
"Wynton Male and Female College, Columbus; South Georgia Male
and Female College, Dawson; Gordon Institute, Barnesville;
Dalton Female College, Dalton; Monroe Female College, Monroe;
South Georgia College for both sexes, McEae; Chappell Female Insti-
tute, Columbus; Georgia Military Academy, College Park; New Eben-
ezer College, Cochran; Hiawassee High School and the North Georgia
Baptist College, at Morganton.
The following tables give valuable information concerning schools of
all kinds in Georgia :
R
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TABLE 1.
393
SCHOOLS BELONGING TO THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM OF GEORGIA.
NUMBER OP TEACHERS.
WHITE.
COLORED.
TOTAL.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Grand
Total.
2851
3015
5866
1317
1796
3113
4168
4811 8979
GRADES OP TEACHERS.
FIRST GRADE.
SECOND GRADE.
THIRD GRADE.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored.
Total.
White.
Colored .
Total.
2970
417
3387
1594
886 2480
983
1661
2644
Number of normal trained teachers— White, 1277; colored, 341; total, J618.
Schools— Number of white schools, 5045; colored, 2710; total, 7755.
ENROLLMENT.
Number of pupils admitted during the year :
WHITE.
COLORED.
TOTAL.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female. Total.
Male.
Female.
Grand
Total.
129778
121315
251093
1 81486
90888
172374
211264 212203
423467
ATTENDANCE.
Average number of pupils in daily attendance:
WHITE.
COLORED.
TOTAL.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female
Total.
Male.
Female.
Grand
Total.
76067
75274
151341
47024
1
64828 101852
122463
130102 1 253193
Monthly Cost — Average monthly cost per pupil $' 13
Amount of average monthly cost paid by the State 96
394 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TABLE 1— Continued.
teachers' salaries.
Average monthly salaries paid teachers:
FIRST GRADE.
SECOND GRADE.
THIRD GRADE.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
White.
Colored.
$ 35 31
$ 25 80
$ 26 30
$ 20 76
$ 20 70
$ 16 65
Number of visits made by the commissioners during the year 9,383
Number of schoolhouses in the State belonging to the county boards
of education, 5,779 ; value $1,430,288 43
Number of schoolhouses in cities and towns not belonging to the
county boards, 527; value 1,868,264 00
Financial Statement — Receipts for the year:
Balance in hand from 1898 42,423 20
Amount treasurer's quarterly checks 1,268,885 30
Amount from any and all other sources, including supplemental
checks 150,959 03
Total receipts 1,462,267 53
Expenditures :
Salary of county school commissioners 62,074 50
Salary of members of boards of education 10,827 41
Postak'e, printing and other incidentals . . 16.282 97
Amount expended in the purchase of school supplies and build-
ings 71,628 67
Amount paid to teachers 1,235 858 36
Total 1,396,«81 91
Balance remaining on hand 65,;">85 62
Total amount of salaries credited to teachers during the year, as
per itemized statements 1,318,512 25
Number of school libraries, 183; value, $32,802.31.
TABLE 2.
ENROLLMENT IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS UNDER LOCAL LAWS.
Pupils in Schools for Whites.
Pupils in Schools for Negroes.
Total.
35,856
23,340
59,196
From the total should be deducted 8,202 already counted in the
county schools.
TABLE 3.
PUPILS ENROLLED IN PRIVATE HIGH SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES.
In those for Whites.
In those for Negroes.
Total.
10,097
4,877
15,974
All these tables are made up from the report of the State School
Commissioner, G. R. Glenn, submitted on October 1, 1900.
fUir'*-
CHAPTER XIV.
BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF GEORGIA.
"Not for themselves, but for others" was the motto of the founders
of Georgia, who gave their time and money for promoting the welfare
of those who needed help, expecting no other reward than that which
arises from the consciousness of duty well-performed. It is
not strange, then, that the first benevolent institution of Geor-
gia had its birth in the early days of the colony. This was White-
field's Orphan House at Bethesda, about nine miles from Savannah,
founded in 1739. The building was erected by funds collected
through the untiring efforts of the distinguished minister in whose honor
it was named. Of this noble enterprise Mr. Whitefield said, "Some have
thought that the erecting such a building was only the product of my
own brain; but they are much mistaken; for it was first proposed to me
by my dear friend, the Eev. Mr. Charles Wesley, who, with his excel-
lency General Oglethorpe, had concerted a scheme for carrying on such
a design before I had any thoughts of going abroad myself." This giv-
ing of due credit to others adds to the honor of the founder and first
superintendent of the Orphan House, which he called Bethesda, "be-
cause," said Mr. Whitefield, "I hoped it would be a house of mercy to
many souls." And such it has been, and is still. It is a home for boys
and is conducted under the auspices of the Union Society, which last
year (1900) celebrated its 150th anniversary.
The State Lunatic Asylum, near Milledgeville, is one of the noblest
charities of the "Empire State."
In 1837 the Georgia legislature made an appropriation and appointed
a commission for the purpose of establishing a lunatic asylum. The com-
mission bought for a small price 40 acres of pine land two miles from
Milledgeville, located on a high hill commanding a fine view of the town
and the intervening country. In December, 1842, the building was
completed and the first patient was admitted. At first the counties had
to pay the expenses of their pauper patients, and the friends of patients
who were able to pay had to provide for their maintenance in the asylum.
This plan was changed to State care of the pauper insane about 1846.
Up to 1877 patients were received from other States. At that time, on ac-
(307)
398 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
count of the overcrowded condition of the institution, the General Asr
semblj was obliged to pass an act sending all patients not citizens of
Georgia to their respective States. During the same year an act was
passed making the asylum free to all bona fide citizens of Georgia. By
the same act it was provided that friends could deposit with the steward
funds for extras to be used by the patients individually, but no part of
this was to go to the support of the institution. The first superintendent
was Dr. David Cooper, elected in 1843. Three years later Dr. Thomas
F. Green, a man of kindly nature, genial manner, and of great enterprise
and energy was elected. He succeeded in obtaining appropriations year
after year, in making improvements and in securing a suitable corps of
attendants. He remained in charge of the asylum until 1879 when in a
peaceful old age and still possessed of all his faculties, he suddenly ex-
pired. He was succeeded by Dr. T. O. Powell who had been associated
with him for nearly twenty years.
In 184Y the legislature added another building to the original one, and
the female patients were placed in the new building. White attendants
were also substituted for negroes, who had formerly discharged this
duty. In 1849 plans were approved by the legislature for greatly enlarg-
ing the asylum accommodations. The legislature appropriated $10,500,
and in 1851 added $24,500 for a large and handsome new building. To
this the original buildings were to be wings. Additional appropriations
were made as follows: $56,500 in 1853; $110,000 in 1855; $63,500 in
1857, and $30,000 in 1858, in which year the building was completed.
The building is supplied with every convenience for the comfort of
the patients and of the officers and their families. In 1870 and 1871
another appropriation of $105,855 was voted for enlarging the main
building. In 1881, at the urgent solicitation of the board of trustees, the
legislature appropriated $165,000 for the erection of two separate build-
ings for white convalescents, one for males, the other for females. In
1883 an additional appropriation of $92,875 was made, and in 1893 the
legislature voted $100,000 more for the erection of additional buildings
for white and colored insane.
The emancipation of the negro population in 1865 necessi-
tated asylum accommodations for the insane of this race. In
1866 the legislature appropriated $11,000 for an insane asylum for
negroes. This building was enlarged in 1870 at an expense of $18,000.
In 1879 the legislature appropriated $25,000 more for the same purpose,
and in 1881 the sum of $82,166 for a new building and heating apparatus
for the insance of the colored race. Of course the erectiooii of all these large
building required much more land than, was embraced in the original
t=l
o
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00
Q
O
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o
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t—c
Q
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 401
purchase. The institution now has 3,000 acres in one body. The asylum
has its own water works, the water being furnished from a bold stream
on its own grounds. It has also a well 900 feet deep, much of it through
solid rock. With the exception of the capitol in Atlanta, the center
building of the asylum is the handsomest edifice in Georgia. About a
mile from the asylum proper is the hospital for the treatment of conta-
gious diseases. The total cost of the land and buildings is more than one
million dollars.
Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumh. At the beautiful town of
Cave Spring, not far from the city of Rome, in a charming valley between
mountains and hills, stand the commodious and substantial buildings of
the Georgia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. No more appropriate
location for such an institution could bo found. The legislature of the
State has at different times made liberal appropriations for the education
of the deaf and dumb. Before Georgia had an institution of her own for
this purpose a commissioner was appointed to receive application in be-
half of indigent deaf and dumb residents of the State, and to make all
necessary arrangements for conveying them to the American Asylum at
Hartford, Connecticut. For this purpose the sum of $3,000 was appro-
priated. Later the State made an arrangement for educating deaf mutes
at the Heam Manual Labor School, at Cave Spring, in Floyd county,
Georgia. In 184-7 the legislature passed an act authorizing the governor
to appoint five commissioners, whose duty it should be to make all neces-
sary arrangements for the erection of an asylum for the deaf and dumb.
In 1849 the necessary buildings had been provided, and the institution
was opened for pupils in July. Here deaf and dumb children and some
of more advanced years have been taught by the most approved methods.
The first building, of brick, was erected in 1849. In 1850 an easterly
extension was added, and in 1875 another on the south. A shop two
stories high was also erected. Another brick building, known as the
storeroom was erected in 1878, and in 1882 the north extension to the
main building was added for the use of the principal and his family.
During this same year a department for negro deaf mutes was opened
in a building of brick, purchased for the purpose and located about 250
yards from the dormitory building for whites. In 1885 the present hand-
some school building was begun. It was completed and occupied in
1889. In 1887-88 the dormitory was enlarged by putting upon it a hand-
some mansard roof. In 1890 an engine-house and laundry were added
with all necessary appliances, also a SOO-gallon steam pump. Six-inch
water mains were laid, with ten Ludlow fire plugs conveniently located;
hoee carriage and 700 feet of firo department hose were purchased and
402 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
steel stair fire-escapes were erected where needed. In 1894 a new and
handsome building was erected for shop purposes. This building has
been equipped for a general line of wood-working; also a well-arranged
printing ofiice; a shoe shop; a blacksmith shop and wood-carving depart-
ment. In 1897 the sum of $7,000 was spent in electric lighting and in
steam heating. There is also a well-equipped art studio in the school
building. The buildings are situated in the eastern part of the town of
Cave Spring and command a fine view of Van's Valley and its pictures-
que sceneary.
The Academy for the Blind is another of the institutions of Georgia
established and supported by the State. It is located in the city of Macon
on College Hill. This institution was incorporated by act of the legis-
lature, January 2, 1852. It originated in a movement made by the citi-
zens of Macon at a meeting called for this purpose on April 15, 1851.
Mr. W. S. Fortescue was the first principal, and Miss Hannah Guillan
was assistant teacher. For the years 1852 and 1853 the legislature appro-
priated $5,000 per annum to aid in the support of the institution. On
February 18, 1854, the legislature appropriated $10,000 for the erection
of a suitable building. Further appropriations were made and in 1860
the main building facing Orange street was completed at a total cost of
$65,000. The average of the annual appropriations up to 1876 was about
$13,000. For the year ending October 1, 1899, the appropriation from
the State was $18,500. Additions were made to the main building in
1893, and a handsome boy's dormitory was added several years later. The
entrance to this is from College street. A two-story brick building in which
are the workshops faces Orange street. In 1882 a department for the col-
ored blind was opened and a large and comfortable brick building facing
Madison street was erected. This is under the same management as the
white department, but the two are on lots distant from each other. In
Aug-ust, 1858, Professor W. D. Williams was elected principal and re-
tained this office until his death, December 20, 1898. His son, Dudley
Williams, was elected his successor, and upon his resigTiation in 1901 was
succeeded by Mr. T. U. Conner.
The Female Asylum at Savannah is one of the oldest of the benevolent
institutions of Georgia. On the I7th of September, 1801, several of the
prominent ladies of Savannah met for the purpose of organization, and
Mrs. Ann Clay was called to the chair. Fourteen lady managers were
elected, and the following officers of the asylum were chosen. Mrs. Eliza-
beth Smith, first directress; Mrs. Ann Clay, second directress; Mrs. Jane
Smith and Mrs. Sarah Lamb, secretaries; Mrs. Margaret Hunter, treas-
urer.
^.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 405
This institution is supported bj annual subscriptions and has received
many valuable bequests. Its business is managed by a board of directors
who meet once a month. A visiting committee is appointed to purchase
the necessary food, such as groceries, and clothing. The house is under
the direction of a matron, second matron and teacher.
The Augusta Orphan Asylum was incoi-porated in January, 1852.
In 1855 a house was rented and placed in charge of a matron, and four
orphans were admitted to the privileges of the asylum. Mr. Isaac S.
Tuttle, who died December 12, 1855, bequeathed his home on Walker
Street and other property amounting to $50,000 for the use of the asso-
ciation. This gift, added to the annual income from 200 shares of Geor-
gia Railroad stock, provided amply for the institution in its infancy. For
seventeen years the Tuttle House was occupied as an Oi^phan home. On
the 9th of January, 1859, Dr. George M. Kewton, stepson of Mr. Tuttle,
died leaving to the asylum property valued at $200,000. In 1869 an
eligible site between Harper and Boundary streets, near the western
boundary of the city of AugTista, was selected, mainly through the in-
fluence of Dr. Lewis D. Ford, the second president of the association.
An elegant home was here built by Mr. W. H. Goodrich after plans fur-
nished by Mr. D. B. Woodruff. It was begun in December, 18Y0, and
completed in December, 1873. In 1889 this building was destroyed by
fire, but was rebuilt by Mr. Charles B. Allen, after plans frunished by
Mr. Lewis F. Goodrich, the son of the builder of the old home. It was
reoccupied by the children in December, 1890. There are connected
with this institution a farm and dairy, which made for the year ending
Apiil 1, 1900, a net profit of $2,036.77. More than $1,400 of this came
from the products of the dairy. These were.
5,023 gallons of milk at 20 cents a gallon $1,004 60
1,330^- pounds of butter at 30 cents a pound 399 15
68 loads of compost from cow yards at 50 cents a load 34 00
Total dairy products $1,437 75
The farm supplied the following values at market prices:
Potatoes, corn and other vegetables $503 25
578 watermelons at 5 cents each 28 90
1267 cantaloupes at 3 cents each 38 01
And the following field crops :
Oats, rye, vetch and green feed 98 00
25 tons of cured oafs at $15 a ton 375 00
15 tons of peavinc hay at $13 a ton 195 00
Corn and fodder 30 00
Total value of products $2,705 91
18 Ka
406 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Purchased during year seven caws $234 00
Sold five cows $130 70
Butchered four calves weighing
243 pounds at 12c. a pound 29 16
Sold one calf 5 00 — $164 86
Debit $ 69 14
Debit $ 69 14
$2,636 77
The larger boys of the home have their hours for school, for work on
the farm, and for recreation. The girls have their hours for school, for
work in the cutting, fitting and making department, and for recreation.
They also take their turn at cooking and general housework.
The Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South, is located at Decatur, in DeKalb county, about
eight miles from the city of Atlanta. It was founded in 1867. The
plan was originated by Rev. Jesse Boring, M.D., and D.D. The home has
no endowment and depends upon the voluntary contributions of the peo-
ple. Yet it is well maintained, and additions are constantly being made
to its equipment. The property consists of seven comfortable buildings,
prettily situated, and a farm which raises produce for sale in the market
after supplying the needs of the home. In addition to going to school
the boys woa-k on the farm, while tlie girls learn to sew, cook, wash and
iron.
The Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, South, is located in Yineville, a beautiful suburb of
the city of Macon. It was organized June 12, 1873. It has a dairy and
farm for the boys, and a cutting, fitting and making department for the
girls, who also take their turn at cooking and general housework. The
trustees intend adding other departments as they may be able. Of course
all the children attend the school of the home. This institution was first
founded as a private benevolent enterprise in 1857 by Mr. Maxwell of
Macon. In 1873 it passed into the hands of the South Georgia Confer-
ence.
The Appleton Orphan Home at Macon is the property of the Protest-
ant Episcopal Church, and was built through the liberality of Mr. Apple-
ton of 'New York.
The Baptist Orphans' Home at Hapeville, eight miles from the city
of Atlanta, is beautifully located in full view of the Central Railroad.
There are three main buildings. The central one, known as the Admin-
istration Building, fronts the railroad. To the right with a front of 60
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 4()7
feet and a colonial piazza 40 feet in length, stands the Boys' Cottage, a
brick building donated by Mr. F. S. Etheridge of Jackson, Georgia, in
honor of his mother. On the opposite side of the lawTi stands a similar
cottage for the girls, costing the same money and modeled after the
same plan, a gift of Judge James R. Brown of Canton, Georgia, in
memory of his daughter, Sallie Rice Brown.
Besides attending school the girls are taught to cut and fit clothing, do
mending and repairing, housework, washing and ironing; and the boys
are taught to cultivate the fields, clean the premises, cut wood and make
fires.
Within the past year $500 worth of produce of the farm has been sold,
this being the surplus left after supplying the wants of the orphanage.
The Hebrew Orphan Home is located in the city of Atlanta, under the
auspices of the Hebrews of Georgia, and supported by their congrega-
tions in the State. The Abram's Home in Savannah, is one of their
most noted benevolent institutions.
CHAPTER XV.
EELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS OF GEOKGIA.
"When, on the 12th daj of February, 1733, the first settlers under the
lead of James Edward Oglethorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff, they were
accompanied by Dr. Henry Herbert, a clergyman of the Church of Eng-
land. In March of the next year a body of Salzburgers from Germany
landed at Savannah. At Ebenezer in Effingham county, they built the
first Lutheran Church in Georgia. Of this church the first pastor was
the Eev. John Martin Bolzius. In 1786 there were three Lutheran
churches in Georgia, one at Ebenezer, one at Goshen and one in Savan-
nah.
Eev. Henry Herbert, pastor of the Episcopal Church at Savannah,
was succeeded by Eev. Samuel Quincy, and he was followed by John
Wesley in 1736, and George Whitefield in 1738. Charles Wesley ac-
companied his brother John to Georgia. The two Wesleys and White-
field are renowned as the founders of the powerful and influential body
of Christians known as Methodists, though neither one of them ever sepa-
rated himself from the Church of England, in which the three were or-
dained ministers. When in 1755 the trustees surrendered their charter
to the crown and Georgia became a royal province, the Church of Eng-
land (Episcopal), was declared to be the established church of the colony.
Parishes were formed, in three of which were churches; one in Savannah,
one in Augusta and one in what is now Burke county. The three coun-
ties of Chatham, Eichmond and Burke were at that time known as
Christ Church Parish, St. Paul's Parish and St. George's Parish. Part
of what is now Chatham county was kno^vn as St. Philip's Parish. Out-
side of Savannah, the churches were supplied with missionaries sent out
by the "Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." The
Eevolution caused a temporary abandonment of the field by the Church
of England and, as far as can be ascertained, there was no organized
Episcopal Church in Georgia for nearly twenty years after the establish-
ment of independence. The first bishop of this church who visited Geor-
gia was Bishop Dehon of South Carolina, who came in 1815, to conse-
crate the new building for Christ Church, where he confirmed a class of
sixty. This was the first confirmation ever held in Georgia. In 1840
the Eev. Stephen Elliott was elected the first bishop of the diocese, which
(408)
O
O
Q
r;
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 411
office he held until his death in 1866. He was succeeded by Eev. John
W . Beck^^^th in IS 67, upon whose death the Kev. Cleland Kin-
loch Xelson was elected bishop.
As early as 1735 a colony of Scotch Presbyterians settled at ISTew
Inverness, now Darien, in Mcintosh county, at the mouth of the Alta-
maha river. Their pastor was Eev. John McLeod. The Independent
Presbyterian Church of Savannah was organized about the year 1765.
The first presbytery was held at Liberty Church in Wilkes county,
March 16, 1797. The names of the ministers constituting it were John
:N'ewton, John Springer, Eobert M. Cunningham, Moses Waddell and
William Montgomery. The Synod of Georgia now embraces five pres-
byteries, extending over all sections of the State.
It has already been mentioned that John Wesley, the founder of
Methodism came to Georgia, accompanied by his brother Charles in
1736, and that he was followed by George Whitefield in 1738. This
may properly be regarded as the introduction of Methodism into
America, although it was many years later when the church of that
name was formally established on the Western Continent. Mr. Wesley
used to refer to the comins: of himself and brother and of Mr. White-
field to America as the "second rise of Methodism." Georgia in her in-
fancy had the ministry of John and Charles Wesley, Benjamin Ing-
ham, George Whitefield, Delamotte and Cornelius Winter, men whose
names are familiar in the early history of the Methodist movement. The
Methodist Episcopal Church of America was organized in Baltimore in
1784 on account of the separation of the colonies from Great Britain.
Mr. Wesley, acting in accordance with his views of church polity, or-
dained Dr. Thomas Coke as superintendent. He came to America and
set apart Eev. Francis Asbury as superintendent or bishop of the Meth-
odist societies in this country. In 1785 Methodist ministers entered
Georgia at Augusta, coming from North Carolina and Virginia. Soon
afterwards Georgia was included in the South Carolina Conference. The
first circuit extended from the city of Savannah to Wilkes county.
Among the most prominent pioneer preachers were James Poster,
Thomas Humphries, John Major, Hope Hull, John Garvin, Stith Mead
and Levi Garretson. As early as 1805 Dr. Lovick Pierce was an active
itinerant Methodist preacher in Georgia. His son George P. Pierce, one
of the most renowned pulpit orators of the world, became a bishop in
the Methodist Church. In 1830 the Georgia Conference was fonned.
In 1840 the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States divided
into two general conferences. The church in the Southern States has
since that time been known as the Methodist Episcopal (Imrch, South.
412 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
By 1866 the Georgia Conference liad become too large and was divided
into the North and South Georgia Conferences.
The first Baptist in Georgia, of whom there is any account, was
IsTicholas Begewood, in 1757. This gentleman was an agent of White-
field's Orphan House near Savannah. As far as has been ascertained,
the first Baptist Church organized in Georgia was in 1772, at Kiokee
Meeting-House, where Appling, in Columbia county, now stands, under
the ministry of Rev. Daniel Marshall, at that time the only ordained
Baptist minister in Georgia. In the year 1794 Messrs. Jonathan Clarke,
George Mosse, Thomas Polhill and David Adams proposed the erection
of a house of worship for the Baptists of Savannah, who at that time
numbered not more than eight or ten. They were encouraged to take
this step by Rev. Mr. Reese, a Baptist minister from Wales, who visited
Savannah. Accordingly by the help of their Christian brethren of other
denominations a Baptist Church was erected in 1795, under the superin-
tendence of Ebenezer Hills, John Millen, Thomas Polhill, John Hamil-
ton, Thomas Harrison and John R. Roberds, as trustees.
In 1796, as they had no pastor, they rented their church to the Pres-
byterians whose house of worship had been destroyed by fire. The
Presbyterians occupied it for three years, when the Rev. Henry Hol-
combe became the pastor of the Baptist Church of Savannah. Under
his ministry the membership was greatly increased. The Georgia Bap-
tist Convention was organized in 1822 at Powelton, Hancock county.
Rev. Jesse Mercer was Moderator of the first meeting of the convention.
Other prominent ministers of this denomination of the early period
were Edmund Bottsford and Silas Mercer.
There is another denomination whose members, like the Baptists, hold
to immersion as the only method of Christian baptism, but who refuse
to be called by any other name than that of Christians or Disciples.
One of their founders was the pious and learned Alexander Campbell of
Kentucky.
The Congregationalists, though few in numbers, are zealous and enter-
prising.
The Unitarians are not yet very strong in Georgia; neither are the
Universalists.
The first Roman Catholic church established in Georgia was at Locust
Grove in Taliaferro county, seven miles from Crawfordville, by a colony
of Catholics from Maryland in 1794. Soon afterwards a number of
Catholics who were refugees from the terrible massacres of St. Domingo,
settled in Savannah and Augusta, and a priest, who came with them,
went to Locust Grove. He was, as far as the record goes, the first Roman
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
413
Catholic clergyman that ever officiated as pastor of a church in Georgia.
This State and the two Carolinas were subject to the See of Baltimore
until July 11, 1820. At that time these three States were raised to a
diocese by the appointment of Dr. John England, who was the first
Catholic bishop of Charleston. There was at that time but one Roman
Catholic Church with regular services in Georgia. That one was in Au-
gusta— those at Locust Grove and Savannah being without pastors.
Georgia was made a distinct diocese ISTovember 10, 1850, and Rev. Dr.
Gartland was appointed the first bishop with residence at Savannah. He
was succeeded after his death by Bishops Barry, Yerot and Persico. On
April 27, 1873, Rev. William H. Gross was appointed bishop.
The following statistical table of the leading Christian denomina-
tions in Georgia for the year 1900 will prove interesting and instructive:
Baptist Church in Georgia
Church Value
Buildings ^^^^^
Ordained
Preachers
Num-
ber of
Mem-
bers
Sunday Number of
Schools Pupils
Value of all
Church
Property.
White Baptists
Colored Baptists . . .
Total
2,086
1,500
1,322
1,000
193,230
175,00(1
712 41,052
500 a5,000
Over S3,000.000
About 900,000
3,586
2,322
368.231
1,212! 76,052
83.900.000
Methodists in Georgia
Methodist Episcopal
Church, South.
Ordained
a
Preachers
s
0
ki
lU
0) -ks
„^
_j
■^ 2
s3
0
0
53
0
$Z
J
H
»
ir. >>
•a i:
0
0
0 ft
0)
*a:
J3
0
OS
c
0
2
CM
>,
5d
■a
0
a
o3
osja
a
a*
>
>o
CO
North Georgia Conference
South Georgia Conference
Total
Methodist Kpiscopal
Church (called in Geor-
gia Northern Metho-
dists)
Colored M. E. ('hurch of
America (set off from the
M. K. Church, South):
North Georgia Conference
South (Jeorgia Conference
African M. K. Church
Protestant Methodists (es-
timated)
29
528
998
99,009
62,688
161,617
3,400
9,902
14,459
80,000
3,000
771
617
8 1,091,780
885,682
I 1,977,462
52,107
291
591
950
1,000,000
Total 1298 1347 2<U5 271,968 3,205 8 3,029,569 649 8 487,235 81,345,870 1,857 117,828
$ 223,435
159,800
$ 383,235
4,000
100,000
8 667,424
78,446
I 745,870
(i00,000
740
561
1,301
500
50,934
30,929
80,863
3,848
5.677
7,440
20,000
PRESBYTKRIiiN ChURCH IN GEORGIA
Ordained
Ministers.
Number of
Clui relies.
Total
Communicants.
Sunday-scliool
Sch()lftra.
White
110
23
211
20
16,138
1,892
10,*t6
2,253
Colored
Total
133
237
18,030
12,599
414
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The Presbyterians have much valuable Church property; but the
exact figures were not available. The money raised by Methodists,
Baptists and Presbyterians for missions and for benevolent and educa-
tional purposes run up into the millions.
CONGKEGATIONALIST ChURCH
a -22
OS
o a
>
1^
4)
3
>
All other
Church
Property
o , .
a g^
o
White and Colored
66
4,714
65
$ 100,000
7
$ 6,500
$ 465,000
66
4,284
Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese op Georgia
Ordained
Preachers.
Number of
Memhers.
Number of
Church
Buildings.
Number of
Parsonages.
Number of
Sunday-School
Pupils.
Value of all
(Jhurch
Property.
Bishops ... 1
Priests 47
Deacons... 6
White 7,090
Colored 886
137
29
White 3,437
Colored 969
$756,679 87
Total 54
Total 7,976
137
29
Total 4,406
S756,679 87
Capital invested for benevolent and educational objects, 8315,837.37.
Christian Church (or Disciples)
Number of
Preachers.
Number of
Members.
Church
Buildings.
Number of Sunday-
School Pupils.
'V'ial'Qe of all Church
Property.
75
9,805
110
3,147
1146,200
EoMAN Catholic Church in the Diocese op Georgia.
Secular Priests... 15
Priests of Reli-
gious Orders 25
Total 40
Number of
Members.
20,000
Church Edi-
fices 26
Chapels 14
Total 40
Value.
S500,000
Parsonages.
13
Value.
t50,000
Sunday-
Schools.
10
Pupils.
2,500
Three Orphan Homes, valued at 120,000.
The Hebrews in Georgia constitute an enterprising law-abiding class
of the population, and are found in all the cities and important towns.
They number about 6,200, have handsome synagogues in all the large
cities and several benevolent institutions in the State.
(iOVKK.NOK AIJ.HN 1). CAXIM-KK.
n
CHAPTER XV L
STATE GOYERKMENT.
The government of Georgia, like that of all the other States of the
Union, is republican in form, and is divided into three departments, the
Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial.
The executive, or administrative branch of the government, is placed
in the hands of the Governor, Secretaiy of State, Comptroller-General,
Treasm-er, Attorney-General, Commissioner of AgTiculture and State
School Commissioner elected by the people. Principal Keeper of the Pen-
itentiary, a Eailroad Commission and a Pardon Board appointed by the
Governor. The Governor is vested with the veto power.
The legislative department consists of a Senate and House of Erepre-
sentatives, the members of both houses being elected by a direct vote of
the people. The State is divided into forty-four senatorial districts from
each of which one senator is elected. The members of the House of
Pepresentatives are elected from the counties in proportion to popula-
tion, the more populous counties having three representatives.
The Judicial depai'tment consists of the Supreme Court with three
justices, the superior court, the court of ordinary, and the justice courts.
In addition to these, city and county courts are created by special act,
and vested with limited jurisdiction and powers.
The Supreme Court is the court of last resort and has no original juris-
diction. The superior court may be termed a court of general juris-
diction, though its jurisdiction does not extend to all cases. In certain cases
it has also appellate jurisdiction. The court of ordinary is the probate
court, with general powers relative to county matters. The justice courts
have jurisdiction in civil cases arising out of contract .and damage to
personal property, provided the amount does not exceed $100. In crim-
inal cases it is a committing court. Under the conservation and safe ad-
ministration of the State's affairs for many consecutive years, aided by
wise enactments of the legislature, Georgia's finances have been brought
out of the chaos in which war and reconstruction left them, and now her
credit stands as high as that of any State in the Union.
The constitution of the State adopted in 1877 guards well the rights,
of the people and prevents extravagant appropriations by the legislature.
(417)
418 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The laws enacted give proper protection to individual and corporate cap-
ital without any injustice to the laborer. There is no interference by the
legislature with the right of contract, except where humanity demands it.
In upholding and enforcing the law the courts and the governor have the
moral support of the community. ISTever, except in the case of a most
heinous, unmentionable crime, has the right of trial by jury been vio-
lated, and even then under the most exasperating circumstances no Geor-
gia mob has even been guilty of the excesses perpetrated by the Illinois
mobs in the spring of 1900, or the mob at Akron, Ohio, in August of the
same year.
Although the power of taxation is vested in the legislature, the abuse
of it is wisely guarded against by the State Constitution. No taxes can
be levied by the legislature except for the support of the government
and public institutions, the payment of principal and interest of the pub-
lic debt, to suppress insurrections or repel invasion, to pension under cer-
tain restrictions Confederate soldiers and the widows of Conferedate
soldiers, and to provide a system of elementary education. The Consti-
tution provides that taxation shall be uniform on all classes and ad
valorem on property. For educational purposes a poll-tax of one dollar
is provided.
Public property, colleges, schools, churches, cemeteries, literary asso-
ciations and public libraries, paintings and statuary not for sale, are ex-
empted from taxation.
County taxation is limited to public works, court expenses, prisons,
the debt existing at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. A two-
thirds vote is required to increase the debt of any county or municipality,
and the amount of the debt must not exceed seven per cent, of the assessed
value of property. Counties and municipalities are not allowed to be-
come stockholders in any corporation, and are forbidden to lend or give
except to charities and schools. All taxes must be collected under gen-
eral laws. The property, real or personal, of citizens of the United
States not residing in Georgia cannot be taxed higher than the property
of residents.
No foreign corporation is allowed to own more than 5,000 acres of
land without first becoming a corporation of the State under her laws.
Conveyances of real estate are made by deed, which must be signed by
the maker, attested by at least two witnesses, delivered to the purchaser
or some one for him, and founded on a valuable or good consideration.
No special form is required. It is sufficient, if it states clearly the trans-
action between the parties. A deed executed out of the State, in order
to be entitled to record^ must be attested by a commissioner of deeds for
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 419
the State of Georgia, a counsel or vice-counsel of the United States, a
judge of a court of record, with the certificate under seal of the clerk
of the court to the genuineness of the signature of such judge. If the
deed is executed in the State, it cannot be recorded, until attested by a
judge of a court of record, or a justice of the peace, or a notary public,
or a clerk of the superior court.
In the case of the last named officers, the deed must be attested in the
county where they hold office. If not so attested at the time of its exe-
cution, it may be acknowledged before any of these officers and the fact
certified on the deed. If it has not been so attested or acknowledged, it
may become entitled to record upon the affidavit of a subscribing wit-
ness before either of the officers testifying to the execution and attesta-
tion of the deed. If the witnesses are dead or incapacitated, the affi-
davit of a third party to the execution or genuineness of the signature of
the witness or witnesses will admit it to record. Deeds to evade the
usury law, or a part of a usurious contract, are void.
The legal rate of interest in Georgia is seven per cent, though by
special contract eight per cent, may be charged. Any rate above that is
considered usury, the penalty for which is the forfeiture of the excess of
interest.
By law certain liens are established.
1. State, counties, and municipal corporations for taxes.
2. Decrees and judgments of the courts.
3. Laborers' special lien on the products of their labor, and generally
on the property of their employer.
4. Special liens of landlord for any necessaries furnished to tenants
for the purpose of making a crop or supporting their families, such lien
being upon crops made during the year in which such supplies were fur-
nished. They have also a general lien for rent.
5. Lien held by mechanics on property manufactured or repaired, for
material furnished or work done.
C. Innkeepers, carriers, stable-keepers, pawnees, and depositaries have
liens on special property in their possession.
7. Mechanics, contractors, material men, manufacturers, including
corporations, have liens on railroads, factories, houses, etc., for material
furnished or for work done.
The general rule is that liens must be enforced by suits within one
year.
The statutes of limitations fix certain limits on the time in which
actions must bo brought, as follows: instinimeuts under seal, twenty
5 ears; statutory rights, twenty years; promissory notes not under seal
420 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
and other simple contracts in writing, six years; contracts not in writing
iii!.l open accounts, four years; foreign judgments, five years; domestic
judgments, seven years without execution issued, with docketed seven
J tars from the last entry on the execution. Dormant judments may be
levived by scire facias within three years from dormancy; suits against
administratoi-s, guardians, executors or trustees, except on their bonds,
ten years; suits to recover trust property, three years after the removal
of the disability; trespasses or damages to realty or personalty, four
years; personal injuries, two years; injuries to reputation, qui tarn ac-
tions of informers, and claims against a county, one year; against dis-
charged administrator by the heirs or distributees, five years.
The extreme penalty of the law for murder is death or imprisonment
for life. For capital offenses other than murder the limit of imprison-
ment is seven years; for all other felonies, four years; for misdemeanors,
two years.
All promises to answer in any way for the debts of others, in order to
be binding, must be in writing, signed by the party to be bound, or his
authorized agent.
The homestead laws differ materially from those of most States, being
somewhat in the nature of a trust estate in charge of the court for the
benefit of dependents, which becomes subject to debts when the con-
ditions and purposes for which it was created cease to exist.
Due precaution is taken to prevent fraud on the part of debtors in dis-
posing of and conceding their property. While statutory proceedings in
attachment and garnishment are allowed upon the usual grounds, the
wages of daily, weekly and monthly laborers are excepted from garnish-
ment.
The rights of creditors are favored by the courts and every facility for
the collection of debts has been made.
In the making of a will no particular form is required. All wills, ex-
cept nuncupative, must be in wi-iting, signed by the maker, or in his
presence and by his direction. Every will must be attested by three com-
petent witnesses in the presence of the testator. All wills disposing of real
property in the State, in order to be entitled to probate, must be executed
with the same formality as if made in the State. Bequests to any kind
of institutions must be executed at least ninety days before the death of
the testator, and must not so dispose of more than a third of the estate, if
the testator has a wife, child, or descendants. If any bequest violates
this rule, it is null and void.
The legal age at which marriage may be contracted is seventeen in
males and fourteen in females. Under eighteen in females the consent
DR. THOS. V. JANES,
First ('oiniiiissioner of Agriculture,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 423
of the parents must be obtained. Marriage within the Levitical degrees
of affinity and consangniaity are forbidden.
Miscegenation, or marriage betTveen the white and colored races, is
forbidden.
The divorce laws are better than those of many States, in that they
make the sundering of the marriage tie no easy matter.
The property rights of the wife, both real and personal, are fully pro-
tected by the law.
Banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express, and telegraph
companies, formerly chartered by the General Assembly are now char-
tered by the Secretary of State upon petition, and are given by statute
the powers usually conferred upon such companies. Other corporations
are chartered by the superior court in the county where their principal
office is located.
The Comptroller-General is ex officio Insurance Commissioner, and a
license from him, granted only upon certain conditions, is required of all
companies, and to him statements of the assets and liabilities of the com-
panies must be made. iSTo security is required of purely mutual life
companies. Fire insurance companies are required to make a deposit of
$25,000 in cash or approved bonds, and life insurance (stock) companies
must make a deposit of $100,000.
The State Treasurer is by law the State Bank Examiner, and is re-
quired to examine each bank at least once a year, and to him is made a
quarterly statement which is required to be published. The general
banking laws of Georgia furnish the depositors excellent protection
against fraudulent loss. One of these laws forbids their lending to their
officers without good collateral, and except on collateral no more than
ten per cent, of their capital can be loaned to any one person. Cash
assets must not be reduced below 25 per cent, of the deposits. Every
precaution is taken against any possibility of fraud.
Pure food laws protect the people of the State against adulterated and
unwholesome foods of any kind.
The propagation of fish is confided to the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture, who is authorized to employ a superintendent of fisheries, who,
under the direction of the commissioners, shall have charge of the prop-
agation of fish.
In all the rivers of Georgia, in which shad are caught, there is a
"closed time" of forty-eight hours each week, from sunrise on Saturday
to sunrise on the following ^Monday, during which no sliad or other mi-
gratory fish are allowed to be caught by any means whatever No
shad are allowed to be taken by any means whatever except between the
424 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
first day of January and the twentieth day of April of each year, ex-
cept for spawning purposes.
The game laws protect birds and all othe game against hunters dur-
ing certain specified seasons.
The Commissioner of Agriculture is charged with the execution of the
quarantine laws for the protection of cattle against Texas fever and the
cattle tick. For a thorough understanding of this subject we publish the
bulletin on Cattle Quarantine Laws, published by the Department of
Agriculture.
AUTHORITY FOR MAKmG RULES AND REGULATION'S.
AN ACT.
To protect the cattle of this State from all contagious or infectious
diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of
this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make
such rules and regulation as he may deem proper and necessary for the
purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act, to prohibit the
driving of diseased cattle through said State, or cattle calculated to spread
disease, to provide a penalty for violation of same, and for other pur-
poses.
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE'S DUTY.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, That the Com-
missioner of Agriculture of this State shall immediately upon the pas-
sage of this Act, and from time to time thereafter, ascertain in what
sections of this State cattle are free from contagious or infectious diseases
and splenetic fever.
QUARANTINE FOR CATTLE.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That where-
ver the cattle of any section of this State are found to be free from
contagious and infectious diseases and splenetic fever, said Commissioner
of Agriculture is hereby authorized, empowered and required to estab-
lish and maintain such quarantine lines, and to make and enforce such
rules and regulations as may be necessary for the protection of such
cattie.
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER STATES.
Sec, 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said
Commissioner shall co-operate with the officials of other States, and with
the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States in establishing such
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 425
quarantine lines, ruless and regulations as he shall deem proper and best
for the protection of the cattle of this State free from any of the diseases
referred to in the foregoing sections of this Act.
PENALTY.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any
person or persons, company or corporation who shall violate any quaran-
tine provisions, rules or regulations established by the Commissioner of
Agriculture of this State, under the authority conferred by this Act,
shall be guilty of, and, upon conviction, punished as for a misdemeanor.
Sec. 5. Be'^it further enacted. That all laws and parts of laws in con-
flict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 20, 1899.
PROCLAMATION OF THE RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE CON-
TROL OF CONTAGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE .
To Whom it May Concern:
In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the General
Assembly of Georgia in the Act No. 374, laws of 1899, entitled, "An
Act to protect the cattle of the State from all contagious or infectious
diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of
this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make
such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the
purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act, to provide penalties
for violation of the same, and for other purposes," I, O. B. Stevens,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, after due inquiry
into the conditions of cattle-raising in this State and the prevalence of
communicable cattle diseases, do hereby set forth and declare the follow-
ing rules and regulations for the control of contagious or infectious dis-
eases of cattle in the State of Georgia.
April 30, 1901. .^..„
(Signed) O. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
The term cattle used in these regulations shall include bulls, oxen,
steers, cows, heifers, yearlings and calves.
The terms "contagious" or "infectious diseases" shall include all dis-
eases of cattle which are communicable from animal to animal; for ex-
ample contagious abortion, tuberculosis, (actinomycosis), anthrax,
rabies,' or splenetic fever (including red water, bloody murrain, acclima-
tion disease, Texas cattle fever, tick fever, and other local names).
426 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Section 1. Whenever any contagious or infectious disease of cattle
shall exist in any portion of this State, the infected cattle or infected
material which may convey disease, or both, or animals which may have
come in contact with such disease, shall be quarantined on the premises
or in lots or buildings in which they may be found, until such time as
danger from the spread of disease has passed, all necessary disinfection is
comj)leted, and they are released by order of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture.
Sec. 2. The annual regulations and amendments thereof of the United
States Department of Agriculture concerning Interstate cattle transpor-
tation are hereby adopted as a portion of these regulations during such
time as said regulations are in force.
Sec. 3. N^o cattle shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven,
or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine district in this
State, into the districts exempted from the Federal quarantine by the
United States Secretary of Agriculture between such dates as the Secre-
tary and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall determine upon; Pro-
vided, that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail, con-
signed through such exempted districts to other States, which are trans-
ported in accordance with the Federal regulations relating to Interstate
transportation of cattle.
Sec. 4. 1^0 cattle originating in the area of other States prescribed by
the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States as having a contagious
or infectious disease, known as splenetic or Southern fever, among its
cattle, shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven, or allowed to
stray at any time of the year across or into any portion of this State in
which cattle are declared by the said Secretary of Agriculture as being
exempted in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regula-
tions concerning transportation of cattle originating in certain areas;
Provided, this section shall not apply to interstate traffic in cattle by rail
or by boat transacted in accordance with the Federal regulations relating
thereto, or to uninfected cattle exempted by special permit of tide
United States Secretary of Agriculture; Provided further, that between
such dates and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said
Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Argiculture of this
State, cattle may be transported, driven, or caused to be driven, or al-
lowed to stray when found free of infection.
Sec. 5. When cattle from the infected areas, as defined by the Secre-
tary of the United States Department of Agriculture in the annual regu-
lations concerning cattle transportation and the amendments thereof,
shall have moved or been moved in violation of these regulations or their
amendments, the feeding places, yards, and pasturages upon which the
said cattle have been moved shall become infected districts and subject
to the same regulations as other infected areas; the limits of said in-
fected area shall be defined by the extent of range allowed the animals
from the infected areas and by the efficiency of the exclusion of other
cattle from said infected districts.
Sec. 6. l^otice is hereby given that cattle infested with the Boo-
HON. .loii.x '1". iii;.\j»i:ks(».\. si;('(».\i> commissiom:!: oi'
A(rKi(i i/n i:i:.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 429
philus Bovis, or Southern cattle tick, disseminate the contagion of splen-
etic fever; therefore cattle which are found iu the exempted districts in-
fested with tick (Boophilus Bovis) shall be considered as infectious cat-
tle.
Sec. 7. Such infectious cattle, or cattle suspected of being infectious,
shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to the public road or
free range imtil such time as they are disinfected or proven to be unin-
fected, and permission is granted by the Commissioner of Agriculture
for their removal.
SPECIAL ORDER NO. 1.
Whereas, the cattle owners of Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Towns and
Rabun counties have appealed to this Department for protection of their
cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks, and it appears that the cattle
of a greater portion of said counties are free from these pests, it is hereby
ordered :
Section 1. That no cattle shall be driven into the counties of Gilmer,
Fannin, Union, Towns and Rabun from any part of this State in which
the cattle are declared infected with splenetic fever infection by the
United States Secretary of Agriculture, or from any other State or por-
tion thereof in which the cattle are declared infected until such cattle
are exempted from the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of
Agriculture.
Sec. 2. That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are infested
with cattle ticks, or which are suspected of being infected with such
ticks, shall be placed in close quarantine and not allowed on the public
roads or at large until such a time as shall be proven that they are not
80 infested, and they shall be released by order of the Commissioner of
Agriculture.
The Commissioner will, upon application of the Ordinary or cattle
owners of any county, temporarily forbid the entrance of cattle from
any infected county or district mitil such time as danger of infection
from said county or district is past. This local quarantine will be pub-
lished in local newspapers and sufficient notices will be posted on the
public roads.
Georgia Department of Agriculture.
Federal Cattle Qnnrantino Line.
Special Regulation No. 1.
Authorized by Georgia Laws of 1899, No. 374, "Protection of cattle
against infectious diseases."
On and after this date no cattle (bulls, steers, oxen, cows, heifers,
yearlings or calves) shall be led, driven, or caused to be driven, allowed
to stray or carried in any manner into the counties of Gilmer, Fannin,
Union, Towns and Rabun.
Violation of the above is a misdemeanor.
By order of 0. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner.
Atlanta, Ga., April 30, 1901.
10 Ra
430 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
DUTIES OF CATTLE INSPECTORS.
1. To see that the Eules and Regulations this day issued by the
Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia, found in another portion of
this bulletin, be strictly enforced and carried out.
2. To locate all territory in your division or district of this State
that may now or hereafter become infested with fever ticks. Take any
legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading therefrom to
any other territory in Georgia.
3. Place all infested cattle and pastures in quarantine, and report
same, giving location of infested areas to the State Commissioner of
Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia.
4. Use all possible means to the end of exterminating the ticks on
such infested farms or areas. Urge the cattlemen to grease them and
care for their cattle, looking to the prevention of further propagation
of the tick.
5. Advise the burning over, both in fall or spring, of all infested
pastures or ranges with a view to the destruction of the cattle tick.
You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from the
neglect of these instructions.
This April 30th, 1901.
I^ote. — Cattle inspectors receive salary from the State department,
and cannot make any charges for inspecting cattle.
f
TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK.
'No disease to which our cattle are susceptible has such an important
bearing upon the cattle interests of the Southern States as "Southern Cat-
tle Fever" or "Texas Fever." For this reason we have deemed it wise to
issue from this department a short bulletin giving the salient points of
the cause, history and present conditions, with a few common sense
suggestions as to the prevention of this dread disease, known as the
"Texas Fever." To a very large degree this disease prohibits the im-
portation into our Southern country of pure bred animals from areas
north of the United States' quarantine line of which we may be de-
sirous for the building up of our dairy and beef cattle interests. Be-
sides it has resulted in a barrier being placed by the Federal authori-
ties known as the "Federal Quarantine Line" for the protection of
ISTorthern cattle against the exportation of our Southern stock to ISTorth-
em markets, except these cattle be carried by rail or boat for immediate
slaughter, which cripples to a great degree the Southern cattle industiy
on account of this cattle disease. It has been proved by experiment
that when ticks which have been living on the blood of our Southern
cattle are transported to latitudes north of the Federal Quarantine Line
and become attached to cattle in those sections, or when l^orthern
cattle from above the quarantine line are brought South and subjected
to infection by ticks from our stock, the animals will contract this mal-
ady, which proves that the tick is the means through which the con-
tagion is conveyed. ISTow, what we are most interested in, is how to
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 43 x
get rid of the tick, for when we destroy this pest we remove the source
of this dreadful disease, which is called by many names, to wit: ''Murrain,
Bloody Murrain, Eed Water, Yellow Water, Black Water, Acclimating
Fever, etc., and according to the authorities all of these diseases ai-e
nothing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle Fever. Nearly
all authorities agree that this Bovine tick fever is a specific fever, com-
municated not in a direct manner from one animal to another, but indi-
rectly through the medium of cattle from infected pastiu-es, roads and
other places, and in an indirect manner conveying the disease to suscepti-
ble animals which are exposed to those infected surroundings.
When it is known that beef cattle above the Federal Quarantine
Line are worth from one to one and one-half cents per pound more
than the same grade of cattle below the line, our people in Georgia
can readily see the enormous profits they have lost for years past. By
virtue of the fact that most of the counties of our State are tick infested
they will see the importance of energetic, systematic and judicious work
looking to the suppression of this dreaded pest named by Dr. Cooper
Curtice the Boophilus Bovis.
WHEN AND WHERE THE TICK IS FOUND.
The cattle tick is found in warm weather in most of the States that
lie south of the 35th parallel of latitude. During the heat of summer
the iSTorthem distribution is sometimes extended into jSTorthern markets,
but it is killed off in the fall or early winter months. In mild winters
the tick may be found at any time of the year in South Georgia, but
in some of the counties in extreme North Georgia the tick is practically
exterminated by the frosts of winter and does not reappear until brought
back in the course of cattle traffic. In severe winters this extermination
extends further southward.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TICKS.
Dr. Cooper Curtice gives the following description of ticks:
"The fact that at least three species of ticks may be found on cattle
and that one is disease bearing and outlawed, would seem to complicate
matters. The existence of the other two species, however, entei-s very
little into the problem practically, for they are easily told apart and
are quite different in habits.
"All these ticks look alike, especially the largo females, which are
those usually seen. They are often as large as a castor oil bean seed,
and usually leaden blue in color; have a soft, leathery body provided
with four pairs of little legs and a hard little head with movable
mouth parts. The three vai'ioties can bo distinguishod by a glance at
their heads. In the cattle tick the color is solid chestnut brown. In
the variety that also pesters people, horses and dogs, the head lias a little
bright, often gohlen, spot at its bnck oflge, from which it has gninod
the name 'lone star tick,' 'pass or spot tick.' The third variety, which
432 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
is often found on deer, dogs and other animals, has the head nearly
white or with a white margin. It is commonly called 'deer tick,' 'dog
tick' or 'bear tick.' These characters will always serve to distinguish
the species. While the male, which is an inconspicuous little fellow,
always accompanies the female, his presence is of no practical impor-
tance, since it is the female which attracts our attention and against
which all efforts must be made. Their resemblance, especially in the
head parts, to the females, and their association with females, enables
the observer to readily classify them.
"The lone star tick and the dog tick usually attach themselves to ani-
mals when the latter are going through the woods or in marshy places,
while the cattle tick rarely gets on man, or other animals save possibly
horses, and is always found in pastures where cattle have spread them.
"The star tick and the dog tick usually get about the ears, dewlap
and sides of cattle, while cattle ticks are most numerous on the lower
edge of the dewlap, along the underparts and on the thighs of the cattle.
This is because the little ticks are the most numerous where the cows
rest and get on them from short grass.
"The lone star and the dog tick are most commonly found from
June to August, and then seem to disappear. They are soon followed
by 'seed ticks,' which get upon one walking through the pastures and
sink their heads beneath the skin. Often at the same time the 'mid-
dling' or 'yearling,' an intermediate size between the seed and adult
tick, is encountered. These are but different stages of eithea- of the above
ticks. Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring, but rapidly increase
in numbers as the seasons wear, or until they are said to literally shinglt
the cows by their hosts. The same steps of growth occur as in the other
species, but they rarely if ever get upon people and spend their whole
existence upon the cattle. It thus happens that the careful invcotigator
may find all the stages from the seed tick, which may be seen by very
close examination, up to the unsightly adult female."
LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK.
Most authorities agree that all cattle ticks come from eggs laid by
other ticks, and can only reach maturity on cattle; that the tick drops
from the cow and remains passive a few days, then begins to lay eggs,
and in two weeks she has laid some two thousand eggs to be hatched
out in from three to six weeks according to the temperature of the
weather. These eggs are generally deposited under a bunch of grass,
leaves or sticks, being sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. When
hatched the young ticks, or "seed ticks," spread out short distances, and
attach themselves to the nearest blade of grass or twig and collect at
their tops, and there appear to merely exist in wait for their future host
— ^the cow.
After arriving on the cattle they remain there from three to four
weeks, when the females become mature, and fall from the cattle to
the ground wherever the cattle happen to be when the tick becomes
,o ^^ ^^%^
HON. R. T. NESBITT,
Tliird Commissioner of T^gricullure.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 435
mature. Hence the places most frequented by the cattle in the pasturage
are where you ^vill find the most infection, yet any place may become
infected pro\'ided the cattle pass over it and drop the tick at such a
place.
In summing up the life history of the tick Dr. Cooper Curtice says:
1. Ticks are introduced on farms by cattle.
2. Seed ticks appear in from twenty-five days to sLx weeks.
• 3. Ticks grow to maturity in about four weeks after they attach
to cattle.
4. Ticks when mature fall to the ground to give rise to new multi-
tudes.
SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS.
If proper and judicious work be done, there is no good reason why
the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain infected longer
than twelve months. In point of fact many militia districts, as well
as almost entire counties, are practically free of the diseasercarrying
tick. We would not advise the discrimination between ticks, as all ticks
are noxious and loathsome. Early spring is perhaps the best time to
begin work, for the destruction of a single tick in spring is often the
means of preventing thousands from coming into life. A female tick
which lays from two to twenty-five hundred eggs will likely produce
one thousand pairs of ticks. One tick in spring or summer will be suffi-
cient to stock a farm of ordinary size in one year. Fields used for
g^o^ving crops must be considered as uninfected, since frequent plowing
and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree. Old fields
may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early spring and
during the fall; but we would advise that marshy places and comers
and small plots of woods that cannot be burned off be fenced from the
cattle, as they would furnish a sufficient number of ticks to reinfect the
whole pasture. If a large area now used for pasturing cattle be divided
by a fence and use only one-half of the pasture for cattle, not allowing
cattle to trespass upon the other half of the pasture, this method would
practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve
months. If, however, the pasture be small and conditions are not suited
to the above method, then the cattle must be carefully and continuously
picked during the spring and summer, using from time to time sulphur
and lard, or any grease that is most convenient. If this hand-picking
is continued daily a small farm can be cleaned of the ticks in a short
while. Oils and grease, however, have their uses on farms, and aid
materially in disinfection, and save labor in the hand-picking process.
A little tar mixed with the grease is advisable. The cattle should be
thoroughly rubbed from time to time with these ointments. But there
can be no successful extermination of the tick unless the county at
largo co-operates in this matter, to the extent that the highways and
market places and stock yards sliall bo kept free of infection. So, if
cattle men generally will carefully comply with the rules and rcgula-
436 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
tions and adopt the above suggestions, they will find that the extermina-
tion of the tick is but an easy matter, requiring patience and persever-
ance, with only a small expense.
SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.
Dr. Curtice says that experiment and observations show that the
majority of cases break out and die in from 10 to 21 days after infection.
!For the first few days there is no fever or any indication of the disease,
but either on the fifth or sixth day a very high fever breaks out, which
often renders the animal deliiious or stupid; their heads droop, their
ears lop, cud chewing is suspended, and other signs of ill health follow.
They usually die towards the end of the first week of fever, although
some last into the second week, while a small percentage survive. The
urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appears even
dark or black red, resembling the color of coffee. The eyeballs and
other mucous membranes show a yellow cast. If the animals survive
the attack of fever they remain poor and recover very slowly. The
virulence of this disease varies at different seasons of the year, and in
different animals. All who may desire to study this question fully from
a scientific point we would advise to write to Dr. D. A. Salmon, Chief
of the Bureau of Animal Industry at "Washington, D. C, for bul-
letins on Texas fever and cattle tick. If this little bulletin should create
an interest in the study of this disease and the remedies therefor, and
bring about co-operation of the people looking to the suppression of this
disease, its object will have been accomplished. Get rid of the tick and
you get rid of the disease.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin from
the North Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr. Cooper Curtice, who
was at the time of issue State Veterinarian of N'orth Carolina.
FEETILIZEK LAWS.
To prevent fraud and imposition in the sale of fertilizers, all fertilizers
and fertilizer material sold, or offered for sale in the State must be
registered, inspected and analyzed. Each bag, barrel or package must
have branded thereon, or attached thereto, the guaranteed analysis of
tbci manufacturer and dealer. In the event it does not come up to the
guarantee, failure of consideration can be plead. All complete fer-
tilizers must contain 2 per cent, of ammonia, actual or potential, with
r aum of not less than 8 per cent, of available phosphoric acid and pot-
rsh. Other fertilizers must contain 10 per cent, of available plant food.
r'*ailure to come up to the standard of the State voids the sale.
For the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer, the law
regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers, passed and approved Oc-
tober 9th, 1891, is given in full below:
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 437
AN ACT.
To amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection, analysis
and sale of commercial fertilizei's, chemicals and cotton-seed meal
in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of
laws in conflict therewith, and for other purposes.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Stiite of
Georgia, That all manufacturers of, or dealers in, commercial fertilizei-s
or chemicals, or cotton-seed meal, to be used in manufacturing the same,
who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such
fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal, shall first file with the Com-
missioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each
brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in
said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name
of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, and also the guar-
anteed analysis thereof, and if the same fertilizer is sold under different
names, said fact shall be so stated, and the different brands that are
identical shall be named.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That all fertilizers, or chemicals for
manufacturing the same, and all cotton-seed meal offered for sale or
distribution in this State, shall have branded upon, or attached to, each
bag, barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof, sho'u^ng the
percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemi-
cals contain, embracing the following determinations:
Moisture at 212 deg. Fah per cent.
Insoluble phosphoric acid per cent.
Available phosphoric acid per cent.
Ammonia, actual and potential per cent.
Potash (K^O) per cent.
The analysis so placed upon, or attached t-o, said fertilizer or chemical
shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer, agent or person offering the
same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated
thereby, in the percentages name therein, and said guarantee shall be
binding on said manufacturer, agent or dealer, and may be pleaded in
any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration
in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed
meal.
Sec. III. Bo it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of tlio Com-
missioner of Agricnltiire to forbid the sale of either of the follo\v!n<»:
Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of avail-
able phosphoric acid; any acid phosphate with potash which contains a
sum total of less than ten per centum of available pliosphoric acid and
potash when the per cents, of the two are added together; any acid
phosphate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten
per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per
438 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
cents, of the two are added togetkerj any acid phosphate with ammonia
and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of
available phosphoric acid, ammonia and potash, when the per cents, of
the three are added together; that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated
superphosphates unless said brands contain 2 per cent, or more of am-
monia. And also to forbid the sale of all cotton-seed meal which is
shown by official analysis to contain less than 7 1-2 per cent, of am-
monia, j^othing in this act shall be construed to nullify any of the
requirements of an act entitled an act to require the inspection and
analysis of cotton-seed meal.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That all persons or firms who may
desire or intend to sell fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal in this
State, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or a
plainly written request for tags therefor, stating the name of the brand,
the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the num-
ber of tons of each brand and the number of tags required, and the
person or persons to whom the same is consigned, the guaranteed analy-
sis, also the number of pounds contained in each bag, barrel or pack-
age in which said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal is put up, and
shall at the time of said request for tags forward directly to the Com-
missioner of Agriculture the sum of ten cents per ton as an inspection
fee; whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture to issue tags to parties so applying, who shall attach a tag to each
bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said bags, bar-
rel or package, shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has com-
plied with the requirements of this act. Any tags left in possession of
the manufacturers or dealers at the end of the season shall not be used
for another season, nor shall they be redeemable by the Department of
Agriculture.
Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any
person, firm or corporation, either by themselves or their agents, to sell
or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal
without first registering the same with the Commissioner of' Agricul-
ture, as required by this act, and the fact that the pm'chaser waives the
inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so
selling or offering the same for sale.
Sec. VI. Be it further enacted. That the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many inspectors
as in said Commissioner's judgment may be necessary, who shall hold
their offices for such terms as said Commissioner of Agriculture shall in
his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this act. The
greatest compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive
shall be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual
expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be
their duty to inspect all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal that
may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any
point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall
see that all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal are properly tagged.
HON. O. 15. .STKNENS COMMISSIONER OF AGKICULTUHE
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 44I
Sec. Vli. Be it further enacted, That each inspector of fertilizers
shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers,
chemicals or cotton seed meal drawn by him, and shall also be pro-
vided with leaden tags, numbered in duplicate from one upward, and it
shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw a sample of all
fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal that he may be requested to
inspect, or that he may find uninspected, and he shall fill two sample
bottles with each brand, and place one leaden tag of same number in
each sample bottle, and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the
number corresponding to the number on said leaden tags in said bot-
tles, and shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the name
of the fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal inspected, the name of
the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the place where in-
spected, the date of inspection, and the name of the inspector, and shall
send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sample
so drawn by him annexed to a full report of said inspection, written
on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture, which
report must be numbered to correspond with the number on said sam-
ple bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein; and it shall
also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record
of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by said Commis-
sioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their
duties they shall take and subscribe, before some oificer authorized to
administer the same, an oath faithfully to discharge all the duties which
may be required of them in pursuance of this act.
Sec. YIIL Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agri-
culture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations
in regard to the inspection, analysis and sale of fertilizers, chemicals
and cotton-seed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of this act,
as in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof.
Sec. IX. Be it further enacted. That it shall be the duty of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received
from the inspection of fertilizers, and to pay the same into the treas-
ury, after paying out of said sum the expenses and salaries of inspectors,
and for the tags and bottles used in making such inspections.
Sec. X. Be it further enacted, That all contracts for the sale of fer-
tilizers or chemicals in the State of Georgia made in any other manner
than as required by this act, shall be absolutely void; provided, that
nothing in this act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid
phosphate, kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by
importers, manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material
for sale, or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipment of these
articles in bulk to manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer
material for sale.
Sec. XT. Be it further enacted, That any person selling or offering
for sale any fertilizers or chemicals without first having complied with
the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con-
442 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
viction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the
Code of Georgia.
Sec. XII. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
FORMAL EEQUEST FOR REGISTRATION.
To O. B, Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga. :
You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution in the
State of Georgia manufactured by
at
THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND.
Moisture at 212 deg. Fah per cent.
Insoluble phosphoric acid per cent.
Available phosphoric acid per cent.
Ammonia, actual and potential per cent.
Potash (K^O) per cent.
The ammonia is in the form of
Nitrate of soda has been used in the manufacture of this
brand.
The is put up in of
lbs. each
It is identical with
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above
brand before the official analysis thereof is made agree
and bind to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit
all claims for purchase money therefor, if, after the official analysis is
made, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accord-
ance with the law.
2. Under section 4, relating to requests for tags, in order that no
delay may occur in shipments, the manufacturer or dealer need not
notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name
of the purchaser or consignee, but must notify the Commissioner in
writing of eveiy sale or consignment on the day in which the same is
made. This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or
the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons,
together with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their places
of residence. It must request inspection and contain an' agreement to
cancel all sales thereof, in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit
its sale in accordance with law. The following form may be used, sub-
stantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient:
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 443
NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR
INSPECTION.
190
To 0. B. Stevens, Cominissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga, :
You are hereby notified that have this day made the
following sales and consignments, and request that the same be in-
spected:
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above be-
fore the ofiicial analysis thereof is made agree
and bind to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all
claims for purchase money thereof, if. after the official analysis is made,
the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance
with law.
Manufacturers and dealers, by this rule, are not required to delay
shipment in order that the inspection may be made, but are required to
see that their goods are properly tagged, the inspection being made while
the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or
consignee.
3. All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department, and
the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the
rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which
they are to be used.
Manufacturers and dealers, or their agents, may request tags in such
quantities as they see fit, but each request must state distinctly the brand
or brands on which they are to be used, with the number of tons of the
brands, or of each of said brands.
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually
on hand at the time the request is made, but manufacturers or dealers
can order such number of tags as they may need during the season,
bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the de-
partment.
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascer-
tained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand, by
proper notice, with the consent of the Commissioner, the tags can be
used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weiglit
and sold or consigned the same season.
4. If a fortilizor be oiTored for registration, inspection or sale branded
as either of the following:
"Ammoniatcd Superphosphate,"
"Ammonia Dissolved Bone,"
"Aminoniatf'd Guano,"
"Guano,"
"Fertilizer."
or other words implying that the same is an ammoniatod supon)Iio^pli;i»-o.
444 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two
per cent, of ammonia (actual or potential).
5. That part of section 3 excepting from the operations of the act an,
act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton-seed "meal" leaves
the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill, which requires that
all cottonseed meal, for whatever purpose to be used, be inspected. It
is therefore necessary, and is required, that a request for inspction be
«ent to the Commissioner, and that the inspection be made in the hands
of the manufacturer, dealer or their agent, or, if shipped in the State,
at some convenient point, before the meal is sold or distributed. In all
cases fees will be sent direct to the Conmiissioner, who will immedi-
ately order the nearest inspector to make the inspection.
CALVIK BILL.
COTTON SEED MEAL.
A bill to be entitled an act to require all cotton-seed meal to be sub-
jected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being
offered for sale, and to forbid the sale in this State of such cotton-
seed meal if it be shown by the official analysis that the same con-
tains less than 7 1-2 per centum of ammonia; to prescribe a penalty
for the violation of the provisions of this act, and for other purposes.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and
it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That from and after
the passage of this act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons
to offer for sale in this State any cotton-seed meal until the same shall
have been duly analyzed by the State Chemist and inspected as now
required by law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manu-
facturing or composting purposes; nor shall it be lawful to offer such
cotton-seed meal for sale in this State if it be shown by the official analy-
sis that the same contains less than 7 1-2 per centum of ammonia; pro-
vided, that the provisions of this act as to the per centum mentioned in
this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea-island cotton-
seed; but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall, upon the passage of this
act, fix and make public a minimum per centum, which shall control
as to the cotton seed meal referred to in this proviso; provided further,
that if any cotton-seed meal shall not analyze up to the required per
centum of ammonia, the same may be offered for sale as second-class
meal, provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped
on the sack.
Sec. 11. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That there
shall be branded upon or attached to each sack, barrel or package of
cotton-seed meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as de-
termined by the State Chemist, and the number of pounds net in each
sack, barrel or package.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That it
JUSTICES or J' I no supheme court.
1. T. J. SiMMuxs, Chief Justice.
2. Samuel Lumpkin, Associate Justice.
'A. W. A. Littm:,
4. Wm. H. Kisii, "
.">. Andrew J. Cobb, " "
(J. II. T. Lewis, " "
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A}fD INDUSTRIAL. 447
shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps
necessary to make effective the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of this
act.
Sec. TV. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any
person or persons violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as pre-
scribed in section 4310 of the Code of 1882.
Sec. V. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all
laws and part5 of laws in conflict ^vith this act be, and the same are,,
hereby repealed.
Approved July 22, 1891.
BLALOCK BILL.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS— HOW BRA^'DED AND GRADED.
No. 358.
An act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for
the branding of same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for
other purposes.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That
from and after the passage of this act it shall be unlawful to sell any
complete commercial fertilizer in this State unless the grade of same is
branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters of not less than
one inch.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted. That the grades of such fertilizer
shall be divided into three, to wit: ''High grade," which shall contain
not less than fourteen per cent, of plant food; "Standard grade," which
shall contain not less than twelve per cent, of plant food, and "Low
grade," which shall contain not less than ten per cent, of plant food;
provided, this act shall not go into effect until after the fii-st day of
August, 1898.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That a failure to comply with the
requirements of this act shall subject the seller thereof to all the pains
and penalties now of force for failure to have fertilizers properly in-
spected.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted. That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict -^vith this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 21, 1897.
COI^BIEECIAL FERTILIZERS, HOW BRANDED, ETC.
No. 170.
An act to amend section 1 of an act entitled "an act to prescribe throe
grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of tlie
same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for other pur-
448 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
poses"; so as to make it unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers
in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or
package thereof in letters not less than one inch.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That
from and after the passage of this act, the above recited section be, and
the same is, hereby amended by striking from the third line of said
section the word "complete," so that when amended, said section shall
read as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia,
That from and after the passage of this act, it shall be unlawful to sell
any commercial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is
branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one
inch ; provided, that this act shall not be construed as applying to cotton
seed meal and German kainit and muriate of potash; and that said act
shall not go into effect until the first day of August, 1899.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in con-
flict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 22, 1898.
ELLnTGTON BILL.
'Eo. 168.
An act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State; to fix a method
for determining the value of the same, and for other purposes.
Section I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and
it is hereby enacted by authority of the same. That from and after the
passage of this act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from
any owner thereof, or agent of such owner, to require of the person
selling, and at the time of sale or delivery, to take from each lot of each
brand sold a sample of its contents.
Sec. II. Be it further enacted. That said sample so taken shall be
mixed together and placed in a bottle, jar or such other receptacle as
the purchaser may present. It shall then be the duty of such purchaser
and seller to deliver said package to the Ordinary of the county, who
shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted. That said Ordinary shall safely keep
said package, allowing neither party access to the same, save as herein-
after provided. The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten (10) cents from
the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after
having used such fertilizers upon his crops, have reason to believe from
the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or partially worth-
less, he shall notify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the
said sample deposited with him (or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair
analysis) to the State Chemist, without stating the names of the parties,
the name of the fertilizer or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost of
sending being prepaid by the purchaser.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDDSTRIAL. 449
Sec. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said State
Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary.
Sec. YI. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show that
said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold,
then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evi-
dence against a plea of pai-tial or total failure of consideration. But
should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the
guaranteed analysis, then the sale shall be illegal, null and void, and
when suit is brought, upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such
fertilizer, the statement of such State Chemist, so transmitted to the
Ordinary, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such evi-
dence of indebtedness is held by an innocent third party or not.
Sec. Vn. Be it further enacted. That in lieu of the State Chemist,
should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to
make said analysis, all the provisions of the act shall apply to his analysis
and report to the Ordinary.
Sec. VIII. Be it further enacted. That should the seller refuse to
take said sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon proof
of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of failure of con-
sideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and
benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops, which proof shall be sufficient
to authorize the jury to sustain defendant's plea within whole or in part,
whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not.
Sec. IX. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in
conflict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 27, 1890.
ILLUMINATING OILS.
All illuminating oils must be inspected by an officer appointed for
that purpose, and the Department of Agriculture is charged with_ the
supervision and enforcement of the inspection laws concerning fertilizers
and oils.
The following is the new Georgia oil law of 1899:
NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW.
To prescribe the method of testing illuminating oUs in this State, and
the manner in which test shall be made, and to provide for the ap-
pointment of a General Inspector to aid in the inspection of such oils,
and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and
it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after tlie
passage of this act it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul-
ture of the State of Georgia to appoint a General Inspector of Oils of
450 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
said State, whose duty it skall be to go from point to point about the
State at the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture to inspect
such oils as may be desired, instruct the local inspectors in the art of
taking fair, correct and impartial samples of oils for illuminating pur-
poses, and to test the same under provisions of this act; to check up all
accounts and books of account of local oil inspectors, and to see that
said moneys due the State from fees paid for oil inspections are paid into
the State treasury, and to see that said local oil inspectors fairly, cor-
rectly and impartially discharge the duties imposed upon them by this
act, and existing laws not in conflict herewith, and perform such other
duties as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. If any
dispute arises as to the test of any oils, then said General Inspector shall
take a fair sample of said oil and forward it to the State Chemist, who
shall make a final test and his decision shall control in all matters of
dispute. Said General Inspector shall be paid a salary not to exceed
($100.00) one hundred dollars per month and actual and necessary
traveling expenses while in discharge of his duties, and said salary and
traveling expenses shall be paid out of the fees collected from oil,
inspections; provided, however, that this act shall not be in conflict with
sections 1579-1584 and other sections of the Code of Georgia providing
for the appointment and compensation of local oil inspectors.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That no per-
son shall manufacture, or have in his possession, or sell, or give away
for illuminating or heating purposes, in lamp or stoves within the State,
any oil or burning fluid wholly or partly composed of naptha, coal oil,
petroleum or products thereof, or of other substances or material emit-
ting an inflammable vapor, which will flash at a temperature below 100
degrees Fahrenheit, when tested in the closed oil tester, known as the
New York State, or Elliott Oil Tester, according to the following for-
mula, to wit: rill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up
to the lead mark on the inside; then immerse the oil cup in the water
and pour in oil, so as to fill the cup up to within one-eighth of an inch
of the flange. Take a piece of blotting paper, and remove all air bub-
bles from the surface of the oil by lightly touching them with the paper.
ISText, carefully, with a dry towel or cloth, wipe the upper inner parts
of the oil cup, so as to remove any drops of oil that might have spat-
tered on the upper part of the cup. Then put on the glass cover of the oil
cup, pass the thermometer through the hole in the cork to such a point
that the mercury bulb will just be covered by the surface of the oil.
ISText light the lamp and introduce it under the water bath. So adjust
the flame that the temperature will rise at the rate of two degrees a
minute. "Wait until the temperature reaches ninety-nine degrees F.;
then light a wooden toothpick and pass the flame through the semi-
circular opening in the glass plate at such an angle as to clear glass
cover and to a distance about half way between the oil and the cover.
The motion should be steady and uniform, rapid and without pause.
The appearance of a slight bluish flame shows that the flashing point has
been reached. If the oil flashes at this point it should be branded "State
iiox. CLAitK ii(»\\i:i.L, rKi:sii)i:.\T oi' tiik «;i;(»k<;i a si:x.\rK
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 453
of Georgia. Eejected." If it does not flash at this point it should be
branded "State of Georgia. Approved.'' JN aphtha and illumiuatiug
products of petroleum ^Yhich will not stand the flash test required by
this section may be used for illuminating or heating purposes only in tho
following cases:
1st. In street lamps and open air receptacles, apart from any build-
ings, factory or inhabited houses in which the vapor is burned.
2d. In dwellings, factories or other places of business, when vapor-
ized in secure tanks or metal generatoi-s, made for the purpose, in which
the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heating,
3d. For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manufac-
tories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings. The inspector
shall provide at his own expense instruments for testing oil, and stencils
for branding packages to read thus: "State of Georgia. Approved,"
with name of inspector and date of inspection. The inspector shall
brand all oils and fluids falling below 100 degrees flash test, in the
Elliott tester, "State of Georgia. Rejected," with name of inspector
and date of inspection. If the inspector shall find any illmninating oil
or fluid under the flash test required by law", or falsely branded, he shall
cause the offender to be prosecuted.
Sec. 3. And it is hereby made the duty of such General Inspector
of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender under the pro-
visions of this act, and upon conviction such offender shall be punished
as prescribed in section 1039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines aris-
ing from prosecution under this act shall be paid into and become a
part of the general educational fund of this State.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That all laws and parts of laws in con-
flict with this act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 20, 1899.
The organic law of the State is its constitution, which we here ap-
pend:
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
BILL OF RIGHTS.
PREAMBLE.
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all,
preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen, and
transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, wo, the people of Georgia,
relying up the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain
and establish this Constitution:
ARTICLE I.
Section T,
Paragraph T. All government, of right, originates with the pco])lo,
is founded upon their will only, iiiid is instituted solely for tlio good
■20 RE
454 GEORGIA: HISTORWAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people,
and at all times amenable to them.
Par. II. Protection to person and property is the paramount duty
of government, and shall be impartial and complete.
Par. III. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, ex-
cept by due process of law.
Par. IV. No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or de-
fend his own cause in any of the courts of this State in person, by
attorney or both.
Par. V. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this
State shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel ; shall be furnished,
on demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses
on whose testimony the charge against him is founded; shall have com-
pulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be
confronted with the witnesses testifying against him, and shall have a
public and speedy trial by an impartial jury.
Par. VI. No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in
any way to criminate himself.
Par. VII. Neither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor
whipping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed.
Par. VIII. No person shall be put in jeopardy of life, or liberty,
more than once for the same offense save on his, or her, own motion for
a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial.
Par. IX. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im-
posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; nor shall any person
be abused in being arrested, while under arrest or in prison.
Par. X. No person shall be compelled to pay costs, except after con-
viction on final trial.
Par. XI. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended.
Par. XII. All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship
God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no himian
authority should in any case, control or interfere with such right of con-
science.
Par. Xin. No inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or
property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on ac-
count of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience
shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify
practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State.
Par. XIV. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury,
directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of re-
ligionists, or of any sectarian institution.
Par. XV. No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the lib-
erty of speech, or of the press; any person may speak, write and publish
his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that lib-
erty.
Par. XVr. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures
shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable
GEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 455
cause, supported by oath, or affii-mation, particularly describing the
place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be seized.
Par. XVII. There shall be within the State of Georgia neither
slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime after
legal conviction thereof.
Tar. XVIII. The social status of the citizen shall never be the sub-
ject of legislation.
Par. XIX. The civil authority shall be superior to the military, and
no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the
consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate,
in such manner as may be provided by law.
Par. XX. The power of the courts to punish for contempts shall be
limited by legislative acts.
Par. XXI. There shall be no imprisonment for debt.
Par. XXn. The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not
be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to prescribe
the manner in which arms may be borne.
Par. XXIII. The legislative, judicial and executive powers shall for-
ever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharging the duties
of one shall at the same time exercise the functions of either of the oth-
ers, except as herein provided.
Par. XXIV. The people have the right to assemble peaceably for
their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of
government for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance.
Par. XXV. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State,
are hereby declared citizens of this State; and it shall be the duty of the
General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full en-
joyment of the rights, privileges and immunities due to such citizen-
ship.
Section II.
Paragraph I. In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth
may be given in evidence; and the jury in all criminal cases shall bo
the judges of the law and the facts. The power of the judges to grant
new trials in case of conviction is preserved.
Par. II. Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist in levying
war against her, adhering to her enemies, giving them aid and comfort.
"No person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two
witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court.
Par. III. Xo conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture
of estate.
Par. IV. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby pro-
hibited; anfl tlii- j)roliibitimi shall be enforced by penal laws.
Par. V. Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General Assem-
bly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties.
Par. VT. Tlie General Assembly shall have the power to provide for
the piinishnir'iit of fraud; and shall provido, by law, for reaching prop-
erty of ihf flf'btor fOTu-falod fi'fiin thn rTcliiur.
456 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Section III.
Paragraph I. In cases of necessity, private ways may be granted upon
just compensation being first paid by the applicant. Private property
shall not be taken, or damaged, for public purposes, without just and
adequate compensation being first paid.
Par, II. iSTo bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law or law
impairing the obligation of contracts or making irrevocable grants of
special privileges or immunities, shall be passed.
Par. III. No grant of special privileges or immunities shall be re-
voked, except in such manner as to work no injustice to the corporators
or creditors of the incorporation.
Section TV.
Paragraph 1. Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation
throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for
which provision has been made by an existing general law. 'No general
law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by
special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all per-
sons affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract
is capable of such consent.
Par. II. Legislative acts in violation of this constitution, or the con-
stitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so de-
clare them.
Section Y,
Paragraph I. The people of this State have the inherent, sole and ex-
clusive right of regulating their internal government, and the police
thereof, and of altering and abolishing their constitution whenever it
may be necessary to their safety and happiness.
Par. 11. The enumeration of rights herein contained, as a part of this
constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent
rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed.
AETICLE II.
ELECTIVE FRAISTCHISE.
Section I.
Paragraph I. In all elections by the people the electors shall vote by
ballot.
Par. 11. Every male citizen of the United States (except as herein-
after provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this
State one year next preceding the election, and shall have resided six
months in the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid
all taxes which may hereafter be required of him, and which he may
HON. JOHN I). LITTLE,
Speaker <\( ilic House of Iveju-esentatives.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 459
have had an opportunity of paying, agreeable to law, except for the year
of the election, shall be deemed an elector; provided, that no soldier,
sailor or marine in the military or naval service of the United States
shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stationed on
duty in this State; and no person shall vote who, if challenged, shall
refuse to take the following oath or affirmation: ''I do swear (or affirm)
that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this State one year
and in this county six months, next preceding this election. I have paid
all taxes which, since the adoption of the present constitution of this
State, have been required of me previous to this year, and which I have
had an opportunity to pay, and I have not voted at this election."
Section II.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly may provide, from time to time,
for the registration for all electors, but the following classes of persons
shall not be permitted to register, vote or hold any office, or appoint-
ment of honor or trust in this State, to wit: 1st. Those who shall have
been convicted, in any court of competent jurisdiction, of treason against
the State, or embezzlement of public funds, malef easance in office, brib-
ery or larceny, or of any crime involving moral turpitude, punishable
by laws of this State with imprisonment in the penitentiary, unless such
person shall have been pardoned. 2d. Idiots and insane persons.
Section III.
Paragraph I. Electors shall, in all cases except for treason, felony,
larceny and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
attendance on elections, and in going to and returning from the same.
Section IV.
Paragraph I. !N"o person who is the holder of any public money, con-
trary to law, shall be eligible to any office in this State until the same is
accounted for and paid into the treasury.
Par. n. ISTo person who, after the adoption of this constitution, being
a resident of this State, shall have been convicted of fighting a duel in
this State, or convicted of sending or accepting a challenge, or convicted
of aiding or abetting such duel, shall hold office in this State, unless^ he
shall have been pardoned; and every such person shall also be subject
to such punishment as may be prescribed by law.
Section Y.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall, by law, forbid the sale,
distribution or furnishing of intoxicating drinks witliin two miles of
election precincts on days of election — State, county or municipal — and
proscribe punishment for any violation of the same.
460 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Section VI.
Paragrapli I. Returns of elections for all civil officers elected by the
people, who are to be commissioned by the Governor, and also for the
members of the General Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary of
State, unless otherwise provided by law.
ARTICLE III.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a
General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The Senate shall consist of forty-four members. There
shall be forty-four Senatorial districts as now arranged by counties.
Each district shall have one Senator.
The First Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Chatham, Bryan and Effingham.
The Second Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Liberty, Tattnall and Mcintosh.
The Third Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Wayne, Pierce and Appling.
The Eourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Glynn, Camden and Charlton.
The Fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Coffee, "Ware and Clinch.
The Sixth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Echols, Lowndes and Berrien.
The Seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Brooks, Thomas and Colquitt.
The Eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Decatur, Mitchell and Miller.
The Mnth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Early, Calhoun and Baker.
The Tenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Dougherty, Lee and Worth.
The Eleventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Clay, Randolph and Terrell.
The Twelfth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Stewart, Webster and Quitman.
The Thirteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Sumter, Schley and Macon.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 461
The Fourteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Dooly, Wilcox, Pulaski and Dodge.
The Fifteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Montgomery, Telfair and Irwin.
The Sixteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Laurens, Emanuel and Johnson.
The Seventeenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Screven, Bulloch and Burke.
The Eighteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Eichmond, Glascock and Jefferson.
The ISI^ineteenth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Taliaferro, Greene and "Warren.
The Twentieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Baldwin, Hancock and Washington.
The Twenty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Twiggs, Wilkinson and Jones.
The Twenty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Bibb, Monroe and Pike.
The Tw^enty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Houston, Crawford and Taylor.
The Twenty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Muscogee, Marion and Chattahoochee.
The Twenty-fifth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Harris, Upson and Talbot.
The Twenty-six Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Spalding, Butts and Payette.
The Twenty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the
counties of Newton, Walton, Clarke, Oconee and Eockdale.
The Twenty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Jasper, Putnam and Morgan.
The Twenty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Wilkes, Columbia, Lincoln and McDuffie.
The Thirtieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Oglethorpe, Madison and Elbert.
The Thirty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Hart, Habersham and Franklin.
The Thirty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of White, Dawson and Lumpkin.
The Thirty-tliird Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Hall, Banks and Jackson.
The Thirty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Gwinnott, DoTCalb and Henry.
The Thirfy-fiftli Sonntorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Clayton, Cobb and Fulton.
The Thirty-sixth Senatorial District sliall be composed of the counties
of Campboll, Coweta, Meriwether and Donglas.
The Thirty-seventh Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Carroll, Heard and Troup.
462 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The Thirty-eighth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Haralson, Polk and Paulding.
The Thirty-ninth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Milton, Cherokee and Forsyth.
The Fortieth Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties of
Union, Towns and Rabun.
The Forty-first Senatorial District shall be composed of the counties
of Pickens, Fannin and G-ilmer.
The Forty-second Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Bartow, Floyd and Chattooga.
The Forty-third Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Murray, Gordon and Whitfield.
The Forty-fourth Senatorial District shall be composed of the coun-
ties of Walker, Dade and Catoosa.
Par. III. The General Assembly may change these districts after
each census of the United States; provided, that neither the number of
districts nor the number of Senators from each district shall be in-
creased.
Section III.
Paragraph I. The House of Representatives shall consist of one hun-
dred and seventy-five Representatives, apportioned among the several
counties as follows, to wit: To the six counties having the largest popu-
lation, viz. : Chatham, Richmond, Burke, Floyd, Bibb and Fulton, three
Representatives each; to the twenty-six counties having the next largest
population, viz.: Dooly, Bartow, Coweta, Decatur, Houston, Greene,
Gwinnett, Harris, Jefferson, Meriwether, Monroe, Muscogee, Pulaski,
DeKalb, Hall, Walton, Sumter, Thomas, Troup, Washington, Hancock,
Carroll, Cobb, Jackson, Oglethorpe and Wilkes, two Representatives
each; and to the remaining one hundred and five counties one Represen-
tative each.
Par. II. The above apportionment shall be changed by the General
Assembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States
Grovernment, so as to give the sLx counties having the largest population
three Representatives each; and to the tweny-six counties having the
next largest population two Representatives each ; but in no event shall
the aggregate number of Representatives be increased.*
* According to the provision of this paragraph the apportionment by the new
census will be as follows:
Fulton, Chatham, Richmond, Bibb, Floyd, Thomas, three representatives each.
Burke, Muscogee, Decatur, Washinsrton, Carroll, Dooly, Sumter, Laurens,
Gwinnett, Coweta, Cobb, Jackson, Troun, Meriwether. Houston, Bulloch, Eman-
uel, DeKalb. Walton, Wilkes, Bartow, Hall, Monroe, Tattnall, Lowndes, Elbert,
two representatives each.
The remaining one hundred and five counties, one representative.
The counties are here arranged in the order of population.
CKOKCIA WIIEATFIEI.n.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 465
Section IV.
Paragrapk I. The members of the Geueral Assembly shall be elected
for two years, and shall serve until their successors are elected.
Par. 11. The first election for members of the General Assembly,
under this constitution, shall take place on the hi-st AVednesday in De-
cember, 1877; the second election for the same shall be held on the
first Wednesday in October, 1880, and subsequent elections biennially
on that day, until the day of election is changed by law.
Par. III. The first meeting of the General Assembly, after the ratifi-
cation of this constitution, shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October,
1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be
changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to
prevent the Governor from calling an extra session of the General As-
sembly before the first Wednesday in ISTovember, 1878, if, in his opin-
ion, the public good shall require it.
Par. IV. A majority of each House shall constitute a quoi-um to
transact business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day
and compel the presence of its absent members, as each House may pro-
vide.
Par. V. Each Senator and Eepresentative, before taking his seat, shall
take the following oath, or afiirmation, to wit: ''I will support the con-
stitution of this State, and of the United States; and on all questions
and measures which may come before me, I will so conduct myself as
•will, in my judgment, be most conducive to the interests and prosperity
of this State."
Par. VI. ISTo session of the General Assembly shall continue longer
than fifty days; provided, that if an impeachment trial be pending at the
end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the completion of said
trial.
Par. Vn. 'No person holding a military commission or other appoint-
ment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto,
under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices
of the peace and officers of the militia, nor any defaulter for public
money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either
House; nor shall any Senator or Representative, after his qualification
as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Gov-
ernor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to
any office or appo'intment having any emolument annexed thereto, dur-
ing the time for which he shall have been elected.
Par. VIII. The seat of a member of either House shall be vacated on
his removal from the district or county from which he was elected.
Section V.
Paragraph I. The Senators shall be citizens of the United States, who
have attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall liave been citi-
zens of this State for four years, and for one year residents of the dis-
trict from which elected.
466 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Par. 11. The presiding officer of the Senate shall be styled the Presi-
dent of the Senate, and shall be elected viva voce from the Senators.
Par. III. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments.
Par. IV. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on oath
or affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or the
presiding Justice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be
disqualified, the Senate shall elect the Judge of the Supreme Court to
preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-
thirds of the members present.
Par. Y. Judgments, in case of impeachment, shall not extend further
than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
office of honor, trust or profit, within this State; but the party shall,
nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and
punishment according to law.
Section YI.
Paragraph I. The Eepresentatives shall be citizens of the United
States, who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall
have been citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents
of the counties from which elected.
Par. II. The presiding officer of the House of Eepresentatives shall
be styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be
elected viva voce from the body.
Par. HI. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to
impeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office.
Section YII.
Paragraph I. Each House shall be the judge of the election, returns
and qualifications of its members, and shall have power to punish them
for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment,
or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of two-
thirds of the House to which he belongs.
Par. II. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending
beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a
contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue,
or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either House.
Par. III. The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during
their attendance on the General Assembly and in going thereto or re-
turning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the
peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for
anything spoken in debate in either House.
Par. lY. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and
publish it immediately after its adjournment.
Par. Y. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in
the office of Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof.
Par. YI. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the desire of
one-fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 467
Par. VII. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times,
and on three separate days, in each House, unless in case of actual inva-
sion or insurrection. But the first and second reading of each local bill
and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist of the read-
ing of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed.
Par. Vin. No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than
one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is expressed
in the title thereof.
Par. IX. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing except
appropriations fixed by previous laws, the ordinary expenses of the Ex-
ecutive, Legislative and Judicial Departments of the Government, pay-
ment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the support of the
public institutions and educational interests of the State. AH other ap-
propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one
subject.
Par. X. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall
originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose
or concur in amendments as in other bills.
Par. XL No money shall be drawn from the treasury except by ap-
propriation made by law, and a regular statement and account of the
receipt and expenditure of all public money shall be published every
three months, and also with the laws passed by each session of the Gen-
eral Assembly.
Par. XII. Xo bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a
law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each House, are
recorded.
Par. XIII. All acts shall be signed by the President of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordinance
or resolution, intended to have the effect of law, which shall have been
rejected by either House, shall be again proposed during the same ses-
sion, under the same or any other title, without the consent of two-thirds
of the House by which the same was rejected.
Par. XIV. Xo bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a major-
ity of the votes of all the members elected to each House of the Gen-
eral Assembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on the journal.
Par. XV. (By an act approved September 24, 1885, an amendment
to the constitution was submitted to vote of the people in October, 188G,
and adopted, whereby the original of this paragraph was stricken from
this constitution.)
Par. XVI. Xo local or special bill shall bo passed, unless notice of
the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality
where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice
shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill
into the General Assembly and in the manner to be prescribed by law.
The evidence of such notice having been published shall be exhibited in
the General Assembly before such act shall be passed.
468 OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Par. XVII. 'No law, or section of the Code, shall be amended or re-
pealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section of
the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe the
law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made.
Par. XVIII. The General Assembly shall have no power to grant
corporate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or
change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to
change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the
manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All
corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal,
navigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted
by the Secretary of State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Par. XIX. The General Assembly shall have no power to relieve
principals or securities upon forfeited recognizances, from the payment
thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the principal in
the recognizance shall have been apprehended and placed in the custody
of the proper officer.
Par. XX. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction
of any street passenger railway within the limits of any incorporated
town or city without the consent of the corporate authorities.
Par. XXI. Whenever the constitution requires a vote of two-thirds
of either or both Houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the yeas
and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal.
Par. XXII. The General Assembly shall have power to make all
laws and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repug-
nant to the constitution of the United States, which they shall deem
necessary and proper for the welfare of the State.
Par. XXIII. No provision in this constitution, for a two-thirds' vote
of both Houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the
necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except
in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto, and in
case of prolongation of a session of the GeneralAssembly.
Par. XXIV. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days,
or to any other place, without the consent of the other ; and in case of a
disagreement between the two Houses on a question of adjournment, the
Governor may adjourn either or both of them.
Section VIII.
Paragraph I. The officers of the two Houses, other than the Presi-
dent and Speaker, shall be a Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the
House of Representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but
the clerical expenses of the Senate shall not exceed sixty dollars per day
for each session, nor those of the House of Representatives seventy dol-
lars per day for each session. The Secretary of the Senate and Clerk
of the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and secu-
rity for the faithful discharge of their respective duties.
1 A
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDU8TRIAL. 47^
Section IX.
Paragraph I. The per diem of members of the General Assembly shall
not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not exceed ten cents for each
mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning
from the Capital; but the President of the Senate and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dol-
lars per day.
Section X.
Paragraph I. All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva
voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the House of Represen-
tatives. When the Senate and House of Representatives unite for the
purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Representative Hall, and
the President of the Senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the
result.
Section XI.
Paragraph I. All property of the wife at the time of her marriage,
and all property given to, inherited or acquired by her, shall remain her
separate property, and not be liable for the debts of her husband.
Section XII.
Paragraph I. All life insurance companies now doing business in this
State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in the
State of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union, or foreign
States, shall show that they have deposited with the Comptroller-Gen-
eral of the State in which they are chartered or of this State, tlie Insur-
ance Commissioners, or such other officer as may be authorized to re-
ceive it, not less than one hundred thousand dollars, in such securities
as may be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order,
as a guarantee fund for the security of policy-holders.
Par. II. When such showing is made to the Comptroller-General of
the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the State official hav-
ing charge of the funds so deposited, the Comptroller-General of the
State of Georgia is authorized to issue to the company mahing such
showing a license to do business in the State, upon paying the fees re-
quired by law.
Par. III. All life insurance companies chartered by the State of
Georgia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, before
doing business, deposit with the Comptroller-General of the State of
Georgia, or with some strong corporation, which may be approved by
said Comptroller-General, one hundred thousand dollars, in such securi-
ties as may be deemed by him equivalent to casli, to be subject to his
order, as a guarantee fund for the Rccnrity of the policy-holders of the
company making such deposit, all interests and dividends arising from
such securities to be paid, when due, to the company so depositing. Any
472 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
such securities as may be needed or desired by the company may be
taken from said department at any time by replacing them with other
securities equally acceptable to the Comptroller-General, whose certifi-
cate for the same shall be furnished to the company.
Par. IV. The General Assembly shall, from time to time enact laws
to compel all fire insurance companies doing business in this State,
whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to deposit reasonable se-
curities with the Treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss
by the operations of said companies.
Par. V. The General Assembly shall compel all insurance companies
in this State, or doing business therein, under proper penalties, to make
semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same, at their own
expense, for the information and protection of the people.
AKTICLE IV.
POWER OF THE GEOT^RAL ASSEMBLY OVER TAXATIOiS^.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The right of taxation is a sovereign right, inalieniable,
indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs to the peo-
ple in all Republican governments, and neither the General Assembly,
nor any, nor all other departments of the Government established by
this constitution, shall ever have the authority to irrevocably give,
grant, limit or restrain this right; and all laws, grants, contracts and all
other acts whatsoever, by said Government, or any department thereof,
to effect any of these purposes, shall be, and are hereby, declared to be
null and void for every purpose whatsoever; and said right of taxation
shall always be under the complete control of, and revocable by the
State, notwithstanding any gift, grant or contract whatsoever by the
General Assembly.
Section H.
Paragraph I. The power and authority regulating railroad freights
and passenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring
reasonable and just rates of freight and passenger tariffs, are hereby con-
ferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to pass laws,
from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit
unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to pro-
hibit said roads from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and
enforce the sam.e by adequate penalties.
Par. II. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be
abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from
taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies, and sub-
jecting them to public use, the same as. property of individuals: and the
exercise of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 473
construed as to permit corporations to conduct their business in such a
manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well-
being of the State,
Far. III. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the
charter of any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same,
nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of said corpora-
tion, except upon the condition that said corporation shall thereafter
hold its charter subject to the provisions of this constitution; and every
amendment of any charter of any corporation in this State, or any spe-
cial law for its benefit, acepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of
said charter, and shall bring the same under the provisions of this con-
stitution; provided, that this section shall not extend to any amend-
ment for the pui'pose of allowing any existing road to take stock in, or
aid in the building of any branch road.
Par. IV. The General Assembly of this State shall have no power to
authorize any corporation to buy shares, or stock, in any other corpor-
ation in this State, or elsewhere, or to make any contract or agreement
whatever, with any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be
intended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their re-
spective business, or to encourage monopoly; and all such contracts and
agreements shall be illegal and void.
Par. V. No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate, or honus
in the nature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to mislead
or deceive the public as to the real rates charged or received for freights
or passage; and any such payments shall be illegal and void, and these
prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties.
Par. VI. Ko provision of this article shall be deemed, held or taken
to impair the obligation of any contract heretofore made by the State
of Georgia.
Par. VII. The General Assembly shall enforce the provisions of this
article by appropriate legislation.
AETICLE V.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Section I.
Paragraph I. The officers of the Executive Department shall consist
of a Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer.
Par. II. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall
hold his office during tlio tcnn of two years, and until his successor shall
be chosen and qualified. He shall not be eligible to re-election, after
the expiration of a second term, for the period of four years. He shall
have a salary of three thousand dollars per annum (until otherwise pro-
vided by a law passed by a two-lliirds vote of both branelioa of tlie Gen-
eral Assembly), which shall not be increased or diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected; nor shall he receive within
474 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
that time, any other emolument from the United States, or either of
them, or from any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not
apply to the present term of the present Governor.
Par. III. The first election for Governor, under this constitution,
shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Gov-
ernor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the General
Assembly. An election shall take place biennially thereafter on said
day, until another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said elec-
tion shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the sev-
eral counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of
members of the General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same.
Par. IV. The returns for every election of Governor shall be sealed
up by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the
President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives,
and transmitted to the Secretary of State, who shall, without opening
said returns, cause the same to be laid before the Senate on the day
after the two Houses shall have been organized, and they shall be trans-
mitted by the Senate to the House of llepresentatives.
Par. V. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall
convene in the Kepresentative Hall, and the President of the Senate
and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the
returns in the presence and under the direction of the General Assem-
bly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes
shall be declared duly elected Governor of this State; but if no person
shall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest
number of votes, who shall be in life, and shall not decline an election
at the time appointed by the General Assembly to elect, the General
Assembly shall immediately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all cases
of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the
members present shall be necessary to a choice.
Par. VI. Contested elections shall be determined by both Houses of
the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
Par. Vn. 'No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who
shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years, and a
citizen of the State six years, and who shall not have attained the age of
thirty years.
Par. Vm. In case of the death, resignation or disability of the Gov-
ernor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers
of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is
elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation or disabil-
ity of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives shall exercise the executive powers of the government until
the removal of the disability, or the election and qualification of a Gov-
ernor.
Par. IX. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law
for filling unexpired terms by special elections.
Par. X. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his
office t^ke the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 477
(or affii-m, as the case may be), that I will faithfully execute the office
of Governor of the State of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ability,
preserve, protect and defend the constitution thereof, and the constitu-
tion of the United States of America."
Par. XI. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army
and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof.
Par. XII. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, to
commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit
any part of a sentence for offences against the State, after conviction,
except in cases of treason and impeachment, subject to such regulations
as may be provided by law relative to the manner of applying for par-
dons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of
the sentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next
meeting thereof, when the General Assemby shall either pardon, com-
mute the sentence, direct its execution or grant a further reprieve. He
shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communicate to that
body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the
name of the convict, the offence for which he was convicted, the sen-
tence and its date, the date of the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and
the reasons for granting the same. He shall take care that the laws are
faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout
the State.
Par. XIII. He shall issue writs of election to fill all vacancies that
may happen in the Senate or House of Kepresentatives, and shall give
the" General Assembly, from time to time, information of the state of the
commonw^ealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as
he may deem necessary or expedient. He shall have power to convoke
the General Assmbly on extraordinary occasions, but no law shall be
enacted at call sessions of the General Assembly except such as shall
relate to the object stated in his proclamation convening them.
Par. XIV. When any office shall become vacant, by death, resigna-
tion or otherwise, the Governor shall have power to fill such vacancy,
unless otherwise provided by law; and pei-sons so appointed shall con-
tinue in office until a successor is commissioned, agreeably to the mode
pointed out in the constitution, or by law in pursuance thereof.
Par. XV. A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be reap-
pointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session or
the recess thereafter.
Par. XVI. The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed
by the General Assembly, before the same shall become laws, but two-
thirds of each House may ])ass a law, notwithstanding his dissent; and
if any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sun-
days excepted) after it has been presented to him, the same shall be a
law, unless the General Assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent
its return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any
other appropriation, in the same bill, and the latter shall not be cffectunl.
unless passed by two-thirds of each House.
Par. XVn. Every vote, resolution or order, to which the concur-
21 ga
478 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
rence of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of election
or adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and before it shall
take effect be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed
by two-thirds of each House.
Par. XVIII. He may require information, in writing, from the of-
ficers in the Executive Department on any subject relating to the duties
of their respective offices. It shall be the duty of the Governor, quar-
terly, and of tener if he deems it expedient, to examine, under oath, the
Treasurer and Comptroller-General of the State on all matters pertain-
ing to their respective offices, and to inspect and review their books and
accounts. The General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law
for the suspension of either of said officers from the discharge of the
duties of his office, and also for the appointment of a suitable person to
discharge the duties of the same.
Par. XIX. The Governor shall have power to appoint his own Sec-
retaries, not exceeding two in number, and to provide such other clerical
force as may be required in his office, but the total cost for Secretaries
and clerical force in his office shall not exceed six thousand dollars per
annum.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treas-
urer shall be elected by the persons qualified to vote for members of the
General Assembly, at the same time and in the same manner as the
Governor. The provision of the constitution as to the transmission of
the returns of election, counting the votes, declaring the result, deciding
when there is no election and when there is a contested election, appli-
cable to the election of Governor, shall apply to the election of Secre-
tary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer; they shall be com-
missioned by the Governor and hold their office for the same time as the
Governor.
Par. II. The salary of the Treasurer shall not exceed two thousand
dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department shall not
exceed sixteen hundred dollars per annum.
Par. III. The salary of the Secretary of State shall not exceed twa
thousand dollars per annum, and the clerical expenses of his department
shall not exceed one thousand dollars per annum.
Par. TV. The salary of the Comptroller-General shall not exceed twa
thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department
including the Insurance Department and Wild Land Clerk, shall not
exceed four thousand dollars per annum ; and without said clerk, it shall
not exceed three thousand dollars per annum.
Par. Y. The Treasurer shall not be allowed, directly or indirectly, to
receive any fee, interest or reward from any person, bank or corporation
for the deposit or use, in any manner of the public funds and the Gen-
eral Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties.
Par. YI. ISTo person shall be eligible to the office of Secretary of State,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 479
Comptroller-General, or Treasurer, unless lie shall have been a citizen
of the United States for ten years, and shall have resided in this State
for sLx years next preceding his election, and shall be twenty-five years
of age when elected. All of said officers shall give bond and security,
under regulations to be prescribed by law, for the faithful discharge of
their duties.
Par. Vn. The Secretary of State, the Comptroller-General and the
Treasurer shall not be allowed any fees, perquisite or compensation
other than their salaries, as prescribed by law, except their necessary
expenses when absent from the seat of government on business for the
State.
Section III.
Paragraph I. The Great Seal of the State shall be deposited in the
office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed to any instru-
ment of writing except by order of the Governor, or General Assembly,
and that now in use shall be the Great Seal of the State until otherwise
provided by law. '
AETICLE YI.
JUDICIAKY.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a
Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justice of the
Peace, commissioned Notaries Public, and other Courts, as have been
or may be established by law.
Section H.
Paragraph I. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and
two Associate Justices. A majority of the Court shall constitute a quo-
rum.
Par. n. When one or more of the Judges are disqualified from de-
rnfling any case, by interest or othenvise, the Governor shall designate a
Judge, or Judges, of the Superior Courts to preside in said case.
Par. m. 'No Judge of any Court shall preside in any case where the
validity of any bond — Federal, State, corporation or municipal — is in-
volved, who holds in his own right, or as the representative of others,
any material interests in the class of bonds upon which the question to
be decided arises.
Par. IV. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall hold their
office for six years, and until their successors are qualified. A successor
to the incumbent whoso term will soonest expire shall be elected by the
480 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
General Assembly in 1880; a successor to the incumbent whose term of
office is next in duration shall be elected by the General Assembly in
1882; and a successor to the third incumbent shall be elected by the
General Assembly in 1884; but appointments to fill vacancies shall only
be for the unexpired term, or until such vacancies are filled by elections,
agreeably to the mode pointed out by this constitution.
Par. V. The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but
shall be a Court alone for the trial and correction of errors from the
Superior Courts, and from the City Courts of Atlanta and Savannah,
and such other like Courts as may be hereafter established in other
cities; and shall sit at the seat of government, at such time in each year
as shall be prescribed by law, for the trial and determination of writs
of error from said Superior and City Courts.
Par. VI. The Supreme Court shall dispose of every case at the first
or second term after such writ of error is brought; and in case the
plaintiff in error shall not be prepared at the first term to prosecute tlie
case — unless prevented by providential cause — it shall be stricken from
the docket, and the judgment below shall stand aflSrmed.
Par. VII. In any case the Court may, in its discretion, withhold its
judgment until the next term after the same is argued.
Par. VIII. The Supreme Court shall Ivereafter consist of a Chief
Justice and five Associate Justices. The Court shall have power to hear
and determine cases when sitting, either in a body or in two divisions of
three Judges each, under such regulations as may he prescribed hy the
General Assembly. A majority of either division shall constitute a quo-
rum for that division. The Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of
the Supreme Court shall hereafter he elected hy the people at the same
time and in the same manner as the Governor and the State house
officers are elected, except that the first election under this amendment
shall he held on the third Wednesday in December, 1896, at luhich
time one Associate Justice shall he elected for a full term of six years,
to fill the vacancy occurring on January 1st, 1897, hy the expiration
of the term of one of the present incumbents, and three additional As-
sociate Justices shall he elected for terms expiring respectively, January
1st, 1899, January 1st, 1901, and January 1st, 1903. The persons
elected as additional Associate Justices shall among themselves deter-
mine by lot which of the three last mentioned terms each shall have,
and they shall be commissioned accordingly.
After said first election, all terms (except unexpired terms) shall be
for six years each. In case of any vacancy which causes an unexpired
term, the same shall he filled hy executive appointment, and the person
appointed hy the Governor shall hold his office until the next regular
election, and until his successor for the balance of the unexpired term
shall have been elected and qualified. The returns of said special elec-
tion shall be made to the Secretary of State.
(Approved December 16, 1895.)
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 433
Section III.
Paragraph I. There shall be a judge of the Superior Court for each
Judicial Circuit, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his
successor is qualified. He may act in other circuits when authorized
by law.
Par. II. The successors to the present incumbents shall be elected by
the General Assembly as follows: To the half (as near as may be) whose
commissions are the oldest, in the year 1878; and to the others in the
year 1880. All subsequent elections shall be at the session of the Gen-
eral Assembly next preceding the expiration of the terms of incumbents,
except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election may be fixed by
the General Assembly.
Par. III. The terms of the Judges to be elected under the constitu-
tion (except to fill vacancies) shall begin on the first day of January
after their elections. But if the time for the meeting of the General
Assembly shall be changed, the General Assembly may change the time
when the terms of Judges thereafter elected shall begin.
Section IV.
Paragraph I. The Superior Courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction
in cases of divorce; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to
loss of life, or confinement in the penitentiary; in cases respecting titles
to land and equity cases.
Par. II. The General Assembly may confer upon the Courts of com-
mon law all the powers heretofore exercised by Courts of Equity in this
State.
Par. III. Said Courts shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, except
as hereinafter provided.
Par. IV. They shall have appellate jurisdiction in all such cases as
may be provided by law.
Par. V. They shall have power to correct errors in inferior judica-
tories by writ of certiorari, which shall only issue on the sanction of
the Judge; and said Courts and the Judges thereof shall have power to
issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs
that may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect, and
shall have such other powers as are or may be conferred on them by
law.
Par. VI. The General Assembly may provide for an appeal from
one jury, in the Superior Courts and City, to another, and the said
Court may grant new trials on legal grounds.
Par, VII. The Court shall render judgment Avithout the verdict of a
jury in all civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writing,
where an issuable defense is not filed under oath or affinnation.
Par. VIII. The Superior Courts shall sit in each county not less than
twice in each year, at such times as have been or may be appointed by
law.
484 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Par. IX. The General Assembly may provide by law for the ap-
pointment of some proper person to preside in cases where the presiding
Judge is, from any cause, disqualified.
Section Y.
Paragraph I. In any county within which there is, or hereafter may
be, a City Court, the Judge of said Court, and of the Superior Court,
may preside in the Courts of each other in cases where the Judge of
either Court is disqualified to preside.
Section VI.
Paragraph I. The powers of a Court of Ordinary, and of Probate,
shall be vested in an Ordinary for each county, from whose decision
there may be an appeal (or, by consent of parties, without a decision)
to the Superior Court, under regulations prescribed by law.
Par. 11. The Courts of Ordinary shall have such powers in relation
to roads, bridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county ofiicers,
county funds, county taxes, and other county matters as may be con-
ferred on them by law.
Par. III. The Ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years,
and until his successor is elected and qualified.
Section YII.
Paragraph I. There shall be in each militia district one Justice of the
Peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an imexpired
term, shall be four years.
Par. II. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases,
arising ex contractu, and in cases of injury or damage to personal prop-
erty, when the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, and
shall sit monthly at fixed times and places; but in all cases there may
be an appeal to a jury in said Court, or an appeal to the Superior Court,
under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.
Par. III. Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the legal voters in
their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Governor.
They shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.
Section YTH..
Paragraph I. Commissioned ISTotaries Public, not to exceed one for
each militia district, may be appointed by the Judge of the Superior
Courts, in their respective circuits, upon recommendation of the grand
juries of the several counties. They shall be commissioned by the Gov-
ernor for the term of four years, and shall be ex officio Justices of the
Peace, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 435
Section IX.
Paragraph I. The jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and practice of
all Courts or officers invested with judicial powers (except City Courts),
of the same grade or class, so far as regulated by law, and the force and
effect of the process, judgment and decree, by such Courts, severally,
shall be uniform. This uniformity must be established by the General
Assembly.
Section X.
Paragraph I. There shall be an Attorney-General of this State, who
shall be elected by the people at the same time, for the same term and
in the same manner as the Governor.
Par. n. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the
legal adviser of the Executive Department, to represent the State in the
Supreme Court in all capital felonies; and in all civil and criminal cases
in any Court when required by the Governor, and to perform such other
services as shall be required of him by law.
Section XI.
Paragraph I. There shall be a Solicitor-General for each judicial
circuit, whose official term, except when commissioned to fill an unex-
pired term, shall be four years.
Par. II. It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the
State in all cases in the Superior Courts of his circuit, and in all cases
taken up from his circuit to the Supreme Court, and to perform such
other services as shall be required of him by law.
Section XII.
Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and
Solicitors-General shall be elected by the General Assembly, in joint ses-
sion, on such day or days as shall be fixed by joint resolution of both
Houses. At the session of the General Assembly which is held next
before the expiration of the terms of the present incumbents, as pro-
vided in this constitution, their successors shall be chosen; and the same
shall apply to the election of those who shall succeed them. Vacancies
occasioned by death, resignation or other cause shall be filled by ap-
pointment of the Governor, until the General Assembly shall convene,
when an election shall be held to fill the unexpired portion of the vacant
terms.
Section XIII.
Paragraph I. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the
Treasury of the State, salaries not to exceed throe thousand dollars per
annum; the Judges of the Superior Courts shall have salaries not to ex-
ceed two thousand dollars per annum; the Attorney-General shall have
486 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SL salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; and tlie So-
licitors-General shall each have salaries not to exceed two hundred and
fifty dollars per annum; but the Attorney-General shall not have any
fee or perquisite in any cases arising after the adoption of this consti-
tution; but the provisions of this section shall not affect the salaries of
those now in office.
Par. II. The General Assembly may, at any time, by a two-thirds
vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all,
of the above officers, but no such change shall affect the officers then in
commission.
Section XIY.
Paragraph I. 'No person shall be Judge of the Supreme or Superior
Courts, or Attorney-General, unless, at the time of his election, he sliall
have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of
the State three years, and have practiced law for seven years; and no
person shall be hereafter elected Solicitor-General, unless, at the time
of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have
been a citizen of the State for three years, and shall have practiced law
for three years next preceding his election.
Section XV.
Paragraph I. ISTo total divorce shall be granted, except on the con-
current verdicts of two juries at different terms of the Court.
Par. II, When a divorce is granted, the jury rendering the final ver-
dict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties.
Section XYI.
Paragraph I. Divorce cases shall be brought in the county where the
defendant resides, if a resident of this State; if the defendant be not a
resident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides.
Par. II. Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county
where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county
line, in which case the Superior Court of either county shall have juris-
diction.
Par. III. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defendant
resides against whom substantial relief is prayed.
Par. TV. Suits against joint obligors, joint promisors, copartners or
joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be tried in either
county.
Par. Y. Suits against the maker and indorser of promissory notes, or
drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills of exchange, or
like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the
county where the maker or acceptor resides.
Par. YI. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the
defendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 489
where tlie crime was committed, except cases in the Superior Courts
where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in
such county.
Section XVII.
Paragraph I. The power to change the venue in civil and criminal
cases shall be vested in the Superior Courts, to be exercised in such man-
ner as has been, or shall be, provided by law.
Section x^^:II.
Paragraph I. The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise
provided in this constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General
Assembly may prescribe any number not less than five, to constitute
a trial or traverse jury in Courts other than the Superior and City
Courts.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection
of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand
jurors, and intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. Nev-
ertheless, the grand jurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors.
Par. III. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by general
laws, to prescribe the manner of fijxing compensation of jurors in all
counties in this State.
Section XIX.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for
the creation of County Commissioners in such counties as may require
them, and to define their duties.
Section XX.
ParagTaph I. All Courts not specially mentioned by name in the first
section of this article may be abolished in any county, at the discretion
of the General Assembly.
Section XXL
Paragraph I. The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten
dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not
be required to pay costs in said Court when the usual pauper oath is filed
in the Court below.
ARTICLE VIL
FINANCE, TAXATION AND PUBLIC DEBT.
Section I.
Paragraph I. 'J'lio powers of taxation over the whole State slinll bo
exercised by the General Assembly for the following purposes only:
490 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
For the support of the State Government and the public institutions.
For educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary
branches of an English education only.
To pay the interest on the public debt.
To pay the principal of the public debt.
To suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in
time of vi^ar.
To supply the soldiers who lost a limb, or limbs, in the mihtary ser-
vice of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs during
life; and to make suitable provisions for such Confederate soldiers a&
may have otherwise been disabled or permanently injured in such ser-
vice, or who by reason of age and poverty, or infirmity and poverty, or
blindness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves;
and for the widows of such Confederate soldiers as may have died in
the service of the Confederate States, or since from wounds received
therein, or disease contracted in the service ; provided, that the act shall
only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such service
and have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husband.
Section II.
Paragraph I. All taxation shall be uniform upon the same class of
subjects, and ad valorem on all property subject to be taxed within the
territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and
collected under general laws. The General Assembly may, however,
impose a tax on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits,
are destructive of other property.
Par. II. The General Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation
all public property, places of religious worship or burial; all institutions
of purely public charity; all buildings erected for and used as a college,
incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; the real and per-
sonal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary asso-
ciation, used by or connected with such library; all books and philo-
sophical apparatus; and all paintings and statuary of any company or
association, kept in a public hall and not held as merchandise, or for
purpose of sale or gain; provided, the property so exempted be not
used for purposes of private or corporate profit or income.
Par. III. 'No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes,
and such tax shall not exceed one dollar annually upon each poll.
Par. IV. All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the
property herein enumerated, shall be void.
Par. Y. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall
not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the
State shall be a party.
Section III.
Paragraph I. No debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of the State,
except to supply casual deficiences of revenue, to repel invasion, sup-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 491
press insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the
existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficicnces in reve-
nue shall not exceed, in the aggi'egate, two hundred thousand dollars.
Section IV.
Paragraph I. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money by or on
behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to
be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purposes spe-
cified, and for no other.
Section Y.
Paragraph I. The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned
to any individual, company, corporation or association, and the State
shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, associ-
ation or corporation.
Section VI.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county,
municipal corporation or political division of this State to become a
stockholder in any company, corporation or association or to appropri-
ate money for, or to loan its credit to any corporation, company, asso-
ciation, institution or individual, except for purely charitable purposes.
This restriction shall not operate to prevent the support of schools by
municipal corporations within their respective limits; provided, that if
any municipal corporation shall offer to the State any property for lo-
cating or building a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the cor-
poration may comply with such offer.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall not have power to delegate to
any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educa-
tional purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an
English education only; to build and repair the public buildings and
bridges; to maintain and support prisoners; to pay jurors and coroners,
and for litigation, quarantine, roads and expenses of Courts; to support
paupers and pay debts heretofore existing.
Section Yll.
Paragraph I. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal
corporation or political division of this State, except as in this consti-
tution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed
value of all the taxal)le property therein; and no such county, munici-
pality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan
or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth
of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein,
withont the as.sont of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an
election for that purpose, to be held as may bo prescribed by law; but
492 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
any city, tlie debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the
assessed value of the taxable property at the time of the adoption of
this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the
amount of said debt, three per centum upon such assessed valuation.
Par. II. Any county, municipal corporation or political division of
this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the provi-
sions of this constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, pro-
vide for the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient in
amount to pay the principal and interest of said debt within thirty years
from the date of the incurring of said indebtedness.
Section YIII.
Paragraph I. The State shall not assume the debt, nor any part there-
of, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of the
State, unless such debt shall be contracted to enable the State to re])e]
invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend itself in time of war.
Section IX.
Paragraph I. The receiving, directly or indirectly, by any officer of
the State or county, or member or officer of the General Assembly, of
any interests, profits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of public
funds in his hands, or moneys to be raised through his agency for State
or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony, and punishable as may be
prescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a disqualifica-
tion from holding office.
Section X.
Paragraph I. Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt until
provision therefor shall have been made by the municipal government.
Section XI.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall have no authority to ap-
propriate money, either directly or indirectly, to pay the whole or any
part of the principal or interest of the bonds, or other obligations,
which have been pronounced illegal, null and void by the General As-
sembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote of the peo-
ple on the first day of May, 1877; nor shall the General Assembly have
authority to pay any of the obligations created by the State under laws
passed during the late war between the States, nor any of the bonds,
notes or obligations made and entered into during the existence of said
war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the ratification
of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate
States; nor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Governor,
or other State official enter into any contract or agreement, whereby
the State shall be made a party to any suit in any Court of this State,
or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of any such bonds
or obligations.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 493
Section XII.
Paragraph I. The bonded debt of the State shall never be increased,
except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or defend the State in
time of "war.
Section XIII.
Paragraph I. The proceeds of the sale of the Western and Atlantic,
Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads, held by the State, and any
other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly
may authorize the sale of the whole or any part thereof, shall be ap-
plied to the payment of the bonded debt of the State, and shall not be
used for any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any exist-
ing bonded debt; provided, that the proceeds of the sale of the Western
and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment of the bonds for
which said railroad has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds.
Section XIV.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall raise, by taxation, each
year, in addition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and
interest on the public debt, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars,
which shall be held as a sinking fund, to pay off and retire the bonda
of the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to no
other purpose whatever. If the bonds cannot at any time be purchased
at or below par, then the sinking fund, herein provided for, may bo
loaned by the Governor and Treasurer of the State; provided, the secu-
rity which shall be demanded for said loan shall consist only of the valid
bonds of the State; but this section shall not take effect until the eight
per cent, currency bonds, issued under the act of February the 19 th,
1873, shall have been paid.
Section XV.
Paragraph I. The Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall each make
to the Governor a quarterly report of the financial condition of the State,
which report shall include a statement of the assets, liabilities and in-
come of the State, and expenditures therefor, for three months pre-
ceding; and it shall be the duty of the Governor to carefully examino
the same by himself, or through competent persons connected with hia
department, and cause an abstract thereof to be published for tlie in-
formation of the people, which abstract shall be indorsed by him as hav-
ing been examined.
Section XVI.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or
order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person, corpora-
tion or association.
494 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall not grant or authorize extra
compensation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service
has been rendered, or the contract entered into.
Section XVII.
Paragraph I. The office of the State Printer shall cease with the ex-
piration of the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assem-
bly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printing to the lowest
responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall give adequate and satisfactory
security for the faithful performance thereof. ]!^o member of the Gen-
eral Assembly, or other public officer, shall be interested, either directly
or indirectly, in any such contract.
AETICLE Vin.
EDUCATION".
Section I.
Paragraph I. There shall be a thorough system of common schools
for the education of children in the elementary branches of an English
education only, as nearly uniform as practicable, the expenses of which
shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise. The schools shall be
free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall be provided
for the white and colored races.
Section H.
Paragraph I. There shall he a State School Commissioner elected hy
the people at the same time and manner as the Governor and State
house officers are elected, whose term of office shall he two years, and
until his successor is elected and qualified. His office shall he at the
seat of the government, and he shall he paid a salary not to exceed two
thousand dollars ($2,000) per annum. The General Assembly may sub-
stitute for the State School Commissioner such officer or officers as may
he deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education.
(Act approved December 18, 1894^.)
Section III.
Paragraph I. The poll tax, any educational fund now belonging to
the State (except the endowment of, and debt due to, the University of
Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spir-
ituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is hereby author-
ized to assess, and the proceeds of any commutation tax for military
service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as,
from their nature and habits, are destructive to other property, are
hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 495
Section IV.
Paragraph. I. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recom-
mendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations upon the
recommendation of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain
public schools in their respective limits, by local taxation; but no such
local laws shall take effect until the same shall have been submitted to
a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation,
and approved by a two-thirds vote of persons qualified to vote at such
election; and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on
such question.
Section V.
Paragraph I. Existing local school systems shall not be affected by
this constitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall
be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from
participation in the educational fund of the State, as to all pupils there-
in taught in the elementary branches of an English education.
Section VI.
Paragraph I. The Trustees of the University of Georgia may accept
bequests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use
of said University. In addition to the payment of the annual interest
on the debt due by the State to the University, the General Assembly
may, from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition
of the treasury will authorize. And the General Assembly may also,
from time to time, make such appropriations of money as the condition
of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceed-
ing one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established, in
this State for the education of persons of color.
ARTICLE IX.
HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTION.
Section I.
Paragraph I. There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue
of any process whatever under the laws of this State, except as here-
inafter excepted, of the property of every head of a family, or guardian,
or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or infirm person,
or persons having the care and support of dependent females of any age,
who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or both, to the
value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars.
Note — The above provision of tho. oonstidilion was spocially snbjiiitted to the
people and ratified, as a part thereof, by them, on December Oth, 1887.
496 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Section II.
Paragraph. I. ^o Court or ministerial officer in this State shall ever
have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution or
decree against the property set apart for such purpose, including such
improvements as may be made thereon from time to time, except for
taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for
material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon.
Section III.
Paragraph I. The debtor shall have power to waive or renounce in
writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in this
article, except as to wearing apparel, and not exceeding three hundred
dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, and provisions to
be selected by himself and wife if any, and he shall not after it is set
apart, alienate or encumber the property so exempted, but it may be
sold by the debtor and his wife, if any, jointly, with the sanction of the
Judge of the Superior Court of the county where the debtor resides or
the land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses.
Section IV.
Paragraph I. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, as early
as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But
nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing
laws for exemption of property from sale contained in the present Code
of this State, in paragraphs 2040 to 2049 inclusive, and the act amenda-
tory thereto. It may be optional with the applicant to take either, but
not both, of such exemptions.
Section V.
Paragraph I. The debtor shall have authority to waive or renounce
in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption provided for in sec-
tion four, except as is excepted in section three of this article.
Section YI.
Paragraph I. The applicant shall, at any time, have the right to sup-
plement his exemption by adding to an amount already set apart, which
is less than the whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency
to make his exemption equal to the whole amount.
Section YIT.
Paragraph T. Homestead and exemptions of personal property which
have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provisions of the existing
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 499
constitution of this State, and in accordance with the laws for the en-
forcement thereof, or which may be hereafter so set apart, at any time,
shall be and remain valid as against all debts and liabilities existing at
the time of the adoption of this constitution, to the same extent that
they would have been had said existing constitution not been revised.
Section VIII.
Paragraph I. Eights which have become vested under previously ex-
isting laws shall not be affected by an}i:hing herein contained. In all
cases in which homesteads have been set apart under the constitution
of 1SG8, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and a bona fide sale
of such property has been subsequently made, and the full purchase
price thereof paid, all right of exemption in such property by reason of
its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right
of the purchaser. In all such case5, where a part only of the purchase
price has been paid, such transactions shall be governed by the laws now
of force in this State, in so far as they affect the rights of the purchaser,
as though said property had not been set apart.
Section IX.
Paragraph I. Parties who have taken a homestead of realty under the
constitution of eighteen hundred and sixty-eight shall have the right to
sell said homestead and reinvest the same by order of the Judge of the
Superior Courts of this State.
AETICLE X.
JkHLITIA.
Section I.
Paragraph T. A well regulated militia being essential to the peace
and security of the State, the General Assembly shall have authority to
provide by law how the militia of this State shall be organized, officered,
trained, armed and equipped, and of whom it shall consist.
Par. II. The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the
formation of volunteer companies, and to provide for their organization
into battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, with such re-
strictions as may be proscribed by law, and shall have authority to arm
and equip the same.
Par. in. The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces
shall not be entitled to receive any pay, rations or emoluments, when not
in active service by authority of the State.
2-2 ga
5Q0 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
AKTICLEXI.
COUNTIES AND COUNTY OFFICERS.
Section I.
Paragraph I. Each county shall be a body corporate, with such pow-
ers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against
a county shall be in the name thereof; and the metes and bounds of the
several counties shall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed
as hereinafter provided.
Par. II. No new county shall be created.
Par. III. County lines shall not be changed, unless under the opera-
tion of a general law for that purpose.
Par. IV. No county site shall be changed or removed, except by a
two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an elec-
tion held for that purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the General As-
sembly.
Par. V. Any county may be dissolved and merged with contiguous
counties by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county
voting at an election held for that purpose.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The county officers shall be elected by the qualified
voters of their respective counties or districts, and shall hold their of-
fices for two years. They shall be removed on conviction for malpractice
in office, and no person shall be eligible to any of the offices referred
to in this paragraph unless he shall have been a resident of the county
for two years and is a qualified voter.
Section III.
Paragraph I. Whatever tribunal, or officers may hereafter be created
by the General Assembly for the transaction of county matters, shall
be uniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction
and remedies, except that the General Assembly may provide for the
appointment of commissioners of roads and revenue in any county.
ARTICLE XII.
THE LAWS OF GENERAL OPERATION IN FORCE IN THIS
STATE.
Section I.
Paragraph I. The laws of general operation in this State are, first,
as the supreme law: The constitution of the United States, the laws
of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under
the authority of the United States.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyOL'STRIAL. 501
Par. II. Second. As next in authority thereto : this constitution.
Par. in. Third. In subordination to the foregoing: All laws now
of force in this State, not inconsistent with this constitution, and the
ordinances of this convention, shall remain of force until the same are
modified or repealed by the General Assembly. The tax acts and ap-
propriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877, ajid approved
by the Governor of the State, and not inconsistent with the constitu-
tion, are hereby continued in force until altered by law.
Par. IV. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of counties,
cities, towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent with the
supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired
nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial
decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limitations imposed
by their own terms.
Par. V. All rights, privileges and immunities which may have vested
in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corporations, in his, her or
their own right, or in any fiduciary capacity, under and in \drtue of
any act of the General Assembly, or any judgment, decree or order,
or other proceeding of any court of competent jurisdiction in this State
heretofore rendered, shall be held inviolate by all courts before which
they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud.
Par. VI. All judgments, decrees, orders and other proceedings of
the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of
their several jurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, subject only
to revision by motion for a new trial, appeal, bill of review, or other
proceeding, in conformity with the law of force when they were made.
Par. VII. The officers of the government now existing shall continue
in the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly
elected or appointed and qualified, but nothing herein is to apply to
any officer whose office may be abolished by this constitution.
Par. Vlll. The ordinances of this convention shall have the force
of laws until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the
ordinances in reference to submitting the homestead and capital ques-
tions to a vote of the people, which ordinances, after being voted on,
shall have the effect of constitutional provisions.
j^oTK — Under the ordinance of the convention submittinK the' question of the
location of the capital to the people, the city of Atlanta was chosen, December
5th, 1877.
ARTICLE XIIL
AMETsTD:NrENTS TO TTTE CONSTITUTTOTT.
Section T.
Paragraph T. Any amendment, or amondnir'nta, to tliis constitution
may he proposed in the Ronate or ITonso of Tvrjiro-ontativos, nnd if tlio
same phnll be agreed to by two-thinls of tlw mciiibcrs (dcclrd to c'ldi
of tho two Houses, such proposed nntciidnicnt, or ainpiidmonts. shall bo
502 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. And
the General Assembly shall cause such amendment, or amendments, to
be published in one or more papers in each Congressional district for
two months previous to the time of holding the next general election,
and shall also provide for a submission of such proposed amendment,
or amendments, to the people at said next general election,
and if the people shall ratify such amendment, or amendments, by a
majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the General
Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall be-
come a part of this constitution. "When more than one amendment
is submitted at the same time, they shall be so submitted as to enable the
electors to vote on each amendment separately.
Par. II. 'No convention of the people shall be called by the General
Assembly to revise, amend or change this constitution, unless by the
concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the Gen-
eral Assembly. The representation in said convention shall be based on
population as near as practicable.
Section II.
Paragraph I. The constitution shall be submitted for ratification or
rejection to the voters of the State, at an election to be held on the first
Wednesday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven
in the several election districts of this State, at which election every per-
son shall be entitled to vote who is entitled to vote for the members of
the General Assembly under the constitution aaid laws of force at the
date of such election; said election to be held and conducted as is now
provided by law for holding elections for members of the General As-
sembly. All persons voting at said election in favor of adopting the
constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "For
Ratification,'' and all persons opposed to the adoption of this constitu-
tion shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "Against
Ratification"
Par. II. The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in each
of the counties of the State as is now required by law in elections for
members of the General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the
Governor; and should a majority of all the votes cast at said election
be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said constitution adopted,
and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication in
one or more newspapers in each Congressional district of the State; but
should a majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in
the same manner proclaim the said constitution rejected.
ORDINANCES.
AN ORDINANCE.
Be it ordained hy the people of Georgia in Convention assembled :
1st. That the question of the location of the capital of this State be
kept out of the constitution to be adopted by this convention.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
503
2d. That at the first general election hereafter held for members of
the General Assembly, every voter may indorse on his ballot "Atlanta''
or "Milledgeville," and the one of these places receiving the largest
number of votes shall be the capital of the State until changed by the
same authority and in the same way that may be provided for the alter-
ation of the constitution that may be adopted by the convention,
whether said constitution be ratified or rejected. And that every person
entitled to vote for members of the General Assembly, under the pres-
ent constitution and laws of this State, shall be entitled to vote under
this ordinance; and, in the event of the rejection of said constitution,
shall (should) a majority of votes cast be in favor of Milledgeville, then
this provision to operate and take effect as an amendment to the present
constitution.
AN OKDINANCE.
Be it^ ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled, and
it is hereby ordained by authority of the same:
1st. That the article adopted by this convention on the subject of
Homestead and Exemption shall not form a part of this Constitution,
except as hereinafter provided.
2d. At the election held for the ratification or rejection of this con-
stitution it shall be lawful for each voter to have written or printed on
his ballot the words, '^Homestead of 1877," or the words, "Homestead of
1868."
3d. In the event that a majority of the ballots so cast have indorsed
upon them the words, "Homestead of 1877," then said article so adopt-
ed by this convention shall form a part of the constitution submitted,
if the same is ratified; but in the event that said constitution, so sub-
mitted, shall not be ratified, then the article on Homestead and Exemp-
tions, so adopted as aforesaid by this convention, shall supersede article
seven of the constitution of 1868 on the subject of Homestead and Ex-
emptions, and form a part of this constitution.
4th. If a majority of the ballots so cast as aforesaid shall have in-
dorsed upon them the words, "Homestead of 1868," then article seventh
of the constitution of 1868 shall supersede the article on Homestead
and Exemptions adopted by this convention, and shall he incorporated
in and form (a part) of the constitution so submitted and ratified.
Eead and adopted in convention August 22, 1877.
Attest: C. J. JENKINS,
President Constitutional Convention.
JAMES COOPER NISI3ET, Secretary.
AN ORDINANCE.
Whereas, A committee has been nppoiiitf'<l by this convontinn to con-
sider and inquire into the ways and means by wliich the expenses of
this convention, over and above those provided for by the General As-
504 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
semblj, can be defrayed; and, whereas, the committee are satisfied that
a sufiicient sum of money for the same can be procured by an ordinance
of this convention; therefore,
Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled, and
it is hereby ordained by authority of the same:
That the President of this Convention shall be, and he is hereby, em-
powered, by authority of this convention, to negotiate a loan of a sufii-
cient sum of money, at seven per cent, per annum, to defray the residue
of the expenses of this convention not provided for by the act of the
General Assembly calling this convention.
Read and adopted in convention August 18, 1877.
Attest: C. J. JENKINS,
President Constitutional Convention.
JAMES COOPER NISBET, Secretary.
AN ORDINANCE.
Be it ordained by the people of Georgia in Convention assembled:
1st. That the constitution as adopted and revised be enrolled and
signed by the officers and members of this convention.
2d. That the Governor shall issue his proclamation, ordering an elec-
tion for members of the General Assembly, and a vote upon the ratifi-
cation or rejection of this constitution, as therein provided, and a vote
upon the Capital and Homestead questions, as provided by the ordi-
nances of this convention.
Read and adopted in convention, August 25th, 1877.
Attest: C. J. JENKINS,
President Constitutional Convention.
JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary.
AN ORDINANCE.
There shall be sixteen Judicial Circuits in this State, and it shall be
the duty of the General Assembly to organize and apportion the same
in such manner as to equalize the business and labor of the Judges in
said several circuits as far as may be practicable. But the General
Assembly shall have power hereafter to reorganize, increase or dimin-
ish the number of circuits; provided, however, that the cuircuits shall
remain as now organized until changed by law.
Read and adopted in convention August 23, 1877.
Attest: C. J. JENKINS.
President Constitutional Convention.
JAMES COOPER NESBIT, Secretary
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 505
AMEXDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
Paragraph 15, of Section 7, Article 3, stricken out.
Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, amended by adding at the end of
said paragraph the following words: "And to make suitable provisions
for such Confederate soldiers as may have been permanently injured in
such service."
See Acts of 1884-1885.
Paragraph 1, Section 1, Article 7, also amended by adding at the end
of said paragraph the following words: ''And to make suitable provi-
sion for such Confederate soldiers as may have otherwise been disabled
or permanently injured in such service; and for the widows of such Con-
federate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confederate
States, or since from wounds received therein, or diseases contracted
therein."
Paragraph 3, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out "biennial-
ly" after the word "and" and before the word "thereafter," and sub-
stituting therefor the word "annually."
Paragraph 6, Section 4, Article 2, amended by striking out the words
"forty days, unless by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of each
House," and substituting therefor "fifty days." (These amendments
were construed to apply to Article 3, instead of Article 2.)
Paragraph 7, Section 7, Article 3, amended by adding thereto, "but
the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad
charters in each House shall consist of the reading of the title only,
unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed."
Paragraph 18, Section 7, Article 3, amended by striking out, after
the word "companies," in the second line, the following words, viz.:
"Except banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express and
telegraph companies," and substituting therefor, at the end of said para-
graph, after the word "courts," the following, viz. : "All corporate pow-
ers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, ex-
press and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Sec-
retary of State in such manner as shall be prescribed by law."
See Acts of 1890-91, Vol. 1, pages 55 to 60, inclusive.
Paragraph 1, Section 1, of Article 7, by adding after the word service
in the thirteenth line of said paragraph, the following words, to wit: "Or
who, by reason of age and poverty, or infinnity and poverty, or blind-
ness and poverty, are unable to provide a living for themselves."
Act approved, December 19, 1893. Adopted by vote of the people
October, 1894.
506 OEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
AVe call attention to the two following important acts relating to adul-
terated food or drinks:
TO PREVENT THE SALE OF ADULTERATED FOOD OR
DRIMvS, EXCEPT ON CERTAIN CONDITIONS, ETC.
No. 329.
An Act to prohibit the sale or offering for sale in this State, any adul-
terated article of food or drink, except on certain conditions, and to
prescribe a penalty for so doing, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That
from and after the passage of this Act, it shall not be lawful for any per-
son, in his own right, or as an agent for another, to willfully and know-
ingly sell, or offer for sale, in this State, any adulterated article of food
or drink, unless the package or vessel containing the same has attached
thereto a true and correct analysis of the article or thing therein con-
tained, and notice thereof given to each and every purchaser, when
such article or thing may be offered for sale, that the article or thing is
adulterated.
Sec. II. And be it further enacted, That any person or persons vio-
lating the first section of this Act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and,
on conviction, shall be punished as is prescribed in section 4310 of the
Code of 1882 of this State.
Sec. III. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of each and
every grand jury in the several counties of this State to diligently in-
quire into any violation of the first section of this Act, and true pre-
sentments make of all violations of the same, and it shall be the duty of
the judges of the superior courts in the State to bring this Act to the
attention of grand jurors at each term of the court in the several coun- ,
ties of this State for two (2) years next after the passage of this Act.
Sec. IV. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all
laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are,
hereby repealed.
Approved September 26, 1883.
ARTICLE 16.
SALE OF ADULTERATED MILK, REGULATIONS AS TO
IMITATION BUTTER AND CHEESE, UNWHOLESOME
PROVISIONS, ETC.
Par. 456. Selling^ offering for sale, or delivering, certain kinds of
milk, prohibited. No person, corporation or agent shall sell, or ex-
pose for sale, or deliver for domestic use, any unclean, impure, un-
wholesome, adulterated, or skimmed milk, or milk from which has been
OEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 507
held back, what is known as ''strippiugs," or milk taken from an animal
having disease, ulcers, or abscesses, or from an animal within less than
fifteen days before, or less than five days after, parturition; provided, that
this section shall not apply to the sale of buttermilk, or to skimmed milk,
when sold as such. Milk which is proven by any reliable test or analy-
sis to contain less than three and one half per centum of butter fat,
shall be regarded as skimmed or partially skimmed milk.
Par. 457. Imitation butter and cheese defined. Every article, sub-
stance, or compound, other than that produced from pure whole milk,
or cream from the same, made in the semblance of butter or of cheese,
and designed to be used as a substitute for butter or cheese made from
pure milk or cream from the same, is imitation butter or imitation
cheese, as the case may be; provided, the use of salt, rennet and hami-
less coloring-matter for coloring the product of pure milk or cream
shall not be construed to render such product an imitation.
Par. 45S. Making, selling, etc., imitation butter or cheese, prohibited.
Xo person shall, by himself or employee or agent, produce or manu-
facture or sell, or keep for sale, or offer for sale, any imitation butter
or imitation cheese made or compounded in violation of this Article,
whether such imitation shall have been made or produced in this State
or elsewhere; but nothing in this Article shall be construed to prohibit
the manufacture and sale of imitation butter or imitation cheese under
the regulations hereinafter provided, not manufactured or colored aa
herein prohibited.
Par. 459. Sale under pretense of genuineness. No person, by him-
self or agent or employee, shall sell, or offer for sale, any imitation but-
ter or imitation cheese, under the pretense that it is genuine butter or
genuine cheese. And no person, his agent or employee, shall sell any
such imitation, unless he shall notify the purchaser distinctly at the
time of the sale that it is such imitation, and at the same time shall de-
liver to the purchaser a statement printed in black letters not smaller
than 4-line pica, in the English language, that the article is imitation
butter or imitation cheese, and give the name and address of its pro-
ducer, and contain no other words.
Par. 460. Use of imitations regulated. 'No keeper or proprietor of
a bakery, hotel, boarding-house, saloon, restaurant, lunch-counter, or
other place of public entertainment, or any employee or other person
having charge thereof, or any person furnishing board for others than
his own family, shall keep, use, or serve therein or elsewhere, either as
food for his guests, boarders, patrons, customers or employees, or for
cooking purposes, any imitation butter or imitation cheese, unless such
keeper, proprietor, or other person in charge of such place of entertain-
ment shall keep constantly posted in a most conspicuous place in the
room or rooms, or other place where such imitations shall be served or
sold, so that the same may be easily seen and read by any person in such
room or place, a white card not less than ten by fourteen inches in sijce,
on which shall bo printed, in the English language, in plain, black
508 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Eoman letters, not smaller than one inch in height and one-half inch
in width, the words, "Imitation butter used here," or "Imitation cheese
used here," as the case may be, and said cards shall not contain any
other words or expressions.
Par. 461. Use of coloring-matter to produce resemhlance, prohibited.
JSTo person shall coat, powder, or color with anatto or any coloring-malr
ter whatever, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for but-
ter or for cheese, whereby such substance or product shall be caused
to resemble butter of cheese, the product of pure milk or cream.
Par. 462. Combining substances io produce resemblances, prohibited.
No person shall combine any animal fat or vegetable oil, or other sub-
stance, with butter or cheese, or combine therewith or with animal fat,
or with vegetable oil, or with a combination of the two, or with either
one, or with any substance whatever, any anatto or any coloring-mat-
ter for the purpose or with the effect of imparting thereto a yeUow
color, or any shade of yellow, so that such substance shall resemble
genuine yellow butter or cheese, nor introduce any such coloring-mat-
ter or any such substance into any of the ingredients of which such
substitute may be composed; provided, that nothing in this Article shall
be construed to prohibit the use of salt, rennet, or harmless coloring-
matter for coloring the products of pure milk or cream from the same.
Par. 463. Marking substitutes. Every person who lawfully manu-
factures any substance designed to be used as a substitute for butter or
for cheese, shall mark by branding, stamping, or stenciling upon the top
and side of each tub, box, or other vessel in which such substitute shall
be kept, or in which it shall be removed from the place where produced,
in a clear and durable manner, in the English language, the words
"Substitute for butter," or "Substitute for cheese," as the case may be,
in printed letters, in plain Roman type, each of which shall be not less
than one inch in height and one-half inch in breadth.
Par. 464. Possession of substitute regulated. No person shall have
in his possession or control, except for the actual consumption of him-
self or family, any substance designed to be used as a substitute for
butter or cheese, unless the vessel containing it shall be marked as re-
quired in the preceding section.
Par. 465. Punishment. A violation of any of the foregoing provis-
ions of this Article shall be a misdemeanor.
Acts of 1895, page 60.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 509
STATE HOUSE OFFICERS.
ALLEN D. CANDLER, "VV. ^L SCOTT,
Governor. Entomologist.
JOS. M. TERRELL, GLASCOCK BARRETT,
Attorney-General. gt^^^g qjI Inspector.
WM. A. WRIGHT,
Comptroller-General. W. S. YEATES,
ROBT. E. PARK. «"^^^^^^^-
Treasurer, JAS. E. BROWN,
PHILIP COOK. State Librarian.
Secretary of State.
JNO. W. LINDSAY,
J. W. ROBERTSON, Pension Commissioner.
Adjutant-General.
G. R. GLENN, Prison Commission.
State School Commissioner. jqs. S. TURNER, Chairman.
O. B. STEVENS, CLEMENT A. EVANS,
Commissioner of Agriculture. THOMAS EASON.
R. F. WRIGHT, ^ ., , ^
Assistant Commissioner of Agricul- Railroad Commission.
tare. THOS. C. CRENSHAW, JR., Cbmn.
JNO. M. McCANDLESS, SPENCER R. ATKINSON,
State Chemist. J. POPE BROWN.
SUPREME COURT.
T. J. SIMMONS, WM. H. FISH,
Chief Justice. Associate Justice.
SAMUEL LUMPKIN, H. T. LEWIS.
Presiding Justice. Associate Justice.
WM. A. LITTLE, A. J. COBB,
Associate Justice. Associate Justice.
SUPERIOR COURTS.
CIRCUITS. JUDGES. SOl.lCfTORS.
Albany Circuit W. N, SPENCE W. E. Wooten.
Atlanta Circuit J. H. LUMPKIN (!. D. Hill.
Atlantic Circuit PAUL E. SEABROOK. .. Livingston Kenan.
Augusta Circuit E. L. BRINSON T. S. Reynolds.
Blue Ridge Circuit GEO. F. GOBER Thomas Hutcheson.
Brunswick Circuit FOS. W. BENNETT Iiio. W. Bennett.
Chattahoochee Circuit . . . W. B. BUTT S. P. Gilbert.
Cheroliee Circuit A. W. FITE Sam. P. Maddox.
Coweta Circuit S. W. HARRIS T. A. Atldnson.
Eastern Circuit ROBERT FALLIGANT. . W. W. Osborne.
Flint Circuit i:. J. REAGAN (>. II. B. Bloodworth.
Macon Circuit \V. H. FELTON, Jr William Brunson.
Middle Circuit B. D. EVANS B. T. Rawlings.
Northeastern Circuit J. B. ESTES \V. A. Cluirters.
Northern Circuit II. M. HOLDEN David W. Meadow.
Ocmulgee Circuit JNO. C. HART H.G.Lewis.
Oconee Circuit D. M. ROBERTS 1. F. DeLacy.
Pataula Circuit II. C. SHEFFIELD 1. A. Lning.
Rome Circuit W. M. HENRY Mosoh Wriglit.
Southern Circuit A. H. HANSBLL W. K. Tlioiuas.
Southwestern Circuit ....Z. A. LITTLEJOHN F. A. Hooper.
Stone Mountain Circuit. ..JNO. S. CANDLER W. T. Kimsoy.
Tallapoosa Circuit CHAS. G. JANES W. T. Uobcrts.
Western Circuit M. B. RUSSELL C. II. Brand.
510 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
THE GEORGIA EXPERIMENT STATIOI^^.
In 1887 the Congress of the United States passed an Act appropriat-
ing $15,000 per annum, from the proceeds of the sale of public lands,
to each State and territory for the support and maintenance of an Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. Under this Act the Station was to be con-
ducted in connection with the Agricultural College in each State and
Territory. The Governor of Georgia, in behalf of the General Assembly,
accepted tlie tender of the appropriation, in June 1888, and preparations
were at once made to organize a Station at Athens, Ga.
In December, 1888, however, the General Assembly of Georgia passed
am Act taking the Station from the immediate control of the college au-
thorities and providing for a Bofird of Directors for its management,
consisting of one "practical and successful" farmer from each Congress-
ional district, the State Commissioner of Agriculture, the Chancellor of
the University and one member of the faculty of the State Agricultural
College. The "farmer" members are appointed by the Governor for
terms of five years, and the member of the college faculty is anaiually
designated by the same authority.
Under authority of the State Act the Board of Directors, in May,
1889, removed the Station from Athens and located it one and a half
miles north of the city of Griffin, the citizens of Spalding coimty having
donated a fime fann of 130 acres and $4,000 in cash. In a short time
the Station Staff was organized by the election of R. J. Redding, direct-
or; Gustave Speth, liorticulturalist and accountant, and James M. Kim-
brough, agriculturalist and dairyman. Active operations commenced
in September, 1889.
The Station is maintained exclusively by the fund received from
the United States Treasury ($15,000 per annum), together with the pro-
ceeds of the sale of farm products. The State provides nothing for its
regular support, but has made three appropriations of $5,000 each, for
specific purposes, as shown in the followdng statement:
1. Donations from Spalding county:
Farm of 130 acres, valued at $10,000
Cash for building purposes 4,000
2. Appropriated by General Assembly:
In 1888 for establishing the Station (mainly expended
for buildings) $5,000
In 1891, for buildings 5,000
In 1892, for buildings and equipments 5,000
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 513
The State pays the actual traveling expenses of the Board of Directors
in attending quarterly meetings, but provides no compensation for thedr
services. These expenses, amounting to about $500 per annum, consti-
tute the only regiilar charge on the State Treasuiy.
A quarterly report of all expenditures is made to the Governor, and
an annual and detailed report at the close of each year.
PRESEI^T OEGANIZATTOiS^.
The organization of the Station at present (1901) is as follows:
R. J. Eedding Director.
H. C. White Vice Director and Chemist.
A. L. Quaintance (resigned Aug. 1. '01) .Biologist and Ilorticulturalist.
J. M. Kimbrough Agriculturalist.
H. J. Wing Dairyman.
Miss Ruby R. Ritchie Stenographer and Accountant.
EQUIPMENT.
The Station buildings comprise residences for the Director, Ilorticul-
turalist, Agriculturalist and Daii-yman, and six three-room cottages for
laborers; a frame horse-and cattle-stable and bam, -wnth annexes for car-
riage house; calf bam, silo and manure shed; dairy building; chemical
and biological laboratory with cellar and annex; propagating and green-
house; tobacco bam; ginnery and tool house; engine house and station-
ary engine; carpenter and blacksmith shop; complete system of water-
works ; steam pump, hydraulic ram, hydrants, house service, etc.
The station owns four mules, 30 head of cattle (mostly registered Jer-
seys), and a small herd of fine Berkshire swine.
The farm covers 130 acres, 80 of which are under cultivation, 35 in
pasture and 15 in parks and lawns. In the above are included about 15
acres in orchards and vineyards.
The Station has a collection of about 2,500 named species of in-
sects, besides many not yet determined; 2,000 named specimens in the
herbarium, including economic fungi.
LINES OF WORK.
It has been the fixed policy of tlie Station to consnlt the inimediato
wants of the farmers of the State: These are, primarily, instmction in
soil renovation, improve<l methods of preparation of soil and cultnre of
the staple crops, and diversified fanning. Tlio work of tho St^rtion in
the field has been fertilizer tests with different fonn.s and sources and
514 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
combinations of plant food ingredients; different methods of culture;
tests of varieties; improved methods of harvesting and (incidentally)
trials of new inventions and improvements in farm impleonents and ma-
chinery.
The work in the Dairy and Livestock department has been mainly il-
lustrative and demonstrative; the improvement of breeds and dissemina-
tion of young animals of the best strains among Georgia farmers.
SOME RESULTS.
The illustrative and demonstrative work of the Station has sho^vn. that
the natural conditions of soil and climate are admu'ably adapted to the
production of milk, butter and cheese of unexcelled quality, and the
dairying and live-stock industry of the State has been thereby greatly en-
couraged.
The Station has discovered a method of sowing oats in the fall of the
year so that the danger of winter killing is reduced to a minmnun, and
has thus greatly encouraged and developed the culture of oats. This
method consists, essentially, in first thoroughly preparing the soil (com
stubble) by plo^nng and harrowing, and then drilling the selected seed
oats in open furrows, 16 to 18 inches apart, at the rate of 1^ to 2 bushels
of seed per acre, applying at the same time a liberal amount of properly
balanced fertilizer. The seed oats, falling from the drill spot to the bot-
tom of the fresh furrow, are barely covered by the loose, falling soil
and the weight of the operating wheel of the drill machine.
The Station has shown by careful and repeated experiments tha.t
com may be successfully harvested in Georgia as it has long been prac-
ticed in the !N"orth, by cutting down the entire stalk a little later than
the "pulling fodder' period and shucking the same, the whole (excepting
the ears) to be aftenvards shredded; and that the shreded com stalks
make an excellent roughage for horses, mules and cattle. If the entire
crop of com of Georgia be thus harvested the saving of valuable food
that has heretofore been utterly neglected, would amount to 600,000
tons.
The Station has done valuable work along horticultural lines, and the
tests of varieties, the investigation of the insect enemies and fungous
diseases of fruits and vegetables and the means of combating them have
been of great value to the fruitrgrowers and truck-farmers of the State.
The Station publishes at least one Bulletin of results every three
months, or four to six Bulletins per annum. Some of these are profusely
illustrated. These Bulletins are absolutely free to any citizen who is
actively engaged in any branch of farming, including fruit and vege-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 515
table culture, dairying and stock-breeding, who will request the same to
be sent him. The law does not contemplate that they shall be sent at ran-
dom or as "sample copies," but only to such persons as shall request them
sent. Address "Georgia Experiment Station, Experiment, Ga."
Note — .The above sketch of the Experiment Station was contributed by R. J.
Redding, Director.
APPROPKIATIONS TO THE INSTITUTIONS OF THE STATE.
At the last session of the legislature the following sums of money
were appropriated for and on account of the public institutions of the
State, for each of the fiscal years 1901 and 1902:
For support and maintenance of the Academy of the Blind and for
salaries of its oiRcere, $18,000, or so much tliereof as may be necessary.
For repairs of the Academy for the Blind, $4,000.
For support and maintenance of the school for the Deaf and Dumb,
and pay of its officers and attachees, $25,000, or so much thereof as may
be necessary.
For the support and maintenance of the Georgia Stat© Sanitarium
(Asyhun for the Insane), $290,000, or so much thereof as may be nec-
essary.
For the State University at Athens, the sum of $8,000.
For the State University for the support of the School of Technology,
$40,000.
For the University of Georgia for the use of the State Technological
School, for the purpose of erecting an electrical building, $10,000, and
for purchasing and providing equipment for the Textile Department
of the same school, these last two appropriations not to become available
until the trustees of the school shall have raised the sum of $25,000
additional in money or equipment, by private subscription for said pur-
pose.
For the State University for the support of the Georgia Nomial and
Industrial College for girls, at Milledgeville, $22,900;.
For the State University for the support of the North Georgia Agri-
cultural College, a branch of said University, $7,000.
For the State University for the support of the State Nonnal School
for teachers of both sexes, at the Rock College, at Athens, $22,500.
For the University for the colored people, $8,000.
For tlic support of the Common Schools, $800,000 in addition to the
school fiiii'l derived from taxalion in the several counties.
For the State University at Athens the sum of $22,500, to be used
for its support and maintenance and for necessary repairs and buildings
and the furnishing and e<iuipping thereof; also to the trustees of the
University, $5,000 to be used in iMiildln,!:: and fiirnisliin.^- a dormitory
516 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
for girls at the Nortli Georgia Agricultural College at Dalilonega, and
for other purposes.
Also $150,000 for the Georgia State Sanitarium at Milledgeville, to
be used in erecting buildings and foi- other purposes.
APPROPKIATIONS FOR CO^s^FEDERATE SOLDIERS AlsB
THEIR WIDOWS.
The State appropriates to maimed and disabled Confederate soldiers
$190,000, and to indigent soldiers, $300,000.
It also appropriates the sum of $200,000 to the widows of such Con-
federate soldiers as maj have died in the service of the Confederate
States, or since from wounds received therein, on- disease contracted in
the sendee of the Confederate States, and to indigent widows of de-
ceased Confederate soldiers who were the wives of such soldiers while
they were in service. i
THE HOME FOR CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS.
This institution, under the patronage of the State, was opened in
July, 1901, and in a short while seventy-two veterans had been admit-
ted to its privileges. On September 30, 1901, the Home was destroyed
by fire. On the same day the Atlauta Journal rented a temporary home
for the soldiers on Marietta Street, while the helpless were provided
for in the Presbyterian and Grady Hospitals. To the $21,500 insurance
on house and furniture, the people of Georgia are adding liberal sub-
scriptions, and a new Soldiers' Home will soon be erected and equipped
with every modern convenience.
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
Although this is a chapter on the State government of Georgia, such
is the influence of the Press in moulding the thoughts of the people and
shaping legislation, that it may be fittingly introduced in this connec-
tion.
The number and kind of newspapers and periodicals published in a
State afford some indication of the character of its people. Judged by
this standard the people of Georgia are entitled to rank among the most
progressive of the populations which compose the various commonwealths
of the American Union. The enterprise and ability of some of the
great daily and weekly journals of the State, both secular and religious,
have largely increased the influence of Georgia on political and relig-
ious lines, and combined with the ability of some of her representatives
in the national legislature, have given to our State high rank in the
councils of the republic.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL.
519
We append liere a list of newspapers and periodicals, giving the name
and character of each, the place of publication and whether daily or
weekly.
Name Character How Published Town and County.
Chronicle Democratic .Weekly Abbeville, "Wilcox.
Post " ... " Acworth, Cobb.
Banner " Adairsville, Bartow,
News Democratic
Herald
Dispatch Republican
Free Press Democratic
Evening Herald "
Times-Recorder " .
Georgia Investigator. ..Republican
Ci.lhoun County CourierDemocratic
Advance
" Adel, Berrien.
Daily and WeeklyAlbany, Dougherty.
.Weekly
'♦ Alpharetta, Milton.
.Daily . . . . Americas, Sumter.
.Daily and Weekly
.Weekly
" Arlington, Calhoun.
" Ashburn, Worth.
South'nField& Fireside. Agricultural.lMonthly Ashwood, Berrien.
Banner .Democratic .Daily and Weekly Athens, Clarke.
Clipper Negro, Kep. .AVeekly " "
Sentinel Temperance. " " "^
Southern Farmer Agricultural.Monthly " "
AVoman's Work Household . . " "
Constitution Democratic .Daily, Weekly and
Semi-Weekly and Sun. Atlanta, Fulton.
Journal " ...Daily, and Semi-
Weekly
American Advertiser. . .Independent.Weekly " ''
Benevolent Ensign Negro • " "
Business Directory. ... .Business ... . "
Christian Index Baptist " '| '|
Georgia Record "
Ga. Staats Nachrichten .German " " ||
Jewish Sentiment Jewish "
Journal of Labor Labor " '| ||
Mail & Expre-;s "
Market Reporter and
Shippers Guide "
National Republican.. " "
Presbyterian Presbyterian " " ''
Republican Leader Republican. " '' '|
Saturday Review Society " "
Southern Architect and
Contractor Architecture " '|
So. Christian Recorder. African M E. "
Southern Evangelist . . Undenominat'l " "
Southern Star Prohibition.. " " "
AVesleyan Christian Ad-Methodist
vocate Episcopal, S. " " "
Southern Cultivator and
Dixie Farmer Agricultural.Semi-Monthly ... " "
Southern Home ''
Alkahest Literary Monthly " ''
Church in Georgia Protestant
Episcopal '• " "
Cotton Cotton
Industry " " "
Dixie Mechanical.. " " "
Georgia Eclectic
Medical Journal IMedical " " "
Georgia Education Educational. " "
Ideas Literary .... " '^'
Insurance Prospect Insurance... ''
Journal-Record of Med-
icine ^Mediftal " " "
12:! ga
^20 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Name Character How Published To nd County.
Pythian Lodge Secret. .Knights of
Pythias Monthly Atlanta, Fulton.
Railroad Herald Eailroads.. . . " " "
So'eastern TJnderwiters. Insurance. . . " " "
So. Congregationalist . .Oongreg'tionl'st " " "
So. Educational JournalEducational .Monthly " "
Southern Fancier Poultry " " "
So. Industrial News Textile and
Mechanical " "
Southern Ruralist Agricultural. " " "
State, Town & County " " "
Sunny South Literary " " "
Chronicle Democratic .Daily & Semi-
WeeklyAugusta, Richmond.
Herald Ind.-Dem. . .Daily and Weekly " "
Tribune Populist " " .. " "
Georgia Baptist Negro Weekly " "
Methodist Evangelist. .Methodist-
Episcopal.. " " "
Voice of Labor Trades-Union " " "
Mission Field Negro Meth.
Episcopal .Semi-Monthly .. . " "
Dental Hints Dentistry .. Monthly " "
Democrat Democratic. . Weekly Bainbridge Decatur.
Messenger Republican.. " " "
Searchlight Democratic. '* " "
Mountain Caucassian " Ball Ground. Cherokee.
Gazette '' " Barnesville, Pike.,
Georgia Farmer Agricultural Semi-Monthly ... " "
Banner Democratic .Weekly Ba:xley, Appling.
Times " •••• " Blackshear, Pierce.
Herald " •••• " Elairsville, Union.
Early County News " " Blakely, Early.
Reporter " • •■■ "
Southern Pit Games Poultry Monthly " "
Post-Record Democratic .Weekly Blue Ridge, Fannin.
Southern-World " "
Intelligence " Bowdon, Carroll.
Times , Democratic .Daily Brunswick, Glynn.
Evening Call "
Herald Negro Weekly "
Banner-Messenger " Buchanan, Haralson.
Tribune
Marion County Patriot. Democratic . " Buena Vista, Marion.
Alliance Plow Boy Populist " Buford, Gwinnett.
Herald . . .Democratic , " Butler, Taylor.
Times *' ••.• " Calhoun, Gordon.
Clarion " •■•• " Camilla, Mitchell.
American Union Republican.. " Canon, Franklin.
Herald Universalist. " " "
Advance] Democratic. " Canton, Cherokee.
Advance " " Oarnesville, Franklin.
Press Populist.... " " "
Free Press Democratic . " Carrollton, Carroll.
People's Advocate Independent " " "
Times Democratic. " " "
Courant-American " " Cartersville, Bartow.
Eagle Republican.. " "
News Democratic. " *' "
Advance Courier " " Cedartown, Polk.
Standard " .... "
Enterprise Independent " Chipley, Harris.
Advertiser Democratic . " Clarkesville, Habersham.
Press " " Claxton, Tattnall.
Tribune " *' Clayton, Rabun.
Courier Independent " Cleveland. White.
Liberal Democratic. " Colquitt, Miller.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
521
Name Character How Published Town nnd'Couiity
Enquirer-Sun Democratic . Daily (excpt.Mon)Coluinbus, Muscogee.
" '■ " ...Sunday
" " " ....Weekly
Ledger " ... .Daily(excpt Sat eve.) " "
" ....Sunday "
" ....Weekly
So. Unionist Labor " " "
Banner Weekly Democratic .Weekly Conyers, Rockdale.
Gall
Sentinel . .
Enterprise
tttar "
Advocate-Democrat. ... " . . . .
Herald
Baptist Baptist
Leader Democratic .
Liberal Enterprise " ....
Nugget Independent
Sigiral Populist . . . .
New Era Democratic .
Argus "
Citizen "
Plerald Populist ....
Music Teacher Musical
Argus Democratic .
Monitor " . . . .
(lazette Independent
Spectator (Colored) .... "
News Democratic .
Advertiser " . . . .
New Era •'
Our Missionary Helper. Populist . . . .
Standard Democratic .
Advertiser " . . . .
Breeze "
New South "
Courier-Dispatch " ....
Times-Journal " . . . .
Plow Boy Independent
3Iessenger Democratic .
Star "
Tribune ■* . . . .
News " . . . .
Courier-Sentinel "
Times " . . . .
News " . . . .
News " . . . .
Citizen-Leader Republican .
Enterprise Independent
•Journal "
Advertiser Democratic .
Chronicle " . .. .
Critic (Colored) Republican .
Sentinel Deiuocriitic .
Leader " . . . .
News and Banner " . . . .
(tracker " . . . .
Eagle " . . . .
.foiirnal " . . . .
Record " . . . .
News " . . . .
Ilt'rald. ... liuli'piMKlent
lIf'r;ild-.Journal Dt-mocralic .
Vindicator " . . . .
Call "
Daily Cordele, Dooly.
..Weekly
.Covington, Newton.
.Crawfordville, Taliaferro.
.Culloden, Monroe.
. Cumming, Forsyth.
.Cuthbert, Randolph.
Dahlonega, Lumpkin.
.Dallas, Paulding.
.Dalton, Whitfield.
. Danielsville, Madison.
. Darien, Mcintosh.
Dawson, Terrell.
Dawsonville. Dawson.
.Decatur, DeKalb.
" Doe Run, Colquitt,
" Douglas, Coffee.
" Doiiglasville, Douglas.
Semi-weekly Dublin, Laurens.
Weekly Eastman. Dodge.
" East Point, Fulton.
" Eatonton, Putnam.
" Elberton, Elbert.
.Ellaville, Schley.
. Ellijay, Gilmer.
. Fairburn, Camjjbell.
Fayetteville, Fayette.
.Fitzgerald, Irwin.
.Flowery Brancli, Hall.
.Forsyth, Monroe.
.Fort (iaincs, Clay.
.Fort N'allcy, Hoii.^ton.
Franklin, llcnrci.
Gainesville, Jl:!ll.
" Georgetown, (,)iitinnn.
" Gibson, (ilasc ck.
" (iray, .Tones.
" (irayiMond, Kmanuel.
" (Jrecnslxiro, (Irecne-
" Greenville, .Meriwether.
Daily Grillin, Si)aldiiig.
522
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Name Character How Published Town and County
Farmer Democratic .Weekly Griffin, Spalding.
Echo (Colored) Republican. " " "
-News and Sun Democratic .Daily " "
'< " " " ... .Weekly
News Independent "
Journal Democratic . "
People's Cause Independent "
Sentinel Democratic. "
Citizen " .... "
Sun • ■ • •
Dispatch and News " ...• "
Independent (Colored). Republican .Bi-Weekly..
Herald Democratic .Weekly Hinesville, Liberty.
Headlight Independent " Hogansville, Troup.
farmer and Dairyman . .Agricultural Semi-Monthly Holton, Bibb.
Journal Democratic .Weekly Homer, Banks
.Guyton, Effingham.
.Hamilton, Harris.
.Harlem, Columbia.
.Harmony Grove, Jackson.
. Hartwell, Hart.
Hawkinsville, Pulaski.
Homerville, Clinch.
Irwinton, Wilkinson.
Isabella, Worth.
Jackson, Butts.
News ' ■• • ■
Bulletin "
News Independent
Argus Democratic .
Record " • • ■ •
Progress "
Herald
Herald
News
Sentinel Populist .
Enterprise Democratic. "
News Populist ... "
Correspondent Democratic. "
Messenger Independent "
Enterprise '■ . ■ • *'
Graphic Democratic . "
Reporter " Daily...
" ....Weekly.
Republican Rep'n(Col.).
Standard Gauge Independent "
News Herald Democratic . "
Echo " .... "
Journal Populist .... "
Leader Democratic . "
News and Farmer " "
Advertiser " .... "
Independent " .... "
Weekly " .... "
Appeal (Colored) Republican . " •
Georgia Planter Agricultural Monthly '^| '^|
News Democratic . Daily
So. Dental Journal Dental Quarterly || 'J
Sunday Press Democratic .Weekly '' ^^
Telegraph " ... Daily ]' ^^
" " Sunday
" " ....Semi-Weekly " "
Enterprise " ... .Weekly McRae, Telfair.
News Independent "
Adviser Democratic . " Madison, Morgan
Gleaner (Colored) Republican . " || [[
Madisonian Democratic . " " ^ , ,
Critic Independent Daily Marietta, Cobb.
Journal .Democratic .Weekly
Guidon " "
Union-Recorder " ... "
Banner Independent "
News and Messenger. . .Democratic . "
Tribune Independent "
Record Democratic . "
Advocate " .... "
News " .... "
.Jasper, Pickens.
.Jefferson, Jackson.
.Jeffersonville, Twiggs.
.Jesup, Wayne.
It i 1
.Jonesboro, Clayton.
(I (1
.Knoxville, Crawford.
. LaFayette, Walker.
.LaGrange, Troup,
Lavonia, Franklin.
Lawrenceville, Gwinnett.
Lexington, Oglethorpe.
Lincolnton, Lincoln.
Lindale, Floyd.
Louisville, Jefferson.
Lumpkin, Stewart.
McDonough, Henry.
Macon, Bibb.
Meldrim, Effingham.
Milledgeville, Baldwin.
Mitchell, Glascock.
Monroe, Walton.
Montezuma, Macon.
Monticello, Jasper.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
523
Name Character
Courier Independent
Observer Democratic
Protectionist Republican
Monitor Democratic
Georgian. "
Herald and Advertiser. "
News "
How Published
News Independent
Tribune Democratic
Dispatch "
Citizen "
Emory College Phcenix. College ....
Enterprise Democratic
Southern Informer Independent
Home Journal Democratic
Advertiser "
Free Press "
Journal "
Banner .Independent
New South Democratic
Inquirer "
New Era . "
Slate Independent
Cherokee Messenger . . .Missionary
Daily . .
Weekly
Town and County
.Moultrie, Colquitt.
.Mount Airy, Habersham.
.Mt. Vernon Montgomery.
.Nashville, Berrien.
. Newnan, Coweta.
Newton, Baker.
" Norcross, Gwinnett.
" Ocilia, Irwin.
Semi-Weekly.... Oglethorpe, Macon.
Monthly Oxford, Newton.
Weekly Pembroke, Bryan.
.Perry, Houston.
Quitman, Brooks.
Chronicle Independent Daily
Sunday
Commercial Argus Democratic
Southern Argus "
Masonic Herald Masonic. .,
Tribune Democratic
" Reidsville, Tattnall.
" Richland, Stewart.
" Ringgold Catoosa.
" Riverdale, Clayton.
" Rochelle. Wilcox.
" Rockmart, Polk.
Monthly . Rome, Floyd.
Herald
Progress "
Baptist Truth Baptist . . . .
Bulletin Democratic
Gazette (Colored) Republican
Journal of Medicine and
Surgery Medical . . . .
Musical Echo Musical . . . .
News Democratic
Press "
South'n Drug and Paint
Review Pharinacy .
Spy Republican
Tribune (Colored) "
Enterprise-Gazette . . . .Democratic
Watchman Republican
Journal Democratic
Sentry "
Ishmaelite "
Jimplecute "
Herald
Star Populist
Times Democratic
News "
Blade Independent
Pine Forest Democratic
People's Press Poi)ulist . . .
Telephone Democratic
Local "
New Era "
Journal Independent
Echo
News "
Daily
Weekly .
Monthly
Daily . . .
Weekly .
.Sandersville, Washington.
II i(
.Savannah, Chatham,
Monthly
Daily
Semi-Weekly . . .
Daily
Monthly
Weekly .
. Senoia, Coweta.
.Sharon, Taliaferro.
. Smithville, Lee.
Social Circle, Walton.
.Bparta, Hancock.
.Spring Place. Murray.
.Slatesboro, BulU>cli.
.Summerville, Chattooga.
.Swainsboro, Emanuel.
II II
Sylvania, Screven.
Semi-Weekly
Sylvester, Wortli,
Talhollou, Talbot.
, Tnllapoosa, I larnlson.
.Tallulah Falls. Kahun.
.Teimiile, Washington.
524
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Name
Times . .
News
Times-Enterprise
Character How Published
.Democratic .Weekly
Journal "
Gazette . .■ "
Southern Record "
News . . .Independent
Herald Democratic
Passport "
Afro- Am. Mouthpiece. .(Colored).. .
Plaindealer " Rep'n
Times Democratic
Progress "
Hustler .
Banner "
Clipper "
Chronicle "
Gazette "
Georgia Reporter "
Enterprise Independent
Herald Democratic
Journal "
True Citizen "
News Independent
Democrat Democratic
Jackson Economist . . . .Populist . . .
Georgian Democratic
Messenger Independent
Headlight Democratic
Record Populist . .
News Independent
Journal Democratic
Republican Republican
Daily . .
Weekly
Town and County
.Thomas ton, Upson.
.Thomasville, Thomas.
.Thomson, McDuffie.
. Tifton, Berrien.
.Toccoa, Habersham.
.Trenton, Dade.
.Trion Factory, Chattooga.
. Unadilla, Dooly.
.Valdosta, Lowndes.
Vienna, Dooly.
.Villa Rica, Carroll.
.Wadley, Jefferson.
.Warrenton, Warren.
.Washington, Wilkes.
Daily . .
Weekly
. Watkinsville, Oconee.
.Waycross, Ware.
.Waynesboro, Burke.
.West Point, Troup.
.Winder, Jackson.
.Woodbine, Camden.
, Woodbury, Meriwether.
. Wrightsville, Johnson.
.Young Harris, Towns.
. Zebulon, Pike.
I— I
d
d
H
d
PART IL
SKETCHIES OF THE COUNTIES.
These sketches contain information concerning the histoi-v, soil,
productions, live stock, manufactures, population, etc. of each county in
the State.
In each instance the total population of the county is given, and also
the population by sex and color. The United States census for 1900
gives the population by sex and color for every place having 2,500 in-
habitants or more in its corporate limits. There are thirty-one such
places in Georgia, and this information is given concerning each of these
in the sketch of its county.
The live stock statistics are from the census of 1890, and in the Ap-
pendix T\all be found the live stock statistics for 1900, if tliey can be
obtained in time. If this information cannot be had, before this book
is issued from the press, a pamphlet containing this and other useful
knowledge will be sent to each one having a copy of this work.
The statistics of domestic animals not on farms or ranges, include all
domestic animals in cities, towns and villages; in stock-yards; all em-
ployed in manufacturing, lumbering and mining industries, and kindred
enterprises; and all used for pleasure or profit by individuals other than
farm proprietors. The number of live stock in cities containing over
25,000 inhabitants in their corporate limits is given separately.
There are three such cities in Georgia: Atlanta, Savannah and Au-
gusta.
Similar statistics have never before been collected in the United
States. The census authorities say: "It was deemed unwise to delay,
for several months, the publication of tliese tables in order to include
the further statistics" on live stock on fanns or ranges in each county in
1900.
The statistics for domestic animals in bams and inclosures for the
whole State June 1, 1900 show 29,713 inclosures. Of tliose there are
17,355 inclosures reporting neat cattle, in which are 30,720 neat cattle,
including 8,393 calves under one year old, 1,014 steers one and under
two years old, 773 steers two and under tliree years, 1,024 steers three
(525)
526 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
years and over, 465 bulls one year and over, 2,052 heifers one and under
two years, 20,806 daiiy cows two years and over, 1,893 other cows two
years and over. There ai'e 12,052 inclosures reporting horses, in which
are 21,016 horses, 117 colts under one year, 222 colts one and under
two years, 20,677 horses two years old and over. The 2,395 inclosures
containing 7,540 mules, include 30 colts under one year, 106 colts under
two years, and 7,404 mules two years old and over. Sixty-eight inclos-
ures contain 126 donkeys. JSTinety-seven inclosures report 5,745 sheep, of
which 1,147 ai*e lambs under one year, 2,499 ewes of one year and over,
2,099 rams and wethers of one year and over. In 13,209 inclosures
there are 39,538 swine and in 608 inclosures are 2,045 goats.
The Appendix contains many valuable tables.
The native bom population of Georgia numbers 1,095,598 males and
1,108,330 females; the foreign born, 7,603 males, and 4,800 females.
The total population is 2,216,331.
The native white with native parents number 573,447 males and
570,728 females. Of native white with foreign parents there are 12,309
males and 12,604 females. Of foreign white there are 7,283 males and
4,738 females.
The total white population is 1,181,109. Of these there are 593,039
males and 588,070 females. The total negro population of the State is
1,034,998, of whom there ai^e 509,958 males and 525,040 females.
There are also 204 Chinese — 192 males and 12 females, 1 male Jap,
11 male and 8 female Indians.
APPLING COUNTY.
Appling County, in the southeastern part of the State, named after
Colonel Daniel Appling, of Columbia county, was laid out in 1818.
Part of it was added to Telfair in 1818, part to Ware in 1824 and part
again to Telfair in 1825. It is bounded by the following counties:
Montgomery and Tattnall on the north, Wayne on the east. Pierce and
Ware on the south and Coffee on the west. On the north are the Ocmul-
gee and Altamaha rivers, which streams and their tributaries, with the
headwaters of the Satilla river, viz.: Dougherty's and Carter's creeks,
Little Satilla river, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane creeks, water the
county.
Appling county is in the great pine belt, and therefore the princi-
pal industries are turpentine and lumber. Large numbers of logs are
yearly rafted down the Altamaha river to Darien.
The lands are level and are especially adapted to long-staple or sea-
island cotton, and according to the United States census of 1900 the
cotton ginned in the county for the season of 1899 and 1900 was 4,046
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 527
bales, of which 3,778 bales were sea-island and 2GS bales upland. Some
of the lands under proper cultivation can be made to yield to- the acre : sea-
island seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20
to 30 bushels; rice, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 200 bushels; field peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground peas, 15 to 30
bushels; crab-grass and peavane haj, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; corn fodder,
200 to 400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 500 gallons. Peai-s and
grapes grow to perfection and many other fruits do well.
The wild native grasses afford splendid pasturage for cattle and sheep,
which can be raised at very small expense.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 11,583
sheep, with a wool clip of 23,081 pounds; 16,152 cattle, 4,254 milch
cows, 311 working oxen, 17,224 hogs, 40,027 poultry of all kinds, 819
horses, and 307 mules. The county produced 54,456 .dozens of eggs,
8,544 pounds of honey, ll,0b4 pounds of butter, and 1U2,070 galloais
of milk.
The creeks and rivers abound in fish excellent for the table. The
climate is warm, but not oppressive, and the people are healthy.
The county is well supplied with churches and schools. Methodists
and Baptists predominate. Schools for whites number 60; for colored,
17. Average attendance in white schools 1,417, in colored 487.
There are no large towns in the county. Baxley, the county seat, on
the Southern Railway, is the most important.
There are postofiices at Baxley, Graham, Hazlehurst, Surrency, Blar-
ney, Peyton, Hitch, Meddei-s, Spencer and Elma.
At Baxley a syrup refinery has been recently completed and incor-
porated. The proprietor of the refinery guarantees not less than 25
cents a gallon cash. With the same careful and scientific culture that
is bestowed by some planters upon the crop, 500 gallons of first-class
syrup can be produced to the acre on ordinarily fertile land, and with
one-half the labor required for the cultivation of cotton. The people
of Baxley are the proprietors of this refinery and expect great results
from it. The ponds in the neighborhood of the town, hitherto regarded
as of no practical benefit, will soon be in great demand.
Mr. C. W. Deen, who owns $1,600 worth of stock in the refinery,
proposes to plant this year (1901) 50 acres in sugar cane, and expects
to make a clear profit of $100 an acre.
The area of Appling county is 775 square miles, or 496,000 acres.
Population by the census of 1900 is 12,336. School fund, $7,993.41.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are 382,828 acres
of improved land; of wild lands, 200,263; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $1.42; of wild land, $0.57; city and town property, $120,-
989; shares in bank, $10,000; money and solvent debts, $138,588; value
of merchandise, $73,505; capital invested in shijjping and tonnage, $4,-
020; stocks and bonds, $1,350; cotton nianu factories, $11,475; cniiitMl
invested in mining, $525; value of household and kitchen furniture,
$88,260; farm and other animals, $244,092; plantation and mechanical
tools, $30,880; watches, jewelry and silver jilato, $1,989; value of all
528 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Other property, $97,493; real estate, $766,787; personal estate, $707,-
898; aggregate value of whole property, $1,474,687.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 15,202; value
of land, $24,267; city or town property, $6,064; money and solvent
debts, $699; merchandise, $410; household and kitchen furniture, $6,-
376; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $162; farm and other animals,
$11,896; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,689; aggregate value of
all property, $52,844.
The population of Appling county in 1900 shows an increase of 3,660
over that of 1890. This is a gain of 42.1 per cent.
Population of Appling county by sex and color, according to census
of 1900: white males, 4,539; whit© females, 4,284; total white, 8,823;
colored males, 1,961; colored females, 1,552; total colored, 3,513.
Domestic animals kept in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 bulls, 8 steers, 118 dairy cows, 81 horses, 58
mules, 286 swine, 37 goats.
' BAKER COUNTY.
Baher County was laid out from Early in 1825, and was named after
Colonel John Baker of Revolutionary fame. It is bounded on the north
by Calhoun and Dougherty counties, east and southeast by Mitchell,
south by Mitchell, Decatur and Miller, and west by Early and ]\liller.
Newton, on the west bank of the Flint river, is the county seat. Other
postoffices are Cheevei-ton, Hoggard's Mill, Mimsville and Milford. The
county is watered by the Flint river and its tributaries, the Coolewahee,
Ichawaynochaway and Chickasawhatchee creeks, all of which abound in
fish. The county has lands in which oak and hickory predominate, and
others in which the long-leaf pine is the prevailing growth. The former
lands are dark and much more productive than the latter, which are gray.
With the exception of the pine lands the county used to be considered
unhealthy. But the boring of artesian wells and the use of their water,
instead of the rotten limestone, has brought about a great change for the
better. The face of the county is level.
Under the ordinary methods of cultivation the yield per acre is : Seed
cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; com, 10 to 15 bushes; wheat, 15; oats, 20;
rye, 8 to 10; upland rice, 25 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 gallons; sorghum
cane, 50 to 75 gallons; Irish potatoes, 50 to 150 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 100 to 250; sorghum forage, 10,000 pounds. All grasses and for-
age crops except clover do well.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 4,039 bales, all upland.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,510 sheep,
vnth a wool-clip of 2,849 pounds; 7,859 cattle, 2,586 milch-cows, 675
working oxen, 9,809 hogs, 30,527 poultry of all kinds, 567 horses, 724
mules and 2 asses. Among the productions were 181,645 gallons of
milk, 25,285 pounds of butter, 83,172 dozens of eggs, and 1,660 pounds
of honey.
<;i:(>it(;iA kxiiiiut at xasiixilli:. ikw.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 529
The people are beginning to pay considerable attention to the raising
of beef cattle and improvement of the breed. Within the last five yeai-s
there have been imported into the county 5 Hereford, 4 Polled Angus
and 6 Shorthorn bulls. For dairy pui-poses the Jersey cow is preferred.
About 1,500 acres are given to peach trees, 700 to plums, 110 to
cherries, 500 to quinces and 300 to apples. About 100 acres are given
to the raising of melons, and large watermelons of excellent flavor are
grown for the market.
The chief industries of the piney woods section of the county are
those connected with turpentine and lumber. Six sawmills are kept
busy preparing lumber, 5 turpentine distilleries turn out large quanti-
ties of naval stores and 5 gi-ist mills are kept in constant operation.
Though no railroads traverse the county, the Central of Georgia has a
branch road running near the county line on the north; a branch of
the Plant System runs close to the line from the northeast southward,
and the Georgia Pine Railroad passes close by the boundary on the west-
ern side. Lines of steamboats on the Flint river ply regularly between
Kewton and Albany to the north, and Bainbridge to the south. The
county schools are in good condition. Churches are plentiful, especially
those of the Methodists and Baptists.
The area of Baker county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres.
Population by the census of 1900, 6,704; school fund, $4,515.94.
According to report of Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: Acres
of improved land, 189,150; of wild land, 15,405; average value per
acre of improved land, $1.75; of wild land, $1.00; city and town prop-
erty, $16,480; money and solvent debts, $21,960; value of merchan-
dise, $24,180; value of household and kitchen furniture, $18,296; farm
and other animals, $73,977; plantation and mechanical tools, $11,599;
watches, jewelry and silver plate, $1,110; value of all other property,
$27,644; real estate, $364,212; personal estate, $183,541; aggregate
value of whole property, $547,753.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 6,898; value
of same, $12,629; money and solvent debts, $699; household and kitch-
en furniture, $4,579; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,168; farm
and other animals, $17,252; watches, jewelry and silver plate, $67; ag-
gregate value of all property, $38,317.
The schools belong to the public school system and number 15 for
white pupils and 17 for colored, with average attendance of 280 whites
and 430 negroes.
Population of Baker county by sex and color, according to the oen?us
of 1900: white males, 957; white females, 977; total white, 1,934;
colored males, 2,377; colored females, 2,393; total colored, 4,770.
Domestic animals in })ams and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges,
June 1, 1900: No report.
530 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
BALDWIN COUNTY.
Baldwin County was first laid off by the lottery act of 1803. Parts
were added from Washington, Wilkinson and Hancock in 1807; parts
again from Washington in 1812, and another part from the same county
in 1826. The county was organized in 1805 and named for Hon. Abra-
ham Baldwin, United States Senator, and one of the founders of Frank-
lin College, the oldest department of the University of Georgia. Bald-
win is bounded by the following counties: Putnam on the north, Han-
cock on the northeast and east, Washington on the east, Wilkinson on
the south and Jones on the west.
The Oconee river runs through the middle of the county, and into
this empty Town, Fishing and other creeks. Near ]VIilledgeville are
shoals which can be cheaply utilized, and which would furnish im-
mense water-power, the gross available horse-power of the county being
about 2,859. The water is freestone. The upper portion of the county
belongs to the metamorphic region, and has red clay top-soil with a stiff
clay subsoil. The lower portions belong to the tertiary formation, and
have gray sandy lands. The gray lands give good returns for careful
culture. The red lands are fertile, when fresh, and, even when they
have been exhausted by careless farming, can be easily renovated and
restored to their former high state of cultivation.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: Corn, 10
bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat 9 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-
peas, 15 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; seed cot-
ton, 600 pounds; crab-grass and benniida hay, 2,500 pounds; sugar-cane
syrup, 150 gallons. On some of the best cultivated lands there are much
better yields, as for instance, corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat,
15 bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds. According to the United States
census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county of the crop of 1899
amounted to 10,119 bales, all upland.
There are in Baldwin county 33,528 peach trees and 3,039 apple trees.
Vegetables are raised in sufficient quantity for home use. The vege-
tables and fruits sold annually amount to between $7,000 and $8,000.
The timber products are small and are mainly hard woods in the
northern part of the county, such as oak, hickory, ash, maple, etc. In
some sections there still remains a little yellow pine. The annual out-
put of all the timbers is about $8,000 worth.
The especial mineral product of this county is pottery clay. Nine
miles south of Milledgeville on the Gordon and Covington branch of
the Central of Georgia Railroad is Stevens* Pottery, located on one of
the finest clay deposits in America, which extends from Augusta south-
westerly through Baldwin county, past Macon, in Bibb county, to Co-
lumbus, in Muscogee county. The clays of this belt are very pure, of a
beautiful white color and capable of standing a greater degree of heat
than any other clays of the United States. At Stevens' Pottery brick,
sewer-pipe, jars, vases and many kinds of ornamental work are turned
out in large quantities.
c
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 533
The United States census of 1890 showed that there were in Baldwin
cOimty 2S3 sheep, with a wool-clip of ol-i pounds; 3,502 cattle, of which
200 were working oxen and 1,364 milch cows; 6,304 hogs, 34,985 do-
mestic fowls of all kinds, 507 horses, 1,205 mules and 1 donkey. Among
farm products were 262,179 gallons of milk, 59,677 pounds of butter,
46,169 dozens of eggs and 0,296 pounds of honey.
j\lilledgeville, the county site, was the capital of Georgia from 1807,
when the legislature held it3 first session there, until 1668, when the
capital was moved to Atlanta by the reconstruction government. This
action was sustained by a vote of the State in 1877. Since then Mil-
legeville has become a great educational center. The old capitol, a
building in the gothic style of architecture, is now a well-equipped school
known as the Georgia Military and Agricultural College. The Georgia
Normal and Industrial College for young ladies is also located in Mil-
ledgeville, the building being a handsome structure well fitted up for
the best kind of work.
The Georgia and Central Railroads cross each other at Milledgeville,
the former running east and west, and the latter north and south through
the county, thus giving the very best of transportation facilities. Mil-
ledgeville, which, according to the United States census of 1900, has a
population of 4,219, does a thriving commercial business and has sev-
eral manufactories, such as a fertilizer factory, oil-mill, grain mill,
repair shops and many small industries. All the manufactories of Bald-
win county number 41 and have an annual output of $242,942. Some
of the most important are at and near Milledgeville. This city is lighted
by electricity and has successful building and loan associations and bank-
ing institutions, with capital adequate for the business of the city. Be-
sides the educational institutions already named, Milledgeville has ex-
cellent schools belonging to the public school system of Georgia, and
some good private schools.
The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians have flour-
ishing churches.
About two miles from Milledgeville, at Midway, is the State Asylum
for the Insane, which has handsome and convenient buildings fitted up
with all modern appliances. The white and colored patients are kept
entirely separate in buildings apart from each other, but furnished with
equal conveniences.
At Midway, in ante-bellum days, stood Oglethorpe University, a col-
lege under the auspices of the Presbyterian churcli. Aften- the civil
war the university was removed to Atlanta, but after a few years its
doors were closed, and its exercises linve never been resumed.
Scottsborough, four miles south of Milledgeville, is a pleasant summer
residence. The village has never been incorporated, but the Scottsbor-
ough militia district contains 5,455 inliabitants.
The public schools of Baldwin county number 46. In the 21 schools
for whites the average attendance is 035 out of a total enrollment of
534 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
949 pupils, and in the 25 schools for colored there is an average at-
tendance of 827 out of a total enrollment of 1,479 pupils. In the col-
leges and private schools of Milledgeville there is an attendance of about
700 pupils. By the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900
the school fund of Baldwin county is $10,451.82.
The area of Baldwin county is 250 square miles, or 160,000 acres.
According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Bald-
win county is 17,768, or 3,160 more than in 1890.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 is as follows: Acres
of improved land, 145,662; average value per acre, $3.47; value of city
or town property, $549,992; shares in bank, $90,000; gas and electric
lights, $7,500; money and solvent debts, $118,698; value of merchan-
dise, $108,912; stocks and bonds, $3,500; cotton manufactories, $6,680;
iron works, $4,300; household and kitchen furniture, $84,202; farm
and other animals, $82,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,254;
watches, jewelry, etc., $10,325; value of all other property, $72,872;
real estate, $1,056,893; personal estate, $660,198; aggregate value of
whole property, $1,717,091.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land,
5,980; value of the same, $24,664; value of city or town property, $45,-
770; merchandise, $700; household and kitchen furniture, $8,079;
watches, jewelry, etc., $154; farm and other animals, $16,046; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $3,052; value of all other property, $1,075;
aggregate value of whole property, $100,041.
Population of Baldwin county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,087; whit© females, 3,424; total white,
6,511; colored males, 5,400; colored females, 5,857; total colored,
11,257.
Population of Milledgeville by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 697; white females, 858; total white, 1,555;
colored males, 1,138; colored females, 1,526; total colored, 2,664.
Total population of city, 4,219.
Domestice animals in Baldwin county, kept in bams and inclosures,
not on farmis or ranges, according to the census of 1900: 17 calves, 29
steers, 4 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 156 horses, 35 mules, 182 swine, 3 goats.
There are 5 flour and grist-mills on the Oconee and its tributaries.
There are several sawmills (the exact number not ascertained), and
a very extensive pottery establishment.
BANKS COUNTY.
Banks County was formed from Habersham and Franklin counties in
1858, and belongs to the northeast section of the State. It is bounded
by the following counties: Habersham on the north, Franklin on the
east, Madison on the south and Hall and Jackson on the west. It was
named in honor of Dr. Richard Banks, of Gainesville, who was a noted
surgeon.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A'D INDUSTRIAL. 535
The lands ai-e rolling, rich on the water courses and moderately fertile
elsewhere.
The timber products are poplar, hickory, pine, maple, ash, walnut,
locust, white, post and mountain oak.
There is considei-able granite in sections.
The Hudson hows from north to south through the county, and the
Middle Fork through its northeast corner. These two uniting with the
Is^orth Fork form inroad river, which flows into the Savannah. The
Hudstn and Middle Fork aiford ample water-power for propelling ordi-
nary machinery for mills and factories.
The climate is healthy and invigorating. The water is pure freestone.
Two railroads belonging to the Southern System — one on the north-
western, the other on the southwestern border of the county — give fa-
cilities for travel and transportation. Bellton, at the junction of these
two lines, is partly in Banks and partly in Hall county. Alto and Bald-
win are partly in Banks and partly in Habersham, and Maysville is
partly in Banks and partly in Jackson. Homer, five miles from the rail-
road, is the county seat.
The productions of Banks county are corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats,
peas, sweet and Irish potatoes, cabbages, onions and other vegetables.
Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the va-
rious crops to the acre is as follows: Seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn, 8
to 10 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels;
sorghum, 25 to 40 gallons of syrup; sorghum forage, 12,000 pounds to
the acre; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; tield-peas, 10 bushels; hay, from
clover, bemmda grass or the vetches, 3,000 pounds. Under the best
methods of cultivation there are much larger yields of corn and wheat.
The United States census of 1900 reported that 8,791 bales of upland
cotton were ginned in this county in 1899-1900. About 600 bales from
this county were used by cotton mills.
The principal forage crops are peavines and sorghum. As far as
known one farmer has a silo pit. Bermuda grass is the favorite for sum-
mer pasturage. A common feed for stock is cotton-seed meal and hulls,
or sorghum, green corn, peas and vines.
There are in Banks county three dairy farms, maldng 540 pounds of
butter in a week, for which tliey find a ready sale.
The number of dairy and othea' milch-cows is 100, the Jersey being
preferred to all others. Renewed interest is being taken in the improve-
ment of tlio breeds of cattle, as is shown by the fact that Polled Angus
and Shorthorn bulls are being introduced into the county.
According to the report of the United States census there were in
1890 in Banks county 1,926 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,608 pounds;
3,680 cattle, 413 being working oxen and 1,254 being miloli-cows; 5,053
hogs, 68,194 domestic fowls of all varieties, 442 horses, 836 mules and
1 donkey. Among the farm products were 369,991 gallons of milk,
128,457 pounds of butter, 16,568 pounds of honey and 62,840 dozens
of ego;?,. The average value of poultry and eggs over and above homo
consumption is $15,000.
536 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The acreage of fruits is as follows: 500 acres for peaches and about
the same for apples; 200 acres each for graj)es and cherries, and 50 for
pears.
The game of the county is quail and hares (commonly called rabbits),
of which great numbers are shipped to Atlanta.
For the past few years a gi-eat deal of lumber has been cut and
shipped from Banks county, probably about 1,000 cars per annum. The
getting out of this lumber gives employment to 25 sawmills, run mostly
by steam.
The 15 or more grain mills of the county are run by water.
At Maysville, which is partly in Banks and partly in Jackson, a con-
siderable amount of cotton is shipped. Here there is a bank with a
capital of $20,000. The total population of this town is 453, of whom
309 live in Banks county.
A cotton mill is projected, to be built near Baldwin, on the border
of Banks and Habersham counties.
The Baptists, Methodists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian
denominations, each of them having flourishing churches.
Banks county has some good private schools, and a good system of
public schools, in which there is an average daily attendance of 1,750
pupils in the 35 schools for whites and 400 in the ten schools for negroes.
According to the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900
the public school fund of Banks county was $7,288.81.
By the United States census of 1900 the population of Banks county
was 10,545, an increase of 1,983 since 1890.
The land area of Banks county is 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report
for 1900; Acres of improved land, 131,868, with an average value of
$4.73 per acre; acres of wild land, 202, with no value reported; value of
city or town property, $54,113; money and solvent debts, $80,896;
value of merchandise, $22,300; value of household and kitchen furni-
ture, $45,266; value of farm and other animals, $113,725; of planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $28,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,686; value
of all other property, $19,712; real estate, $639,793; personal estate,
$322,821; aggregate value of whole property, $939,094.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
3,544; value of lands, $11,294; city or town property, $575; money and
solvent debts, $185; household and kitchen furniture, $2,177; watches,
jewelry, etc., $19; farm and other animals, $6,089; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $1,010; value of all other property, $119; average value
of whole property, $21,468.
Population of Banks county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,216; whit© females, 4,232; total white, 8,448;
colored males, 1,075; colored females, 1,022; total colored, 2,097.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures not on farms or ranges, ac-
cording to the census of 1900: 25 calves, 5 steers, 51 dairy cows, 30
horses, 4 mules, 106 swine.
There are 25 sawmills, most of them small and run by steam-
There are about 15 flour and grist-mills, most of them run by water.
BEN DAVIS.
(New York Putin, Kentucky Red Streak, Eic.)
This is a very vigorous, hardy, and productive variety ; keeps late. Highly esteemed in the'
West and Southwest.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^D INDUSTRIAL. 539
BARTOW COUNTY.
Bartow County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and vras at that
time named Cass, in honor of IIou. Lewis Cass of Michigan. A part
was taken from Murray in 1834. During the war between the States
the name of the county was changed to Bartow, in honor of General
Francis S. Bartow of Savannah, who fell in the iirst battle of Manassas
at the head of a Georgia brigade (7th and 8th regiments). It is bounded
by the following counties: Gordon on the north, Cherokee on the east,
Cobb, Paulding and Polk on the south, and Floyd on the west. It is tra-
versed by the Etowah river, Stamp, Allatoona, Pimipkin Vine, Euhar-
lee. Raccoon, Oothcalooga, Salacoa and Pettile creeks. There are im-
mense water-powers available, and many are now in use. There is prob-
ably no county in the State that presents a greater divei-sity of geology,
soil and vegetation than Bartow. It would be difficult to find one that is
more productive of all the staple crops, grasses and fruits. The forest
growth presents a great variety of hardwoods and some pine. The mineral
wealth is great, consisting of iron, manganese, ochre, bauxite and lime-
stone with active and successful operations in all.
The analysis of the soil of the county shows its great fertility. Thirty-
five per cent, is available for plant-food. Of this about one-fiith is solu-
ble silica insuring strength of stalk to all cereals. There is nearly one
per cent, of potash; nearly i of one per cent, of phosphoric acid; over
one per cent, of lime and magnesia; an aggregate of oxide of iron and
alumina of more than 11 per cent., which insures moisture by deep plow-
ing and a retentive soil. There is also 10 per cent, of organic matter
which renders the soil capable of years of cultivation without fertiliza-
tion. With fair cultivation the lands will average to the acre as follows:
com, 20 to 35 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30 bushels;
Irish potatoes, 160 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 20
bushels; peavine hay, 2,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds;
clover hay, 6,000 pounds; fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150
gallons; seed cotton, 750 to 1,200 pounds.
Oothcalooga valley cannot be surpassed in the State on wheat, both as
to yield and quality. There are several planters who harvest from
3,000 to 4,000 bushels. The average, according to location and cul-
tivation, is from 25 to 40 bushels to the acre. Com yields from 25 to
50 bushels to the acre.
Peach-trees are taking every hill-top. During the season of 1900
more than 100,000 trees bore, and fruit growers realized from three to
five thousand dollars net. It is estimated that for the year 1001 with a
favorable season, a million trees will bo bearing and by three years more,
two million. Grapes are raised for domestic use, but not yet in suffi-
cient quantities for the market.
According to the United States census of 1000 the cotton ginned in
the county of the crop of 1899 was 12,802 bales, all upland.
Considerable attention is paid to dairying, the Jersey cow iK'ing t.!io
21 ga
540 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
favorite. According to the United States census of 1890 there were
1,875 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,342 pounds, 7,912 cattle, 3,090 milch-
cows, 515 working oxen, 12,474 hogs, 132,062 poultry of all kinds, 1,395
horses, 1,995 mules and 8 donkeys. Among the productions were 952,-
366 gallons of milk, 319,606 pounds of butter, 40 pounds of cheese, 26,-
936 pounds of honey, and 191,533 dozens of eggd.
Bartow county enjoys the best of transportation facilities through the
"Western and Atlantic, the Eome and Kingston and the East and West
Railroads. On the Western and Atlantic is the thriving city of Cartons-
ville, which is the terminus of the East and West Railroad, which runs
in a southwesterly direction into the State of Alabama. The Cartersville
militia district, which includes the city, contains 6,070 inhabitants, of
whom 3,135 live in the city, wliich possesses the conveniences of larger
places, such as gas and electric lights, water-works, an ice factory, two
banks with an aggregate capital of $75,000, and a fine system of public
schools. Cartersville has a wagon, carriage and buggy factory, a flour-
mill, a tannery, and in its \dcinity a stave and barrel factory. The Pitt&-
burg and Georgia Mining Company for the manufacture of pig-iron and
steel has been lately organized. The Clifford Stone Company is another
new enterprise with a capital of $30,000.
Around Cai^'tersville are fine cotton, corn and wheat lands. In close
proximity there are beds of iron ore and manganese. Methodists, Baptists,
PreBbyterians and Episcopalians have flourishing churches in Carters-
ville. Kingston, whence a branch railroad runs to Rome in Eloyd coun-
ty, is a town of 512 inhabitants, while the whole Kingston district has
1,664 people.
Adairsville, also on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, has a bank, a
crate factory and the Veach Elouring-mill, one of the largest in Georgia,
and in close proximity rich veins of iron ore. The Adairsville district
contains 2,245 inhabitants, 616 of whom live in the town.
At Emerson, on the same railroad is a factory for the manufacture of
liydraulic cement, a mill for the production of guano filler known as
the Southern Company's plaster works, and a large ochre dying estab-
lishment. The cement works have an output of 200 barrels a day and
the Southern Company's Plaster Works turn out 10,000 tons per an-
num. IsTear by Emerson are quantities of iron ore. At Cassville, which
was once the county town, there is a flourishing tannery, and at Alla-
toona is a gold stamping mill. There are twenty-six flour and grist-mills
in Bartow county, three of which are run by steam. There are five saw
or lumber mills.
Gold, iron, bauxite, limestone, manganese, ochre, graphite and sand-
stone are more or less extensively mined in Bartow county. From one
of the mines about 1,200 tons of iron were shipped last year.
In every community throughout the county are churches of one or
more of the leading Christian denominations.
In the 57 schools for whites there is an average daily attendance of
c
/
' r.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 543
1,700 pupils, and in the 18 for negroes an average daily attendance of
421. In 1900 the school fund of Bartow county was $13,977.09.
The land area of Bartow county is ISo square miles, or 310,400 acres.
The population, according to the United State census of 1900 was
20,823.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report
for 1900: acres of improved land, 207,923; of wild lands, 25,903; aver-
age value of improved land per acre, $6.55; of wild land, 83 cents;
value of city or town property, $017,430; shares in bank, $82,000; sink-
ing-fund or surplus, $15,400; building and loan associations, $2,000;
money and solvent debts, $386,354; value of merchandise, $129,920;
stocks and bonds, $8,490; cotton manufactories, $38,697; capital in-
vested in mining, $000; value of household and kitchen furniture,
$163,892; value of farm and other animals, $271,202; plantation and
mechanical tools, $81,871; watches, jewelry, etc., $15,297; value of all
other property, $80,044; real estate, $2,394,805; personal estate, $1,-
296,494; aggregate value of whole property $3,481,605.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of
land, 5,475; value of land, $19,437; city or to^vn property, $29,320:
money and solvent debts, $1,588; merchandise, $750; household and
kitchen furniture, $8,492; watches, jewelry, etc., $291; farm and other-
animals, $13,852; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,330; value of all
other property, $538; average value of whole property, $70,843.
Population of Bartow county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 7,305; white females, 7,330; total white,
14,635; ooloTed males, 3,092; colored females, 3,096; total colored,
6,188.
Population of Cartersville by sex and color: white males, 820; white
females, 860; total white, 1,680; colored males, 651; colored females,
804; total colored, 1,455.
Total population of Cartersville, 3,135.
Domestic animals in Bartow county, kept in barns and inclosures, not
on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 21 steers, 215 dairy cows,
234 horses, 44 mules, 7 asses, 397 swine, 1 goat.
There are in the county 2 woolen-mills, 26 flour and grist-mills, 5
sawmills, a cement factory, a mill for the production of guano filler, 1
gold stamping mill, one large tannery, one ochre drying establishment,
one ice factory, one water-works plant and one electric light plant.
A more complete statement of the industries of the county will bo
given when complete returns of the United States census for 1900 have
come in.
BE-R-RTET^ COU^"TT.
Berrien County, in South Georgia, and one of tlie most progressive in
the wire-grass section, was named in honor of John McPherson Berrien,
who for many years represented Georgia in tlie United States Senate.
It is bounded by the follov/ing ooiintie--: Tnvin on tlie north, CofTee and
544 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Clinch on the east, Lowndes on the south, Worth and Colquitt on the
west. It is watered by the Allapaha, Withlacoochee and Little rivers,
and Cat, Allapacoochee and other creeks. It is traversed by the fol-
lowing railroads: Brunswick and Western of the Plant System; Geor-
gia. Southern and Florida; Tifton and Northeastern; Tifton, Thomasville
■and Gulf; and the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf. The first four of these
cross each other at Tifton in the northwest corner of the county. This
is the most important town of the county, thriving and rapidly increas-
ing in population, which by the census of 1900 was 1,384 in the corpor-
ate limits and including the whole district, 3,145. Here are large saw-
mills, a canning establishment, foundry and machine works. iS'ear the
town are several large vineyards, whose grapes are unsurpassed in flavor.
The Delaware grape grows to perfection, and matures earlier than in any
other locality where it is at this time (1901) cultivated.
Peach orchards are very successful, the fruit enjoying great exemption
from injury by frosts.
The forest growth of the county is the long-leaf pine, the immense
forests of which are furnishing great quantities of naval stores and tim-
ber. As the forest disappears, a fine agricultural and horticultural in^
terest is being built up. All through the county the wire-grass grows
in profusion, affording splendid pasturage, on which sheep and cattle
can be fed at very little expense.
The face of the county is generally level. The soil is gray and sandy
in many parts, but in others is rich loamy and dark with a good clay sub-
soil. The lands will yield to the acre according to location and cul-
tivation, corn from 10 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish pota-
toes, from 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels; field
peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 20 to 35 bushels; seed cotton (up-
land), 750 pounds and sea-island cotton, 500 pounds; hay from native
grasses, 2,000 pounds.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
the county of the crop of 1899 was 6,086 bales, of which 1,142 were up-
land and 4,944 sea-island cotton.
According to the United States census of 1890 there w,ere 13,699
sheep with a wool-clip of 28,161 pounds, 15,323 cattle, 3,928 milch-
cows, 347 working oxen, 21,323 hogs, 50,191 poultry of all kinds, 824
horses, 696 mules and 3 asses. Among ^the productions were 213,943
gallons of milk, 20,192 pounds of butter, 16,564 pounds of honey and
63,215 dozens of eggs. Fifty-three schools for whites have an average
attendance of 1,717 pupils, and 17 schools for colored have an average
attendance of 543. '
According to the report of the State School Commissioner rendered
in 1900, the public school fund of Berrien county was $10,688.24.
ilsrashville, connected with the Georgia Southern and Florida Railroad
by the ISTashville and Sparks, a short road 11^ miles long, is the county
seat. The district of the same name has 1,821 inhabitants, of whom 293
live in the town.
Sparks, Adel and Cecil are towns on the Georgia Southern and Flor-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 545
ida Railway. The population of each is as follows: Sparks, 683 in the
corporate limits and in the entire district 2,170; Adel, 721 in the coi-por-
ate limits, and in the entire district 1,799; Cecil, 39-1 in the corporate
limits, and in the entire district, 1,178.
The town of Allapaha, on the Brunswick and Western Eailroad of
the Plant System, has in the corporate limits a population of 429, and in
its entire district 1,986.
Thus we have in Berrien county five good towTis, the largest of which,
Tifton, described in the beginning of this sketch, did not appear on the
census report of 1890, but in the last ten years has shown a rapid growth.
Xear Lenox on the Georgia Southern and Florida Eailroad is a large
brickyard.
At Sparks a company has been organized for manufacturing brick
and building materials, and for operating gins and planing-mills.
According to the United States census of 1900 the population of Ber-
rien county was 19,440, a gain of 8,746 since 1890. The area of the
county LS 810 square miles, or 518,400 acres.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report
for 1900: acres of improved land, 481,174; of mid land, 18,998; aver-
age value per acre of improved land, $2.11; of wild land, $1.00; city or
town property, $420,250; shares in bank, $23,150; money and solvent
debts, $379,544; value of merchandise, $183,388; stocks and bonds,
$3,430; cotton manufactories, $15,938; iron works, $50.00; capital in-
vested in mining, $650.00; value of household and kitchen furniture,
$185,653; value of farm and other animals, $339,397; plantation and
mechanical tools, $63,013; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,549; value of all
other property, $284,635; real estate, $1,458,659; personal estate, $1,-
496,759; aggregate value of whole property, $2,955,418.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: number of acres of land,
4,531; value of land, $10,233; city or town property, $10,522;
money and solvent debts, $161.00; merchandise, $225.00; household
and kitchen furniture, $11,646; watches, jewelry, etc., $377.00;
farm and other animals, $9,578; plantation and mechanical tools,
$2,007; value of all other property, $1,839; aggregate value of whole
property, $46,618.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of all property in the county
amounting to $307,781.
Population of Berrien coxmty by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,908; white females, 6,586; total whit^,
13,494; colored males, 3,248; colored females, 2,698; tot.al colored,
5,946.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in
Berrien county, June 1, 1900: 223 calves, 90 steei^s, 22 bulls, 298 dairy
cows, 187 horses, 121 mules, 400 sheep, 829 s^vine, 8 goats.
A partial list of the Industries of Berrien county: sawmills and tur-
pentine distilleries (the exact number of neither being accurately ascer-
tained), one woolen-mill, two large brickyards, several gins, ten flour
and grist mills operated by water (the number by steam not ascertained),
a canning establishment and foundry and machine works.
546 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
BIBB COUNTY.
Bibh County was organized in 1822, being set off from Houston
county, and was named in honor of Dr. Wm. W. Bibb. A part oi
Twiggs county was added to it in 1833 and a part of Jones in lb34. It
is bounded by the following counties: Jones and Monroe on the north
and northwest, Jones and Twiggs on the east, Houston on the south and
Crawford on the west and southwest. It is watered by the Ocmulgee
river and by Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Eock, Savage, Beaver Dam and
Walnut creeks. The Ocmulgee river has fine water-powers, those at
Park Shoals being estimated as 4,000 horse-powers, while the total un-
utilized powers near Macon are 11,070 horse-powers. This river is navi-
gable to Macon for light draught steamboats.
The red clay soil of the northern part of the county belongs to the
metamorphic and the gray, sandy land of the southern section to the
tertiary formation. A ridge of sand hiUs runs diagonally through the
county from northeast to southwest. The laads along the Ocmulgee
river are especially productive. Including all kinds, the best and
poorest, the average yield to the acre of the various crops is: seed cotton,
600 to 800 pounds; com, 12 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 25 bush-
els; barley, 40 bushels; rye, 13 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 300 gallons; field peas, 10 bushels;
ground-peas, 25 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels.
Bermuda grass and clover do well in the northern part of the county.
On some of the lands 1,500 pounds of seed cotton are raised to the acre,
and in other sections from 900 to 1,200 pounds are easily produced.
The river bottom lands readily yield 60 bushels of corn to the acre. On
some of these "bottom" lands 7,000 pounds of Bermuda hay and 8,000
of German millet have been cut to the acre.
The finest peaches, plums and pears can be raised in this county.
All the varieties of vegetables do well, and the truck sold in the
county averages yearly between $35,000 and $40,000. The county
raises 5,000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,000 bushels of sweet potatoes,
and 1,000 pounds of upland rice.
There are 32,000 peach-trees, 4,600 apple-trees and of plum and pear-
trees about 2,000 each.
There are 25 dairy farms well stocked with Jerseys and doing a thriv-
ing business.
About 20 per cent, of fertilizers used is produced on the farms.
Many farmers, especially those who have dairies, have silo pits and use
ensilage profitably. Bermuda grass furnishes good summer pasturage,
while clover, Texas blue-grass, barley, rye, oats and wheat are used for
winter pasturage.
More interest than formerly is being taken in the improvement of
beef cattle. The timber products are small, consisting mostly of oak,
hickory, cherry, walnut, etc., in the northern part, A little yellow pine
is still left. The principal game of Bibb county is quail and doves.
77H1IL i'LYMUUlH HOCK COCK,
From r.nl X„. j,.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 549
The Ocmiilgee river and tlie numerous creeks furnish a considerable
quantity of fish.
Among the minerals are pottery clay (iu abundance), some ochre,
granite and limestone. There are two granite quarries.
According to the United States census of 1900 the county in 1899
produced 6,568 bales of upland cotton.
According to the census of 1890 there were 343 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 834 pounds, 2,683 cattle, 1,137 milch-cows, 57 working oxen,
6,024 hogs, 27,124 poultry of all kinds, 482 hoi-ses and 1,324 mules.
These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Macon.
Among the farm products were 253,507 gallons of milk, 48,042
pounds of butter, 5,105 pounds of honey, and 41,192 dozens of eggs.
Macon, the county seat, named for Honorable Nathaniel Macon, is
appropriately called the "Central City," for it is very near, if not in the
exact geographical center of Georgia. In 1806 in what is now East
Macon, was established an Indian trading post and Fort Hawkins was
erected at this western outpost of civilization. Seventeen years later
(1823) a to^\Ti had gro^vn up, most of it on the west of the Ocmulgee,
which was incorporated as the town of Macon. The next year the first
Macon academy was built. Until the coming of the railroad Macon's
steamboat business was considerable. After the city became a railroad
center, steamboat navigation ceased, but in the last few years has been
resumed.
Macon is now a beautiful city with well-paved streets, lighted by
electricity, handsome public buildings, elegant private residences, pretty
parks, a first-class system of water-works, an up-to-date electric plant
system, two distinct lines of electric railway with tracks permeating
every section of the city and its suburbs. The population in the cor-
porate limits, according to the United State census of 1900, is 23,272,
in the suburban district of Vineville, 7,787, and of East Macon, outside
of the corporate limits, 5,078, making a total population of 36,137.
In the city and suburbs are 48 manufacturing establishments in
active operation, having an aggregate capital of $5,000,000, employing
4,500 operatives, paying out annually in wages between $700,000 and
$800,000 with an annual output of ten or eleven million dollars. Among
these leading manufacturing establishments are: five cotton-mills for
spinning yams; three knitting-mills, one for making stockings and socks
and two for mailing undenvear; three iron foundries, for iron castings
of every description ; brass and bronze machinery, repairing of engines
and machinery; three cotton compresses; three establishments for mak-
ing cornices; three cotton-gin manufactories; six cotton press mnnufao-
tories; two large cotton-oil companies, one of them having a capital of
$500,000, employing 400 people with a weekly pay-roll of $1,000 and
an annual output of between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000; the other em-
ploying 100 hands with a weekly pay-roll of $700; a largo fertilizer
factory with a capital of $145,000, a weekly pay-roll of about $500, and
an output worth $300,000. There aro also largo sash, door and blind
factories, a large candy and cracker factory and a large and succesisfid
550 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ice plant. There is also a barrel factory, one for making pants and one
for harness.
Counting every establishment engaged in any kind of manufacturing
there are 182 manufactories, with an annual output worth $6,485,767.
The Rutland Manufacturing Company operates a grist-mill, gin and
stave factory.
Macon's eight banks have an aggregate capital, surplus and undivided
profits of $2,063,500.
Among her commercial houses are some of the most extensive in
Georgia, reaching out for the trade of a very large section of the State.
The fire department is unsurpassed in efiiciency.
The very best educational facilities are afforded by a splendid system
of public schools for city and county, and by private schools and col-
leges. The public schools number 31 for whites and 18 for negroes,
with an average attendance of 3,296 white pupils and 2,200 colored.
Mercer University for boys, Wesleyan Female College, the oldest col-
lege for ladies in the United States, and probably in the world, are first-
class institutions. St. Stanislaus (formerly called Pio Nono), is a Roman
Catholic college for priests, and the Mount de Sales Academy is a school
for girls under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. There is
also a Normal school for ladies at the Alexander school building. The
Ballaird Normal School is for colored pupils.
The Academy for the Blind is a State institution with two depart-
ments, one for whites and one for colored, under the same management
and superintendence, but located on separate lots in sections of the city
remote from each other.
In Macon is the Appleton Home, an orphan house under the auspices
of the Episcopal Church, and in Vineville and vicinity are two similar
institutions, the Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference of the
Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mumford's Industrial Home.
Other charitable institutions are the City Hospital, on Pine Street, the
Julia Parkman Jones Home for indigent ladies, under the auspices
of the Episcopal Church, the Roff Home, with hospitals attached for
the poor of Bibb county. The Home for the Friendless, and the Door of
Hope, a place of refuge for fallen women who seek to be restored to a
life of purity.
Through the Central of Georgia Railroad Macon has connection with
Atlanta on the north and with Savannah and ocean transportation on
the south; through the Southern system with Brunswick and the ocean
on the south and with Atlanta and the cities of the north and west. The
southwestern branch of the Central of Georgia system gives direct com-
munication with Columbus, Americus, Albany, and all southwestern
Georgia. The Macon and Birmingham connecting with lines to the
west gives a direct route to Montgomery and New Orleans. The Geor-
gia Southern and Florida, passing through some of the richest sections
of the State, connects Macon with Tifton, Valdosta and the chief cities
of Florida. The Macon and Northern, another branch of the Central
of Georgia system, coimects it with Athens; a branch of the Georgia
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND lyDVSTRIAL. 55I
Kailroad connects with. Augusta, while the Macon and Dublin and its
connecting roads gives still another route to Savannah and the ocean.
The area of Bibb county is 254: sqnare miles or 162,560 acres. By
the United States census of 1900 the population is 50,473, an increase
of 8,103 over that of 1890. According to the report of the Comniissiouer
of Education the school fund is $30,369.34. By the report of the
Comptroller-General for 1900 there were returned for taxation as fol-
lows: acres of improved land, 151,093; acres of wild land, 428; aver-
age value per acre of improved land, $20.73; of wild land, $1.40
money invested in cotton factories, $1,321,725; city and town property
$6,889,190; money and solvent debts, $834,433; merchandise, $1,162,
890; gas and electric lights, $566,652; building and loan, $105,000
household furniture, $652,335; value of farm and other animals, $189,
915; plantation and mechanical tools, $69,480; watches, jewelry, etc.
$76,810; stocks and bonds, $149,871; shipping and tonnage, $2,505
real estate, $10,025,025; personal estate, $6,402,661; aggregate value
of property, $16,427,686.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
4,084 valued at $387,345; city property, $214,070; money, etc.,
$2,640; merchandise, $97,253; household furniture, $41,080; farm and
other animals, $25,290; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,045;
watches, jewelry, etc., $215.00; aggregate value of property, $683,990.
The tax returns for 1901 show a total increase over 1900 of $339,764.
r
LIST OF COTTON-MILLS OF BIBB COUNTY.
Capital. Spindles.
Bibb Mill No. 1 $1,705,000 10,000
Bibb Mill No. 2.
Manchester Manufacturing Co. . . .$ 100,000 10,000
Pavne Cotton-Mills 50,000 6,328
Willingham Cotton-Mills 100,000 ^ 8,200
All these mills manufacture yarns, warj^s and twines.
KNITTING MILLS OF BIBB COUNTY.
Macon Knitting Company $200,000 350
Schofield Manufacturing Company . . . 35,000 26
The Macon Knitting Company manufactures seamless cotton hosiery,
while the Schofield Manufacturing Company makes men's ribbed under-
wear. The Manchester Manufacturing Company also makes hosiery.
The McCaw Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $500,000,
makes cotton seed oil soap, and several by-products from the manufacture
of the oil, among which is nitroglycerine.
The Central Ice Company hfia tlio largest ico plant and cold storage
ware-houses south of Cincinnati.
Population of Bibb county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 11,373; white females, 11,705; total white,
552 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
23,078; colored males, 12,003; colored females, 14,952; total colored,
27,395.
Population of Macon by sex and color: white males, 5,771; white fe-
males, 5,940; total white, 11,711; colored males, 4,886; colored females,
6,675; total colored, 11,561.
Total population in the corporate limits of Macon, 23,272.
Domestic animals of Bibb county, kept in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 111 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 679 dairy-
cows, 1,105 horses, 301 mules, 5 donkeys, 2 sheep, 1,282 swine, 38 goats.
There are five cotton-mills, 3 iron foundries, 3 cotton compresses, 3
cornice making establishments, 3 cotton-gin manufactories, 6 cotton press
manufactories, 2 large cotton-oil companies, 1 large fertilizer factory, 1
large candy and cracker factory, 1 large ice plant, 1 barrel factory, 1
harness factory, 1 pants factory, 3 large lumber mills, including sash,
door and blind factories, besides 4 flom' and grist-mills on the Ocmulgee
and tributaries.
BKOOKS COUNTY.
Brooks County, named in honor of Preston S. Brooks of South Caro-
lina, was laid off from Thomas and Lowndes in 1858. It is bounded by
the following counties: Colquitt on the north, Lowndes on the east, and
Thomas on the west. It is bounded on the south by the State of Florida.
Little river runs along the east and falls into the Withlacoochee river,
which separates it from Lowndes to the Florida line. This river is a
branch of tlie Suwannee of Florida. Ocopilco creek, passing north
to south through the center of the county falls into Withlacoochee
river about twelve miles from the Florida line. Piscola creek,
flowing through the western part of the county, empties into the Ocilla
river of Florida.
Quitman, the county seat, named for General John A. Quitman of
Mississippi, a gallant soldier of the Mexican war, is located on the Sav-
annah, Florida and Western Kailroad, the main line of the great Plant
System. It is a thriving, progressive town, the market for a prosperous
farming country, with two banks having an aggregate capital of $175,-
000, an ice factory, a water-works system, an electric light plant, good
schools and churches and an intelligent, moral and industrious popu-
lation of 2,281 people in the town and 5,286 in the entire district. There
is at Quitman a cotton-miU with a capital of $75,000. The court-house
is valued at $30,000 and a jail at $10,000. The county enjoys ex-
cellent facilities for travel and transportation through three railroads;
the Savannah, Florida and Western, the Georgia E'orthern completed
from near Boston to Carlisle, and the South Georgia from Quitman to
Heartpine. The rivers and creeks afford an abundant supply of fish.
The pine forests afford the best lumber for building purposes and abund-
ance of rosin and turpentine. On account of the mild climate and fine
grazing, cattle, hogs and sheep especially can be raised at very little
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 553
cost. The face of the country is level. The soil is in some parts sandy,
with red clay subsoil, and in some sections consists of hummock lands.
Each of these is productive and gives abundant crops of cotton, long-and
short-staple, rice, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar-cane. Superior
oranges, figs and melons are raised.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 500
to 800 pounds of upland, and about 350 pounds of sea-island cotton;
com, 10 to 20 bushels; upland rice, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 10 to 15 bush-
els; rye, 8 to 10 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; sugar-cane, 300
to 600 gallons of syrup; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 15 to
30 bushels. Careful and scientific cultivation will produce still better
yields. Crab-grass and peavine hay do well.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 8,731 bales of cotton, of which G,39G were upland and 2,335
sea-island cotton. The receipts of the entire county for 1900 were 11,-
000 bales, of which Quitman received 9,500.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,946 sheep
with a wool-clip of 3,488 pounds, 11,319 cattle, 3,072 milch-cows, 257
working oxen, 22,766 hogs, 55,952 poultry of all kinds, 956 horses and
],325 mules.
Among the productions of the county there were 284,937 gallons of
milk, 52,413 pounds of butter, 6,084 pounds of honey and 108,597
dozens of eggs.
The lumber trade is large with an annual output of 10,000,000 super-
ficial feet, valued at $10.00 a thousand feet. There are 10 turpentine
distilleries, with outputs valued at $10,000 each. There are also 12 saw-
mills and 40 grist mills.
Brooks is a healthful county, and during the winter months many-
invalids from the E'orth, as well as others, resort thither to breathe the
health-bestowing aroma of its piny woods. Artesian wells add to its
healthfulness.
Churches of the various Christian denominations abound, exerting
their saving influences in every community.
In addition to good private schools, the people are well provided with
educational advantages by the public school system of Georgia. The
public school fund of Brooks county was stated in the report of the State
School Commissioner published in 1900 to be $12,171.15. In the 40
schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,139 pupils, and in
the 30 for negroes, 1,038. The area of Brooks county is 463 square miles
or 296,320 acres.
By the United States census of 1900 the population was 18,606, an
increase of 4,627 over that of 1890.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report
for 1900: acres of improved land, 298,159 (too high, if tlio report of the
census bureau at Wasliington is correct); acres of wild lan<l, 5,655; aver-
age value per acre of improved land, $3.54; of wild land, $1.97; value
of city or town property, $359,973; merchandise, $145,783; money and
solvent debts, $261,158; value of shares in bank, $117,500; stocks and
554 GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL.
bonds, $64,812; cotton manufactories, $77,900; iron works, $1,500;
household and kitchen furniture, $145,718; farm and other animals,
$249,420; plantation and mechanical tools, $57,864; watches, jewelry,
etc., $9,047; value of all other property, $103,555; real estate, $1,416,-
780; personal ©state, $1,295,070; aggregate value of whole property,
$2,711,850. _
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of
land, 13,698; value of land, $54,651; city or town property, $15,479;
money and solvent debts, $2,071; household and kitchen furniture, $19,-
766; farm and other animals, $37,634; plantation and mechanical tools,
$6,612; value of all other property, $1,450; aggregate value of whole
property, $137,872.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over that of 1900 amounting to $206,545.
Population of Brooks county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,794; white females, 3,908; total white, 7,702;
colored males, 5,615; colored females, 5,389; total colored, 10,904.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosureu, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 99 calves, 28 steers, 3 bulls, 152 dairy cows, 130 horses, 35
mules, 12 donkeys, 435 swine, 44 goats.
Partial list of manufactories: 40 flour and grist-mills (about ten
operated by water), 12 sawmills, 10 turpentine distilleries, one cotton-
mill and one woolen-mill.
BKYAE" COUITTY.
Bryan County was laid out in 1793, and named for Jonathan Bryan,^
who came to Georgia in 1752, and was three years later commissioned
by the king judge of the general court, and in addition appointed ono
of the royal counselors of the colony. During the Kevolution he heartily
espoused the cause of American independence.
Bryan is bounded as follows: northwest by Bulloch county, northeast
by Efiingham and Chatham, east and southeast by the Atlantic Ocean,
south and southwest by Liberty and Tattnall, and west by Tattnall. ^
The Ogeechee river runs along its northeastern border and turning
eastward empties into Ossabaw Sound. The Cannouchee river runs
along its western and southwestern border, and then flows easterly
across the county into the Ogeechee river. Ossabaw Island is separated
from it on the east by a navigable inlet. The lands along the rivers aa-e
especially adapted to rice and are very productive. Cotton, both long-
and short staple, does well. The quantity of upland adapted to corn and
cotton is very limited. Truck farmers have a great advantage in their
proximity to the Savannah market, where they find a ready sale for their
produce.
The streams supply the markets with large quantities of fish.
The people of Savannah who like hunting and fishing make the
southern part of the county a resort for their favorite sport.
The Georgia and Alabama Kailroad, which is one of the main linea
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 555
of the Seaboard Air Line system, with a road from Cuvler, one of its
stations, to Dover on the Central, the Savannah, Florida and Western
of the Plant System, and the Florida, Central and Peninsular, give to
the county the best of facilities for travel and transportation.
There are no large towns in Bryan county. Clyde, near the Cannou-
chee river, is the county seat. The usual Christian denominations have
churches in every community, Methodists and Baptists predominating.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is : seed cotton, 700
pounds of upland and 350 pounds of sea-island; corn, 10 to 15 bushels;
sweet and Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 to 15 bushels;
ground-peas, 25 to 75 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons; rice 12 to
15 bushels.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 479 bales, of which 227 were
upland and 252 sea-island.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 3,685 sheep
with a wool-clip of 6,865 pounds, 6,612 cattle, 1,939 milch-cows, 82
working oxen, 7,909 hogs, 22,199 poultry of all kinds, 396 horses, 316
mules and 4 donkeys.
Among the productions w'ere 82,710 gallons of milk, 8,301 pounds
of butter, 15,797 pounds of honey and 25,406 dozens of eggs.
The area of Bryan county is 472 square miles or 273,280 acres.
The population by the United States census of 1900 is 6,122, a gain of
602 since 1890.
According to the report of the State School Commissioner the school
fund is $4,669.87. The average daily attendance of pupils is 546 in the
27 schools for whites, and 450 in the 16 for negroes.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are in the county
187,518 acres of improved land; 12,196 acres of wild land. By the
same returns the following values arc reported: city and town property,
$19,993; tonnage, $65.00; money and solvent debts, $64,373; merchan-
dise, $32,600; money invested in cotton factories, $150.00; household
furniture, $32,417; farm and other animals, $121,072; plantation and
mechanical tools, $15,657; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,474; real estate,
$330,025; personal estate, $325,404; aggregate of property, $655,429.
By the same report the property returned by colored taxpayers was as
follows: 11,691 acres of land, valued at $15,779; city or town property,
$702.00; money, etc., $152.00; household and kitclien furniture, $3,-
712; farm and other animals, $10,381; plantation and mechanical tools,
$1,231; value of all other property, $1,377; aggregate value of whole
property, $33,855.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over 1900 amounting to $40,705.
Population of Biyan coimty by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,517; white females, 1,452; total white, 2,969;
colored males, 1,613; colorod fonuilos, 1,510; total colored, 3,153.
Domestic animals in bams and inolosures, not on fanns or ranges,
June 1, 1900; no report.
556 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
BULLOCH COUNTY.
Bulloch County was laid out in 1796 and named for ArcMbald Bul-
loch, Governor of Georgia from January 20, 1776 to February 22, 1777,
and a devoted champion of the liberties of America. This county runs
up into a point at the north. It is bounded by the following counties:
Screven on the northeast, Screven and Effingham on the east, Bryan on
the southeast, Tattnall on the southwest and west, and Emanuel on the
west and northwest. The river Ogeechee flows along its northeastern
and eastern borders, and the Cannouchee along its western and south-
western boundary. Several creeks flowing into these rivers traverse the
county. The most important are Belcher's Mill creek. Black creek,
Bird's Mill creek. Big Lott's and Little Lett's creeks. Sculls, Meril's,
Dry and Hound creeks. There is also near the Ogeechee river a lake
about ten miles long. From this and the rivers and creeks abundance of
fish are caught. The county is level and is composed of pine-gray up-
lands and hummock lands. About one-fifth of the soil is sandy and light
loam, one-fifth a stiff dark soil, and one half a red clay soil. The hum-
mock lands are veiry productive, yielding cotton, long-and short-staple,
com, wheat, oats, rye, sugar-cane, rice and potatoes. The climate is
healthy and pleasant. Many instances of longevity have been recorded.
In the records of the county are the names of several who lived more
than a hundred years.
Eeligion and education are represented by prosperous churches and
Bchoiols.
The pine and cypress timbers furnish lumber and shingles for the
markets. These are cut up by 20 lumber mills in different parts of the
county. There is a good business also in rosin and turpentine. There
are 15 turpentine distilleries. There are 25 flour and grist-mills. Rice
culture on the hummock lands is profitable.
For travel and transportation the people have the advantage of the
following railroads: the Savannah and Statesboro, the former Dover and
Statesboro and Pineora roads, now a part of the Central of Georgia sys-
tem, and Foy. The county site is Statesboro at the junction of the Sa-
vannah and Statesboro Railroad with the Central. The court-house cost
$20,000 and the academy, $15,000. There are in this to^vn a bank with
a capital of $50,000 and a blind and sash factory. A company has been
organized here to build a cotton factory.
The Statesboro district contains 3,706 inhabitants, of whom 1,197 live
in the tovoi. Both the district and to\\Ti have doubled in population
since 1890.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predominate, though other
Christian sects are represented. The schools belong to the public school
system of Georgia, and number 77 for whites and 42 for colored, with
an average attendance of 1,877 white and 1,133 colored pupils.
The average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 350 to
500 pounds of sea-island and 500 to 850 pounds of upland; corn 10 to
14 bushels; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish aud sweet potatoes, 75 to 200
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 557
bushels; field-peas, 10 to 12 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; sugar-cane
syrup, 400 gallons.
The annual output of lumber is very great, and the average price per
thousand feet is from $S.OO to $15.00. ,
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,792 bales, of which 1,924
were upland and 7,868 sea-island.
According to the United States census of 1S90 there were 15,728
sheep, with a wool-clip of 31,135 pounds, 16,325 cattle, 4,543 milch-
cows, 141 working oxen, 27,913 hogs, 85,308 poultry of all kinds, 1,460
horses, 1,046 mules and 1 donkey. Among the productions were 261,-
175 gallonds lof milk, 39,221 pounds of butter, 19,751 pounds of honey
and 97,788 dozens of eggs. The Jersey is constantly growing in favor
as a cow for producing milk and butter.
Peaches, pears, plums, grapes, berries and melons yield good profits
to their owners. Abimdance of good native gi-asses for hay and pastur-
age, the wide range and the mild winters enable the farmers to raise
sheep and cattle in great numbers at small expense and good profits.
The area of Bulloch county is 980 square miles or 627,200 acres. The
population by the United States census of 1900 was 21,377, an increase
of 7,665 since 1890.
By the last report of the Commissioner of Education the school fund
was $12,357.60.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives: 458,823 acres
of improved lands; 53,971 acres of wild lands; average value of im-
proved lands to the acre $2.35; of T\'ild lands, $0.93; value of city and
town property, $185,860; shares in bank, $50,000; money and solvent
debts, $379,478; merchandise, $145,975; household furniture, $138,-
322; farm and other animals, $353,706; plantation and mechanical tools,
$72,240; watches, jeyelry, etc., $8,302; real estate, $1,308,375; personal
estate, $1,330,089; aggregate property, $2,638,460.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: 13,364 acres of land valued
at $28,209; citv property, $2,245; money, $1,908; household furniture,
$11,878; watches, etc., $263.00; farm and other animals, $22,219;
plantation and mechanical tools, $4,039; aggregate property, $72,512.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over 1900, amounting to $265,013.
Population of Bulloch counuty by eex and color, according to tho
census of 1900: white males, 6,395; white females, 5,818; total white,
12,213; colored males, 4,944; colored females, 4,224; total colored,
9,164.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosurcs not on farms or ranges,
June 1. 1900: 79 calves, 24 steers, 4 bull?. Ill dairy cows, 127 horses,
119 mules, 1 donkey, 408 swino and 7 goats.
Partial list of manufactories: 1 sea-island gin factors-, 1 sash and blind
factory, 25 flour and grist-mills, 20 luui])or and sawmills ,and 15 turpen-
tine distilleries.
558 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
BUEKE COUNTY.
Burke County was laid out in 1758 as St, George's Parish. In 1777
it received its present name in honor of Edmund Burke, the great
champion of American liberty, a native of Dublin, Ireland, and a mem-
ber of the British parliament. In 1793 part of it was set off to Screven
county, and in 1798 a pai-t to Jefferson. The Savannah river separates
it from South Carolina on the east and the Ogeechee from Emanuel
county. Richmond county bounds it on the north, Screven on the south-
east, Emanuel on the south, and Jefferson on the west. Brier creek tra-
verses the county from northwest to southeast and is noted for the rich
lands along its borders. The county is also watered by Beaver Dam,
Brushy, Horse, Rock and Buckhead creeks. On Bnishy and Brier creeks
and at Shell Bluff are beds of marl. Much of the subsoil iconsists of cal-
careous marl from many of the springs and in the banks of the streams.
At Shell Bluff is found an almost inexhaustible quantity of limestone
of the best quality for making lime. Buhrstone is also very abundant
in the county. Chalcedony and jasper have been found. The water vd.
the county is impregnated with rotten limestone. This adds to the
productiveness of the soil, but detracts from the taste of the water. The
introduction of artesian wells is proving a remedy for this. The artesian
well at Waynesboro furnishes to that town a large quantity of whole-
some, hard water, good not only for drinking, but also for general dom-
estic purposes.
Waynesboro, the county site, on the Central of Georgia Railway,
named in honor of General Anthony Wayne of Revolutionary fame, is
a thriving town containing 2,030 inhabitants in its corporate limits. Ic
has good schools and churches of the denominations usually found in our
Georgia towns, Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The town has a
bank with a capital of $50,000. It has two fertilizer factories and (two
cottonseed-oil mills.
Burke county has good private schools and enjoys the advantages ^also
of the public schoiol system of Georgia. There are in the whole county
105 schools, 40 for whites and 65 for colored. The average daily at-
tendance, as reported by the State School Commissioner is 789 in the
schools: for whites, and 2,419 in the schools for negroes. The school fund
for 1900 was $22,063.73.
The Centrail Railroad on the southern border and running through
the county to Augusta and a branch of the Southern running through
the northwest corner, give ample convenience for travel and transporta-
tion. The proximity of Augusta to the northern part of the county en-
courages the trucking business, the value of which amounts to nearly
$20,000 per annum. The tributaries of the Ogeechee furnish water-
power which has been utilized by nine grist-mills ; those of the ' Savannah
operate 8 mills. Long-leaf pine and wire-grass cover a large area; the
timber growth of the north and northwest portions of the county is of the
different hardwood varieties. The timber products are valued at $75,-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDLSTRIAL.
559
000; nearly all yellow pine, also some naval stores. There are 10 or 12
steam sawnnills and 3 turpentine distilleries.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
the county for the season of 1899-1900 was 40,102 bales, of which 45,-
977 were upland and 175 sea-island.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 1,100 sheep
with a wool-clip of 3,609 pounds, 8,007 cattle, 2,661 milch-cows, 392
working oxen, 30,248 hogs, 95,732 poultry of all kinds, 1,633 horees,
3,665 mules and 5 donkeys. Among the productions were 438,533 gal-
lons of milk, 70,027 pounds of butter, 600 pounds of cheese, 15,444
pounds of honey and 177,034 dozens of eggs. The yields of the various
crops to the acre under ordinary cultivation average about as follows:
seed cotton, 800 poimds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 15;
sugar-cane, 150 gallons of syrup. The grasses are Bermuda, crab and
wire-grass.
The pea-vines abo furnish hay. The production of hay is 2,500
pounds to the acre. In 1898 the production of Irish potatoes was 998
bushels; of sweet potatoes, 92,366 bushels. Fruit trees in the county:
4,853 apple-trees, 23,890 peach-trees.
The area of Burke county is 1,043 square miles, or 667,520 acres.
The following items are furnished by the report of the Comptroller-
General for 1900: acres of improved land, 589,198; average value per
acre of improved land, $2.53; city or town property, $361,876; value of
shai-es in bank, $75,000; sinking-fund, $6,000; money and solvent debts,
$147,396; cotton manufactories, $11,250; value of merchandise, $108,-
410; stocks and bonds, $3,000; household furniture, $113,119; fami and
other animals, 284,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $61,303;
watches, jewelry, etc., $11,666; value of all other property, $59,371;
real estate, $1,853,419; personal estate, $948,866; aggregate of all prop-
erty, $2,802,285.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land
30,543; value, $77,660; city property, $21,811; money, etc., $770;
merchandise, $625; household furniture, $29,730; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$963; farm and other animals, $90,146; plantation and mechanical tools,
$20,439; all other property, $6,925; aggregate, $276,274.
Burke has always been considered one of the finest agricultural coim-
tif's in the State. The tax returns of 1901 show a gain in tlie value of
all property over 1900 amounting to $286,036.
Burke jail is noted for a skirmish which took place in 1779, between
the British, led by Colonels Brown and McCirth, and the Americans
commanded, by Colonels Twiggs and Few, in wliich the Americans were
the victors. In this aflPnir Captain Joshua Tnman, an American officer,
killed three of the Briti^^h with his own liancl.
According to the Untied States census of 1900, Burke county liiul a
population of 30,165, a gain of 1,664 over that of 1890.
Popnlation of Bnrko county by sex and color, accordiiiii: to tlio <'onsu.'^
of 1900: white males, 2,869; white females, 2,653; total white. 5,522;
colored males, 12,147; colored females, 12,496: total colored, 21,643.
2-. ga
560 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 20 steers, 10 bulls, 102 dairy cows, 119 horses,
14 mideis, 254 swine and 34 goats.
Partial list of manufactories: 2 cotton oil mills, 2 fertilizer factories,
1 cotton mUl, 17 flour and grist-mills, about 12 sawmills, 4 turpentine
distilleries.
BUTTS COUNTY.
Butts Vounty was laid off from Monroe and Henry in 1825, and was
named in honor of Captain Samuel Butts, who was killed in the battle
of Chalibbee (January 27, 1814), where the Georgia brigade of General
John , Floyd inflicted a severe defeat upon the Indians who, taking ad-
vantage of the war with Great Britain, had risen against the whites and
had committed many horrible atrocities in Alabama. This county is
bounded by the following counties: Newton on the northeast, Jasper on
the east, Monroe on the south, Spalding on the west and Henry on the
northwest. The Ocmulgee river runs along its northeastern and eastern
borders. A considerable stream called the Towaliga flows through the
southwestern, part of the county. Tussahaw, Yellow Water and Sandy
creeks also water the county.
Jackson, the county site, on lone of the main trunks of the Southern
Bailway, has within the la^t few years grown rapidly in population, in
every line of business and in the character of its buildings. There is in
Jackson a flouring mill with patent roller process, and turning out the
best of flour. It has am'ong its other industries a flourishing cotton-mill,
built by Georgia capital. The bank hais a capital of $50,000. The court-
house is new and cost $30,000. The jail cost $6,000. The residences
bespeak the progressiveness of the town. In fact, throughout the county
the residences and all the outbuildings are above the average in appear-
ance and comfort.
Flo villa, a town of 523 inhabitants, on the Southern, is connected
by a short railroad with Indian Spring, a noted fashionable summer re-
sort, celebrated for the healing properties of its sulphur water. The
springs are situated in the forks of Sandy creek. Here in 1825 was made
the treaty between the whites and Indians which led to the murder of the
Indian chief, Mcintosh, by his own people. The climate is healthy, as
is proven by the advanced age attained by many of its inhabitants. Four
miles from Flo villa is the Lamar flour-mill with patent roller process.
This mill turns out flour of the best grade.
Besides the important points already named, other post-offices are Jen-
kinsburg, Cork, and Lofton's Store. Other places are Towaliga, Elgin,
Stark, Maystown and "Worthville. Though there are hills in some sec-
tions, the general face of the county is level. The predominant soil is
gray, well adapted to cotton, the grasses, and the different grains. The
average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: seed cotton, 600
to 700 pounds; com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15 bushels;
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDCSTRIAL. 561
field-peas, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 100 to 200 bushels. The
best lauds yield to the acre 1,500 pouuds of seed cotton; 40 bushels of
corn and wheat and other crops in like proportion. On an island in tho
Ocmulgee river there are 40 acres which yield 40 bushels of oats and 60
of corn to the acre without fertilizing.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
Butts county for the season of 1899-1900 was 14,415 bales, all upland.
According to the United States census for 1890 there were 251 sheep
with a wool-clip of oSl pounds, 3,025 cattle, 1,308 milch-cows, 78 work-
ing oxen, 4,783 hogs, 54,338 poultry of all kinds, 651 horses, 1,225
mules and 3 donkeys. Some of the productions were: 382,962 gallons of
milk; 131,483 pounds of butter; 11,979 pounds of honey and 84,935
dozens of eggs.
The products of the county are marketed chiefly at Jackson, the cot-
ton receipts and shipments from which place amount to 13,000 bales
annually. The mills at Jackson use 3,500 bales.
Jackson and Pepperton are neighboring towns, the former contain-
ing by the census of 1900 a population of 1,487, and the latter 500 peo-
ple. The district of Jackson, embracing both these towns and the inter-
vening country, contains 3,663 inhabitants. The Indian Spring district
includes the toAvns of Flovilla and Mcintosh, the former with 523 in-
habitants and the latter with 262. The whole district has 1,517.
The area of Butts county is 179 square miles, or 114,560 acres.
According to the United States census of 1900 the population of
Butts county was 12,805, a gain of 2,240 over that of 1890.
Every community is supplied with churches and schools.
The State School Commissioner reported in 1900 a total of 46 schools.
The daily average attendance was 960 in 23 schools for whites and 677
in 23 for negroes. The school fund was $8,314.28.
The following items are taken from the report of the Comptroller-
General for 1900: acres of improved land, 113,794; average value per
acre, $5.50; city or town property, $235,372; shares in bank, $35,000;
money and solvent debts, $147,089; value of merchandise, $81,795;
cotton manufactories, $60,940; household and kitclien furniture, $78,-
630; farm and other animals, $99,772; plantation and mechanical t(Hils,
$34,468; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,151; real estate, $832,691; personal
estate, $616,371; value of all other property, $33,854; aggregate of
whole property, $1,446,062.
Property retnniod by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, ],-
204; value of land, $8,688; city or town property, $7,495; watches,
jewelry, etc., $145.00; household and kitchen furniture, $8,508; farm
and other animals, $13,044; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,251;
value of all other property, $481.00; aggregate value of whole jir<i|MTly,
$45,441.
The tax returns for 1901 pliow an inci-casc in the vabu' f>f all ju-npcM'ty
over 1900 amounting to $143,537.
Population of Buttri county by sex and color, accoixling to the census
562 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of 1900: white males, 2,937; white females, 3,061; total white, 5,998;
colored males, 3,251; colored females, 3,556; total colored, 6,807.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
Jime 1, 1900: 2 calves, 53 dairy cows, 92 horses, 18 mules, 19 swine, 7
goats.
Partial list of manufactures: 4 flour and grist-mills, and 1 sawmill,
operated by water, 2 large flour mills with patent roller process, 1 cotton
mill.
CALHOUN COUNTY.
Calhoun County was formed out of the northern part of Early in
1854, and was named for John C. Calhoun, the celebrated South Caro-
lina statesman. The counties which bound it are : Randolph and Terrell
on the north, Dougherty on the east. Baker and Early on the south. Clay
and Early on the west. Morgan, a small town, remote from any rail-
road, is the county site. A branch of the Central Railroad runs entirely
across the eouthern part of the county. Ichaway-nochaway creek is the
largest stream in the county. It runs centrally through it, being formed
by two streams, one coming from the northwest, the other from the north-
east. Along its eastern border is Chickasawhatchee creek. These streams,
furnish abundance of fish. Wild turkeys are the principal game.
The lands are generally level, having a gray soil, best adapted to
cotton and corn. Out of 187,568 acres in the county, about 95,000 are
under cultivation. Of those cultivated 60,000 are upland, 30,000 low-
land; 5,000 bottom land. The best lands average from $5 to $6 an acre,
the wild lands from $1.28 to $3.00 to the acre. The average yield to the
acre for the several crops is: for cotton, 600 pounds; corn, 10 bushels;
wheat and oats, 8 bushels each; rye, 6 bushels; sugar-cane, 150 to 350
gallons of syrup; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas, 12 bushels. Of vege-
tables only enough are raised for home consumption. A fine hay is cut
from crowfoot-grass. Bermuda grass also gives excellent pasturage. The
range for cattle, sheep and hogs is fairly good, and enables the farmers
to raise their own supply of meat at small cost.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,472 bales (upland).
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 248 sheep
with a wool-clip of 587 pounds, 4,154 cattle, 1,486 milch-cows, 178 work-
ing oxen, 10,233 hogs, 26,251 of all kinds of poultry, 546 horses, 1,412
mules, and 1 donkey.
Among the productions of the county there were 184,604 gallons of
milk, 24,644 pounds of butter, 109 pounds of cheese, 6,914 pounds of
honey and 52,489 dozens of eggs.
Two canneries at Morgan put up during the last season about 2,000
crates of fruit. Arlington and Leary on the railroad are growing well.
Of the original forests there are still standing in the county: of pine
50,000 acres, of oak and gum 20,000 acres, and of swamp timber 20,000
acres. There are eight sawmills in the county. The annual output of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 553
lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet per annum. There are two
turpentine distilleries, one at Leary and one at Arlington. There is a
good water-power at Cordray's Mill. This is a flour and grist-mill and
is valued at $2,500. There is a cottonseed-oil mill at Arlington, valued
at $20,000. From the entire county there are shipped annually about
8,000 bales of cotton.
Arlington, the largest town, is at the junction of the Georgia Pine
Railway, with a branch of the Central, and lies partly in Calhoun and
partly in Early county. Of its 755 inhabitants 055 are citizens of Cal-
houn county. The militia district in which it is situated has a popula-
tion of 1,990.
Leary, on the Central of Georgia Railway, has inside the corporation
396 inhabitants and in the whole district 1,962.
Morgan, the county site, is about T miles north of the Central Railway.
The area of Calhoun county is 276 square miles, or 176,640 acres. Its
population, by the United State census of 1900, was 9,274, a gain of 836
in the last decade.
Churches of one or more of the leading Christian denominations are
found in every community.
There are 37 school buildings belonging to the public school system
of Georgia. The daily average attendance is 421 pupils in the 15 schools
for whites and 823 in the 22 schools for negroes. The school fund is
$6,684.94.
The county is supplied in many sections "with artesian wells which,
with good, pure water have added greatly to its healthfulness.
The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 contains the following
items: acres of improved lands 174,275; of wild lands, 1,560; average
value per acre of improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.12; value of
city or towTi property, $123,248; money and solvent debts, $61,301;
merchandise, $65,585; cotton manufactories, $12,125; iron works,
$2,200; value of household and kitchen furniture, $50,737; farm and
other animals, $108,696; plantation and mechanical tools, $23,575;
vpatches, jewelry, etc., $1,866; value of all other property, $24,675; real
estate, $589,994; personal estate, $353,183; aggregate value of whole
property, $943,177.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acrps of land,
7,242; value of land, $17,083; city or "toA\Ti property, $10,250; money
and solvent debt5, $423.00; household and kitchen fnrnituro, $10,780';
farm and other animals, $20,691 ; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,-
237; valne of all other property, $975.00; aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $70,593.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain In the value of all property over
1900 amounting to $83,286.
Populntion of Calhoun county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,215; white females, 1,184; total wliite,
2,399; colored males, 3,425; colored females, 3,450; total oolored, 6,875.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 59 calves, 10 steers, 4 bulls, 82 dairy ff.\v>, 72 liorsesj 14
mules, 3 donkeys, 310 swine.
564 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
CAMDEN COUNTY.
Camden County was formerly embraced in the parishes of St. Thomas
and St. Mary's. In 1777 these were formed into a county and
named in honor of the Earl of Camden who, in the British par-
liament, so boldly plead for the liberties of America. Part of it
was taken from Wayne in 1805, and a part added tO' Wayne in
1808. It is bounded on the north by Glynn and Wayne counties, on the
east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Florida, from which it is
separated by the St Mary's river, and on the west by Charlton county.
The Satilla (formerly called St. Ilia) river flows along its western bord-
er, then turning to the northeast flows almost centrally across the county
and empties through St. Andrew's sound into the Atlantic ocean. The
Little Satilla, along its northeastern boundary, also empties into St. An-
drew's sound. The county is also watered by several creeks.
St. Mary's, the county seat, is beautifully situated on the river of the
same name, in full sight of the ocean, from which it is distant nine miles.
Its harbor is accessible to the largest vessels, and St. Mary's enjoys con-
siderable trade. The sawmills, constantly busy, impart to the place an
air of thrift. The streets are broad and adorned with shade-trees, among
which are orange-trees, laden in their season with golden fruit, and syca-
more and wild olive-trees, clad in a foliage of pei-petual green. In the
winter season the town is thronged with Northern visitors seeking health
or pleasui'e. It is well supplied with churches of the different denom-
inations. Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and Poman
Catholics. St. Mary's besides its excellent harbor has easy access by the
river to the Florida Central and Peninsular Pailroad, which traverses the
county from north to south. The St. Mary's district has 1,291 inhabit-
ants, of whom 529 live in the town.
In Camden county are 26 white and 22 colored schools with an average
attendance of 219 white and 372 colored pupils.
The soils of Camden county are of different kinds; gray, yellow and
dark, and some blue clay bottom land. Only 50 acres were during the
last season planted in cotton, 5,000 acres were planted in corn, none in
wheat, 1,000 in barley, 3,000 in rice,, 100 in sugar-cane, 20 in sorghum,
100 in Irish potatoes, 1,000 in sweet potatoes, 1,000 in field-peas, 500 in
ground-peas, 200 in chufas and 1,000 in vegetables of every kind. The
average yield by the acre was: 600 pounds of seed cotton; 15 bushels of
corn; 20 bushels of oats; 30 to 35 bushels of rice; 160 bushels of Irish
potatoes; 230 bushels of sweet potatoes; 10 bushels of field-peas; 60
bushels of ground-peas; 170 bushels of chufas. The ribbon-cane aver-
ages from 130 to 200 gallons of syrup to the acre, and the sorghum 40
gallons. The rice acreage for 1901 was unusually large.
Though no attention is paid to the making of hay, the soil is well
adapted to all the grasses. The wooded lands, carpeted with grass, af-
ford pasturage all the year. Cattle require but little attention, and the
cost of raising a yearling calf is nothing. About 75 per cent, of the
fertilizers used is produced on the farm. Some improvement has been
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 565
made in the breeds of cattle, and more attention than formerly is beiug
paid to the raising of beef cattle. By the census of 1890 there were in
the county 407 horses, 49 mules, 2,354 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,972
pounds, 9,6G8 cattle, 9G9 being working oxen and 2,397 mUch-cows;
17,411 of all kinds of poultry and 6,542 hogs.
Among the farm products were: 84,395 gallons of milk, 8,526 pounds
of butter, 21,577 dozens of eggs and 3,656 pounds of honey.
The fish are of all kinds, both salt-watei- and fresh. There is also an
abundance of shrimp, crabs, clams and oysters, though the demand for
the last-named by the canning factories has diminished greatly the sup-
ply in the oyster-beds. The county abounds in game, such as deer, wild
turkeys, quail (or partridge), doves and snipe.
In the gardens all the usual vegetables, and common varieties of ber-
ries are raised. Markets are found for them in Fernandina, Jackson-
ville, Brunswick and New York. Every farm has an orchard in which
are raised fruits for home consumption. In addition to peaches, plums,
cherries, etc., they produce oranges, lemons, figs, olives, pomegranates
and melons. Great quantities of grapes are also raised.
Camden county is well supplied with artesian wells, and has several
mineral springs. There are 3 grist-mills and the same number of saw-
mills, also 9 turpentine distilleries, and one buggy factory. The navig-
able rivers, Satilla and St. Mary's, and the railroad give good facilities
for travel and transportation, by steamboat and train. The lands along
the rivers are noted for their fertility in the production of rice and the
long and short staple cotton.
The area of Camden county is 718 square miles or 459,520 acres. Its
population by the census of 1900 was 7,669, a gain over 1890 of 1,491.
By the State School Commissioner's report of 1900 the school fund was
stated to be $4,864.99.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following
items: acres of improved land, 18,555; of wild land, 298,272; average
value of improved land, $14.02; of wild land, $0.60; city and to^^^l prop-
erty, $67,592; money, etc., $103,319; capital invested in shipping,
$8,351; stocks and bonds, $12,250; merchandise, $50,004; cotton
factories, $6,500; household furniture, 543,554; farm and other animals,
$136,681; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,779, watches, jewelry,
etc, $3,568; value of all other propoi-ty, $52,103; real oetate, $506,564;
personal estate, $435,691. Aggregate,' $942,255.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: acres of land, 4,643; value,
$37,589; city property, $11,457; money, $128.00; merchandise,
$300.00; household furniture, $13,172; farm and other animals, $33,-
937; plantation and mcelianical tools, $3,568; value of all other property,
$3,138; aggregate property, $103,495.
The tax returns for 1901 .show an increa.sc of $334.00 in valiu^ of all
property over 1900.
There are several ishnids in the county, the most important of which
are Jekvl and Cumberland. The latter is eighteen miles long and one
half to three miles wide. The Indian name for it was Missoe. This
ggg GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
name was changed when Oglethiorpe visited it, at the request of an In-
dian chief, who had received some kindness from the Dnke of Cumber-
land. Dungeness, formerly the property of General Nathaniel Greene, is
on this island. It was on a visit to Mrs. Shaw, daughter of General Greene,
that General Henry Lee, the father of Kobert E. Lee, and familiarly
known as "Light Horse Harry," died, and from this hospitable home his
body was borne to its last resting place.
On the 11th of January, 1815, before news of the treaty of peace ha^
reached America, a force of about 1,500 British troops landed on Cum-
berland Island, where they had quite a sharp skirmish with something
less than one hundred Americans.
During this same month twenty-three barges, filled with British sold-
iers ascended St. Mary's river for the purpose of burning Major Clarke's
mills, whom they accused of breaking his parole. A detachment of 28
Americans under command of Captain William Cone, screening them-
selves behind the palmetto on both sides of the river, made it so hot for
the enemy that they retreated. The British reported a loss of over 300
men killed and wounded.
In Camden county lived and died General John Floyd who, at the
head of a Georgia brigade, won great distinction as an Indian fighter
during the second war with England. He was bom of Virginia parentage
in Beaufort district, South Carolina, October 3, 1769. About 1791 or
1792 both father and son moved to Georgia and settled in Camden
county on the Satilla river. After the close of the second war with Eng-
land General Floyd represented his county in the State Legislature, and
the State in the Federal Congress. He died June 24, 1824.
Among the ratifiers of the Constitution of the United States in the
convention which met in Augusta, January 2, 1788, were Heni-y
Osborne, James Seagrove and Jacob Weed of Camden.
On Little Cumberland Island is a light-house sixty feet high, with a
revolving light which can be seen at sea a distance of 20 miles.
Population of Camden county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,299; white females, 1,124; total white,
2,423; oolored males, 2,725; colored females, 2,521; total colored,
5,246.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges June
1, 1900: 61 calves, 83 steers, 3 bulls, 134 dairy cows, 67 horses, 37 mules,
21 sheep, 430 hogs, 9 goats.
CAMPBELL COUNTY.
Campbell County was laid out from Coweta, CaiToU, DeKalb (that
part now called Fulton) and Fayette in 1828, and a part was added from
Cherokee in 1832. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and the
creeks that flow into it and into the Flint. It is bounded by the following
counties: on the morth by Douglas and Fulton, east by Clayton, south by
Fayette and Coweta, west by Carroll, and northwest by Douglas. It was
named in honor of Duncan G. Campbell, a distinguished lawyer and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 567
member of the Georgia Legislature, a great advocate of the higher educa-
tion of females, a commissiouer to treat with tlie Indians in 1S23, and one
of the signers of the treaty with the Creek nation at Indian Spring in
1825. The original county site was Campbellton, situated upon a com-
manding eminence on the Chattahoochee river. The present county seat
is Fairburn, a prosperous little town on the West Point Railroad about 22
miles from Atlanta. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians pre-
dominate throughout the county. The schools belong to the public
school system of Georgia and are in a prosperous condition. The 26
for whites have an average attendance of 978 pupils; the 16 for colored
have an average attendance of 625.
The soil is varied. On the rivers and creeks it is a black loamy soil,
suited for the raising of corn, cotton, wheat aud oats. The red and gray
lands are productive of peas, potatoes, onions, cabbage, turnips, and
many other vegetables.
Within easy reach of the two principal towns, Fairburn and Palmetto,
are inexhaustible supplies of granite, some of which is so fine-grained
and hard that it takes the highest polish.
The average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, from
500 to 800 pounds; com, 12^ bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 18 bush-
els; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 to 150 bushels;
hay from native and other grasses, 2,500 to 3,000 pounds. Clover, wher-
ever tried, does well. Of fraits, apples and peaches make especially
fine yields. For fall and winter pasturage Bermuda is the great reliance
of the farmers. There are some 20 small dairy farms, and the Jersey is
the favorite milch-cow. Some of these dairies make fair profits on but-
ter shipped to Atlanta.
There are many market gardens from which cabbages, turnips and
watermelons are gathered and sold in Atlanta. There are some cultivated
strawberries, but for the most part they grow \vild, and like the black-
berries, dewberries and cherries, cost the sellers nothing but the picking.
There are about 500 acres devoted to the raising of melons for the mar-
ket, which bring an average net profit of $15.00 to the acre. About 1,000
acres are devoted to peaches, and xerj near the same number to apples.
There are about 20 vineyards containing 250 acres, and the value of
grapes sold in the county is about $500.00.
Campbell county has about 2,500 acres of forest land, mostly ]une and
oak. The annual output of lumber is about 800,000 superficial feet, at
an average price of $10.00 per thousand feet.
At Palmetto is a cotton factory with a capital of $100,000, contain-
ing 5,500 spindles and 100 looms, using about 3,000 bales of cotton an-
nually, and producing material worth about $75,000.00. Here also are
extensive wood-working and blacksmith shops and a public ginnery.
This to^\Ti has a population of 620 in its corporate limits, and its en-
tire militia district has 1,478 inhabitant-s.
Fairburn, the county site, has a population of 761, but including the
Fairliurn district the population is 2,461. Hero is a large harness and
saddle factory which employs 60 hands, with a weekly pay-roll of
568 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
$450.00, and through, its traveling salesmen disposes of its annual product
of more than $150,000 in the States of Virginia, Kentucky, ISTorth and
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama.
ISTeal' Fairbum. is the Trentham Spring, a lithia water helpful to kid-
nej and nervous troubles.
According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in
the oounty for the season of 1899-1900 was 9,614 bales, all upland.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were 464 sheep
with a wool-clip of 883 pounds, 2,777 cattle, 1,133 milch-cows, 110
working oxen, 3,264 hogs, 58,614 poultry of all kinds, 390 horses, 1,057
mules and 2 donkeys.
Among the productions were 382,048 gallons of milk, 141,835 pounds
of butter, 13,039 pounds of honey, and 78,445 dozens of eggs.
The area of Campbell county is 205 square miles or 131,200 acres.
The population by the United States census of 1900 is 9,518.
According to the report of the Department of Education the school
fund is $7,501.28.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 the taxable property re-
turned is as follows: acres of improved land, 130,141; average value per
acre, $5.94; city and town property, $148,989; money and solvent debts,
$213,569; merchandise, $41,125; stocks and bonds, $2,050; cotton
manufactories, $25,500; household and kitchen furniture, $62,076;
farm and other animals, $106,898; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,-
337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,585; real estate, $922,469; personal
estate, $526,289; aggregate property, $1,433,496.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: 2,500 acres of land, valued
at $15,103; city or town property, $8,759; money, etc., $15.00; house-
hold and kitchen furniture, $5,388; watches, etc., $124; farm and other
animals, $8,816; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,775; aggregate
property, $40,322.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $47,80-7 in the value of
all property over the reported values of 1900.
Opposite the village of Campbellton on the western bank of the Chat-
tahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on a mound like those so common in Geor-
gia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian princess, once the pro-
prietor of the land in that neighborhood. This mound is in a meadow, in
a bend of the river, near the foot of a hill. Traces of ancient fortifica-
tions can be discerned all around the plain, from the river to the hill.
The towns of Fairburn and Palmetto are both situated on the divid-
ing ridge between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Hence the rains
falling on the east side of these towns run into the Flint river and those
on the west side, into the Chattahoochee.
Population of Campbell county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,186; white females, 3,164; total white,
6,350; colored males, 1,619; colored females, 1,549; total colored, 3,168.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June
1, 1900: 57 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 97 dairy cows, 36 horses, 7 mules, 21
sheep, 187 swine.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 569
CARROLL C0U:N^TY.
Carroll County was laid off iu 1S2G, a part set off to Campbell in 1828;
and portions successively set off to Heard in 1830, 1831 and 1834. It
was organized iu 1826 and named after Charles Carroll, a signer of the
Declaration of Independence from Maryland. It is bounded by the fol-
lowing counties: Paulding and Haralson on the north, Douglas, Camp-
bell and Coweta on the east, Coweta and Heard on the south, and the
State of Alabama on the west. A little strip of the northern part of the
county is bounded west by Haralson.
Carroll county is watered by the Chattahoochee and Little Tallapoosa
rivers and their tributaries, the largest of which are Big Indian and
Sweet Water oreeks. The soil is varied; rolling red and gray lands Anth
retentive clay subsoil. The lands are very fertile, especially along the
Chattahoochee, Little Tallapoosa and the bottoms along the creeks. The
average yield per acre of the various crops, taking all the lands, the best
and the poorest, is about as follows: corn, 15 and one-third bushels; oats,
10 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; cotton, TOO or 800 pounds seed cotton;
sugar-cane, 20 pounds of sugar, and 122 gallons of syrup; hay, 2,2G0
pounds. The county also raises about 8,000 bushels of cowpeas, 1,219
bushels of peanuts, 2,800 bushels of Irish potatoes, 66,313 bushels of
sweet potatoes, and 3,000 pounds of tobacco. The truck sold is somo
where near $10,000 worth per annum.
Of fruit trees, about 33,000 are apple and 59,300 peach-trees. Fruita
and vegetables do well.
According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton production
of the county for 1899 was 28,504 bales, all upland.
In 1890 there were in the county 1,276 horses, 2,407 mules, 11,903
swine, 159,548 of the various kinds of poultry, 9,055 cattle, 3,542 milch-
cows, 57 working oxen, 1,897 sheep with a wool-clip of 2,761 pounds.
There were produced 1,097,167 gallons of milk. The butter production
of the county was 401,138 pounds, the honey, 28,111 jwunds, and the
eggs, 63,500 dozens.
The timber growth is chiefly oak and hickory; on streajns, ash, maple,
walnut, poplar and gum. The timber products amount to about $10,000
per annum,
Xincty-three manufactories have an annual output of $342,445.
Along tiie Little Tallapoosa and tributaries are 17 mills (flour and grist),
and along the tributaries of the Chattahoochee 16 mills. The water is
pure freestone. The climate is delightful. Gold, copper, iron, pyrites,
mica and asbestos are found, all in workable quantities. The gold of this
county is said to be very fine. Near Villa Rica, in the northeastern part
of the county on the Southern Railway, there is an extent of country six
miles long and one mile wide in which are numerous mines yielding largo
amounts of gold. Quartz and granite arc also found.
There is no more healthful region anywhere. Among other attractions
to home seekers arc good schools and churches. Baptists, iNfethodists and
Presbyterians arc in the lead, the two fonner being tlio nu>n' nuitu'rons.
570 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
There are 76 white schools and 16 colored, with an average attendance of
3,425 white and 929 colored pupils.
Carrollton, the county site, a thriving town of near 2,000 inhabitants,
has a good trade and is growing in business and population. Here the
Chattanooga, Rome and Southern and a branch of the Central Railroad
meet. Here is also a flourishing cotton factory with a capital of $100,-
000, and a cotton oil-mill. Carroll is one of the most prosperous counties
of Georgia. Area is 486 square miles or 311,040 acres. Population in
1900, 26,576; school fund, $17,903.34. By the Comptroller-General's
report for 1900 there are: acres of improved land, 282,181; of wild land,
6,775; average value per acre of improved, $5.12, and wild, $1.26; city
property, $378,574; value of shares in bank, $113,300; gas and electric
lights, $4,000; money, etc., $333,851; merchandise, $134,499; cotton
manufactories, $89,000; household furniture, $140,333; farm and other
animals, $270,555; plantation and mechanical took, $71,578: jeweliy,
$6,883; value of all other property, $35,805; real estate, $1,831,994;
personal estate, $1,214,296. Aggregate property, $3,046,290.
Property given in by colored taxpayers: 5,127 acres; value, $19,432;
city property, $5,449; household furniture, $1,066; fai-m and other ani-
mals, $8,789; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,773; value of all
other property, $191.00. Aggregate, $36,956.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of the value of all property
over 1900 amounting to $595,839.
In Carroll county lived General William Mcintosh, a half breed of the
Muscogee or Creek nation. He commanded a force of friendly Creeks
in the war of 1812-1815, and was greatly distinguished in the battles
of Autossee, the Horse-Shoe Bend, and later in the Florida campaign.
Chiefly through his agency was effected the treaty with the Georgians
at Indian Spring on the 12th of February, 1825, by which the Creeks
ceded to the whites the balance of the lands o^vned by them in Georgia.
The faction of the Creeks opposed to this treaty came in large force to
the house of General Mcintosh, set it on fire and shot the general. They
also killed the son-in-law of Mcintosh, Colonel Samuel Hawkins, and
another one of the chiefs, Etommee Tustunnugge, who had signed the
treaty. Out of these troubles came the controversy between Georgia and
the general government, with regard to the Indian lands, in which Geor-
gia, through the firmness of Governor Troup, maintained successfully
her position.
There are several thriving towns in Carroll county. Carrollton, on the
Central of Georgia Railway, has a population of 1,998 in its corporate
limits, while the whole district has 5,934 inhabitants. A company has
recently been organized to put in an electric light plant.
The population of the other towns and their including districts is as
follows:
Villa Rica district, 2,535; Villa Rica town, 576; Temple district,
2,795; Temple town, 397; Whitesburg district, 1,156; Whitesburg town,
296; Bowdon district, 1,547; Bowdon town, 397; Roopville district,
1,309; Roopville town, 109.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL.
571
The population of tlie whole coimtv, 25,576, shows a gain of 4,275
over that of 1890.
Population of Carroll county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 10,825; white females, 10,714; total white,
21,539; colored males, 2,573; colored females, 2,464; total colored,
5,037.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 169 calves, 45 steers, 5 bulls, 291 daiiT cows, 207 horses,
57 mules, 24 sheep, 460 swine, 7 goats.
CATOOSA COUNTY.
Catoosa County in the northwestern part of the State was set off from
"Walkea- and is bounded as follows: Tennessee on the north, Whiteiield
county on the east and south, and AValker county on the south and wcct.
The soils are varied; the valley lauds being gray and dark; the bottom
lands, black; the uplands, gray and gravelly, and red.
Of 96,000 acres in the county, about 24,000 are under cultivation, of
which 15,500 are upland, 6,000 valley (or lowland), and 2,500 bottom
land. About 66 per cent, is timber land. The uplands average about
$4.00 to the acre; the valley lands, $10.00; the bottom lands $20.00.
About 1,000 acres are planted in cotton, 6,000 in corn, 3,000 in wheat,
1,000 in oats, 500 in sorghum-cane, 500 in Irish potatoes, 300 in sweet
potatoes, 2,000 in field-peas and 5,000 in garden vegetables.
Under ordinary methods of cultivation cotton yields from 500 to 800
pounds of seed cotton to the acre; corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels;
oats, 25 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes 150 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 150 bushels. All vegetables give abundant yields. Timothy
Herd-grass and Orchard-grass, clover and German millet, do well and are
extensively raised. From 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of hay to the acre is
about the average; fodder about 300 pounds. Sorghum-cane yields about
250 gallons of syrup to the acre. From 100 acres, devoted to raising
melons for the market, the profit for last season amounted to $25.00 to
the acre. Large quantities of strawberries are raised. Most of the e^irly
ones are shipped to Cincinnati, and the later ones to Atlanta. The prox-
imity of Chattanooga, Tennessee, has given rise to a large dairying and
trucking business, tlie value of the latter being about $15,000. Tlirough
the instrumentality of the Trucker's Association, cold storage cars con-
vey vegetables, melons and berries to Cincinnati and other points in the
northwest. About 1,200 acres are devoted to peaches, the net value ot
which is about $3.00 a crate.
Facilities for travel and transportation arc alTordod liv tlio AVo,<toi-n
and Atlantic Railroad, which connects at Chattanooga witli lines l)nuicli-
ing out in every direction.
Manv fine deposits of buiblini^ ami other stones arc found in this
county. The sand and liniostoiios are of .>;np('rior (piality. Large wori^s
have been in operation for years at Oreysville, converting limestones into
carbonate of lime. Tliero is abundance of iron ore in Taylor's Ridge.
572 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
In tills county is located the noted health resort, famed for its varied
waters, the Catoosa Springs, from which the county derives its name.
Ringgold, the county site, on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, car-
ries on a fine commercial business with the farmers of the vicinity.
Much attention is being given of late to the raising of beef cattle and
improvment of the breed. The cattle of the county numbered in 1890,
3,410. There were 1,312 milch-cows and 57 working oxen. The sum-
mer pasturage lasts about six months, from May to October. For four
months cattle must be fed. The chief food is cotton seed meal, hulls and
bran, with some rye and hay. It costs about $1.50 to raise a yearling
calf. Other farm animals in the county were in 1890, 644 horses, 722
mules, 1,914 sheep with a wool-clip of 3,335 pounds, 3,871 swine and
500 goats. Good crops and good ranges have improved all stock. The
cost of raising a three-year-old mule or horse is $20. The poultry in 1890
numbered 49,724 of all kinds.
There are in the county 21 donkeys. There is a production of 121,-
000 pounds of butter, 6,651 pounds of honey, and 64,000 dozens of
eggs.
Three-fourths of the acreage of the county is in forests, oaks, hickory,
poplar and pine. A great deal of the salable timber has been cut for
the mill at Chattanooga.
There are in Catoosa county five flour and gi-ist-mills and six lumber
or sawmills, the former operated by water-power and the latter by steam.
Among the products of the county are 466,395 gallons of milk.
The county has good schools, and the Methodists, Baptists, and Presby-
terians have churches. There are 24 schools for whites and 4 for
negroes, having an average attendance of 695 whites and 91 colored
pupils.
The condition of roads is good. There are about 20 miles of macadam-
ized road built by the government.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton production
of the county for 1899, was 810 bales, all upland.
Einggold, named for the gallant Marylander, Major Einggold, who
fell mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of the Mexican war,
was the scene of a fierce conflict in :N'ovember, 1863. As General Bragg
was retreating from Missionary Ridge after his disastrous defeat, General
Cleburne halted his division at a gap in Taylor's Ridge, and inflicted a
decisive repulse upon the pursuing Federal army under Hooker, thus
saving the artillery and trains of the Confederates. For this gallant battle
of Ringgold, General Cleburne received the thanks of the Confederate
Congress.
Area of the county is 171 square miles or 109,440 acres.
Population of Catoosa county in 1900, 5,823; school fund, $3,858.84.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
. proved land, 95,167; of wild land, 3,977; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $5.55; of wild land, $1.60; city property, $45,130; money,
etc., $70,835; merchandise, $14,165; mining, $375; household and
kitchen furniture, $36,766; farm and other animals, $109,918; planta-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 573
tion and mechanical tools, $27,613; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value
of all other property, $10,053; real estate, $578,882; personal estate,
$273,458. Aggregate of all property, $853,3-10.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 670;
value, $1,780; city or town property, $1,682; household and kitchen
furniture, $760.00; farm and other animals, $2,976; plantation and
mechanical tools, $50-1.00; value of all other property, $33.00. Aggre-
gate of whole property, $7,734.
The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $354 in the value of all
property within the last year.
The county site is Ringgold, which has a population of 437 in the
town and 1,221 in the whole Ringgold district.
Population of Catoosa county by sex and color, according tc the census
of 1900; white males, 2,767; white females, 2,574; total white, 5,341;
colored males, 280; colored females, 202; total colored, 482.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 20 calves, 3 steers, 51 daiiy cows, 35 horses, 10 mules,
1 donkey, 143 swine, 31 goats.
CHAELTON COUNTY.
Charlton County was laid off from Camden in 1856 and named for
Judge T. U. P. Charlton of Savannah. It is bounded by the
following counties: "Wayne, Pierce and AVare on the north, Cam-
den on the east, and Ware on the west. The northeastern
part of the county runs up between Camden on the east and
Pierce on the west. The southeastern part runs do\vn in such a way
as to have Florida on three sides of it. Por some distance along its east-
ern border runs the Satilla. The St. Mary's river rising in the southern
part of the county runs along the western, southern and eastern sides of
that part of it which projects into Florida. Okefinokee Swamp occupies
a large part of ihe county.
On the neck of land between Okefinokee Swamp and the Florida line
melons, potatoes, long-staple cotton, sugar-cane and tobacco give good
yields. Oranges and figs are plentiful. By far the greater portion of
lands in this county are %\'ild lands and are devoted to stock-raising.
There is no section of the State better adapted to raising sheep, cattle and
hogs at small cost.
Travel and transportation of products are over the Plant System, the
Atlantic, Valdosta and Western.
Trader's Hill, about four miles from the Savannali, Florida and West-
ern Railway of tlie Phint System, and also on the St. ^Mary's rivor, is tlio
county site. The lum])er business of this town is considerable. Tho
streams supply abundance of fish, and the wihl hnuls nfTonl game of cv(>rv
sort, such as deer, bear, turkey, wood-cock, partridge, sni])e, etc.
The people of Charlton do not raise much cotton, as is shown by the
statistics of the United States Department of Agriculture.
According to the United States census of 1900 tlic cotton guined in
574 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Cliarlton county for the season of 1899-1900, was 302 bales, all sea-
island.
Ey the census of 1890 there were 2,983 sheep with a wool-clip of
4,903 pounds, 9,255 cattle, 2,406 milch-cows, 831 working oxen, 7,094
hogs, 12,247 poultry of all kinds, 300 horses, 34 mules and 1 donkey.
Among the farm products were 63,017 gallons of milk, 9,045 pounds
of butter, 5,556 pounds of honey, and 14,763 dozens of eggs.
The lumber business occupies the attention of many people in the
neighborhood of the great Okefinokee Swamp, where millions of feet of
yellow pine and cypress are to be obtained. Large sawmills are in opera-
tion near the edge of the Swamp.
This county has 24 schools for white and 4 for colored pupils, with
an average attendance of 467 white and 118 colored.
The school fund as stated in the report of the State School Commis-
sioner, rendered in 1900, was $2,902.95.
The area of Charlton county is 1,063 square miles, or 680,320 acres.
The population by the United States census of 1900 was 3,592, an
increase of 257 in the last decade.
The following items are taken from the Comptroller-General's report
for 1900: acres of improved land, 146,262; of wild land, 532,528; aver-
age value per acre of improved land, $0.68; of wild land, $0.14; city or
to^vn property, $4,415; money and solvent debts, $32,087; merchandise,
$15,950; cotton manufactories, $6,000; household and kitchen furniture,
$20,816; farm and other animals, $98,057; plantation and mechanical
tools, $8,795; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,888; value of all other property,
$22,818; real estate, $179,368; personal estate, $207,446. Aggregate
value of whole property, $386,814.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
5,017; value of land, $4,502; household and kitchen furniture, $1,012;
farm and other animals, $3,262; plantation and mechanical tools,
$322.00; value of all other property, $190.00. Aggregate value of
whole property, $9,783.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $1,917 in the value of
all property over that of 1900.
Population of Charlton county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,468; white females, 1,381; t^tal white,
2,849; colored males, 419; colored females, 324; total colored, 743.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 15 dairy cows, 6 horses, 10
mules, 86 swine.
CHATHAM COUNTY.
Chatham County is on the Georgia coast with the Savannah river
forming the boundary between it and the State of South Carolina. It is
a portion of what was once called Savannah county; for in 1741 by order
of the trustees the colony of Georgia, was divided into two counties,
one of which was called Savannah and embraced all the territory north
WHITE PLYMOUTH ROCK Hf N.
I idiii /III/ .\'i>. ji),
I . v. /!„. . \>i. III,!.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 575
of Dnrien. It was laid out iu 1758 into St. Philip's and Christ Church
parishes.
AVhen Georgia cast in her lot with the other colonies in tlie strugglo
for independence, the new State government formed Christ Chiu'ch and
a part of St. Philip's parishes into a county and named it Chatham in
honor of the noble earl who so bravely stood up for the rights of the
people of America.
Northwest of this county is Ethngham, on the east and northeast the
State of South Carolina, on the east and southeast the Atlantic Ocean, on
the south and west the county of Bryan. The chief streams are the
Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee rivei"s. The smaller are the St. Au-
gustine, Vernon, Pipemaker, etc. The face of the county is flat, inter-
spersed wath many swamps. Along the Savannah river the bodies of
tide swamp lands are extensive and are considered among the best in
the State.
Savannah, the county site, is the great maritime mart of the South
Atlantic coast. It is the third cotton port in the Union, and is the chief
shipping point for naval stores in the world. Its population by the cen-
sus of 1900 is 54,244. It is situated on the southwest bank of the Sav-
annah river, on a bluff forty feet above low water mark, twelve miles by
a direct line from the ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the
river. Five lines of ocean steamships connect it with the great seaport
cities of the l^orth. Four lines of river steamers ply upon the Savannah,
and on the sounds and inlets that flow between the mainland and the
beautiful islands skirting the Georgia coast. Here also converge five
great railroad lines, the Plant System, the Georgia & Alabama of the
Seaboard Air Line System, the Florida Central and Peninsular of the
«ame system, the Southern System, and the Central of Georgia sys-
tem. The numerous amis of these great trunk lines stretch out into all
sections of Georgia and Florida, and many parts of Alabama, also giving
through routes to the ISTorth and East and a continuous line to the West.
The Central has the distinction of being the oldest railroad in Georgia.
All these grand highways of travel and commerce pour into the lap of
Savannah the rich products of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, which, by
great ocean steamers and sailing vessels, large and small, find their way to
American and foreign ports. The commerce lof Savannah for the year
ending September 1, 1900, is valued at $165,7Y5,000. In 1874 the
usual high w^ater draft of vessels to the city was about fourteen and a half
feet. At that time the United States Enginooring Doimi-tmont took
charge of the work of improving Savannah Harbor. In 1890 a naviga-
ble channel 22 feet deep at mean high tide from the city to the sea had
been secured. To-day (1901) Savannah lias a clear depth of 20 foot.
The tonnage of the port, which in 1873 was 1,074,307 tons, had grown
by 1890 to 1,828,614 tons, and for the year 1899 was 2,797,020
tons. For 1900 the tonnage of the port was 2,958,718, an increase of
101,092 tons. Vessels of from 2,000 to 5,000 tons now entor tlie liarbor
and load at the whan'ves of Savannah. It is oxpoo(o<l that f)irlli(^r im-
provement in the river and harbor will bo accoiii[»lisliod tlin.nnh |]io
20 ga
576 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
South channel, by which 26 to 28 feet at mean low water can be ob-
tained and maintained without jetties. This course would shorten the
distance by about three miles between the city and the sea.
For many years past the annual receipts of cotton at the port of Sav-
annah have been more than a million bales. For the season of 1899-1900
they were again more than a million, notwithstanding the great falling
off in cotton production and the deficit of 22 per cent, in general receipts,
"a high compliment," says the Savannah Board of Trade, ''to the rail-
ways entering here, the persistent efforts of which with the cooperation
of the shipping agents of the port, have achieved this enviable preemin-
ence for Savannah." About 80 per cent, of the entire crop of sea-island
cotton is received at Savannah.
It is notable that during the past year there has been an increase
weekly of the cotton factory products of the different Southern mills
through Savannah to China and Japan. These products are sent by rail
to Savannah and from there by steamer to the Eastern ports, and are
there forwarded direct to the above-named countries.
The average annual receipts of naval stores at Savannah for the font-
years ending March 31, 1900, amount to 320,513 casks of spirits of tur-
pentine and 1,159,732 barrels of rosin. These products are carried from
Georgia's great port in vessels under every flag to leading markets on the
coast of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America, while
coastwise steamships and great railroad lines supply Baltimore, Phila-
delphia, ISTew York, Boston, Montreal and commercial cities of the in-
terior. "Wherever naval stores are needed for any purpose whatever,
Savannah supplies by far the largest per cent, of that need.
The shipments of lumber from Savannah have grown to immense pro-
portions. For the year ending March 31, 1890, the shipments were 107,-
371,082 feet, which in two years increased to 140,243,603. Something
over ^ of this was shipped to foreign ports. The largest foreign ship-
ments were to Spain and the Argentine Confederation. The shipments
of lumber for the year ending September 1, 1900 were 167,000,000 feet.
The bank clearings of Savannah for the year ending September 1,
1900, show an increase of $65,730,295.51 over the previous year. The
clearings for the year made up a grand total of $200,270,626.63. The
revival of the sugar-cane industry in Georgia and Florida will soon give
to these States a companion money crop with cotton, that can be made
profitable even against free trade with Cuba and Porto Kico. This will
add to the commercial importance of Savannah.
The favorable year for the rice planters of Georgia increased the re-
ceipts of rice at Savannah, which were for 1900, 270,000 bushels. Thec'e
are at Savannah three large mills for cleaning rice, and the total output
of these mills is valued at $300,000.
The market gardens and truck farms of Chatham county add, of
course, to the prosperity of Savannah. A great deal of the best land of
the county is being used to grow vegetables, melons, and berries for the
^tTorthern markets. In 1900 the shipments amounted to 100,000 crates
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 577
and 50,000 barrels of the ti'uck famis, bringing to the farmers a revenue
of $225,000.
The shipments of the market gardens and truck farms commence to
be forwarded bj steamer from Savannah to the markets of the East be-
tween the first and 'middle of April each year. AVhile many of these
products are shipped by rail, a large number go by water, as the steam-
ship lines have averaged a daily sailing from Savannah to the ports of
the East The vessels of the Ocean Steamship Company often take
60.000 melons at one time to Xew York.
Under the liberal sanitary appropriation all garbage is disposed of by
cremation. The most improved plans for disinfecting purposes in mari-
time sanitation have been adopted, and the quarantine system is very
thorough. The care of the city government for the health of the people
has placed Savannah in the front rank of seaport towns in point of
healthfulness. Pure water is furnished by artesian wells, with which
Savannah is well supplied.
Of course Savannah and the coimty of Chatham have a fine system
of public schools. The average attendance is: of white pupils 3,595, of
colored pupils 2,914. Churches of every Christian denomination are
numerous and well attended and maintained. The city has all the mod-
em conveniences; electric lights, gas, ice factories, electric street rail-
roads, city and suburban, a splendid system of water-works, and a first-
class paid fire department. In manufacturing. Savannah has every ad-
vantage. The raw materials for the manufacture of cotton and woolen
goods are at her very doors. Among her manufacturing establishments
in successful operation are: a cotton yarn mill, a knitting mill, cotton
seed oil mills, works for making agricultural implements, ice factories,
boiler works, machine shops, brass foundry, brick manufactories, sash,
door, and blind factories, carriage works, flour and grist-mills, rice-mills,
fertilizer works, cigar manufactories, soap works, and planing-mills. The
Southern Rubber Manufacturing Company has been lately organized.
There are four oyster canning factories in Chatham county which, in
the season of 1899-1900, packed 2,550,000 cans.
ISTot only is Savannah a great commercial mart. It is also one of the
most attractive cities of the Union. "With its many beautiful parks and
neat residences it has an air of elegant refinement that charms the
stranger. The favorite promenade of the citizens is out Bull street to
Forsyth Park. From Bay Street out, one passes through five little parks,
or squares. In Johnson Square is a neat marble obelisk, oroctod in 1829
to the memory of General IN'athaniel Greene who, as second in rank
under "Washington, commanded the doparfmont of the Sonfli nnd rescued
the Carolinas and Cioorgia from the grasp of the British invader. He
was bom in "Rhode Island, bnt after the close of the war for independ-
ence settled in Georgia upon land granted him by the State. The plain,
unomamented style of this monument was meant to carry out the design
of a Boman sword, which it was built to represent. The next monument
on Bull strr-pt is one erected to the memorv of "W. W. Gordon, a pioneen"
in railroad development in Georgia. In Madison Square stands the
578 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
monument of another Revolutionary hero, Sergeant William Jasper.
This was unveiled in 1888 in the presence of President Cleveland and
party, and the local officials and dignitaries. In Monterey Square stands
another and very elegant moniunent to Ctount Pulaski, the noble Pole,
who gave his life for American freedom on the 9th of October, 1779,
when the combined French and American armies met a disastrous re-
pulse in their assault upon the British lines. In the extension of Forsyth
Park is yet another handsome monument erected to the memory of the
Confederate soldiers who fell in the Civil War. This park is the largest
of about thirty, which give comfort and beauty to Georgia's lovely Forest
City. In its center stands a fountain modeled after that in the Place de
la Concorde at Paris. Some of the parks are ornamented with banana
trees, and several of the gardens with orange trees. Among the many
lovely flowers the most beautiful is the Camellia Japonica, which here
blooms in midwinter in the open air.
Savannah is well supplied with suburban retreats. Tybee is reached
by one of the branches of the Central of Georgia Railway, eighteen miles
in length. The beach at Tybee is one of the best in the country, and the
hotel accommodations are excellent. An electric railway leads to Thun-
derbolt, a small, pictiu'esque to^^Ti on Warsaw river, famous for fish and
oysters. On the same line of railway is Bonaventure, once a noble estate
of the Tattnall family, now a beautiful cemetery. Its avenues of great
live oaks, festooned with gi'ay moss, give to the place an air of solemn
grandeur well befitting the silent resting place of the dead. The place
was first settled by Colonel John Mullryne, an Englishman. By the mar-
riage of his daughter Mary in 1761 to Josiah Tattnall of Charleston, it
came into the possession of the latter family. Tradition says that the
marriage was the occasion of planting these magnificent oaks so arranged
that the avenues by which they are lined would f orai the letters "M" and
"T," to typify the union of the two families. In 1847 the estate passed
into the hands of Captain P. Wiltberger, by whom it was adapted to its
present use. The electric cars also run to the Isle of Hope, another sum-
mer resort of the people of Savannah. About two miles from Savannah
is the Jasper Spring, the scene of a daring exploit of Sergeant Jasper,
when he and Sergeant Xewton rescued from the British guard an
American prisoner who was being carried to Savannah for execution.
On the banks of the Ogeechee river are some of the largest rice planta-
tions in Georgia. A canal connects this river with Savannah.
The area of Chatham county is 400 square miles or 256,000 acres.
The population in 1900 was 71,239; school fund $37,306.
By the Co'mptrollei'^General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 189,026; value of improved land per acre, $15.10; city
property, $19,037,370; money, etc., $2,057,990; gas and electric light
companies, $201,420; merchandise, $1,652,800; value of shares in bank,
$2,537,625; stocks and bonds, $859,275; building and loan associa-
tions, $489,110; household furniture, $574,110; farm and other
animals, $178,200; capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $568,-
950; plantation and mechanical tools, $100,855; watches, jewelry,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 581
etc., $50,125; cotton manufactories, $00,750; value of all other
property, $235,990; real estate, $21,881,803; personal estate, $9,449,-
690. Aggregate value of whole property, $31,331,493.
Property, returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land
5,899; value, $206,625; city or to^^^l property, $632,475; household fur-
niture, $2,785; merchandise, $2,025; farm and other animals, $9,810;
plantation and mechanical tools, no report. Aggregate value of whole
property, $914,320.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $328,319 in the
value of all property.
Yields of crops in Chatham to the acre with fair cultivation: com, 20
bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; crab-
grass hay, 4,000 pounds; ribbon-cane syrup, 350 gallons. The county
had in 1890 1,000 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,220 pounds; 3,866 cat-
tle, 1,499 milch-cows, 520 horses, 590 mules, 4 donkeys, 4,320 swine,
10,399 poultry. There was a production of 25,000 dozen eggs,
1,855 pounds of honey, 9,000 pounds of butter, and 167,762 gallons of
milk and 500 pounds of cheese These statistics do not include horses and
mules in Savannah.
In the brief historical sketch with which this work opens are men-
tioned several of the important events that have transpired in the history
of Savannah and Chatham county. Another event worth mentioning is
the fact that the first steamship that ever crossed the Atlantic sailed from
Savannah in 1819. It was owned in Savannah, though built in New
York. It made a successful voyage to Liverpool, England, and then to
St. Petersburg in Russia.
Savannah has always been among the most patriotic of American cities.
She bore her full share of the disasters and glories of the war for inde-
pendence, and during the great Civil AVar her sons were among the fore-
most in responding to call of their State. Fort Pulaski, on Cockspur
Island, was in 1862 the scene of a brave but fruitless defence by a Sa-
vannah gamson, commanded by Colonel Olmstead. Fort McAllister, six-
teen miles from the city on the Ogeechee river, scored several victories
over Union fleets, and, when Sherman appeared before the city in 1864,
this fort was held by Major Geo. W. Anderson wuth 150 men. An assault
was made upon the fort by nine regiments numbering between 3,000
and 4,000 men, led by Brigadier-General Hazen. The greatest com-
pliment that could be paid the brave garrison is contained in the words
of the Federal general who made the assault. "We fought the garrison
through the port to their bomb-proofs, from which they still fought, and
only succumbed as each man was individually overpowered." The Fed-
erals in this affair lost 134 officers and men killed and wounded, and the
total loss of the garrison was 48.
During the Spanish-American war the best families of Savannah were
roprcsontod in the Savannali Voliinteor P>iittalion which enlisted m a
body and under its own officers. Savannah was made by the War De-
partment a port for embarkation and debarkation of troops. The result
greatly promoted the business interests of Savannah and advertised her
splendid advantages in an extraordinary manner.
582
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584
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
IMPORTS.
Port of Savannali, Ga., from September 1, 1899, to August 31,
1900:
Merchandise.
Quantity.
Value.
Cement, pounds
Fertiliz.^rs, tons
Muriate of potash, pounds . .
Pyrites, tons
Nitrate of soda, tons
Jute bagging
Iron and steel manufactures
Brimstone, tons
Salt, pounds
China clay, tons
Sulphate of potash, pounds..
Wines and liquors, gallons . .
Carbolineum
Mineral water, gallons
Cotton manufactures
Leather manufactures
Oranges
Aniline dye
Malt liquors
All other articles
Total
36,147,449
15,438
4,132,721
28,307
1,476
751
6,291,125
888
169,151
1,660
14,989
106,431
94,703
63,001
58,227
40,411
29,111
20,017
13,675
7,317
3,681
2,826
2,652
2,494
1,953
1,285
1,148
802
688
677
3,127
$ 461,676
Population of Chatham county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 15,223; white females, 14,707; total white,
29,930; colored males, 19,559; colored females, 21,750; total colored,
41,309.
Population of Savannah hj sex and color, according to the census of
1900: white males, 13,134; white females, 12,975; total white, 26,109;
colored males, 12,791; colored females, 15,344; total colored, 28,135.
Total population of Savannah, 54,244.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
Jime 1, 1900: 172 calves, 156 steers, 16 bulls, 655 dairy cows, 1,897
horses, 636 mules, 3 donkeys, 177 sheep, 669 swine, 112 goats.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures in the limits of the city of
Savannah, June 1, 1900: 51 calves; 17 steers, 3 bulls, 343 dai'ry cows
1,561 horses, 504 mules, 2 donkeys, 77 sheep, 1 hog, 80 goats.
CHATTAHOOCHEE COUNTY.
CJiattahoocJiee County was formed from Muscogee and Randolph in
1854, and was named for the river, whose waters wash its western border.
It is bounded on the north and northwest by Muscogee coimty, east by
Marion, south by Webster and Stewart, and west by the State of Ala-
bama. It contains 231 square miles and its mean elevation is 875 feet.
Cusseta, the county site, is a small town on a branch of the Georgia
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 585
and Alabama Eaiboad, now a part of the great Seaboai'd Air Line system.
A branch of the Central of Georgia system also traverses the eoimty,
bringing its people into close business relations with Columbus, Americus
and Albany, the three leading cities of Southwest Georgia. Besides the
two railroads the steamboats on the Chattahoochee river afford excellent
facilities for freight and travel. The face of the country is level. The
soil is entirely cretaceous, a gray, sandy loam with clay subsoil. The
average yield to the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats,
15 bushels; cotton, 500 to 600 pounds; sugar-cane, 14 to IG pounds of
sugar and 150 to 200 gallons of syrup. There are also raised annually
about 1,000 pounds of upland rice, 9,100 bushels of cow-peas, 1,485 bush-
els of peanut*, 250 bushels of Irish potatoes, 13,235 bushels of sweet po-
tatoes. There are 4,000 apple-trees, 17,126 peach-trees, 6,651 plum«
trees. Truck raised above home consumption and sold amounts to
$3,000.
The people are waking to the fact that it costs no more to raise a good
cow than a poor one, and are beginning to pay more attention to breed.
This is true of all other kinds of stock in the county.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
this county for the season of 1899-1900 was 5,039 bales, all upland.
By the census of 1890 there were 22 sheep with a wool-clip of 250
pounds, 2,629 cattle, 870 milch-cows, lol working oxen, 3,373 hogs,
16,005 poultry of all kinds, 248 horses and 639 mules.
Among the farm products were 132,855 gallons of milk, 38,878
pounds of butter, 6,082 pounds of honey and 31,028 dozens of eggs.
The manufactories consist of flour and grist-mills, nm by water and
sawmills run by steam. On the tributaries of the Chattahoochee river
there are seven mills (flour and gi'ist), and there are good water-powers
on Woolfolk's branch and Oswichee creek. The growth is chiefly piney
woods. The timber products are not extensive. Some yellow pine and
hardwoods are lumbered, the annual output being worth about $8,000.
There are six sawmills run by steam.
The churches are mostly Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian. The
schools belong to tlie public school system of the State, and number 12
for whites and 15 for negroes, with an average attendance of 268 white
and 441 colored pupils.
Area of Chattahoochee county, 231 square miles, or 147,840 acres.
Population in 1900, 5,790; school fund, $4,155.95.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there were: acres of im-
proved land, 188,340; average value per acre of improved land, $2.28;
cotton manufactories, $1,600; value of city property, $14,553; money,
etc., $17,959; value of merchandise, $0,845; iron works, $400; value of
honsohold and kitchen furnitnro, $24,280; mining, $111.00; fann
animals, $65,832; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,663; Avatchos,
jewelry, etc., $6,405; value of all other property, $8,380; real
estate, $366,566; personal estate, $167,430. Aggregate, $533,996.
Peturns of property by colored taxpayers: nninbor of acres of land,
T,955; value of land, $14,399; city or town property, $75.00; nicrchan-
586 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
disc, $300.00; hoiisebold and kitchen furniture, $5,207; farm and other
animals, $10,962; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,504; value of all
other property, $655.00. Aggregate value of all property, $34,163.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain, over 1900 of $27,254 in the
value of all property.
The county seat is Cusseta, on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad.. The
population of the Cusseta milita district in 1900 was 1,078, of which 301
lived in the town.
The population of the whole county (5,790) shows a gain of 888 over
that of 1890.
On the Seaboard Air Line to the northwest of Cusseta is the village of
Sulphur Springs, noted for its mineral waters.
Population of Chattahoochee county by sex and color, according to
the census of 1900: white males, 943; white females, 909; total white,
1,852; coloTcd males, 1,922; colored females, 2,016; total colored,
3,938.
ISTo report of domestic animals in bams or inclosures June 1, 1900.
CHATTOOGA COUNTY.
ChaUooga County was laid off from "Walker and Floyd in 1838 and
derived its name from its principal river. The county is traversed by
mountains and ridges running northeast and southwest, and is inter-
spersed with rich and beautiful valleys, the most noted being Broomtown,
Chattooga and Armuchee. The mountains are Taylor's Ridge, John's
Mountain and a high, solitary peak called Dirtseller Mountain, whose In-
dian name was Kunteesky.
Chattooga is bounded by the following counties: Walker on the north,
Gordon on the east, Floyd on the south and southeast. The State of Ala-
bama bounds it on the west.
The bottom and valley lands are very fertile, having a dark mulatto
soil, which produces cotton, corn, Avheat, oats, rye, peas, potatoes, clover,
barley, tobacco and almost every kind of vegetable. Taking all the lands,
good and poor, the average yield of the various crops per acre is as fol-
lows: seed cotton, 750 pounds; com, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats,
15 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 200 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay.
On some of the best lands 30 bushels of wheat to the acre are the or-
dinary yield. Those same lands produce 40 bushels of com to the acre
and in a few instances as high as 90 bushels have been raised on one acre
in especially good seasons. The people are beginning to realize the
profit in hay and are raising it for the market. The cotton ginned in this
county during the season of 1899-1900 was 7,079 bales, all upland.
The market gardens near the towns are doing well. The shipments of
strawberries during the seasons of 1900 and 1901 have demonstrated the
fact that Chattooga county is especially adapted to the production of this
luscious fruit. This year (1901) this county shipped 38 car-loads of ber-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 587
ries to northern markets, bringing in every instance a handsome profit to
the shippers.
The ridges, which, running in a northeasterly and southwesterly direc-
tion and parellel to Lookout Mountain, travci"se the county, form the
fruit lands of Chattooga. jSTo finer peaches and strawberries are grown
than on these hills and ridges. Even now they are dotted by 600,000
peach-trees, and the number is being increased every year, and when all
these come into bearing it is estimated that Chattooga county alone will
send 2,000 car-loads of peaches to the northern markets annually.
There are also vineyards producing fine grapes. Upon the northwest-
em border of the county is the famous Lookout Mountain, whose table-
land twelve miles wide and extending along its entire length, is unex-
celled in the growth of apples, and large apple orchards are being set out
now.
The table-lands of Lookout and of the parallel ridges furnish an almost
inexhaustible range for cattle which thrive without additional food foi
two-thirds of the year.
By the census of 1890 there were in Chattooga county 3,116 sheep
with a wool-clip of 5,558 pounds, 6,032 cattle, of which 478 were work-
ing oxen, and 2,159 milch-cows (175 of these being of improved breeds);
10,614 hogs, 92,996 domestic fowls of all kinds, 1,030 horses, 1,217
mules and 5 donkeys.
Among farm products were 739,177 gallons of milk, 242,897 pounds
of butter, 19,168 pounds of honey and 134,019 dozens of eggi.
More attention is being paid to beef cattle and several Devon bulls
have been imported from Tennessee and Kentucky.
About one half of the county is in original forest, pine and hardwoods,
all available for market, and giving employment to about 24 sa^^^nill3
which prepare timber for the local markets. Taylor's Ridge, which runs
from High Point in Chattooga to Einggold in Catoosa county, a distance
of 40 miles, is well-wooded with white oak, chestnut, oak and poplar.
From the chestnut oak is obtained a tan bark that is always in demand,
and the poplar is used in the manufacture of fniit crates. The price of
the timber is from $8.00 to $10.00 a thousand feet.
Iron, bauxite, clay, limestone, manganese, coal, slate, talc and sand-
stone are found in large quantities. Iron is mined at Dirtseller ^fount-
ain, near Lyerly; Shinbone ridge, near Mcnlo and Taylor's ridge near
Summerville. AH this iron is shipped to other points. Bauxite is
mined in the to^\Ti of Summerville, and there are outcroppings of this
metal in ridges entirely through the county. Bed iron ore is found in
great abundance in six different veins and is being mined in some locali-
ties. Mining property, thougli cheap, is steadily advancing. During the
last two years an immense amount of iron ore has been shipped from the
mines on Taylor's ridge.
Some of the manufactories of Cliattooga county are : The Trion IManu-
facturing Company's mills, the Baccoon Mills, a chair factory at Lyerly,
6 flour-mills operated by water-power, 12 grist-mills, some by water and
533 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
some by steam; 24 sawmills, about one half being operated by water and
half by steam; and 6 tanneries.
Summerville, the county site, on that part of the Central of Georgia
system, formerly known as the Chattanooga, Eome and Southern, is situ-
ated about half way between Eome and Chattanooga. The business
houses and residences are handsome in appearance, and the streets have
been put in fine condition by the free use of chert. The town is sur-
rounded by farms which ai'e cultivated in a thoroughly scientific man-
ner. The region in its immediate vicinity is rich in hardwoods and iron
ore. During the spring of 1901 there were shipped from tliis point 157
cars of iron ore, 65 cars of logs and over 100 cars of chert. It is claimed
that within the last five years about 10,000 cars of chert have been ship-
ped from this neighborhood to various cities to be used in improving
their streets, and for roads and railways.
Although by the census of 1900 there were only 486 persons living in
the town of Summerville, the entire Summerville district has a popula-
tion of 2,261, and includes also Raccoon Mills, with 441 people, many
. of whom are employed at the Raccoon Cotton Mills, which has 104
looms, 3,400 spindles and a capital of $164,700.
Lyerly, in the midst of the productive valley of the Chattooga river,
is also on the Central Railway, southwest of Summerville. Here there
is a chair factory whose products find a ready sale throughout this sec-
tion. The Lyerly district has 729 inhabitants, of whom 234 live in the
town. Lyerly has also a first-class gi-ist-mill on the Chattooga river.
Trion is the largest town in Chattooga county, having in 1900, a popu-
lation of 1,926 in the town and in the entire Trion district, 3,020. Here
is the Trion Manufacturing Company's plant, consisting of three mills
with an aggregate of 1,422 looms, 50,016 spindles and a capital of more
than $600,000. The capital stock and surplus of the company approxi-
mate $1,000,000, and the yearly business amounts to $1,200,000.
These mills consume daily 20 tons of coal and use 60 bales of cotton.
They manufacture sea-island sheeting, shirting, drills and riope.
The first mill was built here in 1847 by Judge A. P. Allgood of
Walker county, and Judge Spencer Marsh of LaFayette, in partnership
with Colonel W. K. Briers, who began with a capital stock of $25,000,
This factory escaped destruction during the war but was destroyed by
fire in 1875.
In 1876 the Trion Manufacturing Company built number 1 of its
present plant and have been steadily adding to their property. The name
Trion was given to the factory and town from the trio of men, Allgood,
Marsh and Briers, who were the originators of this gi-eat enterprise,
built and operated by Georgia capital.
Menlo, on the Chattanooga Southern Railroad, about forty miles
from Chattanooga, Tennessee, and the same distance from Gadsden, Ala-
bama, is in the midst of a fine farming and fruit section. It has fine
mineral springs, possessing excellent medicinal properties. Near by are
also valuable iron ore deposits.
All these towns are provided with good schools and churches of the
GEORGIA: UHSTORlL'AL AXD ISDL'ISTIUAL. 589
Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. In fact, every section of the
county is well provided with educational and religious advantages.
In the 33 public schools for whites there is an average daily attend-
ance of IjlOi) pupils and in the 1'2 schools for negroes a daily attend-
ance of 256 pupils.
The State School Commissioner, in his report published in 1900, gives
the public school fund of Chattooga county as $8,758.72.
The area of Chattooga county is 32G square miles or 208,640 acres.
Population of the county in lUOO, 12/J52; a gain of 1,750 since 18U0.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 170,644; of wnld land, 40,957; average value per acre of
improved land, $4.85; of vnld laud, $0.53; city or town property, $76,-
717; value of shares in bank, $18,650; money, etc., $234,512; merchan-
dise, $73,860; stocks and bonds, $30,640; cotton factories, $558,070;
capital invested in mining, $50.00; value of household and kitchen furni-
ture, $83,035; farm and other animals, $181,961; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $40,485; jewelry, $6,405; value of all other property,
$19,293; real estate, $916,069; personal estate, $1,252,675. Aggregate,
$2,168,744.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
3,919; value, $11,539; city or town property, $3,810; money, $573.00;
household furniture, $4,444; farm and other animals, $10,713; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $1,415; value of all other property, $331.00.
Aggregate, $32,971.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $13,136 in the value
of all property.
Broomtown Valley is named from a little Indian settlement so called
from its chief, "The Broom," one of the signers of a treaty concluded be-
tween the Cherokees and Whites at Tellico, October 24, 1804.
Sequoia or George Guess, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet, for-
merly resided in Chattooga county. Though in appearance a full Chero-
kee, his paternal grandfather was a white man. One day he heard some
Cherokee young men talking about the superior talents of the white peo-
ple, and expressing particular wonder at the fact that white men could
put a talk on paper and send it to any distance, and it would be under-
stood by those who received it. Mr. Guess determined that his people
should have an alphabet too. ITo had no knowledge of any language but
the Cherokee, and had to depend upon his own native resources. He first
tried to invent a sign for every word, but soon found that such an alplia-
bet would be too cumbersome. He at length conceived the idea of divid-
ing the words into parts. He had not proceeded far on tliis plan bcforo
he discovered to his great delight that the same characters would apply
in different words. He finally discovered all the syllables of the lang-
uage. After this he completed his system in about a month. In forming
his ohnraeters he n=pd some of tlie English letters wliicli ho found in a
spelling-book. But ho made his characters represent syllables, not letters
Hence they expressed in Cherokee very different sounds from what they
did in English. At last ho suoceodod nftor nnich onpofiitiion in getting n
590 GEORGIA: HISTORIC AL AND INDUSTRIAL.
few of liis people to learn the use of his syllabic alphabet. Finding that
it worked all right thej were so delighted that in the course of a few
months the great majority of the Cherokees were able to read and write
in their own language.
Population of Chattooga county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 5,277, white females, 5,437; total white,
10,714; colored males, 1,146; colored females, 1,092; total colored,
2,238.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 128 calves, 113 steers, 2 bulls, 226 daiiy cows, 111 horses,
29 mules, 3 donkeys, 20 sheep, 451 swine, 2 goats.
CHEROKEE COUNTY.
Cherokee County was laid out in 1832 and was named for the nation
of Indians who inhabited that section of Georgia and large portions of
ISTorth Carolina before the purchase of their lands by the whites and
their removal beyond the Mississippi river.
The word Cherokee is derived from Cliera, fire, and the prophets of
the nation were called Clieralaghye, which signifies vien of divine fire.
The following counties bound Cherokee: Pickens on the north, Dawson
and Forsyth on the east, Milton on the southeast, Cobb on the south and
Bartow on the west. The Etowah river flows almost through the center
of the county. Little river empties into the Etowah. The creeks are
Cooper's, Sandy and Chicken,
That part of the county v/est of the Etowah and south of Long Swamp
is very hilly, the part traversed by Little river and its tributaries is
undulating, while most of the county east of the Etowah is hilly, ex-
cept portions bordering on Forsyth county. Lands of excellent quality
are on the Etowah river and Long Swamp. In the northwestern part
of the county a peak, called Sharp Mountain, runs up like a sugar loaf.
The county abounds in fertile valleys. The soil of the bottom or low-
lands is generally a rich, black loam with a little sandy land close to the
water courses. That of the upland is partly red and mulatto, and partly
gray. The staple crops are cotton and the cereals. In the western part
of the county a high grade of chewing tobacco is grown, and upon this
product the people of that section largely depend for their money crop.
The number of acres planted in cotton last season was 20,000: in corn,
35,000; in wheat, 10,000; in oats, 10,000; in rye, 2,000; in sorghum-
cane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 500; in sweet potatoes, 1,000. After the
wheat and oats had been cut off, 5,000 acres were planted in field-peas.
The average yield of theee crops to the acre were: com, 20 bushels; cot-
ton, 700 or 800 pounds seed cotton to the acre; wheat, 12 to 20 bushels;
oats, 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; sorghum, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes,
150 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas 12 bushels;
crab-gi-ass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000 pounds. Much .
of the land is well adapted to clover, orchard and other grasses, but
very little attention has yet been given to them. Where cultivated they
do well. For summer pasturage the native grasses chiefly are used.
This lasts about six months. Some of the farmers use rye for winter
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IX DUST RIAL. 591
pasturage. Very few use ensilage. Cotton seed meal, wheat bran and
peas are chiefly used as food for stock. Under the best systems of agri-
culture some of the best lands yield crops far ahead of the averages given
above. Some attention is paid to dairying, for which the Jersey cow is
preferred. There Avere in Cherokee county in 1890 7,600 cattle,
2,705 milch-cows, 806 horses, 1,609 mules, 3,362 sheep with a wool-
clip of 5,616 pounds, 13,242 hogs, 130,000 poultry. There is a produc-
tion of 174,000 dozens of eggs, 30,162 pounds of honey, 235,908
pounds of butter, 794,764 gallons of milk and 89 pounds of cheese.
Although the farmers sell some vegetables, berries and fruit, there
are no regular market gardens in the county. There is about 60 per cent,
of original forest timber still standing. The growth is hickory, oak,
pine, poplar, some beech and ash, and a variety of other kinds. There
are about six little sawmills, four or five small flour-mills, and about 30
small grist-mills and two tanning establishments.
Canton, the county seat, on the Atlanta, Knoxville and Xorthern Eail-
road, is beautifully situated on an eminence, around whose base flows
the Etowah river. It is a thriving little town of 847 inhabitants, with a
flourishing bank and several manufacturing enteq^rises. One of the
most important of these is a marble mill for sawing and finishing marble
and for monumental work. Another of great importance is the new
cotton factory vnth. a capital of $100,000. There is also a rope factory.
There is another cotton-mill at Toonigh, in the southern part of the
county.
According to the United States census of 1900, the cotton ginned in
the season of 1899-1900 was 6,760 bales, all upland.
Woodstock, Holly Springs and Ball Ground, are thriving villages on
the railroad. From Ball Ground a little railroad, about eight or ten
miles long and owned by one of the marble companies, runs out to the
quarries.
At Waleska, eight miles west of Canton, is a fine school, known as
Pteinhardt i^oi-mal College. The public schools of the county are in
good condition. They number 65 for white and 6 for colored, with an
average daily attendance of 2,057 whites and 211 colored. There are
Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian Churches and one Univei-salist.
In minerals this county is very rich. There are deposits of gold, cop-
per, iron, mica, talc, marble and other minerals. Cherokee is one of the
chief gold-mining counties of Georgia.
ISTear Canton is a spring, strongly impregnated with alum, and noted
for its great curative powers.
The area of Cherokee county is 434 square miles or 277,760 acree.
Population in 1900, 15,243; school fund, $10,627.53.
By the Comptrollor-Generars report for 1900 there arc: acres of im-
proved land, 255,457; of wild land, 20,019; average value per acre of
improved lands, $4.01; of wild lands, $0.78; city or town property,
$148,913; shares in bank, $21,700; money, etc., $321,776; merchan-
dise, $81,485; stocks and bonds, $5,080; cotton manufnctories, $6,050;
household furniture, $90,554; fai-m and other animals, $188,473; plant-
592 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ation and mechauical tools, $47,848; iron works, $7,500; mining, $1,-
400; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,617; value of all otlier property, $41,562;
real estate, $1,190,038; personal estate, $845,506. Aggregate value of
whole property, $2,035,544,
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
3,405; value, $6,540; city j)roperty, $2,520; household furniture, $1,-
694; farm and other animals, $3,173; money, $1,150; plantation and
mechanical tools, $557.00; value of all other property, $153.00. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $15,888.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain over 1900 of $105,355 in the
value of all property.
Cherokee county in common with the greater part of j^orthwest Geor-
gia, is beginning to pay great attention to fruit-gromng. Judge Gober
of Cobb county, owns, 75,000 peach-trees of the best variety in Cherokee
county, and besides these are many smaller orchards. There are also
many apple-trees.
The population of the leading to^vns and their including militia dis-
tricts by the United States census of 1900 was as follows:
Canton district, 1,827, of whom 847 live in the town of Canton;
"Woodstoek district, 1,240, of whom 276 live in the town of Woodstock;
Harbin's district, 1,033, of whom 170 live in tlie toTVTi of Waleska; Ball
Ground district, 1,101, of whom 302 live in the town of Ball Ground.
Population of Cherokee county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 7,032; white females, 6,926; total white,
13,958; colored males, 645; colored females, 640; total colored, 1,285.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 87 calves, 21 steers, 8 bulls, 137 dairy cows, 106 horses,
49 mules, 3 donkeys, 293 sheep.
CLAKKE COimTY.
Clarice County was laid out from Jackson in 1801. A part was taken
from Greene in 1802 and again in 1807. Part was set off to Madison
county in 1811, part to Oglethorpe county in 1813. Another part was
added to Madison county in 1829. Still later another part was taken
to help form the new coimty of Oconee. Clarke county is bounded by
the follo^\^ing counties: Madison on the north, Oglethorpe and Madison
on the east, Oconee on the south and southwest, and Jackson on the
northwest.
It was named in honor of General Elijah Clarke, the Marion of Geor-
gia. The principal streams flowing through the county are Oconee river,
Middle Oconee river, Sandy, Bear and Barber's creeks.
Athens, the county seat, is a flourishing city of 10,245 inhabitants
in the corporate limits, or, counting the whole Athens district, 11,018.
It is one of the chief seats of learning in Georgia. The founding of this
city was simultaneous with that of the University of Georgia. Here are
the main departments of the State University, the State ISTormal School,
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 593
and Liicj Cobb Institute, all of which are discussed fully in the chapter
on education. Besides these are the Home School, several other private
schools and the city public schools.
The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Catholics and
Christians or Disciples, have flourishing churches. The two first named
are the most numerous, having more than half of the entire church mem-
bership of the county, occupying almost the entire field outside of the
city.
Athens is the commercial center for several counties, and enjoys a
large and growing trade. It has three banks with an aggregate capital
of $600,000. It is provided with gas and electric lights, electric street
cars, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, a splendid system of
water-works, sewers and paved streets and sidewalks. Athens o\\ais both
her electric light plant and water-works. Here center branches of the
Georgia Eailroad and of the Central of Georgia and Southern Railway
systems, also of the Seaboard Air Line system. The commerce of the city
and county aggregate $13,000,000 annually. The cotton receipts at
Athens are from 65,000 to 90,000 bales per annum. From the entire
county the shipments are about 100,000 bales a year. The cotton-mills
of the county use about 12,000 bales per annum. The manufactories of
every kind number about 100. There are five cotton-mills, in one of
which (the Athens Manufacturing Company), woolen cloth is also made,
one knitting mill, one bobbin mill, one cotton seed oil-mill,
two foundries, two sash, door and blind factories, two ice
plants, one establishment for the manufacture of fertilizers, and a
wagon and carriage factory. There are also in Clarke county 15 grist
and three flour-mills. The cotton mills have an annual output valued
at $1,500,000, and the product of the cotton seed oil-mill is worth about
$50,000. These are all run by water. There are in the county nine or
ten valuable water-powers, ranging from 100 to 3,000 horse-power. Two
of these, one of about 800, the other 3,000 horse-power, have been util-
ized since 1892.
There are some minerals, chiefly, graphite. Deposits of galena are
in the northern part of the county. A fine quality of granite is found.
About 25 per cent, of the original forests of the county are still stand-
ing. The timber products are small, the lumljer output not amouivting to
more than $2,000 annually. The growth is pine, oak, poplar, hickory,
birch, maple and ash.
The soil is principally a strong red clay, naturally fertile and retentive
of fertilizers, and with intelligent cultivation yields abundantly of all
staple crops and garden products. A belt of gray, sandy land, about three
miles wide passes through the center of the county. Tlie soil of tha^o
gray lands is about 10 inches deep with a yellowish or reddish clay sub-
soil, not so retentive of moisture as that of the red lands. This soil is bet-
ter adapted to cotton and oats, while coni, clover and wheat do best in
the red land.
According to the United States census of 1000 tlie cotton ginned in
the county for the season of 1890-1000 was 3,532 bales, all upland.
27 ga
594 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is about as follows:
cotton, 600 to 800 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; oats, 11
to 18 bushels; rje, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 125 bushels; hay from, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, cow-peas, 20 bush-
els; ground-peas, 50 bushels.
The Irish potatoes raised, amount to 3,774 bushels, and the sweet po-
tatoes to 18,422 bushels. On some of the lands under the best culture
the above yields are more than doubled.
The county had in 1890 149 sheep, with a wool-clip of 277 pounds,
1,600 cattle, 786 milch-cows, 473 horses, 627 mules, 1,743 swine, and
24,210 poultry of all kinds. These statistics did not include horses and
mules in the city of Athens. There are three dairy farms in prosperous
condition. The Jei*sey cow is preferred. Ensilage is used to some ex-
tent for winter food. Bermuda grass is depended on a great deal for
summer pasturage. Lucern and clover do well and a great deal of home-
made hay is being marketed. A few farmers put it in bales which they
find to be a profitable way to handle it. Other productions in 1890
were 198,263 gallons of milk, 66,296 pounds of butter, 440 pounds of
cheese, 27,160 dozens of eggs, and 4,282 pounds of honey.
Truck sold amounts to $10,000 dollars, the products being vegetables,
berries and melons. There are in the orchards 2,679 apple-trees.
The public schools of Clarke county number 28. In the 11 schools
for whites the average daily attendance is 288 pupils, and in the 17 for
negroes, 448. In the local schools for whites in the city of Athens there
are 871 pupils, and in those for negroes, 717. In the private schools for
whites including pupils in the State University, Lucy Cobb Institute,
Home School and others, there are 600 or more white pupils, and in two
schools for negroes 484 pupils.
The school fund for the county is $5,005.91 and for the Athens city
schools, $6,744.64.
The area of Clarke county is 159 square miles, or 101,760 acres.
By the United States census of 1900 the population was 17,708, an
increase of 2,522 since 1890.
The following are the towns in Clarke county besides the city of
Athens (already given), with their population and that of their including
militia districts: Whitehall, 660, and in its entire district, known as
Georgia Factory, 1,098; Princeton, 244, and in its entire district of the
same name, 873.
The Comptroller-General's report for 1900 gives the following items:
acres of improved land, 70,016; average value per acre of improved
land, $10.37; value of city or town property, $2,752,670; shares in
bank, $460,000; money and solvent debts, $746,035; stocks and bonds,
$399,695; merchandise, $528,985; cotton manufactories, $305,000;
iron works, $15,000; household and kitchen furniture, $265,105; farm
and other animals, $100,750; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,980;
watches, jewelry, etc., $60,715; value of all other property, $43,425;
real estate, $3,472,495; personal estate, $2,945,252; aggregate value of
whole property, $6,418,020.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyDUSTRIAL. 595
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
5,258; value of land, $57,430; household and kitchen furniture, $24,-
360; fami and other animals, $12,490; city or town property, $1G5,005;
watches, jewelry, etc., $720.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,790;
value of all other property, $390.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $263,795.
The tax returns for 1901 show a falling off in the value of all property
amounting to $1,985 since the return of 1900.
In the city of Athens is a tree which has a peculiar history. A beauti-
ful oak was so admired by its owner that he made a deed to the tree itself
of the gi'ound in which it grew, so that it might be secured from molesta-
tion so long as it lived. The tree is surrounded by a little fence to pro-
tect it from trespassers.
There are exclusive of the city of Athens more than twenty miles of"
macadamized roads in Clarke county, to the extent of which constant ad-
ditions are being made.
Population of Clarke county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,878; white females, 4,352; total white,
8,230; colored males, 4,387; colored females, 5,091; total colored, 9,478.
Population of the city of Athens by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,387; white females, 2,666; total white,
5,053; colored males, 2,253; colored females, 2,939; total colored,
5,192. Total population of Athens, 10,245.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on famis or ranges,
in Clarke county, June 1, 1900: 120 calves, 17 steers, 5 bulls, 522 dairy
cows, 475 horses, 86 mules, 1 donkey, 715 sheep, 21 goats.
CLAY COUNTY.
Clay County was formed in 1854 from Early and Randolph, and was
named in honor of Henry Clay of Kentucky, one of the greatest states-
men and most eloquent orators of the nineteenth century. The follow-
ing counties bound it: Quitman on the north; Ivandolph on the cast and
also on the north of the lower section ; Calhoun on the east of the lower
section, and Early on the south. On the western side is Alabama, from
which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. Colomokoc creek
forms part of the boundary between Clay and Early counties. Through
the northwest runs Pataula creek. Each of these crooks How into tlie
Chattahoochee river.
This was one of the three counties in Southwestern Ceorgia laid off
in 1854 and named in honor of America's immortal tri^, Clay, (\ilhoun
and Webster. Clay county has two towns, Fort Gaines and Bluff ton,
the former having 1,305 inhabitants in its limit'', and 2,775 in its cntiro
district, and the latter 312 in the corporation and 2,232 in its entire dis-
trict.
Fort Gaines is the county site and is l)cautifiilly s'ituatcd on a bluff
of the Chattahoochee, 100 feet above common water mark. The name
596 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of the town is derived from a fort built here against the Indians in
1816, by order of General Gaines. It is the terminus of a branch of the
Central of Georgia Kailroad system. The Baptists and Methodists have
churches in the town and county. The Presbyterians also have a church
in Fort Gaines.
The public schools are well attended. There are 15 for white and 14-
for colored pupils with an average attendance of 410 white and 650
colored pupils.
The bank has a capital of $50,000. The court-house is valued at $20,-
'•000. The value of the gas plant is $5,000.
The country is comparatively level, and the most of it has an abundant
gTOwth of long-leaf pine. Along the Chattahoochee and some creeks
the timber is oak and hickory.
The soil is gray in the uplands, and somewhat sandy on the lowlands.
Some of the pine lands have a red clay formation and produce cotton
finely. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to the acre
of these lands is: corn, 10 bushels; 600 or 800 pounds of seed cotton;
wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rice 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100
bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in
the county for 1899-1900 was 9,345 pounds, all upland.
Bermuda, Johnson and crab-grass, sorghum forage and pea-vine hay,
furnish excellent food for stock. The people are paying more attention
to grasses, and the hay industry is growing every year. Ten per cent, of
the fertilizers used is produced on the farm, and 50 per cent, of the
cotton seed raised is returned to the land as a fertilizer, either in the
form of meal, or as green seed. There is one dairy farm having about
30 cows, which sells about 15 pounds of butter daily. The Jersey cow
is the favorite. The feed used in addition to the grasses is cotton seed
hulls and meal mixed with bran.
By the United States census of 1890 there were in the county 299
horses, 764 mules, 5,576 swine, and 21,403 domestic fowls of all kinds.
The county produced in 1890 24,393 dozens of eggs, 1,101 pounds of
honey, and 52,161 pounds of butter, and 174,322 gallons of milk.
All the cattle numbered 2,337, of which 134 were working oxen and
786 were milch-cows. There were no sheep reported for this county.
Melons, peaches and grapes grow well and are profitable. All kinds
of vegetables and berries are raised successfully.
There are some good water-powers in the county. At Fort Gaines
there is an artesian well, and in the county are several mineral springs.
At Fort Gaines there is one cotton seed oil-mill and guano factory,
with a capital of $50,000. There are also in the county ten flour and
grist-mills, and five sawmills.
With the railroad running across the county and steamboats daily
passing up and down the river, the freight rates are very satisfactory.
Area of Clay county, 216 square miles, or 138,240 acres. Popula-
tion in 1900, 8,568, an increase of 751 since 1890; school fund,
$5,929.48.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 597
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there were: acres of im-
proved land, 132,608; average value per acre of improved laud, $2.93;
city or town property, $127,172; bank stock,, $50,000; money, etc.,
$61,998; merchandise, $54,080; stocks and bonds, $30,000; value of
household furniture, $57,030; farm and other animals, $83,875; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $16,166; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,351;
value of all other property, $17,426; real estate, $515,860; personal
estate, $375,983. Aggregate, $891,843.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
6,442; value, $16,170; city or town property, $6,567; merchandise,
$350.00; household furniture, $8,194; farm and other animals, $13,496;
plantation and mechanical tools, $2,220; value of all other property,
$802. Aggregate value, $47,869.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $115,998 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Clay county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,405; white females, 1,460; total wdiite, 2,865;
colored males, 2,675; colored females, 3,028; total colored, 5,703.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 4 steers, 4 bulls, 85 dairy cows, 120 horses, 15
mules, 2 donkeys, 316 swine, 7 goats.
CLAYTON COUNTY.
Clayton County was formed out of Fayette and Henry in 1858, and
was named for Hon. Augustine S. Clayton of Clarke county, judge of
the superior court, and in 1833 member of Congress. This gentleman
was a student at the Academy of Kichmond county in AugusUi at the
time of a visit to that city by George Washington, president of the
United States in May, 1791. While in Augusta the president attended
an examination of the students of the academy. Young Clayton wad
one of the several students appomted to speak upon that occasion. So
well pleased was the president that upon his return to the capital he scut
a book to each of the young orators, and the volume presented to Mr.
Clayton was a copy of Caesar's Commentaries.
Clayton county is bounded by the following counties: Fulton and De-
Kalb on the north; Henry on the east and on the south of the eastern
section of the county and on the east of its western projection; Spalding
on the south of this western projection, and Fayette and Campbell on the
west. The soil belongs to the mctamorphic formation, rolling red clay
lands with retentive clay subsoil, and some gray, gravelly lands.
The water is pure freestone. The timber growth is chiefly oak and
hickory, with ash, maple, walnut, poplar, gum and some second growth
pine. The water-powers utilized are furnished by the Flint river and ita
tributaries. There are along these about 16 mills (flour and grist), using
228 horse-powers.
There are in the county about 13 manufacturing establishments of
598 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
various kinds, with au annual output of about $50,000. The timber
products have an output of about $6,000 annually.
Asbestos is found in Clayton county.
Jonesboro, the county seat, 23 miles south of Atlanta on the Central
of Georgia Kailroad, is a thriving town, doing a good business and well
supplied with churches and schools, and having a handsome court-house
valued at $25,000.
Lovejoy and Morrow are each prosperous little villages on the same
railroad as Jonesboro. The Southern Railway also crosses the north-
western part of the county, while another branch of the same railroad
runs through its northeastern section. Thus by three distinct lines the
people of Clayton county are brought into close touch with the city of
Atlanta. Truck-farming should, for this reason, pay well.
Eex, on the Southern E-ailway, has an establishment which manu-
factures grain cradles, sash, blinds, wagons and other articles.
Some of the lands are very productive, especially on creeks and in
valleys. The average yield to the acre of the staple crops is: corn, 13
bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds; oats, 8 bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10
bushels.
It must be remembered that all these county averages include poor
as well as good fanning. The first-class farmers produce results far
ahead of these figures.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned
in 1899, 9,345 bales of upland cotton.
Those who have paid attention to hay average more than 3,000 pounds
to the acre, while some go far beyond that. All the grasses, such as
Bermuda, crab, clover, orchard, red-top, timothy, blue and pea-vines, do
well. A recent report showed among other products of the county
nearly 7,000 bushels of cow-peas, 386 bushels of peanuts (ground-peas).
1,500 bushels of Irish potatoes, 26,600 bushels of sweet potatoes. There
were in 1890, 8,253 pounds of honey, 451,214 gallons of milk, 157,905
pounds of butter, 285 pounds of cheese, poultry to the number of 47,027,
and 76,281 dozens of eggs.
Of farm and other animals tliere were in 1890, 88 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 154 pounds, 2,860 cattle, 77 being oxen, and 1,238 milch-cows,
of which 317 are oi improved breeds. There were also 352 horses, 1,064
mules, 4 donkeys and 2,688 swine.
The area of Clayton county is 142 square miles, or 90,880 acres.
Population in 1900 was 9,598, an increase of 1,303 since 1890; school
fund, $6,436.79.
From the Comptroller-Generals report for 1900 we gather the follow-
ing items: acres of improved land, 91,862; value per acre, $8.25; city or
town property, $132,915; money, etc., $92,963; merchandise, $42,365;
household furniture, $66,311; farm and other animals ,$96,356; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $30,561; watches, jewelry, etc, $3,692; value
of all other property, $27,577; real estate, $887,963; personal estat©,
$396,950. Aggregate of whole property, $1,284,913.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 1,624; value,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 599
$11,773; city or town property, $3,200; mercliaudi»e, $600,00; house-
hold and kitchen furniture, $5,023; farm and other animals, $7,375;
plantation and mechanical tools, $1,613; value of all other property,
$189.00. Aggregate of property, $30,021.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $103,052 in value of property
over the returns of 1900.
Peaches, apples, other fruits, berries, melons, and all kinds of garden
vegetables do well. There are in the comity about 22,000 apple and
58,000 peach-trees.
The vicinity of Jonesboro was the scene of fierce battles August 31st
and September 1, 1864. Sherman, aiter trying in vain for more than
six weeks to force his way into Atlanta, marched with his main anny to
the rear of the Confederates and threw a strong force across the Central
Raili-oad, the last line of supply for Hood's army. General Wm. J.
Hardee, being sent to dislodge him, was unable to do so, but by a des-
perate fight against tremendous odds, secured Hood's safe retreat from
Atlanta.
In Clayton county the Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians and Dis-
ciples or Christians, have good churches in town and county, the two
first largely predominating.
There are 50 public schools in this county. In the 34 for whites there
is an average daily attendance of 879, and in the 16 for negroes, an at-
tendance of 263.
Although Jonesboro, the chief town, has only 877 inhabitants, the
district of Jonesboro, which includes it, contains a population of 3,574.
Population of Clayton county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,758; white females, 2,814; total AVhite, 5,572;
colored males, 2,041; colored females, 1,985; total colored, 4,026.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 22 calves, 48 dairy cows, 30 horses, 3 mules, 59 swine.
CLIISrCH COUNTY.
Clinch County was laid off from Ware in 1852 and was named for
General Duncan L. Clinch, who in the war with the Seminole Indians
in Florida was distinguished for gallantry at tlie battle of Withlacoochee,
and was also a member of Congress from Georgia in 1843-45. Clinch
is bounded by the following counties: Coffee on the north. Ware on
the east, Echols on the south, and Lo\vTides and Berrien on the west.
It is also bounded by Florida on the south.
The Allapaha river, a tributary of the Suwannee river, runs along its
western Ijoundary. The county is watered by several large creeks: Su-
wanoochee and its east fork, and Jones, tributaries of the Suwannee
river; Peed Bluff and its north fork, tributaries of the Satilla.
Two branches of the Plant System of Pailroads, the Atlanta, Val-
dosta and Western and a short branch railroad give travel and trans-
portation facilities. Ilomorville, the county seat, located on the main
goo GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
stem of the Plant System, is a pleasant town of about 434 inhabitants.
Homerville district, which includes the town, contains a population of
1,039. Dupont district, including the town of that name, has a popu-
lation of 1,032. This place has a large sugar refinery just completed.
About five-sixths of this county is wooded, and the land is covered with
virgin forests of yellow pine, cypress and live oak. On one tract of 51,-
000 acres there are 150,000,000 feet of pine. Some of the trees will
afford 1,000 feet of lumber. The average cut of yellow pine varies from
2,000 to 30,000 feet to the acre.
Turpentine lands are generally leased for three years. Each tree will
produce on an average one gallon of spirits of turpentine a year, valued
at 40 cents a gallon, while the resin is valued at about the same.
After the timber has been cut off, there is no better crop for these
lands than sugar cane. Some of them will produce 2,400 gallons to
the acre, and they will average between 400 and 800 gallons to the acre.
The face of the country is level and the soil gray, well adapted to
the growth of cotton, corn, sugar-cane, tobacco and potatoes. The cotton
is of the long staple or sea-island variety and brings about double the
price of the upland cotton. One acre, under ordinary cultivation, will
produce 300 pounds of seed cotton (long-staple), which is worth double
the price of upland. Other crops will average: corn, from 10 to 25 bush-
els; sugar-cane, 800 gallons to the acre; tobacco, 400 pounds and pota-
toes, 150 bushels.
The large number of acres 'of wild grass lands give splendid oppor-
tunities for raising, almost without cost, cattle, sheep and hogs for the
market. There were in 1890, 2,927 sheep, with a wool-clip of 5,537
pounds; 11,337 cattle, 3,011 milch cows, 163 working oxen, 344 horses,
261 mules, 10,796 swine, 24,835 of all kinds of poultry. There was a
product of 38,595 dozens of eggs, 20,584 pounds of honey, 140,858 gal-
lons of milk, 8,538 pounds of butter, and 100 pounds of cheese. Ac-
cording to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in the
season of 1899-1900 only 592 bales of sea-island cotton.
The area of Clinch county is 1,077 square miles, or 689,280 acres.
The population in 1900, 8,732. The school fund is $4,992.90.
According to the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900, there are:
acres of improved land, 297,656; of wild land, 584,650 (an error by sev-
eral thousand); value per acre of improved land, $0.91; of wild land,
19 cents; city property, $50,375; household furniture, $63,520; of farm
and other animals, $186,395; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,272;
w-atches, jewelry, etc., $4,717; money, etc., $56,776; merchandise, $55,-
405; value of all other property, $64,533; real estate, $438,252; per-
sonal estate, $458,927; aggregate of all property, $897,179.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
5,288; value of same, $6,692; city property, $2,250; money, etc., $122;
household furniture, $10,548; farm and other animals, $4,686; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $925; value of all other property, $565;
aggregate, $20,000.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 601
The tax returns for IDOl show an increase of $38,113 in the value
of all property over the returns of 1900.
The public schools of Clinch county number 37 for white and 9 for
colored pupils. The average attendance is 1,100 white and 375 colored
pupils.
The growing of pecans would prove a profitable industry in this coun-
ty. There is one tree near Homerville which yields every year $30.00
to its owner.
Population of Clinch county by sex and color, acording to the census
of 1900: White males, 2,681; white females, 2,401; total whites,
5,142; colored males, 2,292; colored females, 1,298; tot.al colored, 3,590,
Domestic animals in barns and incloeures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900, only 5 horses and 14 mules reported.
COBB COUNTY.
Cobh County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832 and named after
Judge Thomas W. Cobb. The counties bounding it are: Bartow and
Cherokee on the north, Milton on the east, Fulton on the east and south-
east, a little edge of Campbell on the southeast, Douglas on the south,
and Paulding on the west. The Chattahoochee runs along its eastern
and southeastern border. The county is well watered by several creeks,
the most important of which are Sweetwater, Nickajack and Soap. The
very best of facilities are afforded by the following railroads: The West-
ern and Atlantic (State road), running almost through the center of the
county; two branches of the Southern System, traversing the southern
and southwestern parts of the county, and the Atlanta, Knoxville and
Xorthern, running northeasterly from Marietta.
This is one of the most favorably located counties in the State. Just
north of Fulton county, it has both its own thriving little city of Mari-
etta and the great city of Atlanta as home markets for the products of
its fields and gardens. Besides it has close at hand for its factories the
minerals and raw cotton of Bartow and Cherokee, and for its marble
yards and finishing plant the marble of the splendid quarries of Pickens
and Cherokee.
The soil is varied, being one of the types peculiar to the crystalline
belt. Some of it is gray with mulatto subsoil, and well adapted for small
grain. A large part is red land productive of cotton and corn. Clover
and the grasses grow to perfection. Vegetables, fruits and berries are
produced with such ease that, after they have afforded an abundant liome
supply, there is enough left for a goo<l money crop. A dozen market
gardens are in successful operation. The average yield to the aero is:
Seed cotton, 750 to 1,200 pounds; corn, 15 to 30 bushels; oats, 25 to
30 bushels; wheat, 13 to 18 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100
to 150 bushels; field peas, 18 to 25 bushels; sorghum syrup, 250 gallons;
crab graas hay, 5,000 pounds; clover hay, from 5,000 to G,000 pounds;
peavinc hay, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds. Bermuda grass is used for
(302 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
pasturage during six months of the year, crab grass four or five months
and clover the year round. Of the fertilizers used 20 per cent, is pro-
duced on the farm, and one-half of the cotton seed raised is returned
to the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of green seed or cotton seed
meal. On some of the lands 50 bushels of corn and 40 of wheat to the
acre are a common yield. On the dairy farms, of which there are 5,
the favorite breeds are the Jersey and Shorthorn Durham, the latter be-
ing also one of the best beef breeds, to which some attention is being
given. In 1890 there were in Cobb county 997 horses, 1,862 mules, 5
donkeys, 8,302 swine, 467 sheep, with a wool clip of 962 pounds; about
7,000 cattle, 2,800 milch-cows, and of poultry of all kinds, 130,847,
producing about 181,592 dozen eggs. There were also produced 983,-
783 gallons of milk, 302,018 pounds of butter and 100 pounds of
cheese, and about 21,289 pounds of honey. Three hundred acres are
devoted to grapes and excellent wines are made.
Peach growing is becoming a great industry in Cobb county. Judge
Grober, of Marietta, who owns large orchards in Cherokee and Pickens
counties, has more than 100,000 peach trees in this county, besides ap-
ple-trees and many varieties of grapes.
The poultry industi-y of Georgia is being rapidly developed in this
State, and numerous large plants, as well as small breeders, are furnish-
ing a large amount of the very best food (poultry and eggs) to the
steadily increasing population of Georgia, besides shipping great quan-
tities to the Florida and Cuban markets. We see at all our county and
State fairs, as well as our large expositions, that the poultry department
is becoming one of the leading features. Liberal cash premiums are of-
fered at these shows, and during the Atlanta Exposition of 1900, over
four thousand birds were entered, and cash premiums aggregating $2,000
were paid out in this department. The premiums this year have been
increased, and we may expect a much larger show than last year. Every
city of note in Georgia has its annual poultry show, which has done
much to educate and stimulate our people to one of America's greatest
farm productions, it being exceeded by only one industry in actual value.
The cattle products stand first, and poultry and eggs come next. One
can be fully impressed with the possibilities in Georgia, and find out
something of its worldngs, by a visit to Belmont Earm, Smyrna, Cobb
county, Georgia, near Atlanta, where can be seen one of the most com-
plete plants in the world. This plant is incorporated under the laws of
Georgia with a capital stock of $40,000 all paid in, $50,000 having al-
ready been expended on this farm of two hundred acres, where you will
find all the leading varieties of chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, pheasants,
pet stock Jersey cattle, and Berkshire hogs of the most noted American
and imported families. We see stock being developed here, that we
believe to be the equal of any in the United States. It is not only a
treat, but an object lesson, and every one interested in this should make
it a point to visit and study the workings of this plant and farm. Col.
Ed. L, Wight, member of the present House of Representatives, and one
of the most successful business men in Georgia, is president of this
GEORGIA: HISTORICLL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 603
plant, with his son, Ed. L. Wight, Jr., ^^ice-president and general man^
ager, and Mr. Loring Bro^ni, one of Georgia's old poultry fanciers, gen-
eral superintendent. On this plant can be seen thousands of the finest
thoroughbred fowls, and a large two-story, six hundred-foot incubator
and nui-seiy, where for twelve months of the year twenty of the largest
size Prairie State Incubators are constantly in operation, turning out
seven thousand little chicks every three weeks. After being hatched
they are systematically worked through seventy rooms — one room each
day, that are properly heated to the required degree of temperature.
They are fed on the best and most wholesome balanced ration, and with
plenty of warmth and proper food these thousands of little ones are
turned out a finished article, ready for market, at sixty to seventy
days from the time they leave the incubator. Another paying industry
of this plant is the large amount of fresh Leghorn eggs that are shipped
to market each day, every egg stamped and guaranteed fresh, for which
are received from five to ten cents over the highest market price for
every one they have been able to produce. Plymouth Rocks are prin-
cipally used for the broilei*s, as they have proven to be the quickest
growers and most profitable to turn food into money in the shortest
possible time. It is useless to say that this plant is a paying investment,
for we believe from what we have seen and can leani, that it will prove
to be one of the most profitable industries conducted in the State. This
is the largest plant of its kind in Georgia, but there are numerous other
smaller ones equally as profitable.
We especially in^dte the farmers and all interested to give this busi-
ness a more careful study and more attention, as we believe it to bo one
of Georgia's most profitable resources.
On another page of this book will be found a cut representing a Berk-
shire boar, owned by Belmont Farm, near Smyrna, Georgia. This boar
represents a type of hogs that after yeai:s of experimenting by the best
breeders of the South, have proven to be by far the best sort for this
section of the country. They are healthy, easily kept and good foragers;
and, when put in a pasture, they will make their own living and grow fat,
where other breeds will not thrive. To illustrate what can be done "with
hogs in Georgia: the president of the company o\\'ning Belmont Fami
states that from twelve Berkshire sows he has this year sold over $2,000
worth of pigs, at an expense of not exceeding $500.00 for labor and
feed, leaving a net balance of about $1,500 in favor of the farm. Several
of the sows were imported from England and the balance are American
bred. Two of the fonner cost a little over $300.00 besides freight.
The raising of hogs is an industry that should receive more attention
from the farmers of the State than has been the case heretofore. The
price of meat is very high and likely to remain so for some years to come;
yet a fanner with a few Berkshire hogs could ])n)ducc' enough meat
at a very small cost to supply his own family and farm, thereby saving
the money obtained from other crops, that he would otherwise have to
use in buying his meat.
Georgia is a country' in which Bermuda grass, burr clover, rye, sweet
gQ4 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
potatoes, peas and other crops can be produced at a comparatively small
cost, and each of these can be utilized in raising hogs.
This Department feels that there is no industry that the farmers of
the State can follow, that will bring the same returns for the money in-
vested as the raising of hogs will. A visit to Belmont Farm will con-
vince the most sceptical that we are right in urging this upon our peo-
ple. They can see how easily it can be done and how profitably.
To illustrate the difference between the better breeds of hogs and those
that people generally raise: the manager of Belmont Farm stated that
about a year ago he had two pigs of practically the same age, one being
a pure bred Berlsshire and the other fairly good specimen of the com-
mon hog of the country; he put them in the same pen, fed them precisely
alike, and at the end of several months, after they had become fat enough
to kill, they were slaughtered and carefully weighed. The common hog
weighed 167 pounds, the other, 283 pounds, thus giving an advantage
to the thoroughbred hog of over 100 pounds, which w^as worth at least
from $7.00 to $8.00. This would mean that a man having twenty-five
hogs to kill would save $200.00.
The people of this State are fast realizing the necessity of diversifying
their crops and products, and, while doing so, they should secure the
very best stock, from which to produce the good results that they hope
for.
The beautiful city of Marietta, 1,100 feet above sea level, noted as a
health resort and for the excellent character of its population, is the
county site. It is blessed with pure water and a delightful climate. It
has a thrifty population, which in 1900 numbered 4,446 in the corporate
limits, and 7,814 in the entire Marietta district; does a fine business, pos-
sesses an excellent school system, good hotels, successful mercantile es-
tablishments, prosperous manufactories of various kinds, and adequate
banking facilities. It is lighted by electricity, has the largest chair fac-
tory and largest paper mill in the State, four marble yards and a large
plant for finishing marble. There is also a canning factory, a creamery
and a knitting mill, a foundry and machine shop. The court'house is
valued at $40,000. In the northeastern part of the county on a branch
of the Southern Railway, is the manufacturing town of Roswell with
a population of 1,329. The water powers of the Chattahoochee are here
utilized in two large cotton factories, one of which uses steam also. The
Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company operate a woolen factory, run by
water, which makes jeans, cassimeres and tweeds. Here is also a wagon
and harness factory. > >
At Nickajack, in the southwestern part of the county, on the South-
em Railway, are the Concord Woolen Mills, using both water and steam.
In the southwestern part of Cobb, on the Southern Railway, is the
town of Austell, with a population of 648. The entire Austell district
contains 1,017 inhabitants. On the same railway about five miles north-
west of Austell, is the town of Powder Springs, which derives its name
from its mineral springs, which are highly impregnated with sulphur
and magnesia. The Powder Springs district has 2,017 inhabitants, of
which 280 live in the town.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 607
Acworth, a thriving town of 937 inhabitants, is ou the Western and
Atlantic Railroad in the midst of a fine mineral and agricultural coun-
try. It has a large flouring mill, a chair factor;^ and variety works for
turning out mantels, wheelbarrows, etc. The whole Acworth district
has 2,294 people.
The other towns in the county are Kennesaw and Smyrna. The fonner
is located in the Big Shanty district and has in its corporation 320 of
the 1,399 people who live in the district. The latter is in the Smyrna
district and has in its corporate limits only 23S of the 1,1 S5 people of
the district. Both these towns are on the Western and Atlantic Railway.
All the towns of Cobb county have good schools, and the leading Chris-
tian denominations supply them with churches.
In Marietta there is a large national cemetery, beautifully laid out
and well kept. In it lie buried 10,000 Federal soldiers, who lost their
lives south of the Etowah in the campaign between Sherman and John-
ston in 1864. In full view of Marietta stands double-peaked Kennesaw
^Mountain, from whose summit there is spread out before the eye of the
beholder a comprehensive view of the country over which for six weeks
the Union and Confederate armies met in daily combat. On Pine Moun-
tain fell General Leonidas Polk, while he, with Generals Johnston and
Hood, were reconnoitering the enemy's position. Kennesaw Mountain
was itself the scene of constant skirmishing and minor combats until the
27th of June, when Sherman's grand assault met disastrous repulse at
eveiy point. Of this battle General Sherman, the Federal commander,
said: "We failed, losing 3,000 men to the Confederate loss of 630."
About one-third of Cobb county is timber land. In its forests are
found yellow and white hickory, post and red oak, maple, ash and some
short-leaf pine. The average price of lumber is $8.00 a thousand feet.
Some gold and copper are found in Cobb county, the eastern portion
of the Carroll county gold belt, extending through its northwestern cor-
ner. Some of the veins are one and a half miles east of Acworth and
others seven miles south of the same town near Lost Mountain.
The streams are tolerably well supplied with fish.
The principal game of the county is quail and wild turkeys, of which
the former are very plentiful, the latter not as abundant as in former
years.
Nearly one-half the land under cultivation in Cobb county is devoted
to cotton. By the United States census of 1000 there were ginned 14,-
970 bales, which approximates closely the production of the cotton.
The schools belonging to the excellent system establislied by the State
number 05 for white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,144, and
32 for colored pupils with an average attendance of 036. According to
the report of the State School Commissioner, the school fund f(^r Cobb
county is $13,385.23.
The population, according to the United State<; census for 1000, wnfl
24.664, an iur-reaso of 2,378 over that of 1800. 'J'he area is 341 square
miles, or 218,240 acres.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1000 the following are the
gQ3 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
returns made for taxation: Acres of improved land, 186,817; of wild
land, 921 acres; average value per acre of improved land, $9.32; of wild
land, $2.48; city or town property, $1,359,720; shares in bank, $70,250;
money and solvent debts, $54,510; merchandise, $239,915; stocks and
bonds, $59,500; cotton factories, $207,345; iron works, $8,700; value
of household and kitchen furniture, $212,915; value of farm and other
animals, $227,980; plantation and mechanical tools, $70,850; watches,
jewelry, etc., $18,070; value of all other property, $75,600; real estate,
$3,104,795; personal estate, $1,734,955; aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $4,823,765.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
6,602; value of the same, $49,270; city or town property, $71,410;
money and solvent debts, $500; merchandise, $800; household and kitch-
en furniture, $9,815; watches, jeyerly, etc., $230; farm and other ani-
mals, $12,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,660; value of all
other property, $280; aggregate value of all property, $147,950.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $164,505 in the value
of all property over the returns of .1900.
In addition to the regular passenger trains on the "Western and At-
lantic Railroad, an accommodation train between Marietta and Atlanta
brings the two places so close together that many citizens of Marietta go
daily to their business offices in Atlanta.
Population of Cobb county by sex and color, acording to the census
of 1900: White males, 8,574; white females, 8,760; total wliite, 17,-
334; colored males, 3,599; colored females, 3,731; total colored, 7,330.
Population of the city of Marietta by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900 : White males, 1,222 ; white females, 1,294 ; total whites,
2,516; colored males, 864; colored females, 1,066; total colored, 1,930.
Total population of city, 4,446.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosure®, not on farms or ranges, in
Cobb county, Jime 1, 1900: 134 calves, 35 steers, 4 bulls, 432 dairy
cows, 347 horses, 40 mules, 6 sheep, 603 swine, 3 goats.
COFFEE COUNTY.
Coffee County was laid off in 1854 out of Irwin, Telfair and Appling.
It was named for General John E. Coffee, who had served with great
credit in the war of 1812-15, and was afterwards a representative from
Georgia in the Congress of the United States (1833-1835). It is bound-
ed by the following counties: Telfair on the north, Appling and Ware
on the east. Clinch on the south and Berrien and Irwin on the west. It
is watered by the Satilla river and its tributaries. Seventeen Mile Creek,
Hog Creek, Big Hurricane and Little Hurricane Creeks. The Ocmul-
gee also runs along its northern border, and together with some of its
tributaries waters that part of the county. Fish are plentiful in the
streams.
One of the branches of the Plant System of Railways crosses the
southern part of the county. The Waycross Air Line connects Doug-
lass, the county site, with the growing city of Waycross in Ware county.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 609
A little to the north of this road the Brunswick and Birmingham Rail-
way crosses the county. Altogether there are about 90 miles of rail-
road in Cotfee county and 30 miles of steamboat transportation on the
Ocniulgee river. The public roads are being worked under the system
provided by the State law.
The lands of this county are gray, except on the borders of the rivers.
The productions are cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes and melons. With
proper attention peaches do well, and several small vineyards yield
grapes of the most luscious varieties.
With good cultivation the average yield per acre of the staple crops
is: Sea-island cotton, 1,000 pounds; com, 30 to 40 bushels; sugar-cane,
400 gallons of syrup; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200
bushels; crab grass and peavine hay, 4,000 pounds. The lands possess
great advantages for peach gi-owing. Pears yield abundantly when not
affected by blight.
[Market gardens can be run very profitably in this county, supplying
early vegetables, strawbeiTies and melons of fine quality.
About one-third of the original yellow pine timber is still staiiding,
and unlimited quantities of hard wood timbers of various varieties in the
swamps have not yet been touched. Among these are hickory, gum, the
varieties of oak, cypress, etc. The annual output is 100,000,000 super-
ficial feet, selling "^on the average at $10 a thousand feet. The lumber
is being cut by six large sawmills, averaging 60,000 feet a day. A
dozen or more smaller mills saw about 10,000 feet a day. All these
mills are operated by steam. In close connection with the lumber busi-
ness are 36 turpentine distilleries. The county enjoys an extensive trade
in lumber, rosin and turpentine.
The great area still covered by the piney woods gives to the county
a good range for sheep, hogs and cattle, in the raising of which there is
little expense and much profit. Among the pure bred cattle that have
been introduced Jerseys and Holsteins are the favorite cows for butter
and milk. Of the 19,489 cattle reported in the census of 1890 there
were 509 working oxen and 4,622 milch-cows. By the same census
there were 31,212 sheep, with a wool-clip of 66,860 pounds; 52,327 do-
mestic fowls of all kinds, 24,357 swine, 645 horses, 878 mules and 2 don-
keys. Some of the farm products were 155,508 gallons of milk, 10,674
pounds of butter, 13,568 pounds of honey and 54,029 dozens of eggs.
There are numerous grist mills in Coffee county.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned 3,350 bales of sea-
island and 19 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899.
There are three towns in Coffee county, Douglas, Willacoocheo and
Pearson, each located in a militia district bearing the name of the U)\\'n.
The population of each of these districts and toAvns is as follows: of
Douglas district, 2,367, and of the town, 617; of the Willacoocheo dis-
trict, 2,754, and of the town, 471; of the Pearson district, 2,307, and of
the town, 336.
Douglas, the county site, on the Waycross Air Lino Kailroarl, has a
new brick court-house valued at $20,000, and a new jail, also of bri.-k,
QIQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
which cost $8,000. It has a bank with a capital of $30,000, and the
new brick building of the Southern Normal Institute, erected at an ex-
pense of $6,000, one of the best schools of its kind in Georgia.
Willacoochee and Pearson are both located on the Brunswick and
Western Kailroad, one of the lines belonging to the Plant System.
The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations
and have live churches and flourishing Sunday schools in every town and
in nearly every neighborhood.
The schools of Coffee county belong to the public school system of
Georgia. There is an average attendance of 1,274 in the 61 schools for
whites and of 911 in the 26 schools for negroes. The report of the State
School Commissioner for 1900 gives the assessment of Coffee county for
school purposes as $8,843.27.
The population of the county by the United States census of 1900
was 16,169, a gain of 5,686 over that of 1890. The total land area is
1,123 square miles, or 718,720 acres.
In the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 are given the fol-
lowing returns for taxation: Acres of improved land, 530,906; of wild
land, 173,324; average value per acre of improved land, $1.35; of wild
land, $0.40; value of city or town property, $84,596; shares in bank,
$19,675; money and solvent debts, $342,175; merchandise, $105,557;
tonnage, $200; cotton factories, $33,500; household and kitchen furni-
ture, $100,169; value of farm and other animals, $333,644; plantation
and mechanical tools, $44,349; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,378; value of
all other property, $419,617; real estate, $907,701; personal estate, $1,-
408,848; aggregate value of whole property, $2,316,549.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land^
27,656; value of land, $36,977; city or town property, $2,276; money
and solvent debts, $4,905; merchandise, $100; household and kitchen
furniture, $12,914; watches, jewelry, etc., $489; farm and other ani-
mals, $19,010; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,070; value of all
other property, $2,847; aggregate value of whole property, $82,588.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $154,026 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Coffee county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: White males, 4,988; white females, 4,570; total whites,
9,558; colored males, 3,657; colored females, 2,954; total colored, 6,611.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in
Coffee county, June 1, 1900: 14 calves, 10 steers, 1 bull, 11 dairy cows,
22 horses, 5 mules, 56 swine.
COLQUITT COUNTY.
'Colquitt County, created from Irwin and Thomas in 1856, was named
in honor of Walter T. Colquitt, a native of Virginia, who came with his
parents to Georgia and settled in Hancock county. He went to school
to Dr. Beman at Mount Zion Academy; then was at Princeton College
and later studied law at Milledgeville. He was elected judge of the
Chattalioochee circuit at the age of 27. He served Georgia in the Fed-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 611
eral House of Representatives in 1S3S and became United States Sena-
tor m lb-i2. lie died in 1855.
Colquitt county is bounded by the following counties: "Worth on the
uortli, iierrieu on tiie east, Brooks and Thomas on the south, Thomas
and Mitchell on the west. Little River, a tributary of the Withlacoo-
chee, forms its eastern boundary. This and the numerous creeks which
water the county supply the people with fish. Moultrie, the county
site, is at the junction of three railroads, the Sparks, Moultrie and Gulf,
the Georgia iS'orthern, the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf. It is situated
between two creeks, the Ochlochnee and Ocopilco. Other streams in
the county are Tytj, Indian and Bridge Creeks. The face of the coun-
try is generally level. The soil is gray and in most places sandy, but
much of it is rich, loamy and dark, with clay foundation. According
to location and culture the lands will yield per acre : Corn 8 to 20 bush-
els; oats, 10 to 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes,
150 to 200 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 35 bushels;
■upland seed cotton, 750 pounds; sea-island seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn
fodder, 300 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons; about 1,500
tons, or 3,000,000 pounds of hay per annum are obtained from native
grasses. Melons and grapes do splendidly, and grape culture is being
largely introduced. There is one vineyard of 25 acres. Much of the
land will produce one bale of cotton to the acre. The timber is mostly
long-leaf pine. Hence there is considerable business in lumber, rosin
and turpentine, shipments of which are made to Savannah and Bruns-
wick. There are 20 steam sawmills, with an annual output of 40,000,-
000 superficial feet of lumber, averaging $7 a thousand. The large area
of wild lands, with their thick carpet of native grass, makes stock rais-
ing a profitable business. By the census of 1900 there were 15,407
sheep, with a wool-clip of 29,189 pounds; 10,009 cattle, 1,791 milch-
-cows, 177 working oxen, 28,000 swine, 200 goats, 26,000 poulti-y, 442
horses and 357 mules. There are in the comity 5 donkeys.
There was a production of 42,000 dozens of eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey,
73,665 gallons of milk and 6,343 pounds of butter. There are three
dairy farms, whose products are disposed of in the town of Moultrie.
The Jersey is the favorite on these farms. All the butter and milk are
consumed in the county. This is also true of the ponlti-v and eggs.
Considerable tobacco is gro^vn in Colquitt county and the authorities
of the Tifton and Moultrie Railroad are making efforts, wliich they
think wnll be successful, to get the freight rates to various points in
Georgia, the Carolinas and Virginia reduced from $1.25 to 65 cents per
h 11 n d red -Av eight.
Mr. Robert Davis, a native of South Carolina, now a citizen of Col-
quitt county, during the season of 1901 raised on six acres of wliat is
considere'd poor land, between three and four thousand pounds of to-
1:>acco at an avenigo of fourteen cents a pound.
Population in 1900, 13,636; school fund, $5,734.36.
Area of Colquitt county, 565 square miles, or 461,600 acre^M.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of
28 Ka
Q12 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
improved land, 305,286; of wild land, 65,505; average value per acre
of improved land, $1.76; of wild land, $1,12; city or town property,,
$223,671; shares in bank, $25,300; money, etc., $181,102; value of
merchandise, $119,864; stocks and bonds, $6,712; cotton manufactories,
$9,267; iron works, $500; household furniture, $87,521; farm and other
animals, $214',267; plantation and mechanical tools, $36,421; watches,
jewelry, etc., $6,467; value of all other property, $264,761; real estate,
$832,496; personal estate, $955,444; aggregate of entire property, $1,-
787,940.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: ISTumber of acres of land,
167; value, $490; city or town property, $1,152; money, etc., $150;
household and kitchen furniture, $2,657; watches, etc., $154; farm
animals, $1,140; plantation and mechanical tools, $164; value of all
other property, $316; aggregate, $6,223.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $645,631 in the value
of all property over the returns for 1900.
The people are provided with good schools, and with churches of the
leading Christian denominations. Colquitt county is blessed with a hos-
pitable, moral, temperate and industrious people. At Moultrie there is
a flourishing new cotton mill with a capital stock of $100,000. Other
manufactories are: An ice factory, water works and electric lights,
the two latter plants being owTied by the city of Moultrie; one iron
foundry, worth $2,500; one railroad workshop, belonging to the Tifton,
Thomasville and Gulf Eailway, employing about 50 men; one wagon
and buggy factory, valued at $4,000; one barrel factory, valued at $6,-
000. There are 20 turpentine distilleries in the county, employing 2,000
hands, shipping 20,000 casks of spirits of turpentine, each containing
50 gallons, and 75,000 barrels of rosin; 10 grist mills in the county for
home use, and the 20 steam sawmills previously mentioned.
The Blanchard Land and Lumber Manufacturing Company will build
during 1901 a syrup and sugar mill and new sawmills.
The- court-house at Moultrie is valued at $20,000, and the jail at
$5,000.
In addition to the railroads there are some 30 or 40 miles of tram-
ways for saw-mills. The county roads are in good condition.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for
season of 1899-1900 was 1,785 bales of upland and 2,562 bales of sea-
island cotton. The receipts and shipments from the entire county are
about 4,500 bales, about two-thirds being sea-island. About 4,000 of
these were handled at Moultrie. Some of the products of the county
are marketed at xilbany, Pelham and Thomasville, but most of them
at Moultrie. There are in Moultrie 3 banks with an aggregate capital
lof $70,000; several fine mercantile establishments and life and fire in-
surance agencies. The 38 schools for whites have an average attend-
ance of 1,198, and the 11 for colored have an average attendance of
289.
The population of Colquitt county, which in 1890 was 4,794, has,
according to the census of 1900, incrcji^ed to 13,636, a gain in the last
GEORGIA: HISTORIC A'u AXD IXDUSTRIAL. (ji3
ten years of 8,842. The population of district 1151, including the town
of Moultrie, and kncuTi as Moultrie district, is 3,493. The population
of the town of Moultrie is 2,221.
Population of Colquitt county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,234; white females, 4,800; total white,
10,034; colored males, 2,046; colored females, 1,556; total colored,
3,602.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 20 steei-s, 4 dairy cows, 8 horses 89 mules, 8
swine.
COLUMBIA COUNTY.
Columhia County was laid out from liichmond in 1790, and was
named for Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. It is
bounded by the following counties: Lincoln on the northwest, Rich-
mond on the southeast and McDuffie on the southwest. The State of
South Carolina bounds it on the northeast and is separated from it by
the Savannah river. Little Eiver separates it from Lincoln county. It
is watered by several creeks, among which the most important are Uchee,
Big and Little Kiokee, Greenbriar and Germany.
The climate is pleasant and healthful. Several cases of longevity
might be given. One of them was a Mr. David Hodge, who at the age
of 102 married a Miss Elizabeth Bailey, aged 40 years. Captain Thomas
Cobb, a sucessful agi-iculturist, Avho managed his farm for nearly 90
years, was 110 years old at the time of his death.
Appling, the county site, is 23 miles from Augusta, and about 12 or
13 miles by wagon road from Harlem on the Georgia Railroad. Two
and a half miles from Appling was located Carmel Academy-, where Dr.
Mose3 "VVaddell, aftenvard president of the State University, assisted by
W. H. Crawford, in 1794 taught John C. Calhoun, the famous South
Carolina Senator, and Thomas TV. Cobb, afterwards Representative and
Senator from Georgia. The town of Appling was named in honor of
Colonel Daniel Appling, a native of Columbia county, who at the age of
18 entered the army of tlie United States and was distinguislied in sev-
eral engagements during the war of 1812-1815. He died in 1818, in
which year a new county was laid out and named for him. The most
thriving towns in the county are Harlem and Grovetown, on the Georgia
Railroad, which have a population of 527 each, and enjoy a considerable
trade. Harlem has a flourishing manufacturing establisliment wliore
doors, sashes, blinds, wagons and plowstocks arc made. Other places on
the Georgia Rairoad are Forrest, Berzelia and Saw Dust. Tlie county
has also water transportation b}' pole l)oats on tlio Savannah river 1o
Augusta. In tlie Savannali rivor great (inantilics of fisli are caught for
the Augusta market. Tliere arc five flour and grist mills run by water-
power and six steam sawmills. Besides the Coorgia Railroad in the
southera part of the county the Charleston and Western Carolina runs
614
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
through the eastern section. The wagon roads are in good condition,
-and are worked by the new road law.
The face of the country is broken. The inhabitants are intelligent
and hospitable, and before the civil war there was much wealth in the
county. The soil of two-thirds of the land is red clay. In the pine
lands of the southern part of the county the soil is sandy with clay sub-
soil. On the river the lands are fertile and produce good crops of cot-
ton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, melons and peas. Though some of the
lands are much worn from bad tillage, intelligent cultivation is in many
places restoring its fertility. The average yield per acre is: Seed cot-
ton, 600 pounds; corn, 14 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels;
rye and barley, 10 bushels each; peas, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100
bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; sugar-cane, 300 gallons of syrup;
sorghum cane, 200 gallons of syrup. It is well suited to all the forage
crops. Red clover, lucern and vetches do well when properly put in in
the fall. These lands make fine peavine hay after wheat, oats and rye.
Velvet beans also make excellent forage and are very useful as renewers
of the soil. Peaches grow well, as do also an endless variety of vegeta-
bles. About 3,000 acres are devoted to raising melons for the market,
the net profit on which is about $25 an acre. According to the United
States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for the season of 1899-1900
was 9,354 bales of upland.
There are four dairy farms which make butter for the Augusta
market. Jerseys and Devons are the favorite cows. The butter pro-
ducts of the county amounted in 1890 to 63,lY4 pounds, and the milk
to 221,775 gallons. Other products were 12,345 pounds of honey and
67,249 dozens of eggs. By the census of 1890 there were 428 sheep,
with a wool-clip of 977 pounds; 2,856 cattle, 1,226 milch-cows, 100
working oxen, 615 horses, 1,033 mules and 5,364 swine, and 45,499
poultry of all kinds.
Much attention is paid to education. In every neighborhood are
Methodist and Baptist churches. There are also some Christians of other
denominations.
The area of Columbia county is 306 square miles, or 195,840 acres.
Population in 1900, 10,653, a loss of 628 since 1890; school fund,
$7,290.98. By the Comptroller-General's report there are: acres
of improved land, 180,199; average value, $3.05 an acre; city
or town property, $59,660; money, etc., $19,321; value of
merchandise, $15,895; stocks and bonds, $25,500; household and
kitchen furniture, $29,787; farm and other animals, $75^769; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $15,075; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,610;
value of all other property, $17,559; real estate, $611,547; personal
estate, $202,887; aggregate, $814,434.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: l^umber of acres, 6,119;
value of same, $18,825; city or town property, $575; household and
kitchen furniture, $3,042; farm and other animals, $17,463; plantation
and mechanical tools, $2,873; value of all other property, $1,042; ag-
gregate of all property, $43,875.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL.
615
The tax returns for 1901 show au increase of $71,884 iu value of all
property since 1900.
There are 23 schools for white and 23 for colored pupils, the aver-
age attendance on the white schools being 531 and on the colored 911.
Population of Columbia county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,482; white females, 1,418; total white,
2,900; colored maJes, 3,873; colored females, 3,860; totiil colored, 7,753.'
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 24 dairy cows, 13 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys',
24 swine.
COWETA COmsTY.
Coweta County was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Campbell
in 1828 and a part to Heard in 1836. It is bounded by the following
counties: Campbell on the north, Fayette on the east, Meriwether and
Troup on the south. Heard on the west and Carroll on the northwest.
It derives its name from an Indian tribe that once lived in that section
of the State. It is watered by the Chattahoochee river and its tribu-
taries and by tributaries of the Flint. The people are intelligent and
progressive, and are engaged in many lines of industry — farming, fruit
growing and manufacturing. All the leading Protestant denominations
are represented in the numerous churches in town and country. Be-
sides the public schools there are many private schools.
Newnan, the county seat, with a population of 3,654, one of the strong-
est of the smaller cities of Georgia, has all the conveniences of a modern
city — electric lights, an ice plant, water works, good sewerage, fire de-
partment, an excellent public school system, and elegant churches. Here
two railroads, the Central of Georgia and the Atlanta and West Point,
intersect, giving excellent passenger and freight service. With the use
of local capital alone Newnan has established factories which give em-
ployment to more than 1,000 people, and pay out annually several hun-
dred thousand dollars in wages. The Newnan Cotton Mill, established
in 1888 with a capital of $70,000, now represents $300,000 and employs
400 operatives. It has made annually 25 per cent, for the
past four years. Another enterprise of this sort is the Lodi
Cotton Mill, representing a capital of $50,000. Tiie city lias
also a large cotton seed oil-mill, a guano factory, an ice factory,
an iron foundry and railroad machine shops, a cigar factory, a wagon
and buggy factoiy, a tannery and harness shop, a cntming factory and
a shoe factory. The R D. Cole Manufacturing Company makes en-
gines, boilers, sawmills, grist-mills, powor-prossos, sliaftinff, etc. The
orders on this company for boilers alono aggregated in 1900 several hun-
dred thousand dollars. Tlir- nninial product of the Coweta Fertilizer
Company averages 15,000 tons. The large flouring mill runs day and
night to satisfy the demand for its product. The two banks of Newnan
have an aggregate capital of $250,000. Fire and life insurance agencies
QIQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
do a large business at ISTewnan and in the other towns of the county.
The district which includes the city of Newnan had 5,375 inhabitants
by the census of 1900.
The town of Grantville, which contains a population of 769, is on the
Atlanta and West Point Kailroad and in the district of the same name
whose total population in 1900 was 1,884. In this town are two grist
•mills, a public ginnery and a hosiery mill which employs 50 hands and
makes 2,000 dozen pairs of hose in a week. There are Methodist and
Baptist churches and good schools.
Senoia, on the Central of Georgia Eailway, had in 1900 a population
of 782 in its corporate limits and in its entire district 2,290 people. There
are here a cotton factory, grist mill, a public ginnery, a bank with a cap-
ital of $25,000, good schools and churches of the Methodists and Bap-
tists.
Sharpsburg and Turin are other towns on the Central of Georgia
Eailway, at each of w^hich are a gTist-mill and several ginneries. The
district, including Sharpsburg, contained 2,414 people in 1900, of whom
137 dwell in the corporate limits. The Turin district contains 879 peo-
ple, of whom 196 have their homes in the town. Both these towns are
supplied with schools and churches.
The second militia district of Coweta county, which in 1900 had 2,981
inhabitants, includes two towns, Moreland, with 229 people in its cor-
porate limits, and St. Charles, with QQ. At Moreland there are a crate
and basket factory, two ginneries, a sawmill, a grist-mill and a general
repair shop for wood and iron work. St. Charles also has a public gin-
nery and good orchards near by. Of course there are churches and
schools at these towns. Moreland and St. Charles are a short distance
apart on the Atlanta and West Point Railroad.
The Sargent factory is to the northwest of l^ewnan on the Central
of Georgia Eailway.
At Powellsville, on the Atlanta and West Point Eailroad, are two
churches, a good school, two flourishing stores, a public ginnery, where
1,200 bales of cotton are ginned annually, and within a radius of a mile
more than 40,000 grape vines are in bearing. Though Powellsville con-
tains only 79 people, the Cedar Creek district, which includes it and for
which it is a shipping point, had 1,150 inhabitants in 1900,
The fruit industry of Coweta county is steadily growing, and several
thousand acres are devoted to peaches, grapes and strawberries. The
largest fniit farms are in the districts in which are located Newnan,
Moreland, Senoia, Turin, Powellsville and Coweta. At the last named
place, nine miles east of ISTewnan, a company of !N"ewnan gentlemen
have 125 acres planted in peaches and an equal number in grapes. Here
is located one of the most complete wineries in the South, kaio"wn as Vina
Vista, having a capacity of 100,000 gallons of wine in a season. Ex-
cellent fruit lands can be bought in this county at from $8 to $50 an
acre, according to degree of improvement or proximity to one of the
larger towns.
Coweta countv has excellent mineral resources. Immense beds of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 617
granite of a superior quality are found in the vicinity of iSTewnan, and
near Grantville ai-e mines from which gold is obtained in paying quan-
tities. Two miles from Grantville is the Wilkes gold mine, operated by
Boston capitalists, equipped with modern machinery and producing a
good output.
The character of the soil of Coweta county varies from a light loam
to a heavy clay. Taking all lands, good and bad, the average produc-
tion to the acre of the various crops is: Seed cotton, from GOO to 800
pounds; corn, 10 bushels; wheat, from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 11 bush-
els; sugar cane, 100 gallons; sorghum cane, 200 gallons; Irish potatoes,
from 50 to 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels. On
the best lauds and under the best methods of culture, the production is
frequently 1,500 pounds of seed cotton (equivalent to 500 pounds of lint
or one bale) to the acre, 30 or more bushels of wheat to the acre and
other crops in like proportion.
The forage crops are peavine hay, sorghum, millet, common fodder
and shredded corn. Bermuda grass furnishes the principal hay crop, of
which the average is 3,000 pounds to the acre, though much more is pro-
duced on many farms. By the census of 1890 there were in Coweta
county 437 sheep, with a wool-clip of G8-1 pounds; G,224 cattle, of which
307 were working oxen and 2,511 were milch-cows; 903 hoi"ses, 2,827
mules, 2 donkeys, 7,778 swine and 119,485 of all kinds of poultry. The
county produced, by the same census report, 175, OGO dozens of eggs,
28,075 pounds of honey, 811,186 gallons of milk and 237,287 pounds
of butter.
Between 40,000 and 50,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually, the
largest proportion being from Newnan. According to the United States
census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the county was 24,G80 bales upland,
which represented very nearly its cotton production.
Magnificent w^ater-powers are located on the Chattahoochee, eight
miles west of Newnan. Of the dozen or more sawmills of the county
the large majority are operated by steam.
The area of Coweta county is 443 square miles, or 283,520 acres.
The population in 1900 by the United States census was stated to be
24,980, a gain of 2,626 over that of 1890.
By the report of the State School Commissioner for 1900 the school
fund for the county was stated as $14,551.61, in addition to which for
the city of Xewnan a special fund of $2,059.60 was assessed.
The following returns and valuations are given in the report of the
Comptroller-General for 1900: Acres of improved land, 266,937; av-
erage value of improved land, $5.68 an acre; value of city and town
property, $1,001,903; shares in bank, $206,675; money and solvent
dcl)ts, $640,137; mcrchandii=;o, $189,132; stocks and l)on(ls, $(;s.75e;
cotton manufactories, $371,679; value of houseliold and kitchen furni-
ture, $186,581; value of fann and other animals, $235,799; plantation
and mechanical tools, $66,216; watches, jowolrv, etc., $1(»,3I3; all
other property, $62,918; real estate, $2,517,409; personal estate, $2,-
163,049; aggregate valno of wliolo property, $4,198,346.
618 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land^
5,082, and value of same, $35,042; city or town property, $53,785;
money and solvent debts, $1,680; merchandise, $20; household and
kitchen furniture, $25,246; watches, jewelry, etc., $400; farm and other
animals, $33,743; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,527; value of all
other property, $2,572; aggregate value of whole property, $176,178.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $165,329 over the returns for
1900.
Of the public schools of Coweta county the 42 for whites have an
average attendance of 1,457 pupils and the 44 for colored have an aver-
age attendance of 1,738 pupils.
Population of Coweta county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,396; white females, 5,363; total white^,
10,759; colored males, 7,016; colored females, 7,205; total colored,
14,221.
Population of the city of ISTewnan by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,070; white females, 1,072; total white,
2,142; colored males, 681; colored females, 831; total colored, 1,512.
Total population of city, 3,654.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 107 calves, 2 steei*s, 4 bulls, 307 dairy cows, 232 horses,
61 mules, 589 swine, 2 goats.
CRAWFOED COUNTY.
Crawford County was laid out in 1822 and named in honor of Hon.
"William IT. Crawford, for many years United States Senator from Geor-
gia. Part was set off to Upson in 1824; part was taken from Talbot and
Marion in 1827 and a part from Houston in 1830. The following coun-
ties bound it : Monroe on the north, Bibb on the northeast, Houston on
the southeast, Macon on the south, Taylor on the southwest and south
and Upson on the west. Along its southwestern border flows the Flint
river. It is also watered by Ulcohatchee, Spring, Walnut, Sweetwater,
Deep, Beaver and Echeconnee Creeks, the last named stream dividing it
from Bibb county.
The surface of the country is generally uneven. The northern part
of the county is productive and of a dark gray soil, adapted to cotton.
The bottom lands are fertile, but liable to overflow\ In the pine sec-
tion, about seven miles southeast of Knoxville, there is an elevation of
about 300 feet above the surrounding country, embracing between 20
and 30 acres of rich mulatto soil, well wooded. On this elevation, known
as Rich Hill, is an inexhaustible supply of limestone. Here are seams
of fine-grained, plastic clay, which has been much used for the manu-
facture of common pottery, carried on in a primitive way. A company
is being organized for the establishment of a wall paper factory. This
would develop the clay beds of the county.
The county is traversed by a branch of the Southern Railway System,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. Gl^
and for a few miles in the extreme south runs a branch of the Central
of Georgia System. The Macon and Birmingham Railroad also crosses
the northern part of the coimtv. Kuoxville, the county seat, on the
Southern Eailway, was, like the Tennessee city of that name, called after
General Henry Ejiox, of Eevolutionary memory and a citizen of Mas-
sachusetts. It has a court-house costing $15,000.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches. The
county has good schools, there being 24 for whites, with an average at-
tendance of 715, and 19 for colored, with an average attendance of 503.
The average yield per acre of the various crops is as follows: Seed
cotton, 500 to GOO pounds; corn, 10 bushels; cow-peas, 15 bushels;
ground peas, 30 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; oats, 25 to 50 bushels; rye,
12 bushels; wheat 10 to 30 bushels; rice, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes,
75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels. All the forage crops are cul-
tivated and do well. From 8 to 9 months of the year broom sedge, Ber-
muda and other grasses give abundant food to stock, which during the
three or four winter months are fed mostly on cane, rye and barley.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for the
season oi 1899-1900 was 7,158 bales (upland). While there are no
regular dairy farms, most families make butter and many of them send
it to market. The product of milk in 1890 was 288,668 gallons; of
butter, 96,186 pounds, and of honey more than 10,000 pounds. By the
census of 1890 there were 648 sheep, with a wool-clip of 619 pounds;
4,797 cattle, 6,374 milch-cows, 98 working oxen, 472 horses, 1,458
mules, 7,766 swine and 37,000 poultry, with a production of 44,000
dozens of eggs. It is estimated that there are 500 goats.
About 2,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 50 to plums, 25 to apples
and 10 to pears.
Fish are abundant and many of them are marketed.
There are about 500 acres devoted to peaches and 100 to plums..
There are about 20 vineyards raising fine varieties of gi'apes, from 75
per cent, of which wine is made, while 25 per cent, are sold in the
market.
The county has asbestos, sandstone, limestone and clay.
There are 2 flour, 1 flour and grist mill and 9 grist mills, 13 saw-
mills and 1 planing-mill. All the flour and grist-mills except 2 are
operated by water; the sawmills by steam. There arc also 3 tui*pentine
distilleries.
The cotton receipts from the entire county arc 7,500 bales.
The area of Crawford county is 334 square miles, or 213,760 acres.
Population in 1900, 10,368, an infroaso of 1,053 sinco 1890; school
fund, $7,063.34.
Bv the Comptrollcr-OenornTs report for 1900 there are: Acres of
improved land, 198,926; of wild land, 1,796; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.84; of wild land, $0.52: city or town property, $39,-
555; money and polvent debts, $39,535; value of merchandise, $26,115;
household and kitchen furniture, $48,315; farm and other animals,
$117,615; plantation and mechanical tools, $26,654; watclies, jewelry.
620 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
etc., $2,094; value of all other property, $21,459; real estate, $616,918;
personal estate, $285,630; aggTegate value of whole property, $902,-
548.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: jSTumber of acres of land,
9,048; value of land, $26,321; city or town property, $595; money and
solvent debts, $300; household and kitchen furniture, $9,351; farm and
other animals, $23,984; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,117; value
of all other property, $1,862; aggregate value of whole property, $Q6,-
652.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $70,296 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
There are two small towns in Crawford county, Knoxville and Ro-
berta, the former containing 300 and the latter 252 inhabitants. These
two towns are in the same militia district, which has a population of
2,408.
For many years there lived in this county Colonel Benjamin Haw-
kins, a native of North Carolina, an excellent French scholar, a member
of General Washington's military family, member of Congress from
North Carolina (1782-1783), and later superintendent of Indian affairs
in the south.
Population of Crawford county by sex and color according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,333; white females, 2,217; total white,
4,550; colored males, 2,905; colored females, 2,913; total colored, 5,818.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, in
Crawford county, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 6 steers, 7 dairy cows, 10
horses, 13 mules, 37 swine.
DADE COUNTY.
Dade County was laid off from Walker in 1837. It was named in
honor of Major Francis Langhorne Dade of the United States Army, who
while on a march to Fort King, in Florida, was killed by the Seminole
Indians, December 28, 1835. All but two of the detachment shared his
fate.
Dade county is triangular in shape, with its base on the Tennessee line
and its apex 'on the boundary between Georgia and Alabama, and a little
northwest of the line that divides Walker from Chattooga county. Ten-
nessee is on the north, Walker county on the east and southeast and Ala-
bama on the west. The principal stream is Lookout creek. The Ala-
bama Great Southern Railroad runs through Lookout valley from the
Tennessee to the Alabama line. On this road is Trenton, the county
seat, located on Town creek between Lookout and Raccoon Moimtains.
Other towns on this road are Morganville, Rising Fawn, Clover Dale
and Smith. The county is well wooded with oak, hickory, cedar, poplar,
gum, pine, walnut, chestnut, locust and mountain birch. Sulphur and
chalybeate springs abound.
The lands in Lookout valley, which extends through the county, are
very fertile, producing the staple crops, grasses and clover, almost every
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyDUSTRIAL. 621
variety of vegetables, and such fruits as apples, peaches and grapes, all
of excellent flavor. The average yield of the ditterent crops per acre is:
Seed cotton (upland), 600 to 700 pounds; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels; corn,
25 bushels; oats, '30 bushels; barley, 20 bushels; rye, 15 to 20 bushels;
crab grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; com fodder, 600
pounds; sorghum syrup, 250 to 275 gallons; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels.
The mountains furnish fine summer range for stock. On them are
many acres of rich lands. In 1890 there were in this county 1,114
sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,359 pounds; 2,277 cattle, 755 milch-cows,
146 working oxen, 437 horses, 426 mules, 7 donkeys, 4,061 swine and
29,433 poultry of every kind. The county also produced 9,547 pounds
of honey, 60,223 dozen eggs, 258,662 gallons of milk, and 66,896
pounds of butter.
In the forests are found deer, wild turkeys and other game, and in
the creeks plenty of fish.
Bituminous coal, an excellent quality of iron ore and other valuable
minerals abound. The Dade coal mines, worked by convict labor, fur-
nish gi-eat quantities of coal and coke for factories, foundries and other
uses.
The climate of Dade is cold in winter, but delightful in the spring
and summer, bracing and healthful the year round.
The area of Dade county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres.
Population in 1900, 4,578, a loss of 1,229 since 1890; school fund,
$3,184.79.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of
improved land, 96,515; of wuld land, 1,050; average value per acre of
improved land, $4.18; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $52,870;
money, etc., $73,794; merchandise, $23,620; stocks and bonds, $7,300;
cotton manufactories, $3,496; iron works, $10,000; capital invested in
mining, $12,000; household and kitchen furniture, $31,745; farm and
other animals, $69,620; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,356;
watches, jewelry, etc., $2,482; value of all other property, $6,302; real
estate, $509,273; personal estate, $258,461; aggregate value of whole
property, $767,734.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land,
472; value of land, $1,362; city or town property, $125; household and
kitchen furniture, $525; fann and other animals, $846; plantation and
mechanical tools, $67; value of all other property, $23; aggregate value
of whole property, $3,004.
The tax returns for 1901 sliow a decrease in the value of all property
since 1900 amounting to $39,557.
The public school system embraces 23 schools for white and 1 for ne-
groes, with a daily average attendance of 700 in tlic wliite scliools and
27 in the one for negroes.
There are 689 inlial>it!iiits in tlio Trenton district and 319 in \]w town
of Trenton.
The Uising Yavm district has 740 inhabitants, of wlioni 212 live in
the town of Rising Fawn.
522 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
McMahon district contains 391 people, of whom 138 live in a village
called New England City.
Population of Dade county by sex and color, according to tke census
of 1900: white males, 2,101; white females, 2,039; total white, 4,140;
colored males, 298; colored females, 140; total colored, 438.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 43 steers, 2 bulls, 131 dary cows, 48 horses, 4a
mules, 1 donkey, 93 sheep, 518 swine, 102 goats.
DAWSON COUNTY.
Dawson County was formed from Lumpkin, Forsyth and Gilmer
counties in 1857, and was named in honor of Hon. William C. Dawson^
a representative from Georgia in the United States Congress, later
United States Senator from his native State, and still later, judge of
the Ocmulgee circuit. The following counties bound it: Fannin and
Gilmer on the north, Lumpkin on the northeast and east. Hail on tlie
east, Forsyth on the south, Cherokee, Pickens and Gilmer on the west.
The Etowah river flows through the county, and into this empty several
tributary creeks, the largest of which, Amicalola, rises in the northwest-
em part of the county and runs through it in a southeasterly direction.
It has a fall of several hundred feet. The appearance of the range of
mountains to the sioutl; and west, as viewed from the summit of the falls
is scarcely surpassed in grandeur.
Dawson county is in the heart of the gold region. On nearly every
branch on the north side of the Etowah river is a placer gold mine. From
the bed of the river itself large quantities of gold have been taken and
washed out with an iron pan, rewarding well the labor thus employed.
The forest growth is oak of the various kinds, hickory, cedar, poplar,
chestnut, locust, gum, walnut, mountain birch and pine. Thus there is
abundance of hardwoods for manufacturing purposes.
The bottom lands of the Etowah are rich and very productive. Tak-
ing all the lands of the county, the average yield per arce is: seed cotton,
600 pounds; com and rye, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bush-
els; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 10
bushels, crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 250 pounds; sor-
ghum syrup, 150 gallons. The best lands show yields far above these
averages. Tobacco also gives a remunerative yield.
According to the United States census of 1900, during the season o£
1899 and 1900, there were ginned 1,297 bales of upland cotton.
Vegetables of all kinds do well. So also do apples.
In 1890 there were in Dawson county 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of
3,619 pounds; 3,122 cattle, of which 447 were working oxen, and 1,196
milch-cows, 365 horses, 606 mules, 14 donkeys, 6,510 swine and 47,467
domestic fowls of all kinds. Some of the farm products were 361,077
gallons of milk, 102,105 pounds of butter, 60,696 dozens of eggs, and
13,449 pounds of honey.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 623
There are 30 schools in the county belonging to the public school sys-
tem of Georgia. The average daily attendance is 780 in the '2d schools
for whites and 12 in the one for negroes. The school fund of the
county is $3,737.63.
There are no railroads in the county.
Dawsonville, the county site, is a small towTi of 217 inhabitants. The
Dawsonville district which includes the town has a population of 808.
The area of Dawson county is 209 square miles, or 133,700 acres. Its
population by the census of 1900 was 5,442, a slight falling off from
1890 when it was 5,612.
The following returns are taken from the Comptroller-General's re-
port for 1900: Acres of improved land, 128,069; of wild land, 14,842
(these returns not agreeing with the United States government survey,
as seen above); average value per acre of improved land, $2.85; of wild
land, $0.48; city or to\^-n property, $10,700; money and solvent debts,
$46,697; merchandise, $13,344; invested in cotton manufactories, $1,-
200; invested in mining, $30.00; household and kitchen furniture, $25,-
262; farm and other animals, $70,984; plantation and mechanical tools,
$14,805; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,035; value of all other property,
$3,959; real estate, $384'^,226; personal estate, $180,358. Aggregate
value of whole property, $564,584.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land, 320;
value of land, $460.00; money and solvent debts, $15.00; household and
kitchen furniture, $250.00; watches, etc., $5.00; farm and other animals,
$911.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $146.00; value of all other
property, $32.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,819.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $3,767 in the value of all
property, over the returns of 1900.
Population of Dawson county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,531; white females, 2,740; total white, 5,271;
colored males, 91; colored females, 80; total colored, 171.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 2 steers, 11 dairy cows, 5 horses, 3 mules, 16
swine.
DECATUR COUNTY.
Decatur County was laid off from Early in 1825 and was named for
Commodore Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, an officer of the United
States Navy, distinguished in the war with the Barbary Powers, and
later in the secrvnd war with England (1812-1815). It is bounded by the
following counties: Early, Miller, Baker and l^ritchell on the north,
and Thomas on the east. ' The State of Florida bounds it on the south
and west. The State of Alabama also bounds it on the west for a few
miles. The Flint river runs across the county and the Chattahoochee
all along its western boundary, the two streams uniting at the southwest
comer of the county tx) form the Apalachicola river. Two branches of
g24 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
tlie Plant System and the Georgia Pine Railway traverse the county in
different directions. Thus the people have not only excellent railroad
advantages, but also splendid water transportation by its two great rivers.
Other streams are Musquito, Willacoochee, Spring, Swamp and Tired
creeks, and in the southeast corner Ochlockonee river. There are also
many small lakes and ponds. It would be difficult to find a better wa-
tered country. In all the streams fish abound. The climate is pleasant,
even the summer heat being greatly modified by breezes from the Gulf
of Mexico.
The soil of the eastern section is mostly red clay, with a good subsoil
and adapted to cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, corn, fruit and potatoes. In
the western section the soil is generally sandy, and adapted to the same
crops, except tobacco. The average yield per acre under ordinary cul-
ture is: 10 bushels of com; seed cotton, 400 to 500 pounds; sweet pota-
toes, 50 to 75 bushels, etc. Under good culture the average per acre is
much higher, as for instance, com, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 200 bushels; field peas, 15 bushels; ground peas, 25 bushels;
seed cotton, 750 pounds; sea-island cotton, 400 pounds; sugar-cane sy-
rup, 350 gallons; Cuba and Sumarta cigar tobacco, 600 pounds. Tlie
. grasses and all the forage crops grow luxuriantly. There is such good
pasturage the year round that hay is not made in all parts of the county.
It does splendidly where it is cultivated. Vegetables of all kinds,
fruits and berries do well; 5,000 acres are devoted to peaches and 250 to
plums. There are 22 dairy farms, and the Jersey is the favorite cow.
During the short time in winter when cattle must be fed, the daily ra-
tion for each cow costs about 15 cents.
By the census of 1890 there were 10,363 sheep, with a wool-clip of
28,961 pounds; 22,247 cattle, 5,101 milch-cows, 1,835 working oxen,
2,188 horses, 589 mules, 25,204 swine, and 70,000 poultry of all kinds.
Among the farm products are 204,586 dozen eggs, 6,632 pounds of
honey, 413,248 gallons "of milk, 75,000 pounds of butter and 60 pounds
of cheese.
Bainbridge, the county site, named for another gallant com-
modore of the early days of the republic, and a native of
JSTew Jersey, is located on the Flint river and at the junc-
tion of two railroads. It is a gTOwing, prosperous town, with an
electric light plant, an ice factory and two banks, whose capital aggre-
gate $65,000. The Georgia Pine Railway has its shops here. This is a
good point for shipping goods by either steamboat or rail. The popula-
tion of Bainbridge by the census of 1900 was 2,641 in the corporate
limits, or, if the whole Bainbridge district is included, 3,669.
Climax is another thriving town at the junction of two branches of
the Plant System.
There are in Decatur county a buggy factory, novelty works, a barrel
factory, four large saT^nnills, eight smaller ones, and about 12 still small-
er scattered through the county; 21 tui'pentine stills, and nearly 100 grist
mills, large and small.
A company has been formed to build a cotton factory at Bainbridge.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 627
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned for
1S99 was 4,551 bales of uphuid, and 340 of sca-isknd.
The shipments of cotton from this county and vicinity amount to near
7,000 bales annually, about 3,000 of which are shipped from Bainbridge.
In the southern section of the county tobacco is coming to the front.
There are also heavy shipments of sugar-cane synip from Bainbridge
and Climax. This industry is rapidly coming to the foremost place in
Decatur and other counties of this part of Georgia.
The timbers of this county are pine, cypress and a variety of oaks.
Schools and churches abound in town and country. There is an aver-
age attendance of 1,9G7 pupils in the 78 white schools, and 1,821 in the
57 colored schools.
The area of Decatur county is 1,010 square miles or 640,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 29,454, a gain of 9,505 since 1890; school fund,
$18,280.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of
improved land, 650,150; of wild laud, 37,448; average value per acre
of improved land, $2.14; of Avild land, $1,50; city property, $567,176;
gas and electric light, $10,260; money; etc., $436,309; value of mer-
chandise, $197,282; shipping and tonnage, $2,900; stocks and bonds,
$600; cotton manufactories, $80,000; household furniture, $219,835;
farm animals, $389,993; plantation and mechanical tools, $88,149;
w^atches, jewelry, etc., $20,055; value of all other property, $208,070;
real estate, $2,020,721; personal' estate, $1,732,442; aggregate value of
w-hole, $3,753,663.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 41,642;
value, $87,956; city property, $52,000; money, etc., $549; merchandise,
$625; household furniture, $31,190; watches, silver, etc., $829; farm
animals, $62,556; plantation and mechanical tools, $13,397; value of all
other property, $4,954; aggregate value of whole, $263,191.
The tax returns of 1901 show an icrease of $404,263 over the returns
of 1900.
The tobacco farm of A. Cohen & Co., in this county, is of extensive
proportions. This company owns 15,000 acres in the county and nearly
1,000 of these are planted in tobacco. In order to produce the rare
Sumatra tobacco which brings the highest price in the market nearly
1,000,000 yards of canvas are used to cover this area. Nearly 451,000
pounds of tobacco were taken from the farm last year, and the ju-icos
obtained for it ranged between 25 cents and $4 a pound. The yield va-
ried from 800 to 1,400 pounds to the acre.
During the busy season 1,500 people are employed on tliis ]ilantation
and 900 hands are regularly employed the year round; 2,000 people
live on the plantation. Tlireo storos are operated for tliom wliich sell
to none but tlio?,c connected with tlie fai-m. The morcliandise account
last year was $60,000. On tlie place are kept 1,260 cattle wliicli InrfHy
enrich the soil.
On this great plantation corn, cotton and other crops are raised.
^28 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The soil necessary for this special kind of tobacco is a light gi'aj, free
from lime. The great canvas covering is spread at a height of nine feet
and remains over the plants during the entire time of their growth. Un-
der it is done all the plowing and other work. Only such sunlight as gets
through this canvas reaches the plants and the necessary water seeps
through it.
It has been proved by experiments that this method of covering the
crop makes the leaves a light yellow color, imparts to them a sufficient
degree of toughness and a light, thin texture, and makes the most highly
prized tobacco . It is used chiefly for wrappers for fine cigars.
The total population of Decatur county in 1900 has already been
stated as 29,454, an increase of 9,505 since 1890.
Population of Decatur county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,895; white females, 6,781; total white,
13,676; colored males, 7,869; colored females, 7,909; total colored,
15,778.
Population of Bainbridge City by race and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 598; whit© females, 572; total white, 1,1'''0;
colored males, 656; colored females, 815; total colored, 1,471.
Total population of Bainbridge, 2,641.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 94 calves, 32 steers, 1 bull, 142 dairy cows, 207 horses,
29 mules, 22 donkeys, 218 swine, 26 goats.
deKAlb county.
DeKalb County was formed in 1822 and named for the Baron de
Kalb, who died for the liberties of America at the battle of Camden,
South Carolina, on the 19th of August, 1780. The following counties
bound it: Milton on the north, Gwinnett on the east and northeast,
Rockdale on the southeast, Rockdale, Henry and Clayton on the south,
and Fulton on the west The Chattahoochee river runs along its north-
em boundary. South river and its tributaries water the central and
southern parts of the county and Yellow river runs across its eastern
angle.
The western border of the county is so close to the city of Atlanta that
the people of DeKalb enjoy all the benefits that accme to those living
in the neighborhood of a great city.
Three great railroad lines, traversing the county in different directions,
center in Atlanta. All those living on the lines of these different roads
have superior advantages for tmcking, fruit-growing and dairying.
Decatur, the county site, is only six miles from the union depot in At-
lanta. Three lines of electric railway and the Georgia railroad afford
constant and rapid communication between the town and city,^ and all
the intervening country is thickly settled. Many who have their homes
in Decatur or along the different lines mnning from that point into the
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 631
city, transact their business in Atlanta. The new court-house at De-
catur, just completed, is a handsome structure, built at a cost of $GO,000.
The Agnes Scott Institute for joung ladies, whose handsome building
shows to great advantage, is one of those excellent schools for girls, for
which Georgia is so noted. The Xorth Georgia Orphans' Home is also
located at Decatur.
At Ingleside, a few miles from Decatur, is the cotton-mill of the
Scottdale Manufacturing Company. Several fertilizer factories are
located in this county, and one of them is of mammoth proportions.
The Decatur militia district, which includes the town and the adjacent
thickly settled territory, contains, 4,3G0 inhabitants, of whom 1,418 live
in the town.
Stone Mountain, on the Georgia Railroad, about ten miles northeast
of Decatur, derives its name from the mountain of gi-anite which rises to
about 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, and 900 feet above the sur-
rounding country. The Stone Mountain district has 1,55G inhabitants,
835 of whom live in the town.
Lithonia, in the southeastern part of the county, is also on the Georgia
Railroad. There are in the Lithonia district 2,5-18 inhabitants, of whom
1,208 live in the town.
The quarries of granite and gneiss at and near Stone Mountain and
Lithonia are sources of great profit to the people of this section of Geor-
gia- ^
The timbers of DeKalb county are the various hardwoods and some
pine, the same as in other counties of the crystalline belt of Georgia.
The average yield of the lands to the acre is: seed cotton, 600 to YOG
pounds; corn, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat and rye, 10
bushels each; L-ish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; crab-grass hay,
3,000 pounds.
According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of
1899-1900, there were ginned 6,981 bales of upland cotton in DeKalb
county.
The public schools number Y2, and have an enrollment of 2,750 pupils
in the 55 schools for whites and 1,500 in the 17 schools for negroes.
There are several fine dairy farms in DeKalb county, on which are
more than 300 milcli-cows, the Jersey being tlie favorite.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 290 sliecp, with a
wool-clip of 482 pounds; 5,916 cattle, of which 170 were working oxen
and 2,841 milch-cows. Of the cows 195 were pnre-brod, recorded, and
1,177 were graded as one half bk>od or higher. Tliore wore al>;o 1,043
horses, 1,465 mules, 2 donkeys, 5,746 swine and 74,482 domestic fowls
of all kinds. Among the farm products were 1,167,319 gallons of milk,
331,022 pounds of butter, 167,848 dozens of eggs and 21,294 pounds of
honey.
The public school fund of DeKalb county is $1 1,256.25.
The area of the county is 271 square miles, or 173,440 acres. Tlie
nopulatinn, by the census of 1900, was 21,112, a gain of 3,923 since
1890.
20 ga
632 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 gives the following retumc
of propei-ty: Acres of improved lajid, 165,990; average value per acre,
$1.73; value of city or town property, $844,574; merchandise, $136,615;
money and solvent debts, $428,247; household and kitchen furniture,
$215,017; farm and other animals, $215,533; plantation and mechanical
tools, $62,382; watches, jewelry, etc., $17,691; value of all other prop-
erty, $59,442; real estate, $3,773,088; personal estate, $1,231,101. Ag-
gregate value of whole property, $5,004,189.
Property returned by colored taxpayers : number of acres of land,
1,979; value of land, $29,859; city or town property, $30,750; money
and solvent debts, $200,00; merchandise, $10.00; household and kitchen
furniture, $9,628; watches, jewelry, etc., $159.00; farm and other ani-
mals, $9,449; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,918; value of all other
property, $144.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $82,117.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $4,219 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of DeKalb county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: Avhite males, 6,991; white females, 7,077; total white,
14,068; colored males, 3,541; colored females, 3,503; total colored,
7,044.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 105 calves, 15 steers, 8 bulls, 312 dairy cows, 198 horses,
83 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 sheep, 452 swine, 10 goats.
DODGE COUNTY.
Dodge Counby was cut off from Telfair, Pulaski and Montgomery in
1871, and named in honor of William E. Dodge of New York, who had
made very liberal investments in that section. It is bounded by the fol-
lowing counties: Pulaski on the north and northwest, Laurens on the
northeast, Montgomery and Telfair on the southeast and south, Wilcox
and Pulaski on the southwest and west. The Ocmulgee river runs along
its western and southwestern border. Little Ocmulgee, a tributary of the
Ocmulgee, runs through the county. The county is also watered by Cyp-
ress, Crooked, Sugar and Turnpike creeks. '
Eastman, the county seat, is on the Southern Railway at a point which
was selected for a depot and station in 1871. It is a flourishing little
city containing 1,235 people, and is blessed with a splendid supply of pure
water from Artesian wells. The water is distributed in mains on the
various streets and supplied to the houses just as in large cities. It also
boasts an amplefire department. Its export trade reaches $2,000,000.
These exports are 10,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 car-loads of lumber, pota-
toes, peas, peanuts, cane syrup, cattle, wool, chickens and vegetables.
Just outside of Eastman is a large saw and lumber mill, and ten miles
below it is another, which does most of its business through the banks
of Eastman, of which there are two, with an aggregate capital of $50,000.
Eastman has a splendid public school system, and churches of the
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 633
leading denominations. The public schools of the county are flourishing.
In the -io schools for whites there is an average attendance of 1,30G, and
in the 20 for negroes, an average attendance of U32. It has also a large
furniture factory, and at Cox, just below the city, is the Colville Crate
factory.
This enterprising little city was named in honor of of William Pitt
Eastman of ^ew York, one of the most tireless promoters of its interests.
The lands along the Ocmulgee, Little Ocmulgee and their various
tributaries, are very productive. Their average yield per acre is: corn,
15 bushels; oats, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels, rye, 10 bushels, sweet
potatoes, 100 bushels; tield-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; groimd-peas, 30
bushels; seed cotton, upland, from 500 to 1,100 pounds; sea-island,
350 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; corn forage, 2,000
pounds; German millet, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900, the production of cot-
ton in 1899 was 10,729 bales (upland).
The lands of the coimty are especially valuable on account of the fine
timber which is sawed into lumber and sent to the markets. The naval
stores obtained from the same source are of great value. All the enter-
prises of the county are prosperous, and the population is increasing
rapidly. The winter climate is delightful. Eastman, though consider-
ably below the Middle Georgia belt, is 356 feet above sea level. The
thermometer in Dodge county has never been known to register 100,
and sunstrokes are unheard of here.
By the census of 1890 Dodge county had 11,500 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 24,634 pounds; 7,366 cattle, 434 working oxen, 2,525 milch-cows
with a production of 3,980 pounds of butter and 172,435 gallons of milk;
600 horses, 640 mules, 12,000 swine, 32,000 poultry^ producing 46,000
dozen eggs. The production of honey is small, only 550 pounds.
Area of Dodge county is 495 square miles, or 316,800 acres. Popula-
tion in 1900, 13,975; school fund, $10,083.52.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 233,234; of wild land, 112,828^ average value per acre of
improved land, $2.66; of wild land, $1.23; city property, $208,663;
shares in bank, $44,718; gas and electric light companies, $10,000;
money, etc., $152,093; merchandise, $64,117; cotton manufactories,
$3,500; value of household furniture, $87,170; farm and otluM- aniinals,
$193,118; plantation and mechaaiical tools, $93,859; wmtches and jew-
elrv, $5,366; value of all other property, $81,773; real estate, $967,601;
personal eetate, $676,723. Aggregate value of whole propei-ty, $1,644,-
324.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
16 914; value of land, $45,017; city or town property, $6,668; value of
merchandise, $472.00; monev and solvent debts, $779.00; household and
kitchen fnrnitnre, $9,405; watches, jewelrv, etc., $271.00; farm and
other animals, $23,124; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,069; value
of all other property, $917.00, Aggregate valne of whole property,
$90,824.
g34 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over the returns of 1900,
amounting to $107,186 in the value of all property.
Population of Dodge county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,193; white females, 4,077; total white, 8,270;
colored males, 2,928; colored females, 2,777; total colored, 5,705.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^
June 1, 1900: 69 calves, 48 steers, 150 dairy cows, 67 horses, 27 mules,
296 sheep, 680 swine, 13 goats.
DOOLY COUi^TY.
Dooly County was described in the lottery act of 1821. Part of it was
added to Pulaski in 1826, and a part to Lee in 1827. It was named in
honor of Colonel John Dooly, a gallant Georgia leader in the Revolution,
who was murdered by the Tories in his own house and in the presence
of his family in 1780. The following counties bound it; Houston and
Macon on the north, Pulaski and Wilcox on the east. Worth on the
south, Lee, Sumter and Macon on the west. The Flint river runs along
its western border. Hogscrawl, Lampkin's, Pennahatchee, Gum, Swift
. and Cypress creeks also water the county. The river and creeks supply
abundance of fish. 1
The soil is a sandy loam, but red in the upper part of the county.
With good culture these lands will yi-eld by the acre: seed cotton, 800
pounds; corn, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; Irish pota-
toes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 225 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels;
ground-peas, 30 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons; crab-grass hay,
1,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300 pounds.
According to the census of 1900 this county ginned in 1899 the
amount of 18,573 bales of upland cotton.
ITot only are the pine lands fertile, but the timber is very valuable,
the annual output being about 150,000,000 feet, valued at $1,350,000.
There are six large sawmills with a total valuation of $400,000.
Vienna, the county site, is largely engaged in the lumber business.
So also is Cordele, where there is also a cotton factory with a capital of
$60,000 or $80,000. Both these thriving towns are located on the Geor-
gia Southern and Florida Eailroad. Through Cordele also passes the
Georgia Alabama Eailroad of the Seaboard Air Line system. The
Albany and ISTorthern is another railroad connection of Cordele. This
town has a fine water-works system and an ice plant. The population of
Cordele by the census of 1900 is 3,473.
Dooly county has five banks, of which there are three at Cordele and
two at Vienna. It has two foundries, a sash, door and blind factory, six
turpentine distilleries, a large guano plant where acid phosphate is made,
several fire and life insurance agencies. All the manufactories of the
county have an aggregate capital of about $600,000.
There are Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Episcopal churches,
several private schools and a fine system of public schools, the latter hav-
ing 52 schools for whites, with an average attendance of 1,634 pupils,,
and 36 for colored, with an average attendance of 1,421.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 635
The cotton receipts and sliipments for the entire county are 25,000
bale*, of which Cordele handles about 20,000.
In ISyO there were iu the county S,U19 sheep, with a wool-clip of
16,576 pounds, 8,498 cattle, 2,379 milch cows, 228 working oxen, 906
hoi-ses, 1,882 mules, 20,781 swine, 62,000 poultry of all kmds.
Among the products are 53,000 pounds of butter, G5,U00 dozen
:eggs, 6,000 pounds of honey, and large quantities of fine syrup made for
the market and for home consumption. There are fom- dairy farms.
Jerseys are preferred for butter and Holsteins for milk.
The area of Dooly county is 710 square miles, or 454,100 acres.
Population in 1900, 26,507, a gain of 8,421 since 1890; school fund,
$16,728.28. ;*^!
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 343,618; of wild land, 91,950; value per acre of improved
land, $3.41; of wild land, $1.38; city property, $588,614; bank stock,
$80,000; money, etc., $407,221; value of merchandise, $204,192;
iron works, $12,^700; household and kitchen furniture, $193,398; farm
and other animals, $326,683; plantation and mechanical tools, $71,386;
watches, jewelry, etc., $10,965; value of all other property, $175,155;
real estate, $1,889,884; personal estate, $1,500,134. Aggregate value of
whole property, $3,390,018.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
10,573; value of land, $30,248; city or town property, $33,661; money
and solvent debts, $1,175; merchandise, $2,965; household and kitchen
furniture, $19,300; watches, jewelry, etc., $256.00; farm and other ani-
mals, $26,627; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,380; value of all other
property, $1,548. Aggregate value of whole property, $122,160.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over the returns for 1900, amounting to $311,572.
Population of Dooly county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males," 6,042 ;'^ white females, 5,841; total white, 11,883;
colored males, 7,505.; colored females, 7,179; total colored, 14,684.
Population of Cordele City by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 731; white females, 769; total white, 1,500;
colored males, 947; colored females, 1,026; total colored, 1,973.
Total population of Cordele 3,473.
Domestic animals of Doolv county in bams and inclosurcs, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 153 calves, 78 steers, 1 bull, 260 dairy
cows, 190 horses, 28 mules, 516 swine, 5 goats.
DOUGHERTY COUNTY.
Douglierly County was formed out of Baker in 1854, and was named
for Charles Dougherty of Athens, Georgia, one of the most noted men
of the State. It is bounded by the following counties: Terrell and Ivce
on the north. Worth on tlie oast, ]iakcr and ^litcholl on the smith, and
Oalhoun on the west. The Flint river flows through tlic ^eastern part
of the county, and into it in the northern part empties Kiuchafoonee
636
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDbiSTRIAL.
creek. Along its western border flows Chickasawliachee creek. Tliese
streams and their tributaries abound in fish.
The Brunswick and Western, and the Savannah, Florida and Western,
both of the Plant System, the Georgia Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line
system, the Central of Georgia and Albany and isTorthern, give to the
county abundant facilities for travel and freight, while the Flint river
gives a splendid water transportation.
Albany, the county site, situated on the west bank of the Flint river,
is at the intersection of all these railroads, and hence has the very^ best
of facilities for trade. It is a growing city, having in its corporate limits
4,60G inhabitants, or, including its immediate suburbs, 8,139,
nearly double the population which appears in the census return. It has
four banks, gas and electric lights, an artesian water-works plant, two
good hotels, churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episco-
palians and Roman Catholics, a Jewish synagogue, an excellent high
school, a fine public school system and a Normal scho-ol for negroes.
Steamers ply regularly between Albany and Bainbridge.
The public roads leading from every part of the county into Albany
are well graded and in good condition. The wagon trade is large, the
' receipts of cotton at the warehouses by this method of conveyance being
35,000 bales. The railroads bring 50,000. Albany has two large brick-
yards, two cotton compresses, two fertilizer factories, a cotton seed oil-
mill, valued at $40,000, a canning factory with a capacity of 10,000
cans a day, and this city claims the largest, grocery house in Southwest
Georgia. The streets are wide and well-kept, lined with handsome stores
and pretty residences. The court-house cost $30,000. Few cities of its
size have so many symmetrical buildings.
The first house was built in 1836 by Colonel Nelson Tift. The site
of the city was at one time considered unhealthy and this retarded its
growth. But the introduction of artesian wells has made it a healthy
and desirable location. Hence its steady growth in recent years. The
rich agricultural and fruit section surrounding it give it great advantages.
Albany hay-day carnival has become an attractive occasion to the peo-
ple of city and country. The great abundance of good native grasses, es-
pecially of the crab and crowfoot varieties, afford opportunities for ex-
cellent hay, and the farmers of this section produce it in large quantities.
Egyptian corn, German millet and sorghum forage are cultivated with
great success.
Dougherty county has some of the most productive lands in Georgia.
Under skillful farming the lands will yield to the acre: seed cotton, 1,500
pounds; corn, 20 to 30 bushels; wheat, 30 to 40 bushels; oats, 30 to 40
bushels; upland rice, 50 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 200 bushels, and sugar-cane syrup, 300 to 600 gallons. There are
in the county three vineyards producing the best varieties of grapes.
Melons, peaches, pears, and all varieties of vegetables do well.
The county is well timbered and has an annual output of 1,000,000
superficial feet. There are three large sa^vmills valued at $40,000.
According to the United States census of 1900 Dougherty county
c
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 639
ginned in ISUU, 12,493 bales of uplaaid and 342 bales of sea-island
cotton.
By the United States census of IS 'JO there were 2,672 cattle, 972
milch-cows, 146 working oxen, 4,110 hogs, 14,215 poultry' of all kinds;
36b horses, 1,318 nudes and 1 donkey. Among the farm productions are
94,810 gallons of milk, 6,933 pounds of butter, 851 pounds of honey and
31,651 dozens of eggs.
The area of Dougherty county is 339 square miles, or 216,960 acres.
The population by the United States census of 1900 is 13,679, an in-
crease of 1,473 since 1890. According to the report of the Commission-
er of Education the school fund is $8,656.82.
In the 6 schools for whites tliere is an average attendance of 276 pupils,
while 24 schools for negroes show an average attendance of 1,110.
According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there
are: acres of improved land, 201,898; of wild land, 6,000; average value
per acre of improved land, $4.19; of wild land, $1.69; city or to\vn prop-
ertv, $1,317,582; shares in bank, $165,500; building and loan associa-
tions, $46,070; money and solvent debts, $382,439; value of merchan-
dise, $252,282; stocks and bonds, $4,600; household and kitchen furni-
ture, $176,812; farm and other animals, $100,597; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $21,483; watches, jewelry, etc., $28,582; value of all
other property, $234,849; real estate, $2,172,695; personal estate,
$1,532,186. AggTegate value of all property, $3,704,881.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: number of acres of land, 10,-
385; value of land, $64,871; city or town property, $53,945; money and
solvent debts, $2,412; value of merchandise, $5,677; household and
kitchen furniture, $45,043; watches, jewelry, etc., $485.00; farm and
other animals, $25,827; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,112; value
of all other property, $2,746. Aggregate value of whole property,
$239,393.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over
the returns of 1900, amounting to $64,927.
Population of Dougherty county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900; white males, 1,238; wbite females, 1,213; total white,
2,451; colored males, 5,437; colored females, 5,791; total colored.
11,228.
Population of Albany City by sex and color, according to tlie census
1900: white males, 84l"; white females, 862; total white, 1,703; colored
male*, 1,268; colored females, 1,635; total colored, 2,903.
Total population of Albany, 4,606.
Dome-tic animals in Dougherty county in burns and inclosures, not
on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 21 calves. 111 dairy cows, 164 horses,
13 mules, 25 swine, 7 goats.
g40 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
DOUGLAS COUNTY.
Douglas County was named in honor of Stephen A. Douglas
of Illinois, United States Senator, and a zealous champion of the
constitutional rights of the Southern States. It is bounded by
the following counties: Cobb and Paulding on the north, Campbell
on the east and southeast, Carroll on the south and west. The
Chattahoochee rivei- runs along its eastern and southeastern border and
together with some tributary creeks aifords abundance of fish.
The Southern Eailway traverses the northern section of the county.
On this is located Douglasville, the county site, a thriving town with a
State bank having a paid in capital of $25,000. Here is located a flour-
ishing school, known as the Douglasville College, connected with the
public school system of the county. Salt (or Lithia) Springs, on the same
road, noted for its health-bestowing waters, is a favorite resort, both
Bimimer and winter. This is a healthy county with a good soil and an
industrious, moral and hospitable people. It is also blessed with good
schools and churches.
With fair tillage the land will produce to the acre 600 or 700 pounds
of seed cotton, 12 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, 10 of wheat, 10 of rye, 100
of Irish potatoes, 75 of sweet potatoes, 10 of field-peas, 15 of ground-
peas, 2,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 pounds of com fodder and 150
gallons of sorghum syrup. According to the United States census of
1900 during the season of 1899-1900 there were ginned 8,091 bales of
upland cotton.
In 1890 there were 658 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,113 pounds, 3,452
cattle, 1,379 milch-cows, 232 working oxen, 308 horses, 922 mules, 1
donkey, 4,446 swine and 64,381 poultry of all kinds.
The county produced 518,669 gallons of milk, 162,627 pounds of but-
ter, 93,299 dozens of eggs and 12,922 pounds of honey.
The forest growth of Douglas county consists in the main of hard-
woods, such as the various kinds of oaks, hickory, chestnut, gum, birch,
maple and some pine.
The area of Douglas county is 212 square miles or 135,680 acres.
Its population in 1900 was 8,745, a gain of 951 since 1890.
The public school system of the county embraces 45 schools, with an
average daily attendance of 1,312 pupils in the 34 schools for whites and
338 in the 11 schools for negroes. The report of the State School Com-
missioner, issued in 1900, states the school fund of Douglas county to
be $6,035.71.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following
items: acres of improved land, 121,499; of wild land, 1,323; average
value per acre of improved land, $5.66; of wild land, $1.60; value of
city or town property, $127,641; stocks and bonds, $2,289; money and
solvent debts, $62,283; value of merchandise, $18,925; invested in cot-
ton factories, $600.00; iron works, $200.00; household and kitchen fur-
niture, $45,632; farm and other animals, $89,366; plantation and me-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 641
chanical tools, $24,963; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,049; value of all other
property, $21,110; real estate, $816,022; personal estate, $276,074.
Aggregate value of whole property, $1,092,096.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
4,988; value of land, $20,395; city or town property, $4,491; money and
solvent debts, $94.00; household and kitchen furniture, $4,345; watches,
jewelry, etc., $136.00; farm and other animals, $7,970; plantation and
mechanical tools, $1,356; value of all other property, $253.00. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $40,374.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over the returns of 1900 in the
value of all property, amounting to $53,947. The Douglasville district
has 2,176 inhabitants, of whom 1,140 live in the town of Douglasville,
Salt Springs district contains a popidation of 1,200, of whom 330 live
in the to-^Ti of Lithia Springs.
Population of Douglas county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,269; white females, 3,321; total white,
6,590; colored males, 1,097; colored females, 1,058; total colored, 2,155.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosnres, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 31 calves, 1 bull, 72 dairy cows, 29 horses, 8 mules, 71
swine, 1 goat.
EARLY COUIs^TY.
Early County was laid out in 1818, a part set off to Decatur in 1823
and a part to Baker in 1825. In this latter year it was organized and
named after Governor Peter Early, who came from Virginia to Georgia
in 1795, and rose rapidly from one office to another until he became
Governor of the State in 1813. It is bounded on the north by Clay and
Calhoun counties, on the east by Baker and Miller, on the south by
Miller and Decatur, and west by the State of Alabama, from
which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. It is watered
by Spring, Colomokee, Ilarrods, and Sowhatchee creeks. The
uplands are gray and sandy, with a yellow sand sub-soil. On the streams
are rich hummock lands. The surface is level or slightly rolling. The
yield per acre is about as follows: in com, 15 bushels; oats, 15 bushels;
sweet potatoes, 100 bushels, field-peas, 12 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bush-
els; upland seed cotton, 600 to 700 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds;
sugar-cane symp, 250 gallons; rice, 800 pounds. According to the
United States census of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900 there were
ginned 6,302 bales of upland cotton.
By the census of 1890 there were 7,054 sheop, with a wool-clip of
14,493 pounds, 8,353 cattle, 2,054 milch-cows, 375 working oxen, 894
liorses, 751 mules, 13,090 swine and 15,760 of all kinds of poultry.
Some of the farm products were 8,760 pounds of honey, 197,710 gal-
lons of milk, 9,200 pounds of butter, a-nd 34,705 dozens of o^ff^.
The streams abound i-n fi.sh, and the woods in game, such as quail, tur-
kevs, doves, squirrels, rabbits, raccoons and ojipossums.
The timber products are extensive; yellow pine lumber, cypress shing-
g42 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
ies and hardwoods, walnut and red cedar. There are 13 steam sawmills
with an output of about $60,000 annually. There are also seven grist-
mills run bj water. There are two planing-mills making sashes, doors
and blinds, and five turpentine distilleries. There are good horse-powers
on the tributaries of the Chattahoochee and the Flint.
The usual public schools prevail, supplemented by some private schools.
Blakely Institute, ran in connection with the public schools, is noted in
that section of the State. In the public school system are 26 schools foir
whites, with an average attendance of 910 pupils, and 22 for colored
with an average attendance of 791.
The Methodists and Bapt^ists have the greatest number of churches
and members. There arei also some Presbyterians.
The Central and Georgia Pine Railroads give facilities for freight and
travel, as does also the Chattahoochee river, on which are several land-
ings, and whose steamboats carry on a considerable traffic summer and
winter. The home markets of the county are Arlington, Damascus,
Cedar Springs, Hilton and Blakely, the county site, which, from its po-
sition on the Central Railroad, does a thriving business. Here there is
a bank with a capital of $50,000. Of the 11,000 bales received and
shipped in the county during the season of 1899-1900, Blakely handled
7,000. The Blakely district has 3,274 inhabitants, 804 of whom live
in the town of Blakely.
This is a good county, and healthy, especially on the pine ridges.
Considerable attention is paid to fruit. There are 15,000 peach-trees,
2,000 pear-trees and 1,000 apple-trees.
Six miles north of Blakely on Little Colomokee creek are some In-
dian mounds. One of these is said to be the largest in America. It is
seventy feet in height and 600 feet in circumference.
Area of Early county, 503 square miles or 321,920 acres. Population
of Early county in 1900, 14,828; school fund, $9,066.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
piioved land, 318,998; of wild land, 3,362; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $2.61; of wild land, $1.82; city or to\vn property, $182,-
980; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $187,475; merchandise,
$70,660; cotton maufactories, $6,250; household and kitchen fur-
niture, $103,980; farm and other animals, $218,800; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $40,290; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,690;
value of all other property, $174,340; real estate, $1,024,165; personal
estate, $890,515. Aggi'egate value of whole property, $1,914,680.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
19,144; value of land, $62,630; city or town property, $8,740; money
and solvent debts, $720.00; household and kitchen furniture, $24,420;
watches, jewelry, etc, $100.00; farm and other animals, $42,245; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $8,035; value of all other property, $3,180.
Aggregate value of whole property, $150,070.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase over the returns of 1900
in the value of all property amounting to $204,670.
Population of Early county by sex and color, according to the census
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND lyOUSTRIAL. 643
of 1900: white males, 2,938; white females, 2,925; total white, 5,863;
colored males, 4,564; colored females, 4,401; total colored, 8,965.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosiircs, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: no report.
ECHOLS COUNTY.,
Echoh County was laid out from Clinch and Lowndes in 1858, and
was named for Colonel Kobert M. Echols of AValton county, president of
the Senate of Georgia, and afterwards Colonel of a Georgia regimcui
in the war with Mexico, in which country he died. Echols is bounded
by Clinch and Lowndes counties on the north, by Clinch on the north-
east imd east, by the State of Florida mi the south, and by Lowmles
county on the west. The Suwannee river with its tributaries, Tonid creek
and the east and west forks of Suwanoochee creek in the east, and the
Allapaha river, and tributary creeks in the center and west water the
county and give it an abundant supply of fish.
The county is well timbered and the sawmills do a good business pre-
paring the limiber for market. Rosin and tui-pentine are shipped in
large quantities. Game, such as quail and wild turkeys abound in the
woods.
Statenville, the county seat, is located on the Allapaha river. Staten-
ville station is on the Savannah, Florida and Western Eailway. The
Atlantic, Yaldoeta and Western Railway also traverses this county.
According to the census of 1890 there were 893 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 1,455 pounds; 4,325 cattle, 43 working oxen, 1,600 milch-cows
with a product of 5,204 pounds of butter and 49,865 gallons of milk;
215 horses, 287 mules, 6,136 swine, 13,944 of all kinds of poultry, pro-
ducing 7,973 dozens of eggs. There were also produced 6,503 pounds
of honey and 374 pounds of cheese.
The lands, climate and soil are about the same as in adjoining counties.
Tlie average yield per acre of the various crops is: seed cotton, 600 to
700 pounds; com, from 12 to 20 bushels; rice, 40 bushels; sugar-cane,
from 300 to 500 gallons of syrup.
According to the United States census of 1900, during the season of
1899-1900 there were ginned in this county 795 bales of sea-island cot-
ton.
There are 3 3 public schools in Echols county, and the daily average
attendance is 209 pupils in the 10 schools for whites, and 53 in the 3
schools for negroes. According to the report of the State School Com-
missioner for 1900, the school fund for Echols is $1,998.89.
The area of Echols county is 365 square miles, or 233,600 acres. The
population by the census of 1900 is 3,209.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the following
items: acres of improved land, 119,665; of wild land, 318,538 (evidently
a mistake, if the statement of the T'^nited States Census Bureau about the
area of the county is correct); average value per acre of improved land,
$1.12; of wild land, $0.23; city or town propei-ty, $2,127; money and
644 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
solvent debts, $29,Y81; merchandise, $6,351; cotton manufactories, $30,-
800; household and kitchen furniture, $21,080; farm and other animals,
$74,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $12,694; watches, jewelry,
etc., $2,005; value of all other property, $31,975; real estate, $210,504;
personal estate, $209,273. Aarerreeate value of whole property,
$419,777.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
2,930; value of land, $2,565; city or town property, $75.00; household
and kitchen furniture, $2,069; watches, jewelry, etc., $152.00; farm and
other animals, $3,654; plantation and mechanical tools, $557.00; value
of all other property, $318.00. Aggregate value of all property,
$9,413.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
of $779 over the returns for 1900.
Population of Echols county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,190; white females, 1,028; total white, 2,218;
colored males, 604; colored females, 387; total colored, 991.
There is no report of the number of domestic animals in bams and ia-
closures. i!
EFFmGHAM COUNTY.
Effingham County formerly constituted a part of the parishes of St.
Matthew and St. Philip, which were formed in 1758. In 1777, during
the war for American independence, it was laid off as a county and
named in honor of the Earl of Effingham, an ardent supporter of colonial
rights. A part of this county was added to Screven in 1793 and a part
to Bryan in 1794. It is bounded by Screven county on the north, the
State of South Carolina on the east, Chatham county on the south, and
Bryan and Bulloch counties on the west. The Savannah river separates
it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee is on its western border. These
rivers and the creeks that flow into them furnish to this county a plenti-
ful supply of fish, and in the proper season some of the finest shad found
in the Savannah market are fresh from these rivers.
Springfield, the county site, is situated in a healthy pine region about
27 miles from Savannah.
Pine and cypress lumber, obtained from the forests, find a convenient
market in Savannah. The annual output of lumber and naval stores
amounts to $150,000.
The productions of the county are cotton, com, peas, potatoes, rice,
melons, peaches, apples, pears, quinces and grapes. The average yield per
acre with good culitvation is about as follows: com, 12 to 15 bushels; oats,
10 to 15 bushels; cotton, 400 pounds long-staple and 800 pounds upland;
sugar-cane, 250 pounds of sugar and 250 to 500 gallons of syrup. The
total number of Irish potatoes raised is 6,000 bushels, and of sweet pota-
toes 23,172 bushels. The apple-trees number 4,614, and the peach-trees
8,360. There are some truck farms whose aggregate sales amount to
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 645
$7,000. According to the United States census of 1900, during the sea-
sen of 1S99-1900, there were ginned 795 bales of upland cotton.
By the census of 1890 the county had 1,852 sheep, with a wool-clip
of 3,435 pounds; 6,300 cattle, 34 working oxen, 1,808 milch-cows, 572
torses, 377 mules, 10,492 swine and 16,364 poultry of various kinds.
There was a product of 91,598 gallons of milk, 7,122 pounds of butter,
6,724 pounds of honey and 24,325 dozens of eggs^.
The land is generally level. The soil is varied; gray loam underlaid
by yellow tertiary sand; hummock land on streams. The water is
generally freestone, but in some places limestone.
The Central of Georgia Railroad runs through the western part of
the county, and the Florida Central and Peninsular through the eastern.
On the former are several towns and villages, of which the most import-
ant is Guyton. Other postofficcs are Clio, Eden, Eg^-pt, Marlow, Oaky,
"Kinson and Tusculum. The Guyton district has 2,379 inhabitants, of
whom 500 live in the town of Guyton.
Ebenezer, an old German settlement, founded by the Salzburgers in
1734, is about 25 miles from the city of Savannah. Some of the des-
cendants of these people still cultivate the silkworm. The Lutheran
church was used by the British as a hospital during that period of the
Revolution when they had possession of Savannah and the greater part
of the State.
There are in Effingham county 48 schools belonging to the public
school system. The average daily attendance of pupils is 680 in the 33
for whites, and 379 in the 15 for negroes. The school fund of Effing-
ham county was given in the report of the State School Commissioner
for 1900, as $5,018.92. The area of Effingham county is 419 square
miles, or 268,160 acres.
According to the United States census of 1900, the population is
8,334 a gain of 2,735 since 1890.
The Comptroller-General reports for 1900 as follows: acres of im-
proved land, 250,287; of wild land, 24,515; average value per acre of
improved land, $1.78; of wild land, $0.54; city or town property, $146,-
315; shares in bank, $20,283; money and solvent debts, $143,239; mer-
chandise, $32,570; stocks and bonds, $17,536; cotton manufactories,
$16,800; household and kitchen furniture, $66,560; farm and other ani-
mals, $141,461; plantation and mechanical tools, $32,613; watches,
jewelry, etc., $9,129; value of all other property, $53,825; real estate,
$606,016; personal estate, $549,332. Aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $1,035,531.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
12,273; value of land, $27,243; city or" town property, $815.00; money
and solvent debts, $1,052; household and kitclien furniture, $4,753;
farm anrl other animals, $8,630; plantation and nierhnnical tools, $1,-
467; watches, jewelry, etc., $200.00; valno of all other property, $1,008.
Aggregate value of whole property, $48,472.
The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $2,107 in tlie valno of
all property since 1900.
646 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Populatio!n. of Effingham county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,349; white females, 2,281; total white,
4,630; colored males, 1,917; colored famalee, 1,787; total colored, 3,704,
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 2 calves, 5 steers, 3 dairy cows, 6 horses, 80 mules, 107
swine.
ELBERT COUNTY.
Elbert County was laid out from Wilkes in 1790. It is bounded on
the north by Hart county, on the northeast and east by the State of South
Carolina, from which it is separated by the Savannah river; ion the south
by Lincoln, Wilkes and Oglethorpe, and on the west by Madison and
Oglethorpe. It was named in honor of Colonel Samuel Elbert, com-
mander of Georgia Continentals in the Revolution, and afterwards gov-
ernor of Georgia.
Broad river flows along its western and southern border and empties
into the Savannah river. Beaver Dam creek flows centrally through the
county from northwest toward the southeast and empties into the Sav-
annah river. Other streams are Bertram, Falling, Deep and Cold
Water creeks. Along each of the rivers the lands are rich and very pro-
ductive. Remote from them the lands are not so good, and yet with
proper cultivation, yield veiy remunerative crops. Although in some
sections, under ordinary methods, the lands do not yield more than 500
pounds of seed cotton to the acre, 10 bushels of com and 8 of wheat,
yet under rotation of crops and scientific cultivation the average yield
to the acre is: seed cotton, 800 to 1,000 pioiunds; com, 20 bushels; oats,
25 bushels; wheat, 15 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; barley, 25; Irish and
sweet potatoes, each 100 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas,
50; Bermuda grass hay, 6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons.
Vegetables of every vai-iety do well, and apples and peaches are of ex-
cellent flavor. The different kinds of berries grow and mature to per-
fection; but nearly all these products are for home consumption. Ac-
cording to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Elbert
county for the season of 1899-1900, 14,945 bales of upland cotton.
There are 931 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds; 6,493 cattle,
420 working oxen, 2,564 milch-cows with a product of 590,205 gallons
of milk and 201,421 pounds of butter; 1,258 horses, 1,340 mules, 4
donkeys, 7,077 swine, 114,606 poultry of various kinds. Some of the
other products are 77,698 dozens of eggs and 18,808 pounds of honey.
The water-powers of the county are immense. There are two cotton-
mills, one at Elberton and the other at Beverly on Beaver Dam creek,
both built by Georgia capital. There are also a large cotton seed oil-mill,
3 small flour and grist-mills, several small sa-v\Tnills, 3 guano factories and
a new $10,000 flonring-mill Avith patent roller process, haAang a capacity
of 100 barrels a day; 2 carriage factories, and 4 quarries of the best
granite for building puri^oses.
Elberton, the county site with a population of 3,834, at the junction.
EARLY RICHMOND.
One of the hardiest of ail cherries ; bears early and al)iuidantly ; a inosl valuable markil friiil
excellent for cooking; or drying ; desirable for the extreme North and poj)ular
everywhere. May and Jnnc Trees of this clas«;, 5 feet
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDISTRIAL. 049
of the Seaboard Air Line and one of the numerous branches of the great
Southern system, is one of tlie beet built tmd ui'otJt progi-e^sive towns of
Georgia. It has electric lights and two banks with ade^juate capitiil to
give it excellent commercial advantages. A tine system of w^ater-works
is in process of construction. Here are located the majority of the manu-
factories of the county. The handsome court-house cost $35,000. Out
of 30,000 bales of cotton received and shipped from this county, Elber-
ton handles 23,000 bales. About 6,000 bales per annum are used by the
two cotton-mills. The population of the Elberton district by the census
of 1900 was 4,841.
Schools and churches are in every neighborhood. The average atr
tendance on the schools is 1,350 in the 47 for whites, imd 1,217 in the 31
for colored. Methodists and Baptists predominate.
The area of Elbert county is 388 square miles, or 248,320 acres. Popu-
latoin of Elbert county in 1900, 19,729, an increase of 4,353 since 1890.
School fund $12,073.59.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 220,296; average value per acre, $4.07; city property,
$465,492; shares in bank, $55,000; money etc., $264,139; value of
merchandise, $94,633; stocks and bonds, $2,000; value of household
furniture, $109,490; fami and other animaJs, $144,645; plantation and
mechanical tools, $41,751; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,500; value of all
other property, $118,305; real estate, $1,363,042 ;^pei-sonal estate,
$886,803. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,247,845.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
8,769; value, $35,353; city property, \$ 16, 630; merchandise, $55.00;
money, $682.00; household furniture, $8,938; farm and other animals,
$20,872; watches, silver, etc., $127.00; plantation and mechanical tools,
$628.00; value of all other property, $4,621. Aggregate value of whole
property, $87,906.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain over those of 19-00 amounting to
$65,779.
Population of Elbert county by sex and color according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,981 ;\vhite females, 4,955; total white, 9,936;
colored males, 4,994; colored females, 4,799; total colored, 9,793.
Population of Elberton City by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,104; white females, 1,120; total white, 2,224;
colored males, 769; colored females, 841; total coloreil, 1,610.
Total population of Elberton, 3,834.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosurcs, not on fanns or ranges m
Elbert county, June 1, 1900: 5 calves, 2 bnlls, 17 dairy cows, 57 hoi-ses,
25 mules, 6 f swine, 1 goat. ., i , av * n
Other postofRcos besides Elberton are Bowman, (old \N ater, Con-
cordia, Critic, Dcwvroso, Dove's Crook, Fhitwoods, Acadcniv, ("loss,
Hoard'mont, kickvi'llo, Middletouni, nului(>vill(\ OvcTton, Kockfield,
Ruckersville, Stnnsell, Webster, Place, and WvcIk
At the junction of of the Savannah and Broa.l rivers once stood tlio
town of Pctersbnrg. It is now almost deserted.
050 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
About tliree miles above this place on the Rembert plantation now
(1900) owned by Mr. Tate, is a conical-shaped mound 40 or 50 feet high,
the circumference of whose base is two or three hundred yards. This
mound is entirely composed of the loamy, rich earth of the low grounds.
The top or apex of the mound is flat, a spiral path leading from the
ground to the top. There are four niches or sentry boxes, excavated
out of the sides of this mound, at different heights from the base, facing
the four cardinal points, which are entered from the winding path, and
appear to have been designed for look-outs or resting places. Bartram,
the celebrated botanist, who visited this mound, and from whose de-
scription the above is somewhat condensed, stated on the authority of
the owner of these lands, that the mound itself in one season yielded
more than 100 bushels of corn.
In the period immediately following the Eevolutionary War, the peo-
ple 'of this section of Georgia suffered much from the depredations of
the Indians. One day a party of savages attacked the home of Mr.
Richard Tyner on Goody's creek in the flat woods, when Mr. Tyner was
absent from his home. The red-skins killed Mrs. Tyner, dashed out the
brains of the youngest child against a tree, and scalping another little
one left it for dead. A little son of Mr. Tyner, named Noah, amidst the
confusion escaped and hid in a hollow tree, which for many years after-
wards was called ISToah's Ark. Another son, fleeing to the Savannah
river, made his escape. Mary and Tamar Tyner were carried off by the
Indians to the, Goweta towns. After many years a man named John
Manack, trading ^vith the Indians purchased Mary, who returned with
him to Elbert county and became his wife. He tried also to purchase
Tamar, but the Indians would not sell her. One day an old Indian
woman learning that her countrymen intended to burn Tamar alive on
account of a suspicion that she was planning her escape, helped the poor
white girl to escape down the Ghattahoochee river in a canoe. Tamar,
after many narrow escapes, finally reached Appalachicola Bay. From
thence she went by a vessel to Savannah from which city she made her
way back to Elbert county. There she afterwards married a Mr. Hunt.
Another remarkable incident was this: During one of the Indian at-
tacks upon the frontier settlements, the savages, after killing several per-
sons, carried off a little girl about 12 years old. A man by the name of
William Suttle determined to rescue the child or die in the attempt. In
the middle of the night he came upon the party and saw the little girl
seated upon the lap of a brawny Indian, who appeared delighted with
his prisoner. After a while the Indian arose and stood erect. Instantly
Suttle fired and shot the Indian through the heart. In the midst of the
alarm consequent upon this sudden attack, the little girl ran in the direc-
tion from which the gun was fired, and was received by Suttle, who, put-
ting her upon his horse and springing into his saddle, carried her back
safely to her friends.
One of the most remarkable women that any country has ever pro-
duced resided in Elbert county. This was ISTancy Hart, whose maiden
name was Morgan. Her husband was brother of Colonel Thomas
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 553
Hart of Kentucky, who married a Miss Gray of Orange count j, Xortli
Carolina, and who was father-in-law of Henry Clay and maternal uncle of
the Hon. Thomas Hai-t Benton. Xancy Hart removed with her husband
to Georgia before the Revolution and settled on Broad river in Elbert
<;ounty. An apple orchard mai'ks the spot where they dwelt. Xear by
them was a creek emptying into Broad river which, during the war of
the Revolution, was called "War AVoman's Creek," on account of the
many marvelous exploits of Xancy Hart. She was an ardent partiot in
whose untutored bosom dwelt the heart of a hero.
One evening, as she and her children were seated around a log fire, on
which was boiling a pot of soap, one of the family discovered some one
peeping through the crevices of the chimney, and quietly informed
A'ancy of it. She talked on unconceniedly and stirred the soap, watch-
ing for the reappearance of the spy. Suddenly, like a flash, she
dashed a ladle of boiling soap into the face of the eavesdropper,
who, before he could recover, was seized by the dauntless woman and
bound fast as a prisoner.
On another occasion a party of Tories came to her house and ordered
her to cook dinner for them. She stormed and raged, but making a vir-
tue of necessity did as she w^as told. While they were seated at the table
Xancy, with the help of her little daughter, managed to secure their
guns. When they attempted to recover their arms she killed one, and
quickly seizing another gun wounded another. Thereupon the other
three Tories surrendered at discretion, and were hanged by Mr. Hart
and the neighbors who had just come in. The tree upon which they
were hanged was pointed out as late as 1838.
On one occasion when information was needed of what was transpiring
in South Carolina, Xancy went to the Savannah river, procured two logs,
and tied them with a grape-vine, thus constructing a raft. Upon this she
crossed the river, obtained the desired information and returning com-
municated it to the Georgia troops.
At another time she defended successfully a small fort against the
attack of a band of Tories and savages.
While Augusta was in the hands of the British, Xancy, assuming the
garments of a man, went into the British camp at that post and, pre-
tending to be crazy, obtained valual)le information which she hastened
to lay before the commander of the Georgia troop^^, then in Wilkes
county. Colonel Elijah Clarke.
EMAXUEL COUXTY.
EmaniLel County was laid out from Bulloch and I^fontgomery in
1812, and was named after the Hon. David Emanuel, who was a brother-
in-law of CJeneral John Twiggs, and fought bravely under him for the
liberty of his country. He was several times a member of the legislature
from Burke county and president of the Senate.
Emanuel county is bounded on (ho norlli by T'urke and .Tefforson
30 ga
g54 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
coitnties, on the east bj Screven and Bulloch, southeast by Bulloch and
Tattnall, southwest by Montgomery, west by Laurens and northwest by
Johnson county. The Ogeechee river separates the county from Burke.
The Cannouchee river flows through the center, the Ohoopee river
through the western part. Along its western and southwestern border
flows Pendleton's creek. Other streams are Yamgrandee, Sartain's and
Tump's creeks. The rivers and streams supply abundance of fish.
The timbers are fine. The pine and cypress yield excellent lumber
and shingles, which, with turpentine and rosin, are shipped in large
quantities to Savannah. There are five turpentine distilleries and 10
lumber mills.
The land is level and along the rivers and creeks is productive. The
average production per acre for the county is: corn, 12 bushels; oats, 10
to 20 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 200 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton,
400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons. According to the United
States census of 1900 this county in 1899 produced 9,525 bales of up-
land and 4,062 of sea-island cotton. The summer range for cattle and
hogs is excellent. Fine hay is made from pea-vine and grass. The grist-
mills number 10.
In 1890 Emanuel county had 19,721 sheep, with a wool-clip of 53,-
955 pounds; 17,222 cattle, 478 working oxen, 5,251 milch-cows, 1,473
hiorses, 1,264 mules, 31,025 swine, and 81,343 poultry of various
kinds. The number of goats is estimated at 200. There was
also a production of 76,638 dozens of eggs, 14,928 pounds of honey,
377,608 gallons of milk and 57,968 pounds of butter. Vegetables and
fruits are raised for home consumption.
The means of transportation and travel are by the Millen and South-
em, Midville, Swainsboro and Red Bluff, Wadley and Mount Yernon,
Stillmore Air Line, and the Pineora (now a part of the Central) Rail-
roads, about 100 miles in all. The county roads are in good condition.
Swainsboro, the county site, is at the junction of the_ Midville, Swains-
boro and Red Bluff Railroad, with the Stillmore Air Line. Here a
new company is organized for the erection of a cotton-mill. There is one
bank with a capital of $50,000, and a court-house worth $30,000.
Of the 15,000 bales of cotton shipped from the county, 5,000 are
handled at Swainsboro.
Area, 936 square miles, or 599,040 acres by the census of 1900.
Population of Emanuel county, 21,279; school fund, $12,973.31; school
fund of Adrian, $583.19.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 405,424; of wild land, 115,675; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.04; of wild land, $1,00; city property, $197,365;
money, etc., $305,859; value of merchandise, $117,286; stocks
and bonds, $3,035; cotton manufactories, $21,000; iron works, $500;
household furniture, $174,753; farm animals, $338,457; watches and
jewelry, $8,176; plantation and mechanical tools, $64,312; real estate,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 055
$1,142,710; pei^onal estate, $1,140,970. Aggregate value of whole
property, $2,283,680.
Property returned by colored taxpayers : number of acres of land,
22,625; value, $43,117; city property, $6,476; money and solvent debts,
$2,469; merchandise, $200; household and kitchen furniture, $12,837;
watches, jeweby, etc., $295.00; fanu and other animals, $27,142; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $4,285; value of all other property, $1,399;
aggregate value of whole property, $103,480.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over
the returns of 1900, amounting to $181,713.
There are 93 schools in the county belonging to the public school sys-
tem, and the average daily attendance is 1,757 pupils in the 62 schools
for whites, and 1,167 in the 31 schools for negroes.
Population of Emanuel county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,598; white females, 6,275; total white,
12,873; colored males, 4,468; colored females, 3,938; total colored,
8,406.
The total population, 21,279, shows a gain of 6,576 over 1890,
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges^
June 1, 1900: 83 calves, 54 steers, 9 bulls, 111 dairy cows, 99 horses,
169 mules, 508 swine, 77 goats.
FAKN^m COUi^TY.
Fannin County was laid off from Union and Gilmer counties in 1856,
and was named in honor of J. W. Fannin who, with his whole command,
were put to the sword at Goliad while fighting for the freedom of Texas.
It is bounded on the north by the States of North Carolina and Tennes-
see, east by Union county, southeast by Lumpkin, southwest and south
by Dawson and Gilmer counties and west by Murray. Toccoa river rises
in the southeastern part of the county and flows northward into Tennes-
see.
The Atlanta, Knoxville and North Georgia Kailroad travci-ses the
county dividing at Blue Ridge into two diverging branches, one going
into Tennessee, the other into North Carolina. Thus the people enjoy
facilities for travel and for shipping to market chickens, eggs, apples,
and such other products as they may have for sale.
The lands are hilly and mountainous, and contain such minerals as
gold and copper.
Blue Pidge is the county site, the court-house having been transferred
to that point from Morganton in 1899.
The lands produce well, and with proper cultivation will yield per
acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; wheat, 10 bush-
els: Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas,
10 bushels; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds; clover, 1,200 pounds; corn
fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons. The apples of thi?
county are of superior flavor, and can be kept almost from one end of
the year to the other.
656 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county T,826 sheep, with a
'wool-clip of y,549 pounds; 6,949 cattle, 1,430 working oxen, 2,165
milch-cows, producing 641,893 gallons of milk and 146,974 pounds of
butter, 71,897 poultry of all sorts with an egg production of 98,532
dozen. The county also produced 15,469 pounds of honey. There were
also 749 horses, 386 mules and 11 donkeys.
The people are kind, hospitable and hardy. They manufacture at
home most of their cloth, jeans and linsey, for winter wear, and live
chiefly on home supplies.
The forest growth is white oak, post oak, hickory, ash, poplar, maple
and other hardwoods and some pine.
The area of Fannin county is 390 square miles, or 249,600 acres.
Population in 1900, 11,214; school fund, $6,957.11.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 219,573; of wild land, 73,038; average value per acre of
improved land, $1.51; of wild land, $0.30; city or town property,
$77,173; money, etc., $72,625; value of merchandise, $31,092; cotton
manufactories, $1,283; mining, $60.00; household and kitchen furni-
ture, $39,066; farm and other animals, $115,960; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $15,256; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,167; value of all other
property, $8,807; real estate, $432,653; personal estate, $288,519. Ag-
gregate value of whole property, $721,172.
Property returaed by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 168;
value, $105.00; city or town property, $425.00; money, $1,200; house-
hold and kitchen furniture, $549.00; watches, silver, etc., $21.00; farm
and other animals, $482.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $40.00;
value of all other property, $12.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $1,646.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over that reported in 1900, amounting to $86,858.
The public school system has 57 schools for whites, with an average at-
tendance of 1,684 pupils, and 2 for colored with an average attendance
of 48.
At Morganton, the former county site, is located the iN'orth Georgia
Baptist College, which is doing a splendid work in that section. They
and the Methodists are the leading denominations of the county.
The railroads have greatly developed the county in the last few years.
The town of Blue Kidge, which in 1890 had only 264 inhabitants, had
by the census of 1900 a population of 1,148, and the district of the same
name had grown from 868 in 1890 to 2,048 in 1900.
The population of the county, which was 8,724 in 1890, waa in 1900
11,214, an increase of 2,490.
Population of Fannin county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,346; white females, 5,572; total white,
10,918; colored males, 143; colored females, 153; total colored, 296.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 34 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 109 dairy cows, 47 horses, 19
mules, 2 donkeys, 6 sheep, 264 swine.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 657
FAYETTE COUXTY.
Fayette County is a portion of the ten-itorj acquired by the United
States for the use of tJie State of Georgia from the Creek Indians, by
a treaty made at the Indian Spring. It was organized in 1821 and named
in honor of the Marquis de la Fayette, the gallant French nobleman who
so heartily espoused the cause of American freedom during the long
struggle for independence. This county is bounded by the following
counties: Campbell on the north, Clayton on the east, Spalding on the
3ast and southeast, and Coweta on the west. Flint river divides it from
Clayton and Spalding counties and Line creek from Coweta.
The Southern Railway traverses it from north to south, and a branch
of the Central system crosses its southern part.
The face of the country is generally level. The soil is gray; the water
pure, cool freestone.
Lands in this county yield per acre, under fair cultivation: seed cot-
ton, from 800 to 1,200 pounds; com, 20 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; rye,
8 bushels; barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; Irish potatoes, 250
bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas,
50 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 350 pounds; sor-
ghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But some of
the lands under a state of scientific cultivation make 60 bushels of corn
to the acre; 75 of oats; 30 of wheat; 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the
acre, and 400 gallons of cane syrup. Scientific or intensive farming
will raise in like proportion the averages in every county in the State.
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned in the
county for 1899-1900 was 9,449 bales, all upland.
Peaches and apples do well in this county. The Yates and Shockley
apples, of which large quantities are raised, have proved very remunera-
The county possesses abundant water-power and a fine supply of tim-
ber for building and mechanical purposes. Consequently there are
many grist and sawmills.
By the census of 1890 there were in the county 163 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 292 pounds; 2,843 cattle, 131 working oxen; 1,197 milch-
cows with a production of 355,093 gallons of mink and 117,098 pounds
of butter; 425 horses, 1,245 mules, 3 donkeys, 4,151 swine, 54,991 poul-
try of vanous kinds with a production of 70,625 dozen cgg^. The county
also produced 10,300 pounds of honey.
Favetteville, the county site, is on a branch of tlie SoutluMii Railway.
Brook's station, Inman, Lowry and AVoolsey, are some of the other post-
offices.
The area of Fayette county is 215 square miles, or 137,600 acres.
Population in 1900, 10,114; school fund, $6,731.64.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 tlioro are: ncros of im-
proved land, 119,084; average value per acre, $5.12; city property,
$46 325; money, $37,309; merchandise, $31,694; stocks and bonds,
658 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
$500; cotton manufactories, $690; iron works, $110; household furni-
ture, $48,579; mining, $25; farm and other animals, $90,888; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $25,362; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,127; real
estate, $656,085; personal estate, $264,737. Aggregate value of whole
property, $920,817.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
1,541; value, $7,964; city property, $550; money, etc., $767;
household furniture, $4,199; watches, silver, etc., $83; farm animals,
$6,128; plantation and mechanical tools, $908. Aggregate value of
whole property, $21,780.
There are about 25,000 acres of forest in the county, with such trees
as pine, oak, hickory, gum and poplar. About 20 small sawmills work
this timber and prepare it for the market. At Fayetteville- there is a
small private bank, a court-house worth $15,000, 2 life and fire insur-
ance agencies and several successful stores. There are also 2 broom
factories.
There are 43 schools belonging to the public school system of Geor-
gia. The daily average attendance is 865 in the 27 schools for whites,
and 300 in the 16 for negroes.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian de^
nominations.
The Payetteville district contains a population of 2,265, of whom 430
live in the town. The population of the county, 10,114, is a gain of
1,386 since 1890.
Poi3ulation of Fayette county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,254; white females, 3,299; total white
6,553; colored males, 1,788; colored females, 1,773; total colored, 3,561.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 33 dairy cows, 17 horses, 11 mules, 2 sheep,
74 swine.
FLOYD COUNTY.
Floyd County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named in
honor of General John Floyd of Camden county, who was greatly dis-
tinguished for his victories over the Indian allies of the British in the
war of 1812-1815. Floyd county is bounded on the north by Chattooga
and Gordon, east by Gordon and Bartow, south by Polk, west by the
State of Alabama and nothwest by Chattooga county. The Etowah and
Ostenaula rivers enter this county from diiferent directions, and, uniting
at Rome in the east central portion, form the Coosa, which flows west-
ward into Alabama. The Etowah river is not navigable, but is a swift
flowing: mountain stream with immense water-powers that can be util-
ized for nmning factories and flour and grist mills. The Oostenaula
is navigable for 105 miles northward and northeastward from the city.
The Coosa is navigable for 250 miles below the city, and the United
States government is making large appropriations to open it to the Gulf
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 659
of Mexico. The steamboats ou these t^w rivers bring to Home the
productions of the Coosa Valley, consisting of lumber, iron, grain, cot-
ton, and all those of the Oostenaula Valley, including large quantities of
walnut, poplar and oak lumber.
Railroad transportation in the county is all that could be desired. The
great Xashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis system comes in by the old
Eome Railroad, now a branch of the Western and Atlantic (State road),
connecting Rome with Atlanta on the south and Chattanooga on the
north. The Southern Railroad, one of the greatest railway systems in tlie
L'nion, goes through Rome, giving a connection on the north to Chatta-
nooga and all points in the northwest, and through East Tennessee to all
points northeast, including Xew York, Philadelphia and Washington
City. One division of this sajne system goes from Rome southward to
Atlanta, Macon, Brunswick and Savannah, and all points in Florida. The
Alabama division of the Southern system connects Rome with lines at
Anniston, Alabama, to Montgomery and Mobile, and also to Selma,
Meridian, Vicksburg, Xew Orleans and all points south and west. The
Rome and Decatur (Alabama), now operated by the Southern, runs
through the valley of the Coosa to Gadsden and Attalla, Alabama. The
old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad, now a part of the great
Central of Georgia system, gives another connection to Chattanooga and
the northwest, and also affords direct communication with Savannah and
all points in Georgia and Florida. All these great arteries of freight and
travel, meeting at Rome, make it one of the greatest railroad centers
of the South. The miles of splendid macadamized county roads give to
those citizens not living on any one of the numerous railroad lines easy
access to their ow^n thriving, growing city. Besides all these advantages
an elegant electric street car system reaches out from the city to the
suburbs, extending along the cardinal points of the compass.
Rome is not only the commercial, l3ut also the manufacturing center
of this part of the State. Among the important industries should be
mentioned: the Rome Rolling Mill, making merchant bar iron and manu-
facturing cotton ties; Rome Foundry and Machine AVorks, Brick Works,
Standard Scale Company, Stove works. Cotton factory, Rome IIollow-
ware and Iron Factory, steam ginners, cotton compress, plow factory, gas
works, electric light plant, electric street railroad, cotton seed-oil mills,
ice factory, harness and saddle factories, 2 planing-mills, Garloek Rubber
Packing Factor}', steam tanner^', a furniture factory, excelsior works,
broom factory, mattress factory, carriage and wagon factory, acid phos-
phate works, and the Rome Charcoal Iron Furnace.
Besides the State public school system the city of Rome has an excel-
lent system of its own, and Shorter College for young ladies.
Rome has a population of Y,291 by the census of 1900; but Rome dis-
trict, which embraces the city and the towns of Fast Rome and North
Rrtme with their respective suburbs, contains by the same census 14,035
inhabitants.
The soil of Floyd county is very productive, especially in tlie tliroo
great river valleys, producing in abundance cotton, corn and llie small
660 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
grain and haj crops. Thaiigh the higher lands are less fertile, they are
better adapted to the growing of such fruits as peaches, pears, plums,
cherries and all varieties of berries. Apples flourish best on the lower
lands. Upon the mountain tops grapes grow in great perfection.
With fair cultivation the lands yield to the acre: seed cotton, 1,000
pounds; corn, 25 bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 20 bushels; rye, 15
bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-
peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass and clover, each 5,000 pounds of hay; fod-
der, 600 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. As in Bartow and Cobb,
there are lands which yield 50 bushels of com and 40 of wheat to the
acre. Stock-raising and the improvement of the breeds is attracting con-
siderable attention. There are excellent dairy farms in the county.
Bj the census of 1890 there were 3,623 sheep, with a wool-clip of
7,052 pounds; 10,352 cattle, 619 working oxen, 3,932 milch-cows with a
production of 1,266,971 gallons of milk, from which were made 381,573
pounds of butter and 1,270 pounds of cheese. There were by the same
census 137,106 poultry of all kinds with a product of 216,015 dozens of
eggs. The honey produced amounted to 24,785 pounds. There were
also in the county 1,519 horses, 2,118 mules, 11 donkeys, and 16,330
swine. Of the cattle 187 were pure bred and 909 were half blood and
higher. These statistics do not include live stock in the city of Rome,
in minerals Floyd is rich. The following have been found: browTi
and red iron ores, manganese, bauxite, marble (variegated and black),
slate, limestone, cement rock, lithographic stone, brown stone kaolin,
ochre, brick clay, bituminous shale, extensive iron pyrite, gold, silver
and lead.
Besides Rome, East Rome and North Rome, there is in the southwest-
em part of the county the growing town of Cave Spring, on one of the
branches of the Southern Railway, 16 miles from Rome. It is situated
in Van's Valley, one of the most charming in all Georgia. In the south-
eastern end of the town is a large limestone cave in the side of a well-
wooded hill, from the foot of which is a spring of clear, mild limestone
water, from which the town derives its name. At Cave Spring are lo-
cated TIearn Institute, Hearn Female Seminary, Wesleyan Institute and
the Georgia Academy for the Deaf and Dumb. Though the town proper
had by the census of 1900 only 824 inhabitants, the Cave Spring dis-
trict, which includes the to-wn, contains a population of 2,283.
The Southern Manganese and Steel Company has completed at this
town a $20,000 plant for treating manganese, of which it produces 50
tons a day. An electric light plant is also approaching completion.
In the Lindale district, having a population or 2,643, is the great Lin-
dale Cotton Factory, having 1,726 lo'oms, 51,264 spindles and a capital
of $1,000,000. The proprietors have erected an elegant $15,000 school
building for the children of the operatives, and have fitted up a handsome
library and reading-room, lighted by electricity, for the benefit of their
employees. In the school building is a large, well-equipped lecture-
room, elegant in all its appointments, lighted by electricity and suited
to any kind of public entertainment.
1.:^^^
"^^^1^
/'
ROME BEAUTY.
A very handsome and valuable winter ai)ple, ripening from mid-winter to late spring.
Tree hardy and productive.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. (JGS
Floyd county abounds in churches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presby-
terians and Episcopalians. The Roman Catholics also are well repre-
sented. The Jews have a synagogue at Rome.
The area of Floyd county is 506 square miles, or 323,840 acres. The
population by the United Stat-es census of 1000 was 33,113, an increase
of 4,722 since 1890.
According to the report of the Depai'tment of Education the school
fund of the county is, $16,392.25; of the city of Rome $5,186.02; of
Korth Rome $1,042.80.
According to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 the prop-
erty returned for taxation is as follows: acres of improved land, 266,815;
acres of wild land, 17,847; average value per acre of improved land,
$7.26; of wild land, $0.80; city property, $2,716,909; shares in bank,
$441,325; money, etc, $815,427; merchandise, 513,115; tonnage,
$4,0UU; stocks and bonds, $39,800; cotton manufactories, $1,024,850;
household furniture, $306,542; iron works, $1,600; mining, $14,-
380; farm and other animals, $301,472; plantation and mechanical tools,
$91,032; watches, jewelry, etc., $39,144; value of all other property,
$60,293; real estate, $4,669,618; personal estate, $3,837,326. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $8,506,944.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of hind,
12,884; value, $43,071; household furniture, $67,655; money, $185.00;
merchandise, $1,155; farm and other animals, $20,857; watches, silver,
etc., $238; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,345; value of all other
property, $1,121. Aggregate value of whole property, $168,057.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property
of $200,975 since the returns of 1900. The ajiparent dccM-ease was prob-
ably owing to an error in the compilation of the returns, for Floyd is one
of the most progressive counties of Georgia.
( olonel A. J. Pickett, whose researches into the early history of Geor-
gia and Alabama are very interesting, came to the conclusion from a
description written by one of De Soto's followers that Rome occupied
the site of the Indian town called Chiaha. Here De Soto on his wonder-
ful march from Florida across Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, rested
for 30 days, while men and horses recuperated and recovered strength.
According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned
in Floyd county during the season of 1899-1900, 11,864 bales of upland
cotton.
In the public school system are 75 schools for whites and 33 for
colored. The average attendance on the fonner is 1,7-18 ])upils, and on
the latter, 859. In the white schools of Rome arc 997 pupils, and in tho
colored schools, 536.
Poj)ulatif)n of Floyd county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: \vhito males, 10,900; white females, 10,733; total whit-e, 21,-
633; colored males, 5,651; colored females, 5,829; total colored, 11,480.
Population of tlio city of Rome by sex and color, according to tho
census of 1900: white males, 2,147; white females, 2,310; total wliito,
gQ4 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
4,457; colored males, 1,243; colored females, 1,591; total colored, 2,834
Total population of Rome, 7,291.
Domestic animals in Floyd county, in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 276 calves, 122 steers, 749 dairy cows,
566 horses, 205 mules, 2 donkeys, 33 sheep, 812 swine, 19 goats.
FORSYTH COUNTY.
Forsyth County was laid out from Cherokee in 1834, and named after
the Hon. John Forsyth, a native of Virginia, who came with his father
to Georgia at four years of age, rose to prominence while a very young
man, became attorney-general of Georgia, then representative in Con-
gress, then senator, then Minister of the United States to
Spain, again representative in Congress, next Governor of Geor-
gia, then a second time its senator at Washington, and finally
Secretary of State of the United States. This county is bounded
by the following counties: Dawson on the north. Hall on the east. Hall
and Gwinnett on the southeast, Milton on the south and Milton and
Cherokee on the west. The Etowah river flows through its northwestern
■ comer, while the Chattahoochee and one of its branches borders the
county on the east and southeast. Tributaries of these rivers water the
western and northern sections of the county. The bottom lands of the
rivers are very fertile, and the valley lands also produce good crops of
cotton, com, wheat, rye, oats, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. The aver-
age production to the acre of the lands of this county under improved
methods is about 25 bushels of com, 25 of oats, 15 of wheat, 15 of bar-
ley, 10 of rye, 200 bushels each of Irish and sweet potatoes, 10 to 15
bushels of field-peas; 50 bushels of ground-peas; 500 pounds of seed
cotton; 400 pounds of crab-grass hay, 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of Bermuda
grass hay, 6,000 pounds of clover, 500 pounds of corn fodder and" 100 gal-
lons of sorghum syrup. The best hay made in the county is pea-vine mixed
with sorghum and crab-grass. Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches,
plums and other fruits mature well and in great profusion. There are
no fruit farms, but nearly all the farmers have orchards and sometimes
carry a wagon load of apples to Atlanta. There are no dairy farms, but
almost every family has one, and some, two or more, milch-cows. The
Jersey is regarded as the best milker. The Durham and the Devon are
preferred for beef. By the census of 1890 the cattle numbered, 4,985,
of which 403 were working oxen, and 2,133 were milch-cows, yielding
602,371 gallons of milk, from which were made 210,081 pounds of but-
ter and 75 pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all varieties aggre-
gated 98,297 and produced 107,427 dozens of eggs. The honey collected
amounted to 20,187 pounds. There are 820 horses, 1,460 mules, 8
donkeys and 7,683 swine. The sheep numbered 1,006, and yielded 1,293
pounds of wool.
For summer pasturage, Bermuda, crab-grass and broom sedge grasses
are used; for winter, rye chiefly. The feed for cattle is pea-vine hay
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. qqq
forage, fodder, shucks, cotton seed, cotton seed-meal and com meal
bran.
The forest growth is chiefly second growth pine, hickory, and the
varieties of oak. There are two small sawmills run by water and nine
steam sa\v^nills. Most of the mills are portable and saw by lots for those
who use Imnber. There are nine Horn- and grist-mills, and twelve corn
mills. There is also in Forsyth county one tannery. The Chattahoochee
river affords water-power sufficient for any number of factories.
According to the United States census of 1900 Forsyth county in 1899
ginned 7,449 bales of upland cotton.
Most of the products of the county are marketed at Buford, on the
Southern Railway; some in Atlanta.
The climate is healthy, the water clear and pure. The people are kind
and hospitable. There are public and private schools, and churches of
the Methodists and Baptists. The latter are the most numerous. High"
tower Institute is a Baptist school, and Hopewell Academy belongs to
the Methodists.
Although no railroads traveree the county, the Southern nms within a
few miles of its eastern boundary, the nearest point being at the south-
east corner.
Gumming, the county site, named in honor of Colonel "William Cum-
ming of Augusta, is located on Vickery creek, 2^ miles from Sawneo
Mountain, which is said to be rich in gold. Some mines in the county
have yielded large amounts of gold. Some silver and copper have been
found. Three hundred thousand dollars in gold has been taken from
the Strickland mine, which is not now being worked. The Green mine
near Coal Mountain, is a rich placer. It is being daily operated by a
few men using primitive methods.
There is much beautiful scenery, especially in the vicinity of Cuinming,
This town has a population of 239, but the Gumming district, which in-
cludes it has 1,808 people.
In the schools of the public school system the average attendance is
1,398 in the 48 schools fur whites and 115 in the 7 for negroes.
The area of Forsyth county is 252 square miles, or 161,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 11,550, a gain of 395 since 1890; school fund,
$8,273.08.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of im-
proved land, 152,981; of wild land, 2,280; average value to the acre of
improved land, $4.03; of wild land, $0.6G; city property, etc., $31,515;
money, $150,092; merchandiso, $40,294; liouscliold furniture, $57,100;
farm animals, $141,237; ])lantation and mechanical tools, $30,-
545; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,803; value of all other property, $24,840;
real estate, $772,715; pei-sonal estate, $471,054. Aggregate value of
whole property, $1,244,309.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: acres of huid, l,i)91; value,
$6,320; money, $285.00; city property, $275.00; household funiiture,
$1,469; watches, silver, etc., $22.00; farm animals, $3,482; pliuita-
QQQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
tion and mechaiiical tools, $554.00; value of all other property, $102.00.
Aggregate value of whole property, $12,509.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $70,829 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Forsyth county by race and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,161; white females, 5,306; total white,
10,467; colored males, 544; colored females, 539; total colored, 1,083.
No report of domestic animals in bams or inclosures, all being prob-
ably on farms or ranges.
FEANXLII^ COUNTY.
Franklin County is one of the oldest in the State, and from it several
counties have been formed. It was named in honor of Benjamin Frank-
lin, who was bom in Boston, Massachusetts, January 17, 1706. When
a young man he removed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and soon rose
to prominence as a philosopher and a statesman. Through him was
brought about the treaty of alliance with France in 1778, and he was one
of the commissioners who negotiated with England the final treaty of
peace.
Franklin county is bounded on the northeast by South Carolina, from
which it is separated by the Tugaloo, a branch of the Savannah river; on
the east by Hart county, on the south by Madison county, on the west by
Banks county and northwest by Habersham.
On its southern border flows Hudson's Fork, commonly called Hudson
river, a tributary of Broad river, which empties into the Savannah on
the border of Elbert and Lincoln counties. North Fork and Middle
Fork, tributaries of Broad river, flow through the county. The lands
along the rivers and creeks are rich and produce abundant crops of cot-
ton, corn and the small grains, as well as a great variety of vegetables.
The average yield to the acre under good cultivation is: seed cotton 600
to 800 pounds; com, 15 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 10; oats, 20 to
30; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 100; crab-grass hay, 2,000
pounds; Bermuda grass 4,000 pounds; shredded com, 4,000; sorghum
symp, 75 to 100 gallons.
In 1890 there were in the county 1,669 sheep, with a wool-clip of
2,491 pounds, 5,940 cattle, of which there were 630 working oxen, 2,227
milch-cows, producing 730,701 gallons of milk, 232,615 pomid? of but-
ter, and 25 pounds of cheese. There were also 108,222 of all kinds of
poultry, producing 72,307 dozens of eggs. The honey produced
amounted to 18,939 pounds. There were also 990 horses, 1,323 mules,
3 donkeys and 7,763 swine.
The forest growth is chiefly of hardwoods, viz. : the different varieties
of oaks, hickory, maple, ash, birch, gum and other trees common to this
section of the State.
The climate of Franklin county is pleasant and healthy. The peo-
ple are industrious, kind-hearted an.d hospitable. Methodists and Baptists
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. QQ'J
are the most numerous of the Christian denominations, though there
are also many Presbyterians and a few of other sects.
There ai'e some good private schools besides the excellent ones belong-
ing to the system provided by the State. In the 50 public schools for
whites there is an average attendance of 1,753 pupils, and in the lU for
negroes an average attendance of 529.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 13,998 bales of upland cotton, representing very nearly the
entire production of the county for 1899.
Carnesville, named for Thomas B. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and
judge, is the county site, located about ten miles from one of the branch
roads of the Southern Railway system. It has, according to the United
States census of 1900, a population of 305 in the corporate limits, and
in the entire Carnesville district, 2,202. The Franklin Springs are about
9 miles southeast of Carnesville.
The largest town in the county is Lavonia, in Bryant district, which
contains a population of 2,093, while in the town there are G99 inhabit-
ants. It is on a branch of the Southern Railway between Toccoa and
Elberton, and being on a ridge leading from the base of the Blue Ridge,
has a delightful summer climate. On either side are fi-uitful plains yield-
ing cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peaches, etc., one plain stretching toward
the Tugaloo river on the north, the other toward the Broad on the south.
The business portion is built of brick. There are several manufactur-
ing establishments: the Lavonia Oil Mill, with $25,000 capital; the La-
vonia Milling Company, a modern roller flouring mill with $10,000
capital; the Lavonia Gin Company with a capital of $10,000; Stevenson's
Brick Mills with an output of 50,000 first-class brick in a day; Mason,
Randall & Co's. lumber yard and sawmills with dressers and other mod-
em equipment-s, and the Lavonia Cotton Mill, with a capital of $65,000.
There are in the town 2 hotels; Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian
churches, the Lavonia Institute, a $4,000 brick building, well patrondzed
and the Bank of Lavonia, with a capital adequate to the needs of the
community.
Another town is Royston, on the Southern Railway, with 579 inhabit-
ants in the corporate limits, while in the Manley district, which includes
it, are 1,321 people. This town has four fertilizer establishments which
carry on a successful business. It is also well supplied with religious and
educational advantages.
Otlicr postoffices are Ashland, Avalon, Bold Spring, Mize, Cromer,
Eastonollee, Garlandville, Goodwill, Henry, Iron Rock, Martin, Rod
Hill, Salubrity, Walnut Hill and West Boworavillo.
The area of Franklin county is 344 square miles, or 220,100 acres.
By the United States census of 1900 the population was reported at
17,700, a gain of 3,030 over that of 1890.
According to the report of Hon. G. R. Glenn, State School Commis-
sioner, the school fund of Franklin county f<»r 1000 wms $1 1,019.00.
By the report of Hon. W. A. Wri^lit, tlic Comptrollcr-Cienoral, tlip
following items were returned for taxation in 1000: acres of improved
668 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
land, 195,179; average value per acre, $4.71; city or town property,
$132,503; shares in bank, $12,000; money and solvent debts, $180,074;
value of merchandise, $67,241; cotton manufactures, $15,000; house-
hold and kitchen furniture, $81,472; farm and other animals, $186,511;
plantation and mechanical tools, $46,616; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,151;
cotton, com, annual crop, etc., $9,255; value of all other property, $39,-
590; real estate, $1,090,075; personal estate, $641,372. Aggregate
value of whole property, $1,731,447.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
2,626; value of land, $9,539; city or town property, $1,263; money and
solvent debts, $157; merchandise, $208; household and kitchen furni-
ture, $4,740; watches, jewelry, etc., $68.00; fai-m and other animals,
$10,894; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,071; value of all other
property, $1,492. Aggregate value of whole property $30,432.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $119,789 over the re-
turns of 1900.
One of the early settlers of this county was Captain James Terrell,
who died in the 77th year of his age. During the Revolutionary strug-
gles, though living in the midst of royalist neighbors, he was among the
first to embrace the cause of America, and served with distinction until
disabled by a musket ball which shattered his hip.
There are in Franklin county several Indian mounds. This section of
the State was long exposed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost
every part of it the settlers found it necessary to erect forts and block-
houses to protect themselves against the savages who, whenever opportun-
ity offered, inflicted upon helpless women and children cruelties, the very
record of which would chill the blood. The remembrance of these things
was still fresh, when in 1837 the Creek warriors in Alabama gathered
to do battle against the whites. One of the most gallant companies that
Volunteered for this war was from Franklin county, and was commanded
by a Captain Morris. At the battle of Pea River Swamp in Alabama
(March 25, 1837), the Franklin Volunteers greatly distinguished them-
selves. One of their number, after the Indians had been routed, while
pursuing a fleeing savage, got into their camp when two Indian women
seized him. Disdaining to strike a woman, he made every effort to es-
cape, but finally when they were about to dispatch him with knives, he
drew his bowie, and killing them both made good, his escape.
Population of Franklin county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 6,783; white, females, 6,713; total white,
13,496; oolored males, 2,146; colored females, 2,058; total colored,
4,204.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 40 calves, 14 steers, 1 bull, 123 dairy cows, 81 horses, 24
mules, 1 donkey, 7 sheep, 179 hogs.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDVSTRIAL. (3(39
FULTON COUNTY.
Fulton County was set off from DeKalb iu 1853 and was named in
konor of Eobert Fulton, of New York, who first demonstrated the fact
that steam could be used in. the propulsion of vessels large enough to
cany freight and passengers, (1807). This county is bounded on the
north by ALilton and Cobb, on the east by DeKalb, on the south by Clay-
ton and Campbell and on the west by Campbell and Cobb.
The Chattahoochee river flows along its northern and western border.
South river, one of the headwaters of the Ocmulgee, rises in the south-
ern part of this county. Other streams are Peachtree, Clear, Woodall,
Shoal, Proctor's, Sugar and Utoy creeks.
The face of the country is rolling and broken. The soil is red clay,
interspersed with gray, gravelly ridges and bottoms.
The average yield of the various crops to the acre is: Seed cotton,
700 to 800 pounds; com, 19 to 20 bushels; oats, 24 bushels; rye, 13
bushels; wheat, from 6 to 10 bushels; hay, 4,000 poimds. The grasses
from which hay is made, are clover, blue grass, Bermuda, crab, orchard,
red top, timothy and peavine. All these do well. There is an annual
product of about 7,000 bushels of coA\"peas, 500 bushels of peanuts, 52,-
000 bushels of Irish potatoes, 124,000 bushels of sweet potatoes. The
proximity of Atlanta causes a great demand for vegetables, and the
amount of truck sold from the market gardens is valued at $150,000.
There are in Fulton county 47,000 peach-trees, 1,500 cherry-trees, 25,-
700 apple-trees, 1,700 pear-trees and 2,356 plimi-trees.
The suburbs of Atlanta enjoy unrivalled advantages for profitable
dairying, bee-keeping, poultry farming and trucking, and there is a
steady growth all along these lines of industry.
By the census of 1890 there were 157 sheep, with a wool-clip of 487
pounds; 3,291 cattle, of which 72 were working oxen, and 1,839 were
milch-co'W's, producing 817,310 gallons of milk from which were made
201,435 pounds of butter. There were reported G49 horses, 1,112
mules, 4 donkeys, 3,617 swine, 56,969 poultry of all kinds, 146,074
dozens of eggs and 16,812 pounds of honey. Of the cattle 380 were
recorded as pure bred and 890 were graded as half blood or higher.
In these statistics horses and mules in the city of Atlanta were not re-
corded, but only those on farms.
The minerals are some copper, iron pyrites, asbestos and gold. None
are being mined. The clays for making brick and terra cotta are profit-
ably worked.
The timber products arc small; some oak and walnut, used in sho])9
which manufacture various articles of wood work. The outjuit of lum-
ber, shingles, staves, etc., amounts to al)out $8,000 per annum.
The gross horso-powore of the Clinttnhooclicf' n<»t iitilizcil are 31,677.
The utilized water-powers arc: On the ChattaliooclK^ 159, running 14
small grist-mills; on South river 33, running 3 small grlst-milla
^70 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
In the city of Atlanta is one of the largest steam flour mills in Geor-
gia, with patent roller process.
The county site and also the capital of Georgia is Atlanta, with a pop-
ulation in the city limits, according to the United States census of liiOO,
of SU,872, or in round numbers, 90,000. If we add to these ligures the
population of the immediate suburbs, we would have over 103,000 peo-
ple whose living depends upon the various industries of the City of At-
lanta. Besides these, many of the business men of Atlanta have their
homes in the small cities, towns and villages scattered about within a
radius of 20 and more miles in every direction, going to their homes
every evening and returning in the morning, on numerous lines of steam
or electric railways. Although the youngest of all the great commercial
centers of Georgia, Atlanta is now the largest city between Washing-
ton, D. C, and New Orleans, La.
In 1837 the southeastern terminus of the Western and Atlantic Rail-
road was established near where the union passenger depot now stands
(1901). It was chosen as being the best point for "the running of
branch roads to Athens, Madison, Milledgeville, Forsyth and Columbus."
Terminus was the name given to the site thus chosen. In 1843 the vil-
lage was called Marthasville, in compliment to the daughter of ex-Gov-
ernor Lumpkin, who had been distinguished by his deep interest in the
development of railroad enterprise in Georgia. In 1846 Atlanta, de-
rived from the word Atlantic, was suggested as an appropriate name for
the embryo city, by Mr. J. Edgar Thomson, chief engineer of the Geor-
gia Railroad, in a letter to Mr. Richard Peters, also an engineer of the
road. Mr. Peters and Mr. Gamett decided upon this name, and on the
29th of December, 1847, the Georgia legislature incorporated, as the
"City of Atlanta," the new to^vn, which had begim to give evidence of
rapid growth. The population at that time numbered about 500. By
the census of 1850 the population was shown to be 2,572. Up to 1853
the people of Atlanta went to Decatur to transact their legal business;
but in that year the county of Fulton was formed with Atlanta as its
county site, and a city hall was erected where the State Capitol now
stands. It was about this time that Rev. George White was superin-
tending the publication of his "Historical Collections of Georgia," in
which appears a statement from Mr. Jonathan ISTorcross to the effect
that the population of Atlanta was not then precisely known, "but placed
by none under 4,500, and still increasing." When the census of 1860
was taken, Atlanta was shown to have 9,554, or in round numbers, 10,-
000 inhabitants. During the civil war Atlanta was the seat of impor-
tant industries, whose principal object was to sustain the military oper-
ations of the Confederate States. In July, 1864, Atlanta and vicinity
became the scene of a fierce struggle between opposing armies and the
battles of Peachtree Creek, Atlanta and Ezra Church were fought with-
out decisive results. On August 6th another fierce engagement occurred
between portions of each army at Utoy creek. From the 9th to the
25th of August the city was subjected to a furious bombardment, and
women and children had to seek shelter in cellars night and day. But
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 671
tlie -women and children had the spirit of heroes, to which General Hood
bore testimony in these words, "I can not recall one word from their lips
expressive of dissatisfaction or willingness to surrender." AVhen all his
efforts to capture Atlanta by direct attack had failed. General Sherman
moved the bulk of his army to Jonesboro, across the only line of supply
in possession of the Confederates. Then Hood, being unable to dislodge
him, was compelled to let go, and Sherman entered Atlanta on the 2d
of September, IS 64. "When he started on his march to the sea, Sher-
man ordered everything burned except the mere dwelling houses and
the churches. Only 450 houses, including some of the churches, es-
caped. All the stores, workshops, mills, depots and most of the dwell-
ing's were reduced to ashes. The city just before its capture had 14,000
inhabitants. Before the close of hostilities, in the following spring, the
people began to return and prepared to rebuild the ruined city. By
1870, a little over five years from the time of its destruction, Atlanta
had arisen from her ashes and had a population of 22,000. In 1880 it
had increased to 37,000, and in 1800 to Go, 533. This growth from
less than 3,000 in 1850 to 90,000 in 1900 has no parallel outside of the
Northwestern States.
Nearly 1,100 feet above sea level, Atlanta has a bracing atmosphere,
w4th breezes blowing over the foothills of the Blue Ridge.
The public building-s, whose cost aggregates nearly $8,000,000, are
imposing structures, and the business edifices compare favorably with
them. Few cities in any part of the LTnited States can show more attrac-
tive residence streets or more beautiful homes; and by the United States
census Atlanta is accredited with a larger percentage of home owners
than any city of its size in the Southern States. The streets are well
paved, and macadamized roads extend far out from the city limits into
the country.
The city is supplied with water works, gas and electric light plants,
street and suburban electric railways, long distance telephones to the
leading cities and towns of the State, and other great cities in different
sections of the Union, and enjoys telegraphic communication witli every
quarter of the globe.
With no advantage of water transportation Atlanta enjoys, through
her magnificent railroad connections, a great trade north, south, east
and west. In several specialties the trade of Atlanta extends thronghout
the United States. This is particularly true of cotton and paper bags,
furniture and proprietary medicines.
Groceries and dry goods are the two largest items in Atlanta's wholo-
salo trade. The sale of groceries for 1809 amounted to over $12,000,-
000 and those of dry goods to $10,000,000.
In Atlanta and vicinity tlierc are 0 cotton mills, and the Atlanta
woolen mill, with an aggregate invested capital of $1,800,000; 13 iron
manufacforios, making niaehinorv, agrifullnral iniplenients, boilers, gins
and castings, with a capital of $1,1 07, 000; 12 ninnn factories of sash,
doors, l)linds and interior finish, with a caj)ital of $(504,000; 5 establish-
ments working in sheet metal, producing cornices, wirework and tinware,
.'ii (jii
(372 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
with a capital of $222,000; 8 making brick, tile and terra cotta, from
clay, with a capital of $801,000; 10 manufactories of commercial fer-
tilizers, with a capital of $1,215,000 in operation and a new plant
ap]jroaching compietion; 5 wagon and carriage factories, with a
capital of $12(5,000; 14 manufactories of pro]3rietary medicines,
with a capital of $248,000; 13 furniture factories, with a capital of
$532,000; 7 candy and cracker factories, with a capital of $235,000;
10 tobacco factories, with a capital of $38,000; 3 cohin factories, with a
capital of $2(5.0,000; 6 bottling and carbonating establishments, with a
capital of $53,000; 5 paper and paper bag factories, with a capital of
$480,000; 4 paint and oil manufactories, with a capital of $114,000; 4
of cotton seed oil and by-products, with a capital of $750,000; 1 ice fac-
tory, with a capital of $140,000; 26 miscellaneous establishments repre-
senting $718,000. The aggregate invested capital of all these estab-
lishments is $9,454,000. Besides these are nearly 400 small manufac-
tories of various articles not estimated. The manufactories above enum-
erated employ more than 10,000 operatives, with an annual payroll of
over $3,000,000. The value of the raw material consumed is more than
$10,000,000, and the product between $15,000,000 and $20,000,-
000. The factories of Atlanta take the cotton crop of four average
Georgia counties.
The lumber interest is the third largest in the south. The raw ma-
terial consumed by the lumber mills amounts to $500,000, and has a
market value, when manufactured, of $1,500,000.
The tanning industry is yet in its incipiency, but the quality of the
goods produced is of such a high standard, that they are always in der
mand at high prices.
There are in Atlanta 20 banking institutions, with a capital of more
than $3,000,000.
There are upwards of 20 building and loan associations representing
nearly $2,000,000 capital.
The hardware business of Atlanta amounts to something more thaa
$6,000,000 annually.
The largest wholesale and retail seed growing establishments in the
south are located in Atlanta. They grow their own seed and guarantee
them.
In fire insurance Atlanta has long led all other Southern cities. Here
is the home of. the Southeastern Tariff Association, which is composed
of 60 of the leading fire companies doing business in the south. It has
in the last 15 years done a splendid work in equalizing rates, liberaliz-
ing policies, driving out irresponsible agents and wild cat companies and
improving building laws. Sixty companies through their Atlanta agen-
cies report Georgia business for the year ending April 30th, 1000, as
follows: New business written, $184,000,000; premiums received, $2,-
400,000; losses paid, over $2,000,000. The Georgia Insurance Com-
missioner's report shows that 28 accident, marine, guarantee and plate
glass companies, through their Atlanta agents, report Georgia business
for the year ending April 30th, 1900, amounting to $75,000,000, witk
-' r-
BRIGHTON.
Our ten years' experience
this valuable variety warrant
in sayinj^ that it rank's as best ii
the qualities of a number one I
ilv iir market KTi'ape. It is equ
of better than the Delaware, of
Ker size, with less pulp, and ri
a week or ten days earlier,
vine is a strong jrrowcr; foliajfe
and k'ossv, and the many lest
which It has been subjected i
catiS that it has no superior for
or, hardiness, freedom from dis
a^nd abundant crops of handS'
luscious fruit.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXU INDUSTRIAL. (375
premium payments of $200,000, and losses paid $144,000. For the
same perioa '6(i old Hue iiie m^uianee companies, through their At-
lanta otHces, report new business written in Georgia $28,000,000; new
premiums coileeied, $bOO,UOO; total business now in force, $113,000,-
000, with annual premiums of $3,103,000, and annual death claims of
$1,500,000. Assessment and fraternal companies add greatly to the
above amounts. All this immeuse business aggregates in Ijeorgia $300,-
000,000, with annual premium payments of $0,000,000 and annual losses
of $4,000,000.
The sanitary, police and fire departments of Atlanta are in fii-st class
condition, and no city in the Union surpasses her in these respects.
The hotels are numerous and tirst-class in their appointments.
Atlanta's public school system is up to the highest mark.
The churches and religious organizations represent every Christian
denomination and Hebrews also. The churches number more than 100,
and have large memberships.
Atlanta is surrounded by springs of great medicinal value, some of
them in Fulton and some in adjacent counties. The Lithia waters of
Georgia are of a superior quality and are claimed by some to excel those
of any other State. They are sold in Atlanta at all soda fountains; they
are barrelled and bottled and shipped to all points. The springs all have
headquarters here. The waters have been found very beneficial, and a
great many citizens of Atlanta drink nothing but lithia water.
Atlanta has several business and medical colleges, a law college and
two dental colleges.
In addition to the day schools, public and private, there is a large
night school connected with the public school system, and one uiuler the
auspices of the Young Men's Christian Association. The colleges of
Atlanta have already been mentioned in the chapter on education in
Georgia.
In 1870 the taxable property of Atlanta was returned at $0,500,000,
and in 1901 at $47,986,535. Of this amount the whites own $47,097,-
550 and the negroes $888,985.
Atlanta's railroad facilities have already been referred to. The South-
ern, the Georgia, the Seaboard Air Line and the Central of Georgia
connect her with the Middle, Northern and New Enurland Stntes. Th.»
Western and Atlantic, the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern, and tlnit
branch of the Southern system formerly called the East Tennessee, Vir-
ginia and Georgia bririg her into clope communion with the entire coun-
try between the Alleghany and Tior-ky ^lountaitH, and the region of the
great lakes. That branch of tlif Southern, once known as the Geor^ria
Pacific, and the Atlanta and West Point, connect her witli the groat
Southern transcontinental lines to flie Pacific and to Mexico. Tho Cen-
tral of Gporffia, the Atlanta and \Vo«t Point and two brandies of the
great Southern system connect her with the South Atlantic and (^ulf
States.
ITcr miles of well-built bu=iiie?JS slrcot-! radiating in all direction^, licr
handsome re?,ideaico streets, the bciiutiful parl-..-< in tlif suburbs rcacdiod
676 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
bj the electric railways, make Atlanta a very attractive city, as well as
a great mart of trade,
Atlanta is not only the county site of Fulton county, but also the
capital of the State of Georgia. The capital v^as brought here from
Milledgeville when the city was barely out of the ashes of the war, and
in 1877 the people of Georgia voted to make Atlanta their permanent
seat of government. The handsome capitol was erected on a lot given
by the city during the incumbency of Governor McDaniel, and cost $1,-
000,000. It is one of the few public buildings erected in the United
States that came within the appropriation set apart by the legislature for
its construction.
The rapidly developing business and manufactures of Atlanta were
brought prominently before the whole country by the Cotton Exposition
of 1881, and the great development of the Southeastern States between
1880 and 1890 was splendidly illustrated in the great Cotton States
and International Exposition of 1895.
One of the new enterprises of Atlanta is a large plant for the manu-
facture of genuine all woven Smyrna rugs of imported material. The
Atlanta Rug Mill, though of recent origin, has already doubled its ca-
pacity and has additional machinery ordered to still farther enlarge its
output.
East Ponit, six miles from Atlanta, has a wagon factory and a horse
collar factory. A little beyond East Point are two new cotton mills.
According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of
1899-1900 there were ginned in Fulton county 1,604 bales of upland
cotton.
The business of the county is mostly in manufactures and commerce
for the city, and in truck farming and dairying for the country.
The area of Fulton county is 174 square miles, or 111,360 acres.
Population of Fulton county in 1900, 117,363, an increase of 32,708
since 1890; school fund for county, $13,747.71; school fund for city of
Atlanta, $39,672.23; school fund for East Point, $778.31; school fund
of Hapeville, $325.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: Acres of im-
proved land, 95,537; average value per acre, $41.28; city and town prop-
erty, $32,621,690; gas and electric light company, $450,000; building
find loan associations, $211,410; money, etc., $3,924,828; shares in bank,
Sl,149,150; stocks and bonds, $1,190,351; cotton manufactories, $461,-
346, which should be more than $1,000,000, a mistake arising from
more than $600,000 worth of factory stock having been reported under
the head of "all other property"; iron works, $49,955; mining, $735;
merchandise, $3,369,821; household furniture, $1,375,658; farm and
other animals, $201,394; plantation and mechanical tools, $99,313;
watches, jewelry, etc., $126,252; value of all other property, $982,523;
real estate, $36,564,688; personal estate, $14,926,354; aggregate value
of property, $51,491,042.
Propertv returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 1,037; value
of same, $93,618; city and town property, $787,875; money, etc., $1,-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 577
750; merchandise, $8,720; watches, jewehy, etc., $470; household fur-
niture, $0 1,0-^0; farm and other animals, $7,035; plantation and me-
ohanical tools, $1,954; value of all other property, $l,Ui)0; aggregate
value of property, $1)34,732.
The tax returns for 11)01 show an increase over those of I'JOO, in the
value of all property, amounting to $'J 10,843.
The county public schools number 27 for whites, with lui average at-
tendance of 1,550, and 10 for colored, with an average attendunce of
525. In the public schools of Atlanta there is an average attendance of
6,900 in those for whites and 2,700 in those for colored. The enroll-
ment in Atlanta schools is 0,"J02 whites and 3,735 colored.
Besides Atlanta there are in Fulton county the following towns:
College Park, with a population of 517.
East T*aint, with a population of 1,315.
Hapeville, with a population of 430.
Oakland City, with a population of 828.
Of the immediate suburbs of Atlanta Cooks has 6,558 people, Black
Hall, including Oakland City, 3,226; Edgewood, 1,552, and Teachtrec
2,217, or 13,553 in all. This gives for Atlanta and its immediate su-
burbs a population of 103,425.
Population of Fulton county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 35,334; white females, 36,257;^ total white,
71,591; colored males, 19,484; colored females, 25,924; total colored,
45,772.
Population of the city of Atlanta by race and color, according to fhe
census of 1900: white males, 26,434; white females, 27,471; totiil white,
53,905; colored males, 14,943; colored females, 21,024; totid colored,
35,967.
Total population of Atlanta, 89,872.
Domestic animals in Fulton county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 381 calves, 45 stoei-s, 28 bulls, 2,800 dairy
cows, 2,797 horses, 982 mules, 3 donkeys, 2 sheep, 952 swine, 100 goats.
Domestic animals in the limits of the city of Atlanta in barns and
inclosures, June 1, 1900: 161 calves, 23 steers, 6 bulls, 1,132 dairy
cows, 2,227 horses, 614 mules, 1 donkey, 2 sheep, 4 swine, 56 goats.
GILMER COUNTY.
Gilmer County was laid out from Cherokee in 1832, and was named
in honor of George R. Gilmer, (ilovernor of Georgia from November,
1829, to November, 1831. It is bounded by the following counties:
Panuin on the north and northeast, Dawson on llic soiitlu'ast, I'ic.kens
on the south, Gordon and Murray on llio west.
The Cartecay and Ellijay rivers uniting at Eilijay in the center of the
county form the Coosawattee river, which ilows acms-^ the cdunty in a
southwesterly direction. It is also watered by Mountain Town creek,
Owltown creek and many sniaHer streams.
The face of the country is broken by mounUiins, the juincipal of
g78 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
which are Cohutta, Frog, Coal, Bald, Long Swamp, Amicalola, Turnip
Town, Tallona and Sharp Top,
In the valleys and along the water courses the lands are very rich, the
soil being a black sandy loam. The hilly uplands have a mulatto top
soil with red clay subsoil, and in some places a gray gravelly soil. The
mountain lands are very similar to the valley lands. The principal crops
are best shown by comparing the acreage of each, which is as follows:
Cotton, 100 acres; corn, 40,000 acres; wheat, 10,000; oats, 2,000; rye,
2,000; rice, 10 acres; sorghum, 100 acres; Irish potatoes, 500; sweet
potatoes, 100; field peas, 1,000; garden vegetables of every kind, 100.
The average yield of these crops to the acre is: Corn, 25 bushels;
oats, 12; wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 8 to 10; Irish potatoes, 100 to 150; sweet
potatoes, 100; field-peas, 10; 100 gallons of syrup. Red top, timothy,
Bermuda, crab-grass, orchard, blue grass and clover do well. The pro-
duction of crab-grass hay is 2,000 pounds, of clover, 4,000 pounds, of
corn fodder 300 pounds.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 8,446 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 13,277 pounds; 8,020 cattle, 1,708 working oxen; 2,389
milch-cows, with a butter production of 131,553 pounds, and a milk
■production of 649,587 gallons; 75,000 of all kinds of poultry, with a
product of 150,000 dozens of eggs. There were also 10,000 hogs, and
other animals were 687 horses, 458 mules and 11,478 hogs.
The honey produced in Gilmer county amounted to 29,615 pounds.
Last year it was estimated that there were in this county 30 donkeys and
600 goats.
Small game is plentiful and the streams furnish the people with fish.
Vegetables of all kinds do well. This is also a good county for fruit.
Apples grow to perfection and have a ready and profitable sale. Peaches
do well, but do not have much of a market. Quinces, plums and cher-
ries are grown, but not to any great extent. Some farmers have small
vineyards that produce excellent gTapes. The fruit business is in its
infancy, but intelligent people in the county believe that it will prove
very profitable.
The lumber, mostly oak and poplar, is being cut out in large quanti-
ties. It is estimated that the annual output of lumber is 10,000,000
superficial feet at an average price of $15 a thousand feet.
At Ellijay is a large new lumber mill run by water, using 400 horse-
power, and with a capital of $100,000 and a capacity of 50,000 feet per
diem.
There are in the coiinty six flour and grist-mills run by water-power
with an aggregate invested capital of $10,000. There are also several
small portable sawmills. There is a wagon factory at Ratcliff and two
tanneries at Ellijay. The streams afford fine water-powers, and those
within a few miles of Ellijay are estimated at nearly 1,000 horee-powers.
Gold and iron are being mined to a considerable extent.
Beautiful marble, white and variegated, limestone, sandstone, mica,
slate and granite are found.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXnCSTRIAL. 679
Ellijay, on the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad, is the coun-
ty site. It has a court-hou^e which cost $10,000. The Ellijay disti'ict
has a population of '2,-i:12, of whom 581 live in the town.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing Christian denominations.
The schools are in good condition and well attended. The average at-
tendance on the public schools is: in the 51 white schools 1,210 and in
1 for colored 18.
By reason of its healthful climate, pure water and mineral and agri-
cultural resources this is a very attractive and inviting section of the
State.
The area of Gilmer county is 450 square miles, or 288,000 acres.
PopuhUion in 1900, 10,198, a gain of 1,124 since 1890; school fund,
$6,974.45.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: improved
lands, 256,549 acres; wild lands, 41,786; average value of inijiroved
lands per acre, $1.39; of wild lands, $0.51; city property, $61,019;
money, etc., $60,289; merchandise, $25,815; manufactures, $7,343;
household furniture, $34,935; farm and other animals, $113,752; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $16,731; watches, etc., $2,664; value of^all.
other property, $11,752; real estate, $440,565; personal estate, $275,-
555; aggregate property, $716,120.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land. ^672; value,
$602; city property, $10; household and kitchen furniture, $70; watches,
etc., $15; farm and other animals, $321; plantation and mechanical
tools, $113; value of all other property, $25; aggregate property, $1,-
156. , ^ .
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $11,4(5 m the value of
all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Gilmer county by race and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,069; white females, 5,052; total white,
10,121; colored males, 37; colored females 40; total colored, 77.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: no report.
Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Ellijay now stands.
White Path, a chief of this town, accompanied John Ross to Washing-
ton in 1834. General Jackson invited liim to dinner and presented linn
with a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. On his
death his watcli was sold and the proceeds appropriated to the oroclion
of a marble monument.
Talona was south of Ellija. It was sometimes called Sand. •!> town
after its principal chief, George Sanders, who kcjit a liouse^ of enter-
tainment on the Federal road. He also went on a visit tn AVaslnngton
with John Ross.
This John Ross was the man after wliom Ross s Landing (now C.liat-
tanooga) was called.
680 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
GLASCOCK COUNTY.
Glascock County. was laid out from "Warren county in 1858 and was
named for General Thomas Glascock, Speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives of the State Legislature and Eepresentative in Congress from
1835 to 1838. Glascock county is bounded by the following counties:
"Warren on the northeast and northwest, on the southeast Jefferson, and
on the southwest Washington.
The north fork of the Ogeechee river runs along its southwestern
border, while Comfort, Rocky and other creeks coming from the north-
east and northwest flow centrally through the county, emptying into the
Ogeechee river. These streams afford a quantity of fish and sport to
tbose fond of the seine or hook and line.
The lands, with fairly good culture, will yield to the acre: seed cot-
ton, 750 to 800 pounds; com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 20
bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 125 bushels;
field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; corn fodder, 200 pounds;
sugar-cane syrup, 250 to 300 gallons.
By the census of 1890 there were 478 sheep, with a wool-clip of 923
pounds; 1,667 cattle, of which there were 120 working oxen and 567
milch-cows. There was a production of 94,337 gallons of milk and 25,-
202 pounds of butter; 19,299 of all kinds of poultry, with a product of
20,653 dozens of eggs. The honey produced amounted to 8,662 pounds.
There were also 240 horses, 468 mules and 6,152 swine.
The timber growth is like that of this section of Georgia, oak, walnut,
pine, chestnut, hickory, maple and gum.
Facilities for travel and transportation are furnished by a branch of
the great Southern sj^stem, which brings Gibson, the county site, into
close connection with Augusta, the chief city of that section of Georgia.
According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of
1899-1900 there were ginned 3,902 bales of upland cotton.
The area of Glascock county is 85 square miles, or 60,800 acres.*
Population in 1900, 4,516, a gain of 796 since 1890; scbool fund, $2,-
952.81.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 81,771; of wild land, 1,326; average value per acre
of improved land, $2.96; of wild land, $0.89; city property, $38,415;
money, etc., $60,525; value of merchandise, $20,125; household furni-
ture, $26,095; farm and other animals, $55,018; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $20,815; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,363; value of all other
property, $1,600; real estate, $246,632; personal estate, $195,720; ag-
gregate property, $442,352.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 435; value,
$1,202; city property, $1,110; amount of money, $29; household furni-
* There is an error in either the statement of the Census Bureau, or in the re-
oprt to the Comptroller-General, as to the acreage of Glascock county.
POTATO FIELD IN MARCH IN THE SUBURBS OF BRUNSWICK. GA.
r
1
PECAN CROVK Ni;,\l^ I'.KUNSWTCK, CA.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 683
ture, $3,055; ■vvatehes, etc., $00; fami and other animals, $3,221; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $712; Aggregate property, $9,404.
In the public school system there are 13 schools for whites, with an
enrollment of 741 pupils, and 0 for colored, with an enrollment or 248.
The tax returns for 1001 show an increase of $21,193 since the re-
turns of 1900.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: no report.
Population of Glascock county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,458; white females, 1,543; total white,
3,001; colored males, 713; colored females. 802; total colored, 1,51!).
GLYXX COUXTY.
Glynn County was first laid out in 1705 into two parishes, St. Pat-
rick's and St. David's. Extensive settlements had been made here many
years before. In 1777, during the war for independence, the above named
parishes were formed into the county of Glynn, so named in honor of
Jolin Glynn, Esq., distinguished for his unwavering fidelity to the cause
of American liberty. This county is bounded as follows: north by
Wayne county and northeast by Mcintosh, east by the Atlantic ocean,
south by Camden county and west b}- Wayne.
The principal streams are the Altamaha on the northeastern border,
the Little Satilla on the southwest, the Turtle river, on whose east bank
stands the city of Brunswick, the St. Simon's river, St. Simon's sound
and numerous inlets. There are also many creeks. There is consider-
able marsh lands. Wherever the marshes have been drained, the lands
are very productive.
There is a great variety of soil; stretches of sand, black huuiniock
lands and gray loam mixed with oyster shells.
The acreage of crops will show what things are chiefly cultivated in
this county. The number of acres planted in cotton are 10; in corn,
2,000; in wheat, 5; in oat3, 1,000; in rye, 25; in rice, 1,000; in sugar-
cane, 1,000; in Irish potatoes, 100; in sweet potatoes, 1,000; in field
peas, 1,000; in ground-peas, 300; in garden vegetables of every kind,
500.
The sea-island or long-staple cotton, though not planted much, ])ro-
duces about 1,200 pounds to the acre. The other average yields to the
acre are: Com, 25 bushels; wheat, 5 bushels; oats, 20 to 35 bushels;
rice, 47 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, from
200 to 400 bushels; ficld-ijcas, 20 bushels; ground-jions, 30 bushels; su-
gar-cane syrup, 300 to 030 gallons.
There is but little hay raised in the county; but JJorinuda and crab
grass do exceptionally well. As many as 10,000 pounds of the latter
have been raised in one season. Eighty bushels to the acre of barl(\y
and rye sown together have l)ecn raised in one season.
Market gardens or truck farms have a fine local niiirkel in the city of
(584 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Brunswick. Some of the farmers sliip Irish potatoes to northern and
eastern markets in May and June. Some buyers from Boston cleared
$150 an acre on Irish potatoes in the spring of 1900. Strawberries are
very profitable, as are also blackberries and whortleberries, which gi'ow in
wild profusion. Five himdred acres were devoted to melons in
1900, the average net profit on which was $50 an acre. The mel-
ons of Glynn county are famous for size and flavor. The market gar-
dens are seven, with products averaging $7,000 each.
Fruit-raising is so far in the experimental stage. About 50 acres each
have been devoted to peaches, plums and pears and 5 to quinces. The
peaches bring a net value of $50 to the acre, the plums $25, the peare
$20. On account of experiments made at Sterling, Ga., on the Southern
road, much attention will be given in future to fruit-raising.
There are also two florists' establishments, engaged in the cultivation
of flowers and flowering plants for the market, whose sales amount to
about $2,000 a year.
In 1890 there were in Glynn county about 258 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 222 pounds; 4,890 cattle, 264 being working oxen and 1,034
milch-cows, producing 09,110 gallons of milk; 9,276 poultry of various
-kinds, producing 19,662 dozens of eggs; and 3,341 hogs.
The production of honey was small, 1,930 pounds. At the same time
there were reported 255 horses and 69 mules. But these did not in-
clude those in the city of Brunswick. According to a recent estimate
there are 300 goats in Glynn county.
Some little attention is being paid to the improvement of the breed
of beef cattle. Two Hereford bulls and one Shorthorn have been
lately imported into the county.
There are two dairy farms near Brunswick having about 75 cows,
and making a net profit of about $5,000. Most of the cows on these
farms are Jerseys.
Game is plentiful, especially ducks in the winter. Fish are abund-
ant the year round; oysters and clams in the winter. Probably $5,000
worth of fish are shipped in a year. It could easily be $100,000 worth.
Oyster bed^ are cultivated to^ some extent. Choice Brunswicks bnng
the highest prices kno\vn in the markets. Crabs and shrimp abound in
the proper season. There are about 500 people in Glynn county who
make a livelihood by fishing. One firm is engaged in supplying the in-
terior trade. The market so far is mostly local.
The timbers in the county available for market and manufacturing
purposes are about as follows: Cypress, 5,000,000 feet; sweet gum,
10,000,000; beech snim, 5,000,000 ;\'hite oak, 3,000,000; ash, 3,000,-
000; post oak, 5,000,000; live oak, 5,000,000; hickory, 1,000.000: vine,
10,000,000. About 40,000,000 feet of lumber are exported from Bruns-
wick, and 20,000,000 are cut out by the county mills. Most of the lum-
ber is carried down the river and sawed at Brunswick. Of Y saw-milk
3 cut cypress logs and have a capacity of 100.000 feet in a dav; and
4 that cut yellow pine have a capacity of 60,000 feet a day. All these
mills are operated by steam.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 685
There are two barrel factories, employing 200 hands, with
an annual output of 125,000 barrels, valued at $150,000. These bar-
rels are used for rosin and spirits of turpentine.
Brunswick, the county site, the second seaport in Georgia, with a pop-
idation numbering 9,081, is beautifully situated on a blulf of white
sand, elevated from 8 to 12 feet above high water, and extends up and
down the river more than two miles. Its situation is suited for a city of
the largest extent. It has water-works, gas and electric lights, ail under
the control of one company, valued at $200,000. It has also an ice fac-
tory making good profits, two banks with an aggregate capital of $200,-
000, three phining and variety mills and the large sawmills already men-
tioned. The Brunswick and "Western division of the Plant System has
repair shops here which employ 100 hands. The Southern Ivailway also
employs several hands at its extensive yards.
Among the public buildings of Brunswick are a court-liou?e, valued
at $20,000; a city hall, worth $35,000; two public school buildings, one
valued at $8,000 and the other at $5,000. In the public schools of the
city are enrolled 810 white pupils and 1,804 colored.
The commerce of the city has grown in value from $500,000 in 1884
to $38,000,000 in 1899. The Mallory line of freight and passenger
steamers runs from BnniSAWck to New York, and the Clyde line from
Brunswick to Boston. There are steamboat lines to Darien, St. Simon's
Island, to Cumberland Island and Fernandina, Florida; also a tri-weokly
line to points on the Satilla river. The cotton exports from Brunswick
for the past season were 25,000 bales.
Thirty miles of shell roads leading out from Brunswick and 50 miles
of salt water rivers and creeks, together with the railroads, make the
matter of marketing quite easy. The county convicts are kept busy all
the time repairing the roads.
Artesian wells supply pure water to the city and county, and also
furnish to truck farmers easy means of irrigation.
The schools of the city and county are of the very best. In the 18
county schools for whites the average attendance is G50, and in the 10
for colored 1,274.
All the Christian denominations have good church edifices and largo
memberships. The Jews also have a synagogue.
The shipments of lumber from Brunswick for 1900 were as follows:
Domestic. Foreign.
Lumber (feet) 143,084,000 25,280,000
Timber (feet) 353,000 11,48-1,000
Shingles (number) 9,017,100 917,000
Ties (number) 2,131,173 50..M4
Staves (number) -^^^ ^'^-^^0
Laths (bundles) 75,000
The area of Glynn county is 4G8 s(inare miles, or 299,520 acrot^.
Population of Glynn county in 1900, 14,317, a gain of 897 since
1890; school fund, $9,797.19.
636 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
By tlie Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 69,712; of wild land, 120,131; average value of improved
land, to the acre, $6.00; of wild land, $1.12; city property, $2,113,944;
shares in bank, $184,400; gas and electric lights, $62,540; building
and loan association, $85,912; money, etc., $155,712; merchandise,
$259,815; shipping, $2,850; cotton manufactories, $1,050; iron
works, $3,100; mining, $200; household furniture, $189,284;
farm and other animals, $79,151; plantation and mechanical
tools, $15,011; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,567; value of all other prop-
erty, $128,667; real estate, $2,666,521; personal estate, $1,193,875; ag-
gregate porperty, $3,862,396.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
14,791; value, $42,659; city property, $124,570; money, $900; mer-
chandise, $2,030; household furniture, $15,932; watches, etc., $190;
farm animals, etc., $17,186; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,668;
value of all other property, $965; aggregate property, $206,100.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $112,859 since the returns
of 1900.
On the coast of Glynn county are several islands, the most impor-
tant of which are St. Simon's, Jekyl, Blythe, Colonel's, Crispine, Little
St. Simon's, Long Island, Rainbow, Hammock and Latham.
Frederica, on the west side of St. Simon's Inland, was settled in 1739,
and was named for Frederick, Prince of Wales, only son of George the
Second. It was laid out by General Oglethorpe, with wide streets, cross-
ing each other at right angles, and planted with rows of orange trees. This
place, which was the residence of General Oglethorpe and figured much
in the early history of Georgia, is now in ruins. On St. Simon's Island
on July 7th, 1742, was fought a battle between Oglethorpe's regiment
and the Spaniards, in which the latter, though greatly outnumbering
the English, were defeated with such great loss that the scene of the
conflict is to this day known as the "Bloody Marsh."
In this section of the State a gallant exploit was performed by the
Americans. The particulars of this affair are given by Colonel Elbert
in a letter to Major-General Howe, who commanded the Americans at
Savannah, Colonel Samuel Elbert having learned that a British brig-
antine, a sloop and a prize brig were near Frederica, embarked at Darien
with 300 men and two pieces of artillery on three galleys and another
boat, and made so sudden and bold an attack that the British vessels
promptly surrendered.
In 1788 the Creek Indians oven-au the country from the Altamaha
to the St. Mary's. Captain John Burnett lived at this time at the head
of Turtle river with his family and slaves. All the neighbors had fled
from the mainland to the islands. Going out one day with his son John,
the captain discovered some Indians lying behind a log. The two
charged them, receiving the fire of ten Indians, who then went away.
The captain was wounded in several places. One of the wounds was in
the ear and finally proved fatal. "With the aid of his son and a black
boy he succeeded in getting to a house. About two weeks afterwards
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 6g7
100 Indians in the dead of night killed a negro sentinel at the gate, and
approaching the house attempted to fire it and to break dowTi
the door. For four hours the inmates kept the Indians back. The two
daughters of Captain Burnett loaded the muskets below and handed them
to their brothei-s above. About daylight 30 men from St. Simon's Island
came to their rescue and the savages fled. One negro in the house had
been killed and all the negroes outside had been carried away by the
Indians. Moses Burnett had received three wounds, none of which
proved fatal.
Population of Glynn county by race and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,760; white females, 2,440; total white,
5,200; colored males, 4,547; colored females, 4,570; total colored, 9,117.
Population of the city of Brunswick by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,029; white females, 1,855; total white,
3,884; colored males, 2,466; colored females, 2,731; total colored, 5,197.
Total population of the city of Bru•ns^^^ck, 9,081.
Domestic animals in Glynn county in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 17 steers, 6 bulls, 206 dairy
cows, 348 horses, 46 mules, 81 swine.
GORDON COUNTY.
Gordon County was laid out from Ployd and Cass (now Bartow) in
1850, and was named in honor of William Washington Gordon, son of
Lieutenant Ambrose Gordon of Maryland, who served in the war for
independence under Colonel Wm. Washington, and upon the return of
peace settled in Augusta, where his son William was born in 1796. Mr.
Gordon was one of the main promoters of railroad enterprise in Geor-
gia, and was president of the Central Railroad at the time of his death
in Savannah in 1842.
Gordon county is bounded by the following counties: Murray and
Whitfield on the north, Gilmer and Pickens on the east, Bartow and
Floyd on the south, and Floyd and Chattooga on the west.
It is watered by the Oostanaula, Coosawattee and the Connesauga
rivers, and by Oothcaloga, Sillacoa and Pine Log creeks.
The soil is similar to that of Floyd and Bartow. The average yield
to the acre, according to soil and cultivation, is: Seed cotton, 800 to
1,000 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bushels; oats, 20 to 50 bushels; wheat, 10
to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels;
field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover hay, 5,000
pounds; fodder, 400 pounrls; sorghum syrup, 75 to 300 gallons. A di-
versified system of farming prevails.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 3,581 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 6,807 pounds; 6,495 cattle, 421 working oxon, 2,416 milcli-
cows, with a production of 752,158 gallons of milk, 212,000 pounds of
butter and 915 pounds of cheese; 114,449 of all kinds of poultry, pro-
ducing 187,725 dozons of occu:^. This county also produced 13,175 pounds
(338 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of honey. There is one regular dairy farm producing milk and butter
for market, 'iliere were 1,'ood hoiises, l,'Z'6i) muies, li donJieys and 11,-
678 hog8.
The minerals of Gordon county are iron and limestone, but no mines
or quarries of these materials.
The bauxite deposits extend into this county and the limestone de-
posits are unusually high in carbonate of lime. There are biack and
variegated marbles near Calhoun, but none are being mined.
The timber growth is mostly hardwood, with some pine. Thirty-
three per cent, of the original lorest growth is still standing. Several
small sawmills find steady eiupioyment.
The county site is Calhoun, a pretty and thriving town on the West-
em and Atlantic Railway, it has one bank, with a capital of Jp:^5,0U0;
a court-house valued at $25,000; good churches and schools, and about
20 commercial houses and 2 life insurance agencies, which all do a pros-
perous business. Corn, the small grain and peaches do exceptionally
well around Calhoun. Eesaca, five miles north of Calhoun, and Lay's
Ferry were the scene of fierce combats during the Dalton-Atlanta cam-
. paign in 1864. At Calhoun and Eesaca are large flour mills, and at
Calhoun is a successful brick-yard.
Plumville, Sugar Valley and other thriving villages are on the line
of the Southern Eailway.
This county is steadily growing in population and wealth.
The cotton receipts are from 5,000 to 6,000 bales for the county.
Most of the products of the county are marketed at Calhouu.
According to the United States census of 1900 during the season of
1899-1900 there were ginned 6,609 bales of upland cotton.
The area of Gordon county is 387 square miles, or 247,680 acres.
Population in 1900, 14,119, an increase of 1,361 since 1890; school
fund,'$10,148.40.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 217,952; of wild land, 20,059; average value per acre
of improved land, $5.42; of wild land, $0.28; city property, $191,276;
shares in bank, $10,000; money, etc., $193,231; merchandise, $50,244;
cotton manufactories, $14,100; household furniture, $96,105; farm and
other animals, $212,941; mining, $100; plantation and mechanical tools,
$61,659; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,108; value of all other property,
$34,702; real estate, $1,378,243; personal estate, $726,606; aggregate
property, $2,104,849.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of Im^d,
2,511; value, $8,440; city property, $4,108; household furniture, $3,-
157; money, etc., $139; farm animals, $5,429; merchandise, $50; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $889; watches, jewelry, etc., $93; value of
all other property, $260; ao:gi'egate property, $23,121.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $6,270 in the value of all
propertv over the returns of 1900.
At T^ew Echota, in the first part of the 19th century, lived severRJ
distinguished Cherokee chiefs, Elijah Hix, Bondenot and Alexander Mc-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 689
Coy. In 1832 it had 000 inhabitants. Here what was known as the
Schermerhorn treaty was negotiated.
Oostanauia was a hirge Indian town in ITUl, and its inhabirant- wltc
very hostile to the Americans.
The average attendance on the public schools of Gordon county is
1,650 in the 53 schools for whites and 123 in the 6 schools for colored.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have churches and other Chris-
tian sects are represented.
By the census of lUOO Calhoun, the largest town, had a population
of 851, and in the whole Calhoun district there were 2,484 inhabitants.
Population of Gordon county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of IWOO: white males, G,189; white females, G,2i.)}); "total white,
12,488; colored males, 850; colored females, 781; total colored, l,(.iol.
Domestic animals m Gordon county in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or. ranges, June 1, 1900: 72 calves, 33 steers, 7 bulls, 137 dairy
cows, 8G horses, 15 mules, 1 donkey, 24 sheep, 314 swine.
GREENE COUNTY.
Greene County was laid out from Washington county in 1786, and was
named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, Ehode Island's gallant
son, who, as commander of the Department of the South, was under the
blessing of heaven the greatest factor in the deliverance of the Carolinas
and Georgia from British rule, and who after the achievement of inde-
pendence lived and died in Georgia. A part of this county was set off
to Hancock in 1793, a part to Oglethorpe in 1794, a part to Clarke in
1802 and a part to Taliaferro in 1825. Greene county is bounded by tb.o
following counties: Oconee and Oglethorpe on the north, Taliaferro on
the east, Taliaferro and Hancock on the southeast, Putnam on the south-
'^est and Putnam and Morgan on the west.
The Apalachee and Oconee rivers are in the western part of tlie
county, the former flowing into the latter on the western border. The
Ogeecliee river rises in this county not far from Greenesboro. Other
st/reains -ire Beaver Dam, Tvichland and Fishing creeks.
Of 243,800 acres in the county 82,000 are under cultivation. The
uplands embrace 195,000 acres; the bottom lands, 48,800; the tindier
lands. 120.000; the uncultivated lands, 161.800. The average value
per acrf of tho upland and timber lands is $7.00, of the bottom lands,
$^.00, and of the uncultivated lands, $2.50.
The soils are both gray and red clay. The -10,000 acres planted in
cotton yield on an average 500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; tho
20.000 in r-orn vifld 10 bushels to the acre; the 8,000 in wlu^at, 8 luisji-
els to the acre; the 4,000 in oats, 20 bushels; the 500 in barley, 25 bush-
els; the 500 in rye, 8 bushels; the 500 in sorghum, 30 gallons to tho
acre; the 500 in Irish potatoes. 50 bushels; the 1.000 in sweet potatoes,
40 bu-hels to the acre; the 3.000 In field-nens, 18 busliels to the acre; tho
1,000 acres in ground-peas give 15 bushels to the acre.
(590 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The soils are well adapted to Bermuda, clover, pea-vines, German mil-
let and other grass and forage plants. Enough hay is made for home
consumption and some is marketed. The product of the county is about
500 tons or 1,000,000 pounds. Under careful culture there have been
in Greene county yields of 10,000 pounds of clover hay to the acre,
13,953 pounds of Bermuda-grass hay and 27,130 pounds of corn forag©.
There are 12 dairy farms with 325 milch-cows. The Jersey is the
favorite. ISTearly all other farms have milch-cows, many of them Jerseys,
and make butter for domestic use. The total number of cows in Greene
county in 1890 was, 2,322, producing 667,785 gallons of mlik and
195,220 pounds of butter.
A large quantity of beef cattle is raised in this county, and the ship-
ment amounts to about 50 per cent. Attention is being paid to the im-
provement of the breed, and within the last five years 5 pure-bred Here-
ford bulls have been imported into the county. The total number of cat-
tle of all kinds in the county in 1890 were 5,549, of which there were
463 working oxen. There were at that time 881 sheep, with a wool-clip
of nearly 2,581 pounds; 1,273 horses, 1,877 mules, 3 donkeys and 9,434
hogs. The goats in the county are estimated at 400. All the various
kinds of poultry aggregated 77,113 and their eggs amounted to 155,632
dozen. The county also produced 11,743 pounds of honey.
There is enough of fish and game in the county for sport, but not
enough for profit.
There are about 50 market gardens raising several varieties of veget-
ables for home consumption and for the Atlanta market. Many varie-
ties of fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but only for home
consumption or the local markets in the towns of the county.
Pine and the various hardwoods are found in the forests. Very little
lumber is shipped from the county. There are 12 sawmills, operated by
steam. There is a planing-mill at Union Point, a wagon factory at White
Plains, and a box factory at Siloam. Other manufactories are a cotton-
mill at Greenesboro, two knitting-mills, one at Union Point and one at
Penfield, an electric light plant at Union Point, and 12 flour and grist-
mills scattered through the county. There are fine water-powers, espe-
cially on the Oconee river. Some of the water-powers are Riley Shoals,
Lawi-ence Shoals, Park Mill Shoals and Scull Shoals. Many thousand
horse-powers are undeveloped. There is a copper and iron mine at
Union Point, but it is not worked.
Greenesboro, the county site, is located on the Georgia Railroad, be-
tween Richland and Beaver Dam creeks. It has 2 banks with an aggre-
gate capital of $100,000, and a court-house valued at $20,000. Its popu-
lation is 1,511, and that of the whole Greenesboro district is 2,402,
Other towns and villages in the county are Woodville, Union Point,
Silofim. "White Plains, Greshamville, Liberty, Yeazey, Parsons and
Daniel Springs.
The Baptists, Methodists, Prsebyterians and Episcopalians have
churches in the county, in good condition and full membership.
The school privileges are excellent, both in town and countiy. In
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 691
the 29 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 665 pupils,
and in the 40 for colored there is a like attendance of 1,276.
The roads of the county are in tine condition and are worked by con-
victs. There are tive hundred miles of public roads and 33 miles of rail-
road on which are 8 stations. Two branches of the Georgia Railroad
traverse the county, one from north to south, the other (the main
line) from east to west.
The products of the county are mai-keted in Augusta, Atlanta and
Athens, Georgia.
About 12,000 bales of cotton are received from the entire county, and
about 3,500 are shipped from Greeuesboro. By the United States census
of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 11,583
bales (upland). The mills of the county use 1,800 bales.
The area of Greene county is 400 square miles, or 256,000 acres.
Population in 1900, 16,5-12; school fund, $12,565.62.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 240,599; of wild land, none reported; average value per
acre of improved land, $3.34; city property, $246,533; money,
etc., $151,211; building and loan, $8,000; merchandise, $72,453;
stocks and bonds, $17,200; manufactories, $35,000; iron works,
$2,000; household furniture, $79,583; farm and other animals, $127,-
690; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,087; watches, jewelry, etc.,
-$4,788; value of all other property, $36,748; real estate, $1,052,362;
personal estate, $562,486. Aggregate, $1,614,848.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
7,057; value, $22,698; city property, $12,840; money, etc., $100;
household furniture, $14,461; farm and other animals, $23,509; watches,
etc., $57.00; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,748; value of all other
property, $336.00. Aggregate value of property, $77,749.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop-
erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $82,877.
The total population of the county, 16,542, shows a loss of 509 since
1890. This loss is the result of a considerable emigration of negroes from
the county.
Before the Indians were removed across the Mississippi river, they
used to commit many depredations in this county. At one time a party
of them burned the town of Greenesboro.
On the 31st of May, 1787, a party of the upper Creeks came to the
frontiers of Greene county, killed and scalped two men and carried off
a negro and fourteen horses. The militia pursuing them killed twelve.
The Indians of the lower towns claimed that these were their men and
demanded that an equal number of white men should be delivered up to
them. Governor Matthews replied: "We will deliver up none of our
people, and, if the Indians spill a drop of blood, we wil lay their towns
in ashes and sprinkle their land with blood."
In the month of April, 1793, the Indians perpetrated many outrages,
killing men, women and children. On one occasion a party of thirteen
attacked the home of Mr. Fielder, a celebrated scout, during his absence.
'M ga
692 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Mrs. Fielder and a negro woman attempted to save the horses. The negro
woman being wounded in the thigh, her mistress dragged her into the
house, in which were four or five guns, which the two women handled
with such effect that the Indians were driven off.
Population of Greene county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,623; white females, 2,702; total white,
5,325; colored males, 5,373; colored females, 5,844; total colored,
11,217.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 77 calves, 12 steers, 3 bulls, 188 dairy cows, 107 horses,
1 donkey, 307 swine, 21 goats.
GWINNETT COUNTY.
Gwinnett County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was
taken from Jackson in 1818 and a part- set off to DeKalb in 1822. It was
named after the Hon. Button Gwinnett, one of the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence from the State of Georgia.
The counties bounding it are: Hall and Jackson on the north and
northeast, Walton and Rockdale on the southeast, DeKalb on the south-
west, DeKalb, Milton and Forsyth on the west and northwest.
Along its whole northwestern boundary runs the Chattahoochee river.
The Ulcofauhachee and Yellow rivers, both branches of the Ocmulgee,
rise in this county, as does also the Apalachee, a branch of the Oconee.
The northern part of the county is hilly. A belt of red land of superior
quality enters the county at the east and runs south. The lands along
the rivers and creeks are productive. The uplands are mostly of a gray
soil.
The average production to the acre, under fair methods of cultivation.
is: of com, 15 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 10; rye, 5; barley, 10; Irish
potatoes, 50; sweet potatoes, 75; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed
cotton, 750 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clover, 2,000 pounds;
com fodder, 250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 to 100 gallons. With the
best methods these yields are doubled on some of the best lands.
By the census of 1890 there were in Gwinnett 2,992 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 4,312 pounds; 9,168 cattle, 679 working oxen, 3,528 milch-
cows producing 1,070,368 gallons of milk, from which were made 346,-
562 pounds of butter and 115 pounds of cheese. There were 153,216
of all kinds of poultry, producing 203,623 dozens of eggs. There were
also 1,240 horses, 2,094 mules, 6 donkeys and 12,130 swine. The
county produces also 32,763 pounds of honey.
The native grasses give a fine range for sheep and cattle.
There are fine water-powers along the Chattahoochee river.
The timbers are the various kinds of oak, hickory, maple, poplar, gum
and some pine.
Lawrenceville, the county site, is situated on the Seaboard Air Line
Railroad. It has a branch road of this same system connecting it with
Loganville, in Walton county, and another, the Lawrenceville road, con-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^D INDUSTRIAL. (393
necting it with. Suwannee, on the Southern Railway. Lawrenceville has
a bank, and during the past year a cotton-mill with a capital stock of
$60,000 has been put in operation. The Lawrenceville disU'ict has a pop-
ulation of 2,535 of whom 853 live iu the town.
Buford, on the Southern Eailway, is a busy town, having two banks
with an aggregate capital of $50,000; 4 tanneries, 3 large harness fac-
tories and 1 small one employing 575 hands and turning out more than
200 dozen horse collars a day. The Sugar Hill district has a population
of 3,226, of whom 1,352 live in the town of Buford, and 211 in the town
of West Buford. This is a prosperous and growing county with a fine
climate and a progressive people.
Granite of excellent quality is abundant. Iron, quartz and buhrstone
are found in considerable quantities. Some gold has been found in the
Chattahoochee river and in some other places.
The schools are in good condition, and churches are found in every
neighborhood. In the 84 schools for whites, the average attendance is
3,123, and in the 20 for colored there is an average attendance of 468.
According to the United States census of 1900 the number of bales of
cotton ginned in Gwinnett county for the season of 1899-1900, was 17,-
667 bales (upland).
The area of Gwinnett county is 510 square miles, or 326,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 25,585, an increase of 5,686 since 1890; school
fund, $16,168.94.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 286,490; average value per acre of improved land, $5.92;
city property, $374,793; shares in bank, $32,000; money, etc. $385,378;
merchandise, $125,299; cotton factories, $35,630; iron works, $300;
household furniture, $155,208; farm and other andmals, $268,224;
plantation and mechanical tools, $74,709; watches, jeweliy, etc.,
$8,311; value of all other property, $51,563; real estate, $2,073,139;
personal estate, $1,142,086. Aggregate property, $3,215,225.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
2,615; value, $4,998; city property, $4,375; money, etc., $787; house-
hold furniture, $5,122; farm and other animals, $10,562; watches, etc.,
$87; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,857; value of all other property,
$131.00. Aggregate property, $37,919.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $166,011 in the value of all
property, as compared with the returns of 1900.
In the court-house square at Lawrenceville stands a monument, on one
side of which is the folloAving inscription: "This monument is erected by
their friends to the memory of Captain James C. Winn and Sergeant
Anthony Bates, Texan volunteers of this village, who Avorc taken in
honorable combat at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican
commander, March 27, 1830." On tlie other side of the monument is
another inscription which reads thus: "To the memory of Ensign Isaac
Lacy, Sergeant -Tames C. Martin, and pnvates Win. ]\r. Sims, John A. V,
Tate, Robert T. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers; Henry W. Podcn,
James M. Allen, members of the Gwinnett company of Mounted Vol-
g94 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
unteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain
in battle with a party of Creek Indians at Shepherd's, in Stewart county,
June 9, 1836. Their remains rest beneath this monument."
Population of Gwinnett county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 10,Y35; white females, 10,707; total white,
21,442; colored males, 2,094; colored females, 2,049; total colored,
4,143.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 132 calves, 21 steers, 18 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 151 horses,
19 mules, 525 swine, 6 goats.
HABERSHAM COUNTY.
Hahersham County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was
named for Joseph Habersham of Savannah, a distinguished patriot of
the Revolution, who was Postmaster-General under Washington and
Adams. This county is bounded on the north by Rabun, on the east (or
rather northeast) by the State of South Carolina, from which it is sepa-
rated by the Tugaloo river, on the southeast by Franklin county, on the
south by Banks, on the southwest by Hall, and on the west by White.
The Chattahoochee river is on the western boundary and the Soque is
one of its tributaries. Other streams are Hazel creek and Mud creek.
The surface of the county is broken. The lands along the Tugaloo
river are productive of corn, wheat, rye and oats. Some cotton is raised
in the southern part of the county.
Of 224,857 acres in the county, 74,779 are under cultivation, 114,-
286 are uplands, 61,408 lowland, 37,650 bottom land, 137,567 timber-
land and the number of acres uncultivated is 150,078.
The soils are varied and are adapted: the uplands, to fruit and the
vine; the lowlands to grain, root crops, peas and grasses; the bottom
lands to com, hay and melons. Vegetables and legumens do well on all
of these.
Two thousand one hundred and seventy acres in cotton produce 500
pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 44,200 in corn, 18 bushels to the acre;
11,214 in wheat, 15; 6,455 in oats, 12 bushels to the acre; 1,172 in rye,
15 bushels; 4,150 acres in sorghum give 100 gallons to the acre; 1,170
acres in Irish potatoes yield 200 bushels to the acre; 1,730 in sweet po-
tatoes give 80 bushels to the acre; 1,200 in field-peas, 40 bushels to the
acre. Some farmers have raised 30 bushels of com to the acre and 40 of
oats. Garden vegetables do well, especially cabbage and Irish potatoes.
Berries, fruits of all kinds, and melons grow to perfection. Apples and
peaches bring good profits.
There is no soil or climate better suited to the growth of forage crops.
Clover, alfalfa, vetches, and all the hay grasses do well. They are little
raised, however, because the native grasses supply abundant pasture with-
out them. The cultivation of hay would be profitable in Habersham
county. Without any special effort 2,000 pounds of clover to the acre
are produced. •
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyOVSTRIAL. 695
"While there are no dairj farms by the census of 1S90, there were
5,188 cattle and 1,701 milch-cows (mauy of them Jerseys), producing
454,140 gallons of milk and 130,648 pounds of butter.
The rearing of beef cattle as an industry is on the increase, and the
breed is improving rapidly. Two Polled Angus and 8 shorthorned bulls
have lately been imported into the county.
Of all kinds of poultry there were in 1890 43,037, producing 89,876
dozens of eggs. This county produced also 14,562 pounds of honey.
There were 5,343 sheep, with a wool-clip of 8,823 pounds. There
were also 7,839 swine, 623 horses, 436 mules and 14 donkeys. During
the past five years stock of all kinds has improved 30 per cent.
There are 51 vineyards covering about 970 acres. The value of the
grapes sold is $9,780, and the revenue derived from the sale of their wine
is $71,720.
The timber of the county is white oak, post oak, maple, hickory, beech,
walnut, cedar and pine. All these are available for manufacturing pur-
poses. There are six sawmills in the county operated by steam and
valued at $8,000.
Near Cornelia are the cotton-mills of the Porter Manufacturing Com-
pany, with 6,000 spindles and a capital of $125,000, and at Toccoa are
the Toccoa Mills, with 5,000 spindles and a capital of $50,000. There
is a woolen-mill in connection with the Porter Manufacturing Company.
There are also 8 flour and grist-mills in Habersham county. There is a
sash and blind factory at Cornelia and one at Toccoa. There are also a
tannery and a wagon factory at Cornelia. All the grist-mills and the
mills of the Porter Manufacturing Company at Cornelia use water-
power. The rest use steam.
All the manufactories of the county, taken together, employ 728
hands, and pay out in salaries $215,300. In addition to the manufac-
tories already mentioned, there are 5 registered brandy distilleries.
Clarkesville, the county site, is situated on the line of the Tallulah
Falls Railway, near the Soque river, on a high ridge. Here the eye of the
tourist is delighted by the picturesque grandeur of the surrounding
country. The population of the district is 1,382, of whom 491 live in
the town.
Cornelia, on the Southern Railway, is a thriving town with several
manufacturing establishments and a bank with a capital of $25,000. In
the neighborhood of Cornelia some of the finest peaches of Georgia are
raised and its vineyards produce the most luscious grapes, from which
wines of the finest cjuality are made. The Cornelia district conUiins 1,058
inhabitants, of whom 467 live in the town.
Toccoa, already mentioned for its manufactories is a tliriving to\\Ti of
2,176 inhabitants on the Southern Railway, at the junction of the El-
berton branch with the main trunk line. Toccoa district contiiins 3,419
inhabitants. Within throe miles of it arc tlie lovely falls of Toccoa, al-
ready described in a previous chapter.
Demorest, on the Tallulah Falls Railway, is a pretty town with a good
trade and commanding from all sides a lovely view. The Demorest dis-
696 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
trict, which is coextensive with the town of that name, had a population
of 560 in 1900.
Tallulah Falls, just across the boundary of Habersham, in Rabun
county, and known far and wide for their scenery in which grandeur
and beauty are so charmingly blended, were long claimed by Habersham,
but a decision of the Supreme Court of Georgia adjudged them to
Rabun.
Other towns are Mount Airy and Ayersville on the Southern, and
Tumerville, Anandale and Azalea on the Tallulah Falls Railway.
The products of the county are marketed at Toccoa, Cornelia, Mount
Airy, Turnerville, Clarkesville and Demorest, local markets, and at the
city of Atlanta, with which all this section is connected by the Southern
Railway.
The total cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county are
8,400 bales. The mills of the county use 3,200 bales. The cotton
ginned in the county for the season of 1899-1900, according to the
United States census for 1900, was 1,435 bales (upland).
The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians are all rep-
resented by the churches of this county.
There are good schools in the towns, villages and throughout the
county. The average attendance in the 47 schools for whites is 1,169,
and in the 7 for negroes, 154. In the schools of Toccoa are enrolled 296
whites and 130 colored.
There are several mountains in this county, of which Currahee is the
most noted. It rises in a conical form until it reaches an elevation of
nine hundred feet. On the east it descends to the usual level of the land,
but on the west, after descending many hundred feet, it blends with a
ridge that joins it to the chain of the Alleghanies.
Iron ore of superior quality is found in Habersham county. Granite
of the best quality and apparently inexhaustible is all over the county.
A mine of asbestos is being profitably worked. The capital invested
is $8,000, and the annual output is $22,000.
Gold, copper, manganese, ochre, marble, slate, gi*aphite, mica, talc
and sandstone are found. Intelligent citizens claim that the county has
unlimited mineral resources that only need development to show some of
the richest mines in the Appalachian region.
The area of Habersham county is 372 square miles, or 238,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,604, an increase of 2,031 since 1890; school
fund, $9,087.75.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 213,680; of wild land, 12,085; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.51; of wild land, $0.47; city property, $273,719;
shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $125,783; "merchandise, $76,594;
building and loan associations, $7,445; stocks and bonds, $9,800; cot-
ton manufactories, $131,781; iron works, $800; household furniture,
$85,290; farm and other animals, $107,645; plantation and mechanical
tools, $24,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,333; value of all other prop-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 697
erty, $15,054; real estate, $917,366; personal estate, $671,975. Aggre-
gate property, $1,589,341.
Property returued by colored taxpayers: number of acres of laud,
2,445; value, $5,799; city property, $15,318; money, etc., $310; mer-
chandise, $95; household furniture, $3,209; farm and other animals,
$3,347; plantation and mechanical tools, $561; watches, etc., $84.00;
value of all other property, $273.00. Aggregate property, $32,354.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,722.
Population of Habersham county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 5,870; white females, 5,942; total white,
11,812; colored males, 869; colored females, 923; total colored, 1,792.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 46 steers, 2 bulls, 281 dairy cows, 203 horses,
40 mules, 1 donkey, 4 sheep, 498 swine, 3 goats.
HALL C0L3TY.
Hall County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, and was named
for Lyman Hall, a signer of the Declaration of Independence in behalf
of Georgia and governor of the State from January 9, 1783 to January
9, 1784. It is bounded by the following counties: "White and Lumpkin
on the north, Habersham on the northeast. Banks on the east, Jackson on
the southeast, Gwinnett on the south and southwest, Forsyth and Daw-
son on the west and Lumpkin on the northwest. The principal rivers are
the Chattahoochee, Oconee, Chestatee, "Walnut and Little. There are
also numerous creeks. On these streams the lands are very productive.
Almost every variety of soil is found in this county.
According to the soil and method of cultivation the lands of Ilall
county will produce to the acre: from 750 to 1,500 pounds of seed cot-
ton; from 15 to 20 bushels of corn; from 10 to 20 bushels of wheat;
from 20 to 40 bushels of oats; from 10 to 15 bushels of rye; 100 bush-
els of Irish potatoes; 200 bushels of sweet potatoes; 15 bushels of lield-
peas and 25 of ground-peas; 250 gallons of sorghum syrup. All grasses
and forage crops do well and are raised to a considerable extent. The
average hay production is: crab-grass, Bermuda-grass and clover, two
tons, or 4,000 pounds each to the acre.
The people are very much interested in getting good milch-cows and
have a preference for the Jersey. Kearly every family in the country
and many in the towns and villages have at least one cow. Some atten-
tion also is paid to the roaring of beef cattle, and there have been a few
importations of full bred bulls.
In 1890 there were in ILall county 6,635 cattle, of wliich 2,429 were
milch-cows, producing 734,188 gallons of milk, 247,355 pounds of but-
ter, and 75 pounds of cheese. There were also 112,635 of nil varieties of
poultry, producing 122,102 dozens of eggs. The county Jils<i ])rodu('od
29,937 pounds of honey. Other animals were 823 horses, 1,437 mules,
698 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
8 donkeys, 8,724 swine and 2,479 sheep, with a wool-clip of 3,9 IS
pounds.
There is some trucking in a small way to supply the home market.
Berries of all kinds and grapes are raised extensively. There are several
small vineyards of from 5 to 20 acres. Fine melons, peaches and apples
are raised. All fruits of every kind grow to perfection and the home
market is kept well supplied. The apples only are marketed to any con-
siderable extent outside of the county.
There are 2 florists engaged in raising flowers and flowering plants
for sale.
There is a great variety of minerals in the county. Some of the gold
mines are operated profitably. There are also iron, lead and silver in
small quantities. Large quantities of brick and lime are made. There
is also a large supply of building stone. The county has several valuable
water-powers amounting to about 6,000 horse-powers. Since 1892 there
has been some additional utilization of water-powers by several new flour-
ing and grist-mills. There are in all 35 of these mills, with an aggregate
value of $35,000.
About half the land of the county is timber, mostly white oak, post
oak, poplar, hickory, pine, maple, ash, walnut, mountain oak, and locust.
These fine timbers are utilized by 12 or more sawmills.
Gainesville, the county site, on the Southern Railway 53 miles from
Atlanta, is a growing city of 4,382 inhabitants. It has a court-house
valued at $75,000; three banks, whose capital aggregates nearly $200,-
000, and an electric light plant and water-works owned by the city.
There are located here many manufacturing establishments, viz. : a large
shoe factory, 4 tanneries, 4 planing-mills, 3 sash, blind and furniture es-
tablishments, 3 wagon and carriage and buggy factories, 1 ice factory, 1
furniture and chair factory, 1 steam laundry, 1 iron foundry and machine
shop, 5 brick works, limeworks, 1 paper box factory, 1 pottery, 1 cotton
seed oil-mill, the railroad shops of the Gainesville, Jefferson and South-
em and two cotton-mills. One of these now nearing completion repre-
sents a capital of $1,000,000. In all these manufactories between two
and three thousand hands are employed. The enterprising citizens of
this progressive town are projecting canneries, wool factories, electric
power-plant for street railways and a manufactory of cotton towels. Of
course life and fire insurance companies have their active agents in this
busy city.
In the Gainesville district, which includes the city, there are 5,820
inhabitants.
The Southern Eailway crosses the county from southwest to northeast,
and a branch of it running along its eastern boundary connects Belton,
on the main line, with the city of Athens. The Gainesville, Jefferson
and Southern connects Gainesville with Monroe and Social Circle in
"Walton county, and, by another branch, with Jefferson, the county site
of Jackson county. The roads of Hall county are not macadamized,
though the streets of Gainesville are.
The county receipts of cotton are about 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of
BUFF PLYMOUTH ROCK COCK.
Fi-om lliil. \'o. mi.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 699
which are handled at Gainesville. According to the United States cen-
sus of 1900 there were ginned 9,586 bales of upland cotton during the
season of 1S99-1900.
The products of the county are marketed chiefly in Gainesville, but
Flowery Branch and Belton on the Southern Railway come in for a
share.
When the new cotton mill is completed, the mills will use more than
30,000 bales a year.
The Brenau College and Conservatory of Music is situated at Gaines-
ville. It has a large attendance of pupils. The public schools of the
city and county are in a good condition. The Georgia Military Insti-
tute for young men was completed in 1900.
The churches of the city and county are at convenient distances, and
are in easy reach of all the citizens. They represent Methodists, Bap-
tists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians.
The average attendance in the public schools of the county is 1,995
in the 68 schools for whites, and 285 in the 15 for colored. In the
schools of Gainesville there are enrolled 615 whites and 214 colored
pupils.
The area of Hall county is 449 square miles, or 287,360 acres. Popu-
lation in 1900, 20,752, an increase of 2,705 since 1890; school fund,
$14,132.02.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 252,457; of wild land, 1,473; value per acre of improved
land, $4.98; of wild land, $0.65; city property, $1,059,850; shares in
bank, $103,000; money, etc., $433,857, merchandise, $229,085;
stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $81,475; iron works,
$1,200; mining, $1,450; household furniture, $181,072; farm and other
animals, $221,538; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,897; watches,
jewelry, etc., $10,347; value of all other property, $50,277; real estate,
$2,317,827; personal estate, $1,512,718. Aggregate property, $3,830,-
645.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
3,754; value, $11,430; city property, $12,625; money, etc., $175; mer-
chandise, $20; household furniture, $6,698; farm and other animals,
$7,527; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,183; watches, etc., $115;
value of all other property, $704.00. Aggregate property, $46,0S2.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
of $176,661 over the returns of 1900.
Population of Ilall county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 8,655; white females, 8,825; total white, 17,480;
colored males, 1,627; colored females, 1,645; total colored, 3,272.
Population of Gainesville City by race and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,525; white females, 1,671; total white,
3,196; colored males, 536; colored females, 650; total colored, 1,186.
Total population of Gainesville, 4,382.
Domestic animals in Hall county in barns and inclosures, not on farms
or ranges, June 1, 1900: 108 calves, 21 steers, 1 bull, 329 dairy cows,
270 horses, 89 mules, 2 donkeys, 401 swine, 4 goats.
700 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
HANCOCK COUNTY.
Hancock County was laid out in 1793, and received its name in honor
of John Hancock of Massachusetts, chairman of the Continental Con-
gress, in which position he performed duties now belonging to the Presi-
dent of the United States. Bj virtue of his position he was the lirst man
to sign the Declaration of Independence.
The north fork of the Ogeechee river separates the county from War-
ren, and the Oconee from Putnam. It is bounded by the following
counties: Taliaferro on the north, "Warren on the northeast, Glascock a
few miles on the east, Washington on the southeast, Baldwin on the
southwest, Putnam on the west, and Greene on the northwest.
The northern part of Hancock county is very hilly, with a red, alumin-
ous soil. The southern portion is flat pine woods, with silicious soil.
The best lands are said to be on Shoulderbone creek and its tributary
waters. Other streams in the county are Little Ogeechee river, Buffalo,
Keg and Town creeks.
The lands of the county under good cultivation will average per acre:
seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; com, 15 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; wheat, 10
to 20 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150
bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 25 bushels; ground-peas,
60 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 5,000
pounds; clover, 4,000 pounds; corn forage, 3,000 pounds; sorghum
syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons.
Some of the best lands in the county, under careful cultivation, have
yielded as high as 2,800 pounds of seed cotton to the acre; 65 bushels of
com and 42 bushels of wheat. According to the United States census
of 1900, during the season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 14,371 bales
of upland cotton in Hancock county.
Garden vegetables of all kinds do well in Hancock county. Melons
and berries of the best quality are among the products of fields and gar-
dens. Several farmers of the county have orchards containing from
2,000 to 12,000 peach-trees, from which great quantities are shipped to
market, and large quantities used for home consumption.
By the census of 1890 there were in the county, 6,390 cattle, of which
there were 606 working oxen and 2,366 milch-cows, producing 482,352
gallons of milk and 134,733 pounds of butter. The 72,985 domestic
foAvls of all kinds produced 114,404 dozens of eggs, and from the bee-
hives were gathered 13,454 pounds of honey. There were also 1,253
horses, 1,735 mules, 2 donkeys and 12,920 swine. The 502 sheep gave
a wool-clip of 1,569 pounds.
The timbers are pine, oak, sweet-gum, maple, hickory and other hard-
woods.
Sparta, the county site, with a population of 1,150, is a beautiful town,
on that branch of the Georgia Railroad which connects Augusta and
Macon. Its court-house is an imposing building valued at $50,000. A
company has been organized to build at Sparta a cotton-mill. At this
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 701
town is a creamerj which receives 2,200 gallons of milk a day. Sparta
is partly in the 102d and 113th militia districts, the former having
3,116 inhabitants and the latter 2,442.
The people of this county have given much attention to education,
and are among the most intelligent and cultured in the State. The
schools of Sparta have a fine reputation, and at Mount Zion, sevien miles
from Sparta, is the celebrated academy so many years presided over by
Dr. Beeman, and afterwards by lion. W. J. Northen, subsequently
governor of Georgia for two terms. In this county also lived for many
years the eloquent divine. Dr. Lovick Pierce, and his gifted son. Bishop
George F. Pierce, one of the most eloquent pulpit orators that ^Vmerica
ever produced.
At Jewells on the north fork of the Ogeechee, is a cotton-mill with a
capital of $75,000. Other postoffices in the county are Carr's Station,
Cawthen, Culverton, Devereux Station, Linton, Maj^eld, Powelton and
Shoulder.
Some valuable minerals have been found in this county: asbestos,
plumbago, kaolin, agate, etc.
There are some remarkable mounds. The principal one is 400 feet
north of the center prong of Shoulderbone creek. Its base is 20 feet
above the level of the creek. Around it are the remains of an entrench-
ment, containing about four acres. Near the mound is an inclosure.
Human bones to a large amount have been found. Shoulderbone creek
is memorable as the place where a treaty was made with the Creek In-
dians in 1786.
This is a county of churches and strong religious influence. All
Christian denominations are represented in membership.
The area of Hancock county is 523 square miles, or 334,720 acres.
Population in 1900, 18,277, an increase of 1,128 since 1890; school
fund, $14,157.88.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 276,282; average value per acre, $3.70; city property,
$186,695; money, etc., $203,879; merchandise, $88,730; stocks and
bonds, $31,950; cotton factories, $115; household furniture, $85,062;
farm and other animals, $159,105; plantation and mechanical tools,
$33,831; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,607; real estate, $1,219,291; per-
sonal estate, $686,832; value of all other property, $48,803. Aggre-
gate property, $1,906,123.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 19,703;
value, $89,555; city property, $10,760; money, $8,075; merchandise,
$1,515; household furniture, $12,350; farm and other animals, $37,202;
plantation and mechanical tools, $6,844; watches, etc., $286; value of all
other property, $6,550. Aggregate property, $173,803.
The tax rotnrns for 1901 show an incronse in the value of all property
since the returns of 1900, amounting to $68,851.
There is an average attendance of 757 in the 29 schools for whites, and
1,191 in til e 34 for colored pupils.
Popnlation of Hancock county by sex and color, according (o the
702 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
census of 1900: white males, 2,291; white females, 2,358; total white,
4,649; colored males, 6,615; colored females, 7,013; total colored,
13,628.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 60 calves, 63 steers, 5 bulls, 125 dairy cows, 101 horses,
6 mules, 1 donkey, 16 sheep, 189 swine, 17 goats.
HARALSON COUNTY.
Haralson County was formed from Polk and Carroll in 1856, and
was named for Hon. Hugh A. Haralson of Troup county, who was a
member of Congress from 1845 to 1850. It is bounded as follows: Polk
county on the north, Paulding and Carroll on the east, Carroll on the
south and the State of Alabama on the west. The Tallapoosa river and
numerous branches water the county.
Of 180,480 acres in the county, about 75,000 are under cultivation.
This does not mean, however, that all the rest are wild lands. The acreft
of upland are about 125,000, of lowland 50,000, of bottom land 25,000.
The bottom lands bring in the market $20 an acre; the lowlands, $10;
the uplands, $5. There are 125,000 acres of timber land, more or less
cleared. These lands vary in price from $1 to $25. Considerable pine
of excellent quality is obtained. There are also several varieties of hard-
wood.
The face of the country is broken. The climate is cool and bracing and
pure water is abundant. The bottom lands on the watercourses and the
valley lands are rich and produce abundantly. The soil is for the most
part red with clay subsoil. The acreage of the various crops is : for cotton
and corn, 30,000 each; wheat, oats, rye, sorghum, Irish potatoes
and garden vegetables about 1,000 each, for sweet potatoes, 4,000;
and for field-peas, 5,000. The average yield to the acre
of all crops is: seed cotton, from 600 to 1,100 pounds; corn, 20 to 25
bushels; oats, 30 to 40; wheat, 15 to 25; rye, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes,
100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 70;
crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; clover, 8,000 pounds; corn fodder, 300
pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
The above yields of hay have been made in the county, but of late
years very little attention has been paid to it. Too much time and labor
have been put upon cotton to the neglect of the other crops. The county
can raise its own hay and forage crops and be independent. The native
grasses give fine range for sheep and cattle. Though there are no dairy
farms, there were by the census of 1890 1,507 milch-cows producing
399,705 gallons of milk, from which were made 147,320 pounds of but-
ter. Some attention is being paid to the improvement of the breeds of
cattle, and many shorthorns, among them thoroughbred bulls, have been
introduced, and also many Jerseys, which here, as everywhere else in
the State, are the favorites for dairy purposes.
According to the census of 1890 the total number of cattle in the
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 703
county was about 4,501, of which 660 were working oxen. 57,536
domestic fowls of all kiud^ gave 103,510 dozens of eggs. This county pro-
duced 11,474 pounds of honey. There were 421 horses, 683 mules, 5
donkeys, 8,076 hogs, and 2,656 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,841 pounds.
Apples, peaches, grapes, berries and a great variety of vegetables,
yield abundantly. About 1,000 acres are devoted to melons, with a profit
of $50 to the acre. About 500 acres each are devoted to apples and
peaches. There is one canning establishment which puts up 500 cans of
peaches and apples a day. The profits by the acre on these fruits in a
favorable season amount to $100.
This is a great county for vineyards, of which there are 500, covering
5,000 acres. Twenty-five per cent, of the grapes is the number marketed,
and from nearly all the balance wine is made. The value of the grapes
sold is stated as $50,000, and the revenue from the sale of the wine
is estimated at $100,000. There are two wineries, one of which manu-
factures unfermented wine.
In addition to the pine the county abounds in oak, gum, maple, poplar
and other hardwoods of good quality. There are many small sawmills
preparing the lumber for planing mills and shingle machines. The
annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial feet, with an
average price of $8 a thousand feet.
Gold is being mined quite extensively. The Royal Gold mine, at
Tallapoosa, has a plant which cost $200,000. There are other small
mines in operation.
There is in the county water-power sufficient for all needed purposes.
Among the manufactories may be mentioned a charcoal pig-iron fur-
nace and a glass factory, and several flour and grist-mills.
The old Chattanooga, Rome and Southern, now a part of the Central
of Georgia system, and the Georgia Pacific branch of the Southern sys-
tem, pass through the county, the first from north to south, the latter
from east to west. A short road from Alabama also touches the Southern
at Tallapoosa.
Tallapoosa is a thriving town of 2,128 inhabitants, with banking priv-
ileges and with a water-works plant valued at $50,000, ITere there is a
railroad shop. The entire Tallapoosa district has a population of 3,005.
The county seat is Buchanan, named in honor of James Buchanan of
Pennsylvania, president of the United States from 1856 to I860, It is
on the Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railway near the headwaters of
the Tallapoosa river. The court-house is valued at $25,000,
All the Christian denominations are represented in this county, the
!Rfethodi=ts, Baptists and Presbyterians being the most numerous.
The schools are in a flourishing condition. At Tallapoosa is a large
school building which cost $15,000. In the 40 white schools of the
county the average attendance is 058 and in the 4 colored schools, 00.
Tallapoosa handles about 2,000 bales of cotton annually. According
to the TTnited States census of 1000 there were ginned in this county
for the season 1800-1000 5,507 bales of upland cotton.
The area of Haralson county is 282 square miles, or 180,480 acres.
704 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Population in 1900, 11,922, an increase of 606 since 1890; school fund
$7,982.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 158,540; wild lands, 32,997; average value per
acre of improved land, $4.20; of wild, $1.15; city property, $351,-
628; money, etc., $131,151; value of merchandise, $61,783;
bonds, $600; cotton manufactures, $12,182; iron works, $1,750;
capital in mining, $212; household furniture, $84,533; farm
and other animals, $114,846; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,607;
watches, jewelry, etc., $4,925; value of all other property, $30,610; real
estate, $1,054,953; personal estate, $476,500. Aggregate, $1,531,453.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 1,604;
value, $6,567; city property, $3,594; money, $200; merchandise, $700;
household furniture, $2,577; farm and other animals, $3,057; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $573; watches, etc, $73; value of
all other property, $158.00. Aggregate property, $17,499.
The tax returns of 1901 show a decrease of $13,320 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900, but this apparent decrease arises
probably from some slight error in the returns.
Population of Haralson county by sex and color according to the
census of 1900: white males, 5,148; white females, 5,132; total white,
10,280; colored males, 808; colored females, 834; total colored, 1,642.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 103 calves, 132 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 130
horses, 64 mules, 3 donkeys, 191 sheep, 363 swine, 34 goats.
HAKRIS COimTY.
Harris County was laid out from Troup and Muscogee in 1827. A
part was given back to Muscogee in 1829. It was named in honor of
Charles Harris, Esq., an eminent jurist of Savannah. It is bounded on
the north by Troup and Meriwether counties, on the east by Talbot,
on the south by Muscogee, and on the west by the State of Alabama,
from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee raver. It is
well watered by Mulberry, Sowhachee, Standing Boy, West End, Flat
Shoals, Old House and Mountain creeks, all of which empty into the
Chattahoochee.
The face of the country is much varied, and so is the soil. The Pine
Mountains enter the county near its northeastern corner, and Oak
Mountain on the east. Above the Pine Mountains the country is level
with a light soil, productive when new, but not lasting. West of the
center it is a broken, rich country, heavily timbered. In the valley be-
tween Oak and Pine Mountains the soil is gray, while the growth is
Spanish oak and hickory. South of the Oak Mountain all the way down
Mulberry creek to its union with the Chattahoochee river, the soil is
rich. With lands so widely different in point of fertility, the averages of
production differ according to location of land as well as manner of culti-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 705
vation. The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, COO to 900
pounds; corn, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 15 to 25 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10
bushels; rye, 5 to 8 bushels; barley, 20 to 50 bushels; sugar-cane, 75 to
300 gallons of syrup to the acre; Irish potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet pota-
toes, 50 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 5 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 10 to 20
bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds.
There are no dairy farms, but most families have milch-cows. The
total number in 1890 was 2,8-17, with a production of 071,384 gallons
of milk and 200,661 pounds of butter.
A good deal of interest is manifested in the rearing of beef cattle, and
this has led to improvement of the breed. The total of all kinds of neat
cattle in 1890 was 6,962. Much attention is given to poultry', and the
domestic fowls of all kinds nimibered 87,571, and produced 125,679
dozens of eggs. The product of the bee-hives amounted to 20,803 pounds.
Four hundred and forty-five sheep gave a wool-clip of 944 pounds. There
were 8,518 swine, 890 horses, 2,213 mules, 7 donkeys, and 313 oxen.
Vegetables of every kind are raised, and fruits of many varieties, but
almost exclusively for home use.
Pine and Oak Mountains afford large quantities of lumber which the
sawmills are getting ready for building or manufacturing purposes. The
sawmills are generally operated by steam.
The Chattahoochee river abounds in water-power for factories of all
kinds. Some of the citizens of West Point, just across the line in Troup
county, availing themselves of these water-powers, have established cot-
ton-mills on the river just below the town, extending into Harris county.
The citizens are anxious for cotton factories and cotton seed oil-mills.
Hamilton, the county site, with a population of 418, on a branch of the
Central Railroad, is beautifully located between Pine and Oak Moun-
tains. The court-house cost about $12,000. The Methodists and Baptists
have churches here. There are good schools, one for boys and one for
girls. The Hamilton district has 2,278 inhabitants. The whole county
is well supplied with schools and churches. Hamilton is 22| miles from
each of the following cities and towns: Columbus, LaG range. West
Point, Talbotton and Greenville. Hamilton has a canning factory, a
broom factory and a shoe factory.
Chipley, on the Central Railroad, has a bank with a capital of $25,000
and two sawTnills. On this same road are Summit and Catiiula. EUers-
lie, Wavorly Hall and Shdloh are on the Southern.
There are altogether 66 miles of railroad in the county. The cotton
receipts and shipments from railroad stations in tiie county number 12,-
500 bales, and according to the United States census for 1900, for the
season of 1899-1900, there were ginned 22,852 bales of upland cotton
in Harris county.
The area of Harris county is 486 square miles, or 311,0-10 acres. Pop-
ulation in 1900, 18,009, an increase of 1,212 since 1890; school fund
$12,355.43.
By the Comptrollor-Oonfral's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 268,194; of wild land, $3,901; average value to the aero
706 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of improved land, $3.14; of wild land, $0.Y4; city property, $104,168;
money, $120,340; merchandise, $61,500; stocks and bonds, $11,280;
cotton manufactures, $92,100; mining, $800; value of household furni-
ture, $73,828; farm and other animals, $160,591; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $35,861; v^atches, jevsrelry, etc., $3,718; value of all other
property, $38,828; real estate, $958,733; personal estate, $641,985.
Aggregate property, $1,600,718.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
12,513; value, $34,962; city property, $2,885; merchandise, $150;
household furniture, $13,769; farm and other animals, $31,317; plant-
ation and mechanical tools, $6,960; value of all other property, $13,261.
Aggregate property, $116,084.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,044 in the value of
all property since 1900.
In the 39 schools for whites there is an average attendance of 939, and
in the 51 for colored the average attendance is 1,662.
Population of Harris county by sex and color, according the census
of 1900: white males, 2,884; white females, 2,939; total white, 5,823;
colored males, 5,999; colored females, 6,187; total colored, 12,186.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 11 steers, 19 dairy cows, 21 horses, 31 swine,
1 goat.
HAET C0U:N^TY.
Hart County was formed from Franklin, Elbert and Madison counties
in 1856. It was named in honor of Mrs. Nancy Hart, a heroine of the
Revolution, who lived in Elbert county. A sketch of her appears in
the account of Elbert county.
Hart county is bounded as follows: On the north and east by the
State of South Carolina, from which it is divided by the Tugaloo and
Savannah rivers; on the southeast, south and southwest by Elbert and
Madison counties; on the west by Franklin.
Beaverdam, Log, Cedar and Shoal creeks flow through the county.
The soil of the uplands is gray and gravelly; that of the bottom lands
gray sandy with red clay subsoil. The chief crops are cotton and com,
but wheat, oats, rye and a little barley, garden vegetables, grasses, etc.,
are raised. The lands along the Savannah and Tugaloo rivers are very
productive.
The climate and water are both conducive to health.
The average production to the acre is: seed cotton, from 500 to 800
pounds; corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 8 to 10; oats, 15 to 30; rye, 10; Irish
and sweet potatoes, 100 each; field-peas, 15; crab-grass hay, 2,000
pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder with stalk (shredded
corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons.
Peavine, German and Cattail millets, sorghum and corn forage pro-
duce abundantly.
GEORGIA: EISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 707
A little irrigation is practiced by turning small streams somewhat out
of their natural channels and causing them to go where needed.
From April to October broom sage, Japim clover, Bermuda and mea-
dow grass are used for pasturage; from January to May, rye, barley and
oats are used.
A cross between the Jersey and Holstein is preferred here for milk
and butter purposes.
In the rearing of beef cattle for the market the people are taking great
interest, and from nearly every farm beeves of fine quality are sold. A
few pure bred Hereford bulls have been imported into the county. In
1890 there were 5,054 cattle in the county, 1,915 of them milch-cows,
producing 555,440, gallons of milk and 199,274 pounds of butter.
The sheep numbered 1,511, with a wool-clip of 2,0G2 pounds.
There were 678 working oxen. There were 740 horses, 897 mules, 10
donkeys and 4,696 hogs. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered
87,372 and produced 75,805 dozens of eggs. The honey product of the
county was 19,080 pounds.
There are 12 market gardens, the total value of whose products is
about $6,000, of which 40 per cent, is clear profit. About 25 acres are
devoted to melons, which bring a profit of $75 to the acre.
Fine apples and peaches are raised and have a ready sale. There are
also several vineyards, making good profits.
About 30 per cent, of the original forests are still standing. Very
little lumber is shipped from the county, but much pine, oak, poplar and
hickory are used by the sawmills of the county, which, large and small,
number about 25. The annual output of lumber in superficial feet is
estimated at 3,750,000 feet, valued at $7 to $7.50 a thousand.
The flour and gi-ist-mills number about 25.
At Hartwell is the Withani cotton-mill, which has lately been enlarged
to double capacity. This is being operated by steam.
At Shoal creek is another cotton-mill operated by water. One de-
partment of this mill manufactures woolen goods.
Other manufactories are shingle and planing-mills, brick kilns and
the Ilartwell Canning Company's factory and 4 cotton seed oil-mills, all
in successful operation.
Hartwell, the county site, is located on the Ilartwell railroad, which
connects with one of the arms of the Southern Railway at P.oworsvillc.
Hartwell's two banks, with an aggregate capital of nearly $100,000, give
to the citizens of the town and county good comniorcial advantages. Tho
court-house at Hartwell cost $10,000, the jail $20,000. Town district,
which includes Hartwell, has a population of 3,882, of whom 1,672 live
in Hartwell.
The Hartwell Collegiate Institute has an attendance of over 100. Tho
Bowersville and other high schools and lower grades of the pul»lic school
system are well attended.
The cotton receipt.s of the founly iiinount to about 10,000 bales, and
the shipments, mostly from Hartwell, anionnt to botwfon 5,000 and
6,000 bales. Tlio mills of the fouiity u^e about 2,500 bales. According
33 ga
708 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
to the United States census of 1900, in this county in the season of 1899-
1900 there were ginned 12,519 bales of upland cotton.
The county roads are in good condition. They are worked by com-
mutation and property tax combined. The best improved machines are
used.
The area of Hart county is 257 square miles, or 164,480 acres.
Population in 1900, 14,492, an increase of 3,605 since 1890; school
fund, $9,138.12.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 153,116; average value per acre, $3.88; city property,
$188,001; shares in bank, $73,746; gas and electric light, $1,679; build-
ing and loan association, $3,500; money, etc., $160,265; merchandise,
$55,265; cotton manufactories, $49,500; household furniture, $73,746;
farm and other animals, $124,222; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,-
319; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,393; value of all other property, $15,320;
real estate, $782,343; personal estate, $603,016; aggregate property,
$1,385,359.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres of land
2,532; value, $9,135; city property, $2,250; household furniture, $3,-
525; farm and other animals, $9,268; plantation and mechanical tools,
$2,350; value of all other property, $182; aggregate property, $26,805.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $76,174 in the value of
all property since 1900.
The average attendance in the 32 white schools is 1,438, and in the
15 for colored, 370.
Population of Hart county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,207; white females, 5,260; total white,
10,467; colored males, 2,044; colored females, 1,981; total colored,
4,025.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 41 calves, 12 steers, 92 dairy cows, 80 horses, 17 mules, 2
sheep, 164 swine, 1 goat.
HEAKD COUNTY.
Heard County was laid out from Troup, Carroll and Coweta in 1830
and named after the Hon. Stephen Heard, who was Governor of Geor-
gia in 1781.
This county is bounded on the north by Carroll, east by Coweta, south
by Troup county and west by the State of Alabama.
It is well supplied with streams. The Chattahoochee flows through
the county, into which empty the numerous creeks. These streams
supply good sport for those fond of the rod and line, and afford valuable
water power for running manufactories of various kinds. The smaller
game birds are plentiful.
About one-third of the county consisfs of rich oak and hickory land,
while two-thirds are pine mixed with oak and hickory. These latter are
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 709
also very productive. The soil is gray sandy, with clay subsoil. Under
fair culture it will produce to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,000 pounds;
com, 15 to 30 bushels; wheat and oats, 10 to 20 bushels each; Irish and
sweet potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels each; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab
and Bermuda grass, 2,000 pounds each; sorghum syrup, 40 gallons;
sugar-cane synip, 50 to 75 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
the county 13,422 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
More attention is being paid to making hay, to the selection of good
niileh-cows and the raising of improved breeds of beef cattle. Jei*seys
and Shorthorn Durhams are being imported into the county. In 1890
there were 4,229 cattle, 1,553 of which were milch-cows, with a pro-
duction of 261,364 gallons of milk, from which were made 68,437
pounds of butter and 20 pounds of cheese. There were in the county
345 oxen.
Poultry raising is not neglected and 62,396 domestic fowls of all kinds
in 1890 gave 54,840 dozens of eggs. The honey produced in the same
year amounted to 18,858 pounds.
The horses numbered 502, the mules 1,236, donkeys 2, hogs 7,065
and the sheep 1,386, with a wool-clip of 1,227 pounds. The breed of
horses is being improved as well as that of cattle.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised, but for the lack of railroad
facilities scarcely any are being marketed.
The forest trees are large and valuable for building and manufactur-
ing purposecs. Numerous sawmills, operated by steam, are utilizing
this timber.
There is an abundance of excellent granite.
There are several flour and grist-mills operated by water.
Franklin, the county site, located on the east bank of the Chattahoo-
chee river, has a court-house which cost $18,000 and a jail valued at $5,-
000. The Franklin Collegiate Institute and numerous other schools af-
ford good educational advantages.
The Methodists and Baptists have a large membership and many
churches in every part of the county.
The products of the county are marketed in LaGrange, Newnan, Car-
rollton and Ilogansville.
The area of Heard county is 313 square miles, or 200,320 acres.
Population in 1900, 11,177, a gain of 1,620 since 1890; school fund,
$7,412.38.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of im-
proved land, 174,702; of wild land, 7,496; average value per acre of
improved lands, $3.33; of wild lands, $1.41; city property, $27,580;
money, $52,107; farm animals, $135,031; morchandiso, $25,313; planta-
tion and moflianical tools, $29,177; jowolry, etc., $1,147; hoiL-^ohold
furniture, $50,6(;5; value of all other property, $20,673; real estate,
$620,409; personal estate, $310,046; aggregate property, $039,455.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
710 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
6,412; value of land, $19,204; city or town property, $405; household
and kitchen furniture, $10,089; watches, jewelry, etc., $81; farm and
other animals, $18,523; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,324; value
of all other property, $1,302; aggregate value of whole property, $52,-
928.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $33,510 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Heard county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,580; white females, 3,583; total white, 7,163;
colored males, 2,020; colored females, 1,994; total colored, 4,014.
Dcmestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges
June 1, 1900: 42 calves, 81 steers, 31 dairy cows, 20 horses, 11 mules^
71 swine, 1 goat.
HENEY COUNTY.
Henry County was named in honor of the renowned orator and pa-
triot, Patrick Henry, of Virginia. Its boundaries were defined by the
act of 1821. It is bounded on the north by DeKalb county, on the
northeast by Rockdale and ISTewton, on the southeast by Butts, on the
south by Spalding and on the west by Clayton.
It is well watered by South river, one of the branches of the Ocmul-
gee, and by Cotton river; also by Troublesome, Sandy, Towaliga, Indian,,
Tussahaw, Little Walnut, Line and Reeves creeks.
The lands on these rivers and creeks are rich and produce fine crops.
The lands are light, sandy soil in some places, in others mulatto and stiff
red soil.
Under fair cultivation the lands of all sorts will average to the acre:
seed cotton, 600 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat,
10 bushels; rye, 8; barley, 10; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 75 to 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bush-
els; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 2,500 poimds;
clover, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100
gallons; sugar-cane, 150 gallons.
Henry county cotton ranks high in the market and is in great demand
with the eastern mills. Many of the lands will yield to the acre 1,500
pounds of seed cotton, 40 bushels of corn, 30 of wheat and other crops
in like proportion.
Although there are no regular dairy farms, there are from 1 to 5 cows
in almost every family. In 1890 the 1,981 milch-cows of the county
produced 500,541 gallons of milk and 221,059 pounds of butter. Among
the 4,929 cattle of the county are found many improved breeds.
There were 176 working oxen. Poultry raising is profitable and in 1890
there were 95,518 domestic fowls of all sorts, producing 111,735 dozens
of eggs. The bee-hives furnished 16,130 pounds of honey.
There were 397 sheep, producing about 535 pounds of wool; 795
Horses, 2,190 mules, 5 donkeys and 6,566 hogs.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 'JH
This is a fine county for all kinds of fruits, but they are raised almost
•entirely for home consumption.
The watercom-scs have mimy fine shoals which offer inducements to
erect factories and mills. At Island Shoals a good roller mill for fiour
and com is being put in. There are several small coimtry mills for
flour and com. These are mn by water. There are no large saw-mills,
but several small "traveling'' mills. At Hampton there is a new cotton-
mill, valued at $50,000. There is also a knitting mill at the same town,
valued at $18,000. Its capacity is now being doubled. At Locust Grove
there is a cotton seed oil-mill, valued at $25,000.
The people are anxious for manufactories of every kind, especially
cotton-mills, cotton seed oil-mills and caameries..
McDonough, the county site, is a progressive town, increasing steadily
in population. It has two banks, a court-house worth $20,000, and a jail
which cost $5,000. It does a prosperous business.
Three railroads run through the county, the Central of Georgia, the
Southern and the Columbus division of the Southern, of which division
McDonough is the terminus.
The receipts and shipments of cotton for the county amount to 18,000
or 20,000 bales per aunmu, of which 8,500 are handled in McDonough.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned 20,-
056 bales of upland cotton in this county during the season of 1899-
1900.
The products of the county are handled in McDonough, Hampton and
Locust Grove.
The county is well supplied with good schools.
All Christian denominations have churches with good houses of wor-
ship and full membei*ship.
The area of Henry county is 337 square miles, or 215,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 18,602, a gain of 2,382 since 1890; school fund,
$12,004.41.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 201,903; average value per acre, $6.17; city property,
$198,855; shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $231,970; value of
merchandise, $101,085; cotton manufactories, $6,500; household fur-
niture, $114,538; farai and other animals, $202,546; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $61,629; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,599; value of all other
property, $56,181; real estate, $1,444,951; personal estate, $848,539;
aggregate property, $2,293,490.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Xumber of acres of land,
3,883; value, $23,886;' city property, $8,145; money, $200; honsohoM
furniture, $16,401; farm and other animals, $24,890; plantation and
mechanical tools, $513; wiitches, etc., $89; valne of all otlier property,
$671; aggregate property, $79,702.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $104,633 in the value of
all property since 1900.
712 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
In the 38 white schools the average attendance is 1,335, and in the 26
colored schools 915.
McDonough district has a population of 2,725, of whom 683 live in
the town.
Hampton district has 2,360 inhabitants, of whom 468 live in the town.
Locust Grove district has 1,670 inhabitants, of whom 254 live in the
town.
Population of Henry county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,695; white females, 4,518; total white, 9,213;
colored males, 4,699; colored females, 4,690; total colored, 9,389.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900 : 45 calves, 28 steers, 78 dairy cows, 60 horses, 4 mules, 1
donkey, 146 swine, 4 goats.
HOUSTON COUXTY.
Houston County was organized in 1821 and was named in honor of
John Houston, of Chatham county, an ardent patriot of the Eevolution
and Governor of Georgia in 1778. The Ocmulgee river flows along the
eastern border of the county and Echeconnee creek on the north. Other
streams are Mossy and Big Indian creeks. Houston county is bounded
on the north by Bibb and Twiggs, on the east and southeast by Twiggs
and Pulaski, on the south by Dooly, on the west by Macon county and
on the northwest by Crawford.
The soil is mainly of the tertiary foiination with outcroppings of cre-
taceous formation in the northern part. The land is a level, sandy loam,
mainly limestone, but with outcroppings of red freestone in places. The
soil is good, with a retentive clay subsoil ; fertile and easily worked.
The land, according to location and 'culture, will give as an average
yield to the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 1,500 pounds; corn, 15 to 50 bush-
els; oats, 20 to 75; wheat, 10 to 50; rye, 5; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet
potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; gi*ound-peas, 50; crab-grass hay, 3,000
pounds; corn fodder, 100 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-
cane, 150 gallons of syrup. For winter pasturage arctic grass, rye and
barley are used and the native grass for summer.
There are four dairy farms making fair profits. The total number
of milch-cows in the county in 1890 was 1,325, about 500 of which are
on the dairy farms. The butter produced in 1890 was 66,200 pounds,
but is now estimated at 79,400 pounds, and the milk at 275,000 gallons.
The county produced 7,483 pounds of honey in 1890. The total of all
kinds of poultry was 65,204, and the eggs numbered 103,801 dozens.
All the cattle of the county number 3,600. There were 848 horses,
2,984 mules, 4 donkeys, 15,143 hogs and 266 sheep, with a wool-clip of
502 pounds. There were also 160 working oxen. There is great im-
provement in the breeds of cattle, both for the dairy and for beef.
Considerable attention is paid to trucking. About $15,000 worth of
vegetables and berries are sold from the gardens. About 2,500 acres were
c
2
C
G
K
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDl ATRIAL. 715
deroted to melons during the past season, the average net profit on which
varied from $25 to $50 per acre.
Houston is the hirgest peach-growing county in the United States.
There were shipped from Fort Valley, during the season of 1S9S, 850
carloads of peaches, or about 450,000 crates. This at an average of
$2.25 a crate would mean more than $1,000,000. There are 3,000,000
peach trees in this county, 35,744 apple trees, 13,592 pear trees and 43,-
745 plum trees. There are 8 vineyards, covering in all 1,000 acres.
The timber products are small; a little yellow pine and some hard
wood sawed. There are 8 saA\niiills whose amiual output is worth about
$10,000. The average price of timber is $8 a thousand feet.
The utilized water-powers are on the tributaries of the Ocmulgee, run-
ning 14 mills altogether, some of them flour and grist-mills.
The mineral products are marl and limestone. There are some fine
kaolin beds.
Among the manufactories ai'e: a cotton-mill, not in operation, 1 cotton
gin manufactory, 1 knitting mill, 1 crate and basket factory, 1 fertilizer
factory in operation, 1 plow handle factory, 1 iron foundry, 3 canning
factories and 3 turpentine distilleries. More than 200 hands are em-
ployed in these various factories.
The three canning factories at Fort Valley put up last season 500,000
cans of fruits and vegetables. In addition to these many of the farms
have canneries of their own.
At Grovania, on the Southern Railway, is the fertilizer factory already
referred to.
Xear Fort Valley is the Merchant Mill, run by w^atcr, with patent
roller process and having a capacity of 40 barrels of flour per day. Most
of the manufactories of the county are in Fort Valley and vicinity.
The knitting-mill, valued at $10,000, makes ladies' underwear ex-
clusively.
Fort Valley has two banks, one having a capital of $50,000, and
theother of $25,000.
The population of Fort Valley in 1900 was 2,022. The entire dis-
trict, which includes the to\m, has 3,98G inhabitants.
Perry, the county site, is situated partly in Lower Town and partly
in Upper Town district, the former having a population of 1,592 and
the latter of 1,208, or 2,800 in the two districts. In Perry itself are G50
people. This towii has a court-house and other public buildings valued
at $20,000, a bank with a capital of $25,000 and an oil-mill.
Three branches of the Central of Georgia Railroad go from Fort Val-
ley westward, southwest and southeast. Perry being the terminus of the
latter branch.
The county roads are all in good condition, and are worked by the
county chain-gang at an annual cost of $10,000.
The annual receipts of cotton are about 25,000 bales, of which S,000
are shipped from Fort Valley, and 500 are u«ed in the cotton mill when
in operation.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were 20,782
716 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
bales of upland cotton ginned in Houston county during the season of
1899-1900.
Methodist and Baptist churches are found in every section of the
county, and other Christian denominations are also represented.
The schools of the county are in excellent condition and the average
daily attendance is 668 in the 26 schools for whites, and 1,690 in the
33 schools for negroes. In Fort Valley are 180 pupils in the white
schools and 350 in those for negroes. In 1900 the State School Com-
missioner reported the school fund of Houston county to be $14,701.20.
The area of Houston county is 591 square miles, or 378,240 acres.
The population in 1900 was 22,641, an increase of 1,028 since 1890.
The Comptroller-General reported the following returns for 1900:
Acres of improved land, 346,804; of wild land, 13,383; average value
per acre of improved land, $4.14; of wild land, $0.55; city or town prop-
erty, $355,115; shares in bank, $80,500; money and solvent debts,
$123,130; merchandise, $99,770; cotton factories, $15,000; iron works,
$10,900; household and kitchen furniture, $130,000; farm and other
animals, $212,240; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,595; watches,
jewelry, etc., $9,210; value of all other property, $72,670; real estate,
$1,810,353; personal estate, $810,580; aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $2,620,933.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Kumber of acres of land,
14,410; value of land, $57,768; city or town property, $14,505; house-
hold and kitchen furniture, $32,370; farm and other animals, $42,320;
plantation and mechanical tools, $8,910; value of all other property,
$2,525; aggregate value of all property, $158,398.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $152,087 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Houston county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,797;"^ white females, 2,838; total white,
5,635; colored males, 8,372; colored females, 8,634; total colored,
17,006.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 18 steers, 2 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 101 horses,
S3 mules, 192 swine, 2 goats.
IRWIK COUNTY.
Irwin County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818. A part was
set off to Thomas and part to Lomides in 1825. It received its name
from General Jared Irwin, who served his country faithfully in the
Kevolution, and aftenvards in campaigns against the Indians; was a
member of the convention which revised the State Constitution in 1789;
as Governor in 1796 signed the act rescinding the Yazoo law; was pres-
ident of the constitutional convention of 1798, which inserted in the
State Constitution a clause forbidding the African slave trade as far as
Georgia was concerned; was again Governor from ISTovember 7th, 1806,
to Kovember 9th, 1809; was several times president of the State Sen-
ate, holding that honored position at the time of his death in 1818.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 719
Irwin couutj is bounded by the following counties: Xorth by Wil-
cox and Telfair, east and southeast by Coffee, south bv Berrien and west
by Worth.
The Ocmulgee river flows along its northeastern boundary. The Al-
lapaha river flows from north to south through the center of the county,
and Little river is on its western side. Into these rivers numerous creeks
of this county empty, of which the principal are Willacoochee, Reed,
Lake and Hat. The creeks of the eastern part are among the headwaters
of the Satilla river. In these various streams fish are plentiful. In the
woods and fields are found quail, turkeys, deer and opossums. Many
quail are shipped from Irwin county, and some deer and turkeys.
The soils may be described as red, gray and black gravel, with clay
subsoil, the gray predominating. Under a good system of cultivation
the lands will produce to the acre: of upland seed cotton, 1,200 pounds;
of sea-island, SCO pounds; com, 20 bushels; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels:
oats, 25 to 30 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; rice, from 20 to 100 bushels;
field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, from 25 to 100 bushels; sugar-cane
syrup, from 200 to 500 gallons; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; Irish po-
tatoes, from 100 to 150 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 250 to 300 bushels;
crab-gTass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds.
The native farmers and the colonists at and near Fitzgerald are pay-
ing more attention to hay than ever before. Their testimony is that a
bountiful yield of good hay is made from Bermuda, crab and crowfoot
grasses, from peavines, cattail millet and velvet beans. For ten months
of the year the wiregrass affords excellent wild pastures, and the culti-
vated grasses are good for eight months.
In addition to a great number of common cattle there are many Jer-
sey cows and Shorthorn Durhams. Great attention is paid to the raising
of beef cattle for the market and to the improvement of the breed.
Within the last five yeai-s 35 Hereford and 3 Shorthorn bulls have
been brought into the county. The whole number of cattle in the coun-
ty in 1890 was 11,152, of which 2,763 were milch-cows. Of these
many are Jerseys and Durhams; 190,895 gallons of milk and 11,597
pounds of butter were reported from this county. There were in the
county 366 working oxen. In 1890 there were in the county 14,764
sheep, with a wool-clip of 35,984 pounds. There were 501 hoi-ses, 539
mule^^, 5 donkeys (male), 12 jemiotvS and 17,270 swine; 37,18!) domes
tic fowls supplied 45,021 dozens of eggs. The honey product was nearly
6,128 pounds.
Much attention is paid to truck farming, an<l every known vegetable
is rai.-ed in the market gardens, as are also l)errics of every kind. Mel-
ons and fruits also are extensively raised and the \y]\n\o t nicking business
of the county will not fall far short of $100,000. Tlie markets for these
things are Savannali, ]\raeon and Atlanta, (la., and Cineinnati, Ohio.
There is one florist establishment at Fitzgerald.
The timbers of Irwin county are yellow pine, white oak, water oak,
tulip, juniper, cypress, l)lack-gum, cedar, red oak, a.^h and hickory, all
found in paying quantities.
720 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The annual output of lumber is 113,800,000 superficial feet, at an
average price of $8 a thousand feet. Forty sawmills are employed cut-
ting up this timber, and 25 distilleries are engaged in the manufacture
of spirits of turpentine.
Sandstone and phosphate are found in this county.
Irwinville, the county site, is a little village on the Tifton and ISTorth-
eastern Railroad. At the junction of this same railroad with a branch of
the Georgia and Alabama of the Seaboard Air Line system stands the new
and growing city of Fitzgerald, built by colonists from the northwestern
States, Another railroad, an offshoot of the Hawkinsville and Florida
Southern connects Fitzgerald with Davisville in Wilcox county. Fitz-
gerald has electric lights and Avater-works worth $45,000, all paid
for, and owned by the city, 2 banks with adequate capital, many pros-
perous mercantile establishments, 10 life and fire insurance agencies, 1
wagon factory and 3 sash and blind factories. All the stock has been
taken for a $60,000 cotton-mill at Fitzgerald, expected to be soon in
operation. The population of Fitzgerald is 1,817. The district, includ-
ing Fitzgerald, has 2,515 inhabitants.
The facilities in Irwin county for travel and transportation are excel-
lent. Besides 75 miles of railroad, 50 miles of public road have been
lately macadamized. The Ocmulgee river also furnishes water trans-
portation by steamboats to Savannah and Brunswick, and to Macon, as
soon as the government completes the dredging of the river.
Of the cotton receipts of the entire county 5,000 bales are handled at
Fitzgerald, 2,000 at Ocilla and 1,000 at Sycamore. According to the
United States census of 1900 1,891 bales of upland and 1,038 bales of
sca-ihland cotton were ginned in Ii-win county for the season- of 1899-
1900.
The public schools are in good condition.
Every Christian denomination is represented by churches in this coun-
ty, Methodists and Baptists being the most numerous.
The second largest town in the county is Ocilla, with a population of
805 and in the whole district 1,740.
At Cycloneta Station is a farm operated by the Georgia Southern and
Florida Railroad, which gives a practical demonstration of the capacity
of this county and section in every branch of husbandry. The fruits
raised here are especially fine.
The area of Iru'in county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,645, an increase of 7,329 since 1890; school
fund, $7,590.16; school fund of Fitzgerald, $1,170.72.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 391,648; of wild land, 65,137; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.07; of wild land, $1.63; city property, $265,618;
shares in bank, $13,415; money, etc., $222,442; merchandise, $96,-
626; stocks and bonds, $793; cotton manufactories, $32,070; iron works,
$112.00; invested in mining, $302.00; household and kitchen furniture,
$95,620; farm and other animals, $235,779; plantation and mechanical
tools, $39,480; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,797; value of all other prop-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 7Jl
ertv, $226,127; real estate, $1,183,535; personal estate, $973,364. Ag-
gregate value of whole property, $2,156,899.
Property returned by colored tiixpayei-s: Xinnber of acres of land,
12,137; value, $21,113; city property, $3,190; money, etc., $465; mer-
chandise, ,$106; household furniture, $7,288; watches, etc., $194; farm
animals, $10,865; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,751; value of all
other property, $1,098; aggregate property, $46,770.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $134,259 in the value
of all property since the returns of 1900.
In the 61 white schools the average attendance is 1,065, and in the
22 colored schools it is 409. In tlie white schools of Fitzgerald are en-
rolled 496 pupils, and in the schools for negroes there are enrolled 127.
On the 13th of July, 1836, on the Allapaha river, near the plantation
of Mr. Wm. H. Mitchell, Captain Levi J. Knight, commanding a com-
pany of 75 white men, attacked a party of Indians, and killed all but
five of them. Twenty-three guns and nineteen packs of plunder fell
into the hands of the whites.
Population of Irwin county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,721; white females, 4,239; total white, 8,960;
colored males, 2,610; colored females, 2,075; total colored, 4,685.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 52 calves, 11 steers, 4 bulls, 114 dairy cows, 130 horses,
11 mules, 242 swine, 1 goat.
JACKSOX COUNTY.
Jackson County was formed in 1796 and was named for General
James Jackson, of Savannah, one of the most gallant of Georgia's sol-
diers in the Revolution, who aided in forming a constitution and gov-
ernment for the State, and was a member of the legislature, a Kcpre-
seutative and Senator in Congress, and Governor of the State. From
part of this county w^as formed the county of Clarke. A part
of it helped to form Madison county in 1811, and part was added to
AValton, Gwinnett and Hall in 1818.
Jackson county is bounded on the northeast by Banks county, on the
east by Madison, on the southeast by Clarke and Oconee, on the soutli-
west by Walton and Gwinnett and on the northwest by Hall.
Several branches of the Oconee river water this county. Big Sandy,
Mulberry, Barber's, Curry's and Beach creeks are some of the streams.
On all these streams the lands are very productive. The uplands are
not so fertile as the bottom lands, but with careful cultivation yield well.
The soils are red and gray. With proper cult\ire they will average to the
acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 10; barley, 15; Irish
potatoes, 60; sweet potatoes, 75; field-pcas, 10; ground-poas, 30; seed
cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 200
pounds; sorghum synip, 150 gallons. Some ef tli(^ U^t lands i>ro(luc(« to
the acre: 25 bushels of com, 100 bushels of Irish potatoes, 150 of sweet
potatoes and 1,500 pounds of sce<l cotton. When lands are well pre-
722 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
pared thej produce well sarghum aud corn forage, millet, red clover,
Bermuda, crab-grass and pea-vines.
Some ensilage is stored awaj in silos, especially by the two dairy-
farms. Among the milch-cows are many Jerseys and Guernseys. More
attention than ever before is being given to the improvement of the
breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The total number of cattle in the coun-
ty in 1890 was 7,164. The milch-cows numbered 3,038 and produced
896,567 gallons of milk, 301,758 pounds of butter and 25 pounds of
cheese. There were 1,587 horses, 1,884 mules, 5 donkeys and 8,418 hogs.
The 1,709 sheep produced 2,466 pounds of wool. There were 134,490
domestic fowls of all kinds, whose production of eggs amounted to 167,-
834 dozens; 21,389 pounds of honey were produced in 1890, There were
also 378 working oxen.
Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are used in abundance for home
consumption, but none for the markets.
There are 7 vineyards embracing 75 acres altogether. The revenue
derived from the wine amounts to about $4,000 annually.
The timber consists of pine, red oak, post oak, water oak, white oak,
hickory, poplar, dogwood, persimmon, beach, birch and ash. The an-
nual output of lumber in superficial feet is 300,000 at an average of $7
a. thousand. This lumber is used in various manufactories that work in
wood.
There are in this county the f ollo^ving manufacturing establishments :
At Haraiony Grove, one wagon and buggy factory, one harness factory,
one cotton-seed oil-mill, with a capital of $30,000, one mattress factory,
two potteries for manufacturing jugs, jars, etc, and one cotton mill with
a capital of $100,000; at Jefferson, one cotton mill with a capital of
$80,000, a cotton-seed oil-mill with a capital of $18,000, and a foundiy;
at Maysville, a chair factory; at Iloschton, one tannery and harness and
saddle factory. There are also in Jackson county six sawmills and 20
flour and grisfmills. There is also a factory being organized at Winder,
a town of 1,145 inhabitants, the greater part of which is in Jackson
county, though a small part of it lies in Gwinnett and another small
part in Walton county.
There are 4 banks, 1 each at Hai-mony Grove, Winder, Jefferson and
Maysville.
About 15 life and fire insurance agencies are in the county.
The coimty abounds in granite and quartz, soapstone, asbestos and
tounnaline. There is also some iron ore, but it is not now being worked.
It was mined some during the civil war.
Jefferson, named for Thomas Jefferson, of Virgina, the author of the
declaration of independence, is the county site. It is situated on the
waters of the Oconee and was incorporated in 1812. It contains 726
inhabitants, but, if we include the district of the same name, 2,107.
Harmony Grove is a thriving town of 1,454 inhabitants, and the dis-
trict of Minish, which includes the town, has a population of 3,487.
The Methodists and Baptists are the leading Christian denominations.
All sects are represented.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND lyDUSTRIAL. 703
There are several fine schools, of which the Martin Institute at Jef-
ferson is the most noted. The average attendance on the public schools
is in the 80 white schools 2,452, and in the 24 colored schools 781.
There ai-e three railroads in the county, the Southern, the Gainesville,
Jefferson and Southern and the Seaboard Air Line.
The county roads are in good condition, but not macadamized.
The cotton receipts from the entire county are about 50,000 bales,
of which 3,000 are shipped from Jefferson, 15,000 from Harmony Grove,
12,000 from Winder, 5,000 from Hoschton, 2,000 from Pendergrass,
3,000 from Maysville, 3,000 to Gainesville and 7,000 to Athens. The
cotton mills use about 3,000 bales. According to the United States cen-
sus of 1900 there were ginned in this county 22,806 bales of upland cot-
ton during the season of 1899-1900.
The area of Jackson county is 4G0 square miles, or 294,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 24,039, a gain of 4,863 since 1890; school fund,
$16,832.35.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 242,469; average value per acre, $5.95; city property,
$332,715; shares in bank, $110,000; money, $311,382; merchandise,
$140,034; iron works, $4,000; stocks and bonds, $11,750; cotton man-
ufactories, $142,460; household furniture, $121,056; farm and other
animals, $232,944; plantation and mechanical tools, $63,493; watches,
jewelry, eto., $6,157; value of all other property, $44,545; real estate,
$1,775,852; personal estate, $1,217,427. Aggregate property, $2,993,-
277.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
4,924; value, $25,400; city property, $3,190; money, $105; household
furniture, $6,313; farm and other animals, $15,068; plantation and
mechanical tools, $2,580; watches, jewelry, etc., $81; value of all other
property, $490; aggregate value of property, $51,587.
The "tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $180,193 in the value
of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Jackson county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 8,223; white females, 8,210; total white, 16,433;
colored males, 3,808; colored females, 3,798; total colored, 7,606.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 57 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 151 dairy cows, 120 horses, 27
mules, 1 sheep, 313 swine, 4 goats.
JASPER COUNTY.
Jasper County was laid off by the name of Randolph in 1807, but tho
name was changed to Jasper in 1812, in honor of Sergeant Jasper, so
renowned for his patriotic devotion in the war for independence. In
1815 a part of tlio county was sot off t/) IVforgaii, and in 1821 a part To
Newton. The Ocmulgec river, which divides the county froni^ Putts
and Monroe, is the principal stream. Other streams are, Rocky, Falling,
Cedar, Murder, Shoal, White Oak, Wolf and Panther creeks and Al-
covv river.
724 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
This county is bounded on the northeast by Morgan county, on the
east by Putnam, south by Jones, southwest by Monroe, west by Butte,
and northwest by JSTewton,
The lands are generally rolling, especially in the eastern part, those
near the streams being rich. The southern part of the county has a gray
soil. The lands, properly cultivated, will give as an average yield to
the acre: seed cotton, 500 to 750 pounds; corn, 15 to 20 bushels; oats,
20; wheat 10 to 12; rye, 20; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 125; sweet po-
tatoes, 200; field-peas, 20; ground-peas, 50; crab-grass, 4,000 pounds;
Bermuda grass, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds; cane syrup, from 200 to 300
gallons; sorghum, 150 gallons. Much hay is saved and marketed.
Considerable attention is paid to cattle for milk and butter, and the
Jersey is preferred. In 1890 the cattle of the county numbered 4,304,
of which 1,904 were milch-cows, producing 495,650 gallons of milk and
148,666 pounds of butter. There were also 105 working oxen. The
domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 68,035, and produced 65,463
dozens of eggs. From the bee-hives were obtained 15,555 pounds of
honey. There were 1,000 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,404 pounds. The
county had also 733 horses, 2,006 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 jennets and
9,408 hogs.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised for home consumption. There
are 10,000 acres devoted to peaches, and 2,000 to apples. About 200
acres are devoted to grapes.
The Ocmulgee and Alcovy rivers and Murder creek furnish immense
water-powers, some of which are used by 5 grist-mills. The few sawmills
of the county are operated by steam.
There are at Monticello a harness and collar factory and a bobbin fac-
toi-y. A company has been formed for the erection of a cotton-mill at
Monticello. This town, which is the county site, is on the Macon and
ISTorthern Railroad, a branch of the Central of Georgia system. Another
branch of this same system runs across the northeastern section of the
county. Other gTOwing towns of the county are Hillsboro and Shady
Dale.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian de-
nominations.
The county roads are in excellent condition, and the two railroads give
good facilities for travel and transportation.
The schools of the county are well maintained. The average attend-
ance is 855 in 30 white schools and 997 in the 25 colored schools.
The cotton receipts reach 15,000 bales, about 10,000 of which are
handled in Monticello, where the merchants have the advantage of two
good banks. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
ginned in Jasper county 15,320 bales of upland cotton of the crop of
1899-1900. Other towns at which products of the county are marketed
-are Shady Dale, Machen and Hillsboro.
Monticello is the county site and contains 1,106 inhabitants. The en-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^D IXDiS'TRIAL. 725
tire Monticello district has a population of 2,297. There is a hirge har-
ness factory here.
The area of Jasper county is 410 square miles, or 202,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 15,033, a gain of 1,154 since 1890; school fund,
$9,795.02.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 227,095; average value per acre, $3.37; city property,
$155,295; shares in bank, $47,295; money, etc., $124,811; merchan-
dise, $62,313; invested in shipping, $25; stocks and bonds, $2,000; cot-
ton manufactories, $3,372; iron works, $1,015; household furniture,
$72,194; farm and other animals, $126,488; plantation and mechanical
tools, $34,764; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,302; value of all other prop-
erty, $36,119; real estate, $921,891; personal estate, $564,819; aggre-
gate of all property, $1,486,710.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land,
5,534; value, $20,454; city property, $6,334; money, etc., $135; house-
hold furniture, $11,379; farm and other animals, $25,666; plantation
and mechanical tools, $5,857; value of all other property, $1,570; aggre-
gate of all property, $73,909.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $175,378 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Jasper county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,767; white females, 2,621; total white, 5,388;
colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,645.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900 : 6 calves, 2 steers, 37 dairy cows, 39 horses, 22 mules, 30
swine.
JEFFERSON COUNTY.
Jefferson County was laid out from Burke and AVarren in 1796, and
was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, author of the
declaration of independence and President of the United States from
March 4th, 1801, to March 4th, 1809. It is bounded on the north by
Kichmond and McDuffie counties, on the east by Burke county, on the
south by Emanuel and Johnson counties, on the west by Washington
county, and on the northwest by Glascock and Warren counties.
The Ogeechee river runs through the county, and before the building
of the Central Railway was the medium of traflic with Savannah. Other
streams are Rocky Comfort, AVilliarason's, Brier and Big creeks.
The soils vary from sandy to clay, being gray or red in diiferent sec-
tions, and well adapted to the staple crops of Georgia and to forage crops
of all kinds. The best lands of the county are devoted to cotton and
corn, which are by many cultivated almost to the exclusion of other
crops.
The average yield to the acre, varying according to soil and cultiva-
tion, is: seed cotton, 450 to 750 pounds; corn, 10 to 25 bushels; wheat,
8 to' 15 bushels; oats, from 12 to 30 bnsliels; rye, from 0 to 10 bushels;
Irish and sweet potatoes, from 100 to 300 ])iislu'ls onch; field peas, from
Y26 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
6 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 50 bushels; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds;
corn fodder, stalk and blade (shredded corn), 4,000 pounds; sorghum
syrup, 300 gallons; ribbon-cane syrup, 400 gallons.
Some lands in the county in the season of 1899 by careful culture pro-
duced 1,500 pounds of seed cotton to the acre, and some of the best lands
average that much every year and produce other crops in like propor-
tion. Very little attention has been paid to the grasses, but wherever
tried, they have been grown with great success. Tor summer pasturage
Bermuda and crab-grass are best, and often afford abundant feed from
the last of March to the 1st of December. In winter the cattle find
nourishing food in the cane which abounds in the branches, creeks and
swamps. Cotton seed meal and hulls are considerably used as food for
stock. Very little attention has been paid so far to the rearing of beef
cattle, but more than formerly. Those farmers who pay special atten-
tion to their milch-cows prefer the Jersey.
In 1890 there were in Jefferson county 1,973 sheep, with a wool-clip
of 4,233 pounds; 5,490 cattle, 1,738 milch-cows, producing 257,710
gallons of milk and 43,355 pounds of butter. There were also 286 work-
ing oxen, 1,149 horses, 1,900 mules, 32 donkeys, 16,883 swine, and do-
mestic fowls of all kinds, 43,049, producing 86,604 dozens of eggs. The
honey produced was 13,645 pounds.
The truck marketed is valued at $7,000, and consists of vegetables,
fruits, berries and melons. There are 10,930 peach and 1,525 apple
trees.
The timber gi'owth is mixed, long-leaf pine and hardwoods, with the
usual swamp gi'owth on the watercourses. The annual output of all
timber sawed is about 750,000 superficial feet, at prices ranging from $6
to $8 a thousand feet. There are eight sawmills nearly all operated by
gteam.
Nine grist-mills along the Ogeechee river use 189 horse-powers. There
are two large roller mills for flour operated by steam.
Shell marl and limestone are found in several localities. Buhrstone
of excellent quality is found near Louisville. Agate and chalcedony
have also been found. In some sections the water is freestone, in others
limestone.
There are in Jefferson county 12 artesian wells and 3 mineral springs.
This is a fine old county, having been at one time very productive.
Lands that had been exhausted, have of late years been built up again
by judicious rotation of crops. In this process the cowpea has played a
prominent part.
Louisville, the county site, with a population of 1,009, in the corporate
limits and 1,574 in its entire district, is the terminus of the Louisville
and Wadley Kailroad, which connects it with Wadley, a growing town
on the Central of Georgia. This latter railroad traverses the southern
part of Jefferson county. Across the northern part runs a branch of the
Southern Railway.
Louisville was the capital of Georgia from 1795 until 1804, when.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 727
Milledgeville became the seat of government. The court-house, valued
at $10,000, is built of the materials -which fonuerly composed the State
House. It was at Louisville that the Yazoo act was passed, and here by
the act of a subsequent legislature it was rescinded, and all the papei's
and evidence connected with it were burned in front of the capitol in
the presence of the Governor and both houses of the legislature, and a
large concourse of people gathered from all the country around.
The schools of this county are in good condition.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good churches and
a large membership, both in towTi and country.
In the public schools the average attendance is 997 in the 28 schools
for whites and SOS in the IS schools for negroes.
Besides the excellent facilities afforded by the railroads, the county
roads are in fine condition and well cared for under the new road law of
Georgia.
The receipts and shipments of cotton in Jefferson county are about
25,000 bales. Of this number about 6,000 are handled at Louisville,
the rest at Wadley, Bartow, Wren's, Spread and Averay. According to
the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 21,-
182 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The second largest town in the county is AVadley, with a population
of 630 in the corporate limits and 2,815 in the entire district.
The area of Jefferson county is 686 square miles, or 439,040 acres.
The population in 1900 was 18,212, a gain of 999 since 1890; school
fund, $12,754.34.
The Comptroller-General gave the following returns for 1900: Acres
of improved land, 311,060; average value per acre, $3.08; city prop-
erty, $279,420; shares in bank, $22,500; money, etc., $286,380; mer-
chandise, $95,710; stocks and bonds, $3,900; household furniture, $109,-
104; farm and other animals, $210,755; plantation and mechanical tools,
$50,834; watches, jewelry, ete., $8,475; value of all other property,
$42,501; real estate, $1,240,024; personal estate, $870,574; aggregate
property, $2,110,598.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
8,517; value of same, $24,859; city property, $10,405; money, etc.,
$270; merchandise, $105; household furniture, $22,081; fann and other
animals, $35,950; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,899; watches,
jewelry, etc., $250; value of all other property, $2,336; aggregate prop-
erty, $105,155.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in tlio value of all lu-operty
over the returns of 1900 amounting to $84,S91.
Population of Jefferson connty by sex and color, a<'('<inling to tlie cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,377; white females, 3,257; total white,
6,634; colored males, 5,628; colored fomales, 5,950; total colored,
11,578.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosuros, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 70 calves, 37 steers, 2 bulls, 130 dairy cows. OS liorses, 12
mules, 475 swine, 24 goats.
34 ga
728 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
JOHNSON COUNTY.
Johnson County was laid off from Laurens and Emanuel counties in
1858, and was named in honor of Herschel V. Johnson, a distinguished
son of Georgia, Governor of the State from 1853 to 1857, then judge of
the Ocmulgee circuit and in 1860 on the ticket for Vice-President with
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois,
Johnson county is boimded by the following counties: Washington
on the north, Jefferson on the northeast, Emanuel on the east and south-
east, Laurens on the south and southwest, and Laurens and Wilkinson
on the west.
The Oconee river is on its western border and the Ohoopee flows
through the center. Other streams are Dry, Cedar and Yamgrandee
creeks.
The face of the country is level. The lands are easily cultivated, and
under proper tillage produce to the acre the following averages: Seed
cotton, upland, 500 pounds; sea-island cotton, 300 pounds; corn, 10
bushels; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 4 bushels; Irish po-
tatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels;
ground-peas, 40 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,500 pounds; com fodder, 150
pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. The
hay crop of this county is made from crab-grass and the peavine.
Though very little attention is given to the rearing of beef cattle, yet
some care is taken in the improvement of the breed, and the Devon cow
is being brought in as a milker. Both Devon and Jersey bulls have
been introduced of late years.
The native grasses and the woods give a pretty good range for stock.
In 1890 there were in Johnson county 4,233 sheep, with a wool-clip
of 8,867 pounds; 3,224 cattle, 1,053 milch-cows, producing 89,562
gallons of milk, but only 2,817 pounds of butter. The working oxen
numbered 165. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 24,248 and
produced 35,080 dozens of eggs. Of other live stock there were 593
horses, 504 mules, 3 donkeys and 7,706 hogs. The honey produced was
920 pounds.
Vegetables, fruits, berries and melons are raised in considerable quan-
tities, but only for home consumption. The same is true of grapes.
About 50 per cent, of the original forests, mostly pine, are still stand-
ing. A great quantity of lumber is cut and shipped to Savannah and
many sawmills are kept busy preparing it. Kosin and turpentine are
among the most remunerative products of this county. Two distilleries
are in constant operation preparing spirits of turpentine.
There are no mineral springs, but there are two artesian wells.
The Wrightsville and Tennille Kailroad runs through the center of
the county, and through its eastern side runs the Wadley and Mount
Vernon, each connecting with the Central of Georgia Railroad.
Wrightsville, the county site, with a population of 1,127 in the cor-
porate limits and 3,614 in the district, has a court-house worth $20,000,
and a good school building, the Nannie Lou Worthen Institute, valued
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL. 729
at $8,000. The town has also several successful merchants and several
life and tire insurance agencies. About 15,000 bales of cotton are receiveil
in this county and shipped from it. Of these 5,000 are handled at
Wrightsville. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
ginned in this county 8,336 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-
1900.
There has been much improvement in educational matters. The schools
belong for the most part to the public school system of Georgia, and the
average attendance is 844 in the 32 schools for whites and 364 in the 16
schools for colored pupils.
There are members of the various Christian denominations in this
county. The Methodists and Baptists predominate.
Besides Wrights\-ille there are other post-offices, as Ethel, llodo, Kite,
Kittrell, IN^asworthy, Eegnant and Spann.
The area of Johnson county is 258 square miles, or 105,120 acres.
Population in 1900, 11,409, an increase of 5,280 since 1890; school
fund, $7,254.12.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 173,816; of wild land, 5,539; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $2.60; of wild land, $1.21; city property, $122,423; shares
in bank, $21,900; money, etc., $91,746; merchandise, $49,142; house-
hold furniture, $68,374; farm and other animals, $154,638; plantation
and mechanical tools, $34,756; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,048; value of
all other property, $42,327; real estate, $592,725; personal estate, $481,-
332 ; aggregate property, $1,074,057.
Returns of property by colored taxpayers: !N'umber of acres of land,
3,535; value, $8,276; city property, $2,020; money, etc., $125; house-
hold furniture, $0,402; farm and other animals, $12,301; plantation
and mechanical tools, $2,703; watches, jewelry, etc., $99; value of all
other property, $758; aggregate property, $32,819.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $61,641, in the value of
all property, over the returns of 1900.
Population of Johnson county by sex and color, according to tho cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,487; white females, 3,391; totiil white,
6,878; colored males, 2,291; colored females, 2,240; total colored,
4,531.
Domestic animals in barns and incln?ures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 77 dairy cows, 53 horses, 17
mules, 341 swine, 15 goats.
JONES COUNTY.
Jones County was laid out in 1807 and named for Hon. James Jones,
of Chatham county. A part was added to it from Putnam in 1810 and
a part was given to Bibb in 1822.
This county is bounded on the north by Jiis[)or and Putnam, on tho
ea.st by Baldwin, on tho soutli by Wilkinson. 'IViggs and Bibb, on tho
west by Bibb and Monroe. The Ocinnlgci^ river rnns along itfl western
border. There are in the county sevoral creeks.
730 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The geoieral character of the soil is metamoi-phic. Gray surface soil
predominates. There is a belt of stiff red clay land north and south
through the center of the county. An impervious red clay subsoil un-
derlies the whole formation. The surface is rolling and broken. The fine,
'dark mulatto lands of this county were once regarded among the best in
the State, By injudicious cultivation they lost much of their fertility;
but under improved methods they are being gradually brought back to
their former productiveness. With proper culture the average produc-
tion to the acre is: com, 15 to 20 bushels; oats, 25 to 30; wheat, 12 to
15; rye, 6 to 10; barley, 40 to 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 each;
field-peas, 10 to 20; ground-peas, 40 to 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds;
crab-grass, from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds; Bermuda grass, 4,000 pounds;
clover, 4,000 to 5,000 pounds; com fodder, stalk and blade, 4,000 to
6,000 pounds; sorghum syrup and sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons each.
Considerable attention is paid to hay.
Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, mostly for home con-
sumption. Some are sold and the truck marketed brings about $4,000.
The peach trees number 28,291, and the apple trees 6,635.
In 1890 there were in Jones county 554 sheep, with a wool-clip of
1,118 pounds; 5,031 cattle, 108 working oxen, 1,982 milch-cows, pro-
ducing 450,147 gallons of milk, from which were made 115,252 pounds
of butter; 59,183 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing 59,638 dozens
of eggs, 11,591 hogs, 615 horses, 1,847 mules and 1 donkey. The coun-
ty also produced 11,581 pounds of honey.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Jones county
11,130 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The timber products are light; hardwoods and short-leaf pines, hick-
ory and oak. On streams poplar and white oak are sawed, employing
5 or 6 small sawmills. The value of the output is about $5,000. There
are on the tributaries of the Oconee 4 grist-mills, using 98 horse-powers.
All the manufactories of the county, about 9, have an annual output
worth $29,000.
There is in this county a fine vein of kaolin, which is being utilized.
The main tmnk of the Central of Georgia Railroad runs along the
southern border of this county, while a branch of the Central and one
of the Georgia Railroad traverse its center, one running northwest, the
other northeast.
Clinton, the county site, is located not far from the branch of the Cen-
tral railway.
In the public school system there is in the 33 schools for whites an
average attendance of 607, and in the 30 for colored an average of 765.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians predominate among Christian
denominations.
The area of Jones county is 397 square miles, or 254,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,358, an increase of 649 since 1890; school
fund, $10,356.53.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 244,619; average value per acre, $2.97; city property,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 731
$23,615; monev, etc., $41,119; merchandise, $17,210; cotton mimu-
factories, $60,000; lioiisehold furniture, $-15,794; farm animals, $119,-
078; plantation and mechanical tools, $22,935; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$3,892; value of all other property, $24,881; real estate, $749,936; per-
sonal estate, $354,344; aggi-egate property, $1,104,280.
Property returned by colored tax-payers: Number of acres of land,
11,629; value, $35,212; city property, $2,407; money, etc., $44; mer-
chandise, $215; household furniture, $8,968; farm and otlier animiils,
$26,513; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,171; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$335; value of all other property, $1,050. Acrgregate property, $88,628.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,050 in the Value of all
property, as compared with the returns of 1900.
Population of Jones county by sex and color according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,956; white females, 1,952; total whites, 3,908;
colored males, 4,644; colored females, 4,806; total colored, 9,450.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 2 steers, 1 bull, 39 dairy cows, 26 horses, 2 mules,
80 swine.
LAUKENS COUNTY.
Laurens County was laid out in 1807. Portions of it were added to
Pulaski in 1808 and 1809. It was named in honor of Lieutenant-Colo-
nel John Laurens of South Carolina, who was bom in the city of
Charleston in 1755. He was aide-de-camp to General Washington and
was greatly distingaiished at the battle of Brandywine, Germantowii
and Monmouth. On the 27th of August, 1782, while serving under
General Nathaniel Greene, he was mortally wounded in a skirmish near
Combahee, South Carolina. Laurens county is bounded by the follow-
ing counties: Johnson and Wilkinson on the north, Johnson, Emanuel
and Montgomery on the east, Montgomery and Dodge on the south and
Dodge and Pulaski on the west.
The Oconee river and several of its tributary creeks, as Okeewalkee,
Palmetto, Turkey and others, run through the county, which is also
watered by Alligator creek, a tributary of the Little Ocmulgee, which
empties into tlie Ocmulgee river not far from its junction with the
Oconee.
The face of the country is rolling. The soil has a clay foundation with
sand and vegetable mould in the pine lands and lime in the oak lands.
The lands are very fertile, and under good cultivation give an average
yield to the acre as follows: seed cotton (upland), 800 pounds and soa-
island, 500; wheat, 15 to 20 bushels, corn, 20 busiicls; oats, 40 bushels;
rye, 15; barley, 25; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes, 300; ficld-pon.s
50; ground-peas, 75; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; Bermuda hay, 6,000
pourifb; corn fo<lder, 300 pounds; sorghum syruj), 150 gallons, and
sugar-cane symp, 300 gallons. Considerable attention is being paid to
the grasses and forage crops. Pea-vino hay, as elsewhere in the State, is
greatly prized. According to the census of 1900 there weni giniuNl in
this county, 22,080 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899-1900.
732 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
All known varieties of vegetables of the best quality are grown in this
county.
Some attention is being paid to pure bred cattle and sheep. In 1890
the county had 13,100 sheep with a wool-clip of 9,050 pounds; 8,497
cattle, 619 working oxen, 2,815 milch-cows, with a production of 292,895
gallons of milk, but only 16,586 pounds of butter; 1,221 horses, 1,223
mules, 1 donkey, 20,461 swine, and 51,417 poultry, producing 77,876
dozens of eggs. The county also produced 7,034 pounds of honey.
The finest fruits are produced in gi*eat abundance.
The timbers are fine, and afford great quantities of lumber, rosin and
turpentine for export to Savannah. This timber is worked up by a large
number of sawmills, and the naval stores are prepared by 15 turpentine
distilleries.
The rivers and swamps afford abundance of fish and game.
Dublin, the county site, located a half mile from the Oconee river, at
the junction of the Macon, Dublin and Savannah Railroad, with the
Wrightsville and Tennille, is a thriving and rapidly growing town with 2
banks, several fine mercantile establishments, a new cotton-mill with a
capital of $100,000, a furniture factory, ice factory, variety works, brick
company, a foundry, shingle machine, stove factory, a cotton seed oil-
mill, a ham packing establishment, a nursery company and several small
industries. The population of Dublin by the census of 1900 is 2,987
in its corporate limits, and 6,298 in the entire district. The Methodist:*
and Baptists have fine churches in the city and numerous church edifices
in the county. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and other Christian sects
are represented. There are good schools in the city and county. The
average attendance is 2,689 in 84 white schools and 1,368 in 34 colored
schools.
In addition to the railroads already mentioned, are the "Wadley and
Mount Yernon, and the Pineora Railroads, the last-named being a stem
of the Central of Georgia system.
General David Blackshear, who was bom in Jones county, North Caro-
lina, January 31, 1764, settled in this county in 1790. He was distin-
guished for valuable services in the campaign against the Creek Indians
during the second war with England.
Hon. George M. Troup, so distinguished in the annals of Georgia, was
a resident of this county.
The ai-ea of Laurens county is 791 square miles, or 506,240 acres.
Population in 1900, 25,908, a gain of 12,161 since 1890; school fund,
$17,504.43.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 432,516; of wild land, 85,356; average value to the acre of
improved land, $2.72; of wild land, $1,18; city property, $484,100;
bank stock, $92,700; money, etc., $443,110; merchandise, $163,393;
stocks and bonds, $3,600; cotton manufactories, $18,715; iron works,
$2,600; household furniture, $183,907; farm animals, $321,400; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $66,606; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,460;
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 733
value of all otlier property, $154,080; real eetiite^ $1,771,088; pei-soual
estate, $1,486,474. AggTegate value of whole proi>erty, $3,257,502.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 18,-
809; value, $54,079; city property, $10,190; money, etc., $2,046; mer-
chandise, $260; household furniture, $21,355; farm animals, $38,483;
watches, jewelry, etc., $375; plantation and mechanical tools, $8,710;
value of all other property, $3,834. Aggregate value of whole property,
$139,410.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over
the returns of 1900, amounting to $122,594.
Population of Laurens county by sex and color according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 7,478; white females, 7,091; totid white,
14,569; colored males, 5,711; colored females, 5,622; total colored,
11,339.
Population of Dublin city by sex and color according to tlio census
of 1900: white males, 940; white femalets, 895; total white, 1,835;
colored males, 531; colored females, 021; total colored, 1,152.
Total population of Dublin, 2,987.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900 : 44 calves, 119 steers, 10 bulls, 182 dairy cows, 215 horses,
198 mules, 8 donkeys, 834 swine, 19 goats.
LEE COUNTY.
Lee County was laid out in 1820, and was named in honor of Richard
Henry Lee of Virginia, who, in his place in the Continental Congress on
the 7th of June, 1770, moved that the colonies declare themselves free
and independent. A part of this county was set off to Muscogee and
Marion in 1827, and at the same time a part was added to it from Dooly.
A part of it was given to Randolph county in 1828, and a part to Sumter
in 1835. It is bounded by the following counties; Sumtor on the noa-th,
Dooly and Worth on the east, Dougherty on the south and Terrell on the
west. Flint river forms its eastern boundary. Kinchafoonee and Mucka-
lee creeks, flowing through the center of the county, unite in the northern
part of Dougherty and fall into the Flint river just above the city 0:
Albany.
The soil consists of sandy, sandy loam and red clay lands, and those
along the streams are very rich and productive. According to the loca-
tion, culture and fertility these lands make an average yield to the acre
as follows: com, 8 to 20" bushels; oats, 12 to 30; wheat, 8 to 12; rye, 20
to 25; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300; field-peas, 25 to
50; grouwl-pcas, 50 to 75; upland seed cotton, 500 to 1,000
pounds; sngar-cano syrup, 200 to 300 gallons; cralv-grass hay,
4,000 pounds; com fodder, 400 pounds. Rennnda and Crow-
foot grasses also do well, and pea-vines make splendid liay. For sununer
pasturage the native grasses are used, and for winter pasturage rye — from
December 1st to April 1st. The rye pastures are supplemented by cot-
ton-seed meal and jx'n-viiic hay.
734 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
While Lee county reports no dairy farms, it had in 1890 2,286 cattle^
136 working oxen, 930 milch-cows and a production of 147,865 gallons
of milk and 34,634 pounds of butter. There were 528 horses, 1,327
mules, 6,408 hogs and 26,398 domestic fowls of all varieties, producing
45,808 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was 5,540 pounds. The
sheep numbered 161, with a wool-clip of 280 pounds.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised in great abundance for the
home market and some for shipping. The amount of truck sold in the
county amounts to between $9,000 and $10,000. There is a falling off
in the melon business, owing to freight and commission rates.
There is some yellow pine still left. Poplar, cypress, hickory, and
white oak are found along the streams. The lumber trade and naval
stores keep 4 steam sawmills and 2 turpentine distilleries in steady opera-
tion. The annual output of these industries is estimated at $25,000. On
tributaries of Flint river are four grist-mills, using 41 horse-powers.
The water of the county is limestone, but the advent of artesian wells
has given a better drinking water, and greatly increased the healthf ulness
of the county.
Leesburg, the county seat, located on the Central of Georgia Kailway,
between Smithvilie and Albany, is a town having 413 inhabitants in its
corporate limits, and 1,949 in its whole district. It has a court-house
valued at $20,000. The sawmills at this point do a good business.
Smithvilie, having 597 people in its corporation and 1,954 in the
whole district, is at the junction of the Southwestern and the Americus
and Albany Railroads, both branches of the Central of Georgia. Here
are located two large sawmills, one turpentine distillery, a blacksmith
and a wood shop. A large grist-mill, grinding 600 bushels of corn in a
day, though just across the line in Sumter, is o^vned by citizens of Smith-
vilie.
Smithvilie is surrounded by orchards of LeConte and Keiffer pears
from which many thousand barrels are shipped in a season.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
Lee county 8,654 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The products of this county are marketed in Leesburg and Smithvilie,
and at Americus in Sumter county, and Albany in Dougherty. The re-
ceipts of cotton amount to 20,000 bales, of which 2,500 are handled at
Leesburg and 3,000 at Smithvilie.
The Methodists and Baptists are tlie twoi leading denominations of the
county, in every section of which their churches are found. There are
enrolled in the public schools 476 in the 12 white schools, and 1,250 in
23 colored schools.
The area of Lee county is 436 square miles, or 279,040 acres. Popu-
lation in 1900, 10,344, an increase of 1,270 since 1890; school fund,
$5,948.99.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 221,449; of wild land, 3,065; average value to the acre of
improved land, $3.02; of wild land, $0.85; city property, $87,564;
money, $33,606; merchandise, $33,907; stocks and bonds, $2,246; min-
BAKTLK'PT.
The most reliable early pear; buttery, very juicy and liiRh flavored. Annual bearer. Snjx'rb
market variety. One of the best (irown. Tree a strong >,'rower, bcariuK
early and abundantly. Au«ust and September
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD lyOUSTRIAL. 737
ing, $400.00; cotton factories, 32; houseboUl and kitchen furni-
ture, $45,125; fai-ui and other domestic animals, $111.>,158; phintation
and mechanical tools, $24,875; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,517; value of
all other property, $31,159; real estate, $765,723; personal eetate,
$294,483. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,017,037.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 13,-
335; value, $43,945; city or town pro]ierty, $12,154; money, etc., $350;
watches, silver, etc., $548; merchandise, $295; household and kitchen
furniture, $17,068; farm animals, $43,569; plantation and mechanical
tools, $943.00; value of all other property, $1,762. Aggregate value of
whole property, $129,121.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over the returns of 1900, amounting to $112,167.
Population of Lee county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 770; white females, 737; total white, 1,507;
colored males, 4,427; colored females, 4,410; total colored, 8,837.
Domestic animals in barns and inelosures, not on fanus or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 23 calves, 18 steers, 63 dairy cows, 41 horses, 6 mules, 147
swine, 11 goats.
LIBERTY COUNTY.
Liberty County was formed from the pai-ishes of St. John, St. Andrew
and St. James in 1777. The detei-mination of the inhabitants of St.
John's Parish to send delegates to the Continental Congress, before the
rest of the Province of Georgia had acquiesced in that mcjisure, indviced
the legislature, when the county was formed, to call it Liberty. On its
north and northeast is the county of Bryan; on the east is the Atlantic
ocean, and between St. Catherine's Island are inlets connecting the
waters of St. Catherine's and Sapelo Sounds; on the south of one section
of it and east of another is Mcintosh county; on the south of the main
body of it is Wayne county, and on the west and northwest is the county
of Tattnall. The Medway river flows along its northeastern border. ^Oii
the south side of this stream stands what is left of the old to^\^l of Sun-
bury, founded in 1758. Its site is occupied by a few families. The Can-
nouchee, a branch of the Ogeechce river, separates Liberty from Hryan
county on the north. The Altiimaha river separates it from Wayno
county on the south. Along the eastern mainland ai-e extensive swaraps.
South Newport river flows along the southern part of that section which
lies north of Mcintosh county. Between the Medway and South New-
port rivers flows North Newport river. Little Cannouchoe river and
Taylor's creek uniting empty into the Cannoucheo river, while Doctor's,
Jones and Beard's creeks are trii)utaries of the Altamaha. Thus, we see,
this is a well-watered county. While game is scarci', fish are plentiful.
Many persons are engaged in catching fish, crabs and some oysters, bc.tli
for homo consumption and for the market at Savannah.
The soil of the uplands is a light gray with clay subsoil, from one to
four feet deep; that of the lowlands a blue clay. With goo.l
cultivation these lands yield on an average t^» the a.-re: <'(vrn. from
738 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
10 to 15 bushels; oats, the same; lowland rice from 40 to 50 busliele;
Irish potatoes, 40 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 to 300 bushels; field-peas,
5 to 8 bushels; ground-peas, 20 to 40 bushels; chufas, 25 bushels; sugar-
cane syrup, from 250 to 400 gallons; sea-island seed cotton, 600 to 900
pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds. During the season of 1899-1900, ac-
cording to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this
county 30 bales of upland and 420 of sea-island cotton.
The native grasses, Bermuda, crab and crowfoot, grow well, and to
those whoi pay attention to it, make profitable hay crops. The range
supplies good' paiaturage for 10 months of the year. In 1890 Liberty
county had 8,055 sheep, with a wool-clip of 17,539 pounds. The
cattle numbered 18,654, of which there were 866 working oxen and
4,548 milch-cows. The milk produced was 172,337 gallons and the but-
ter 17,214 pounds. A few farmers have thoroughbred stock. There
were 1,318 horses, 285 mules, 3 donkeys, 15,457 hogs, 1,000 goats, and
of every variety of poultry 40,987, producing 66,524 dozens of eggs.
Another product of the county is 14,583 pounds of honey.
Vegetables of every kind, apples, peaches, grapes and melons, succeed
well.
It is estimated that about 50 per cent, of the original forest is still
standing. The timbers consist of yellow pine, oak, palmettoi, gum, cy-
press, magnolia, poplar, maple and hickory. The annual output of lumber
in superficial feet ie about 10,000,000 at from $12 to $15 a thousand feet.
Of the 15 or 20 sawmills some cut 4,000 and others 10,000 feet a day.
The lumber and naval stores are exported to Savannah. There are 12
turpentine stills and 25 grist-mills, some of them making flour.
Hinesville is the county seat, with a court-house valued at about
$10,000.
The county is traversed by three railroads: the Savannah, Florida and
"Western, of the Plant system; the Florida Central and Peninsular, of the
Seaboard Air Line system, and the Darien and "Western.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each several churches
with a full membership.
Great attention has always been paid to the morals and education of
the people of this county. There are many excellent schools belonging in
the main to the public school system of Georgia. The average attendance
is 741 in 33 white schools, and 807 in 33 colored schools.
The area of Liberty county is 976 square miles, or 624,640 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,093, a gain of 206 since 1890; school fund,
$9,224.84.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 340,843; of wild land, 188,841; average value per acre of
improved land, $1.50; of wild land, $0.44; city property, $46,835;
money, etc., $88,097; value of merchandise, $55,385; of shipping, $60;
cotton manufactories, $250; iron works, $83; mining, $37; household
furniture, $51,809 farm animals, $216,942; plantation and mechanical
tools, $33,276; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,542; value of all other prop-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDVSTRIAL. 739
erty, $51,736; real estate, $044,131; pei-soual e^^tate, $529,003. Ag^v-
gate value of whole property, $030,285.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land, 45,-
065; value, $78,004; city property, $035; money, etc., $125; merchan-
dise, $535; household furniture, $7,358; watches, jewelry, etc., $154;
farm animals, $45,900; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,035; value
of all other property, $2,400. Aggregate value of whole property,
$144,136.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
over the returns of 1000, amounting to $121,008.
It has already been mentioned that Liberty county sent a delegate,
Lyman Hall, to the Continental Congress before Georgia had cast in her
lot with the other colonies. This gentleman was afterwards one of the
delegates from Georgia who signed the Declaration of Independence.
Early in Jaiiuai-y, 1770, the British General, Prevost, advancing from
Florida, captured Fort Morrie at Sunbury after a gallant defense by
Colonel John Mcintosh who, when summoned to surrender the fort, re-
plied: "Come and take it."
At the AVliite House in the same year Major Baker defeated a party
of the British.
ISTear a place called Hickory Hill, in June, 1770, a detachment of
Americans, under Major Cooper and Captain Inman, cut to pieces a party
of the British. In another fight during the same month Colonels Baker
and Twiggs, of the Georgia militia, defeated a party led by McGirth, the
noted Tory chief, near Medway church, and also defeated a reinforce-
ment of British troops, killing their leader. Captain Muller.
ISTo portion of the State suffered more from the Indians than did
Liberty county by thieving and murderous raids of the savages from 1787
to 1703.
Population of Liberty county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,304; white females 2,175; total white,
4,470; colored males, 4,257; colored females, 4,357; total colore<l, 8,014.
' Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1000: 11 calves, 9 steers, 2 bulls, 9 dairy cows, 43 horses, 52
mules, 37 sheep.
LINCOLN COUNTY.
Lincoln County was laid out from Wilkes in 1790, and named in
honor of Major-Cioneral Benjamin Lincoln, of ;\[assacliusetts, who at one
time commanded tlie American forces in the Drpartiiu-iit of the Sonlii
during the fierce struggle for independence.
The Savannah river separates this county from South C^irolina; one
of its tributaries, the liroad, from Libert county, and another tribuUin',
called Little river, from Columbia county. Numerous creeks also water
the county.
Lincoln county is bounded on the iiorLli i>y Libert county, on the north-
east and east by the State of South C'arolina, on the south by Columbia
and McDuffie counties, and on the west by Wilkes county.
Y40 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The county is hilly and has in many places been worn into gullies. On
the rivers and creeks the lands are rich and productive. Under a system
of terracing and green soiling, the lands are steadily improving in fer-
tility and value, and exhausted soils are again becoming productive. The
proximity of its southern section to the city of Augusta renders truck-
farming very remunerative. Hence vegetables, fruits, berries and melons
are raised in large quantities for that market.
The lands yield to the acre on the average: com and oats, 15 bushels;
wheat and rye, 10 bushels; barley, 25; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100
bushels; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab-
grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda, 5,000; clover, 4,000; com fodder,
stalk and blade, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane
syrup, 125 gallons.
In 1890 there were in Lincoln county 1,317 sheep, with a wool-clip of
2,370 pounds; 2,707 cattle, 118 working oxen, 1,042 milch-cows produc-
ing 270,951 gallons of milk and 74,008 pounds of butter; 565 horses,
711 mules, 4,329 hogs and 44,688 of every kind of poultry, with a pro-
duction of 59,325 dozens of eggs. The product of honey was 6,243 pounds.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this
county 5,132 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The timber of this county consists of many varieties of oak, hickoi-y,
poplar, maple, dogwood and a considerable quantity of pine. A num-
ber of lumber mills get this ready for building and other manufacturing
purposes.
There are several grist and flour-mills. The county contains many
minerals. One gold mine is quite noted.
Lincolnton is the county seat. Other postoffices are Agnes, Amity,
Clay Hill, Double Branches, Goshen, Kenna, Leathersville, Leverett,
Lisbon and Lockhart.
The schools belong to the excellent public school system of Georgia,
and the average attendance is 475 in the 22 white schools, and 377 in the
14 colored.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading Christian sects.
The area of Lincoln county is 290 square miles, or 185,600 acres.
Population in 1900, 7,156, a gain of 1,010 since 1890; school fund,
$4,453.56.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 154,707; value per acre, $2.78; city property, $14,227;
money, etc., $30,464; cotton manufactories, $250; merchandise, $17,-
005; mining, $2,500; household furniture, $30,474; farm animals, $77,-
624; plantation and mechanical tools, $20,126; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$1,027; value of all other property, $12,702; real estate, $445,023; per-
sonal estate, $194,262. Aggregate value of whole property, $639,285.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,733;
value, $10,372; amount of money, $350; household furniture, $5,751;
watches, jewelrv, etc., $68; farm animals, $15,356; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $3,297; value of all other property, $862.00. Aggregate
value of whole property, $36,056.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 741
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all prop-
erty over the returns of 1900, amounting to $50,353.
Population of Lincoln county by sex iind color, accoi-ding to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,492; white females, 1,391; total white,
2,883; colored males, 2,056; colored femalejs, 2,217; total colored, 4,273.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: no return.
LOWXDES COUNTY.
Lowndes County was laid out from Irwin in 1825. A part was taken
from it and added to Thomas in 1820. It was named in honor of William
Jones Lowndes, who was born in Charleston, South Cart^ilina, in 1781;
represented his native State in Congress in 1812, and with the other
Southern delegates heartily supported the second war with England
and opposed the charter of the United States Bank in 1815.
Lowndes county is bounded on the north by Berrien, on the east by
Clinch and Echols, on the south by the State of Florida, imd on the west
by Brooks county. A little strip of the northern section of the county has
Echols on the south.
The Allapaha river flows along a portion of its eastern boundary. Little
river separates it from Brooks county on the west to the point where it
empties into the Withlacoochee, which from this point forms its western
boundary to the Florida line. The county is also watered by creek*
tributary to the Allapaha and "Withlacoochee rivers. Lowndes county
contains numerous open ponds, some covering six square miles, without a
tree or stump in them. In these ponds are found beautiful and rare
botanical specimens. The rivers, creeks and ponds abound in fish and
the woods are full of game.
The face of the country is level. Some of the lands are pine and some
hummock. Each of these produces abundant crops of all the staples, as
well as vegetables, fruits and berries of every variety, and melons of
superior quality. Xo lands in Georgia produce bettor than the hummock
lands of Lowndes county. Native grasses, crab and cro\s-foot furnish a
great quantity of fine hay, and pea-^nne hay is abundantly produced.
Broom corn does so well that its cultivation is steadily increasing. The
lands under a good system of cultivation give as an average yield to the
acre: com, from 20 to 40 bushels; oats and rye, 20 each; barley, 40;
Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 each; field-peas, 25; ground-peas, 40; up-
land seed cotton, 600 to 1,200 pounds; crab-grass hay, from 4,000 to
6,000 pounds; pea-vine hay, 0,000 to 8,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 205
gallons; sugar-cane symp, from 300 to 400 gallons. Some of the best
Georgia-made symp has been from this county. According to the Uiuto<l
States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county 114 bales of up-
land and 7,577 l)ales of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
There arc 3 dairv farms, but these by no means represent all the dairy
products of tho county. In 1890 the total number of cuttle was 12,101,
of which 31 3 were working oxen. There were 3,496 milch-cows, produc-
ing 295,562 gallons of milk. Tlic butter made on farms amounted to
742 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
38,418 pounds, and the cheese to 557 pounds. The sheep numbered
3,818, with a wool-clip of 7,924 pounds. The county produced 11,801
pounds of honey. All varieties of poultry together numbered 58,603 and
produced 85,788 dozens of eggs. There were 833 horses, 1,199 mules
and nearly 18,676 hogs.
The lumber business is very large, and 10 or more steam mills are kept
busy sawing lumber and shingles. The rosin and turpentine industry
is extensive and keeps 15 turpentine distilleries constantly at work.
Valdosta, the county site, is one of the growing cities of South Geor-
gia. It has an electric light plant, an ice factory and pork packing com-
pany, an iron foundry, sash and blind factory, buggy and hack factory,
industrial variety works, cooperage company, guano works, cotton seed
oil-mill, telephone company, and a new cotton factory with 10,000 spin-
dles and a capital of $175,000. There are also three banks, with an aggre-
gate capital of $300,000. The population of Valdosta proper is, accord-
ing to the census of 1900, 5,613, and including the district, 8,532.
The prevailing denominations in this county are Methodists, Baptists
and Presbyterians, though others are also represented. Churches are
numerous.
The public schools in city and county are excellent. The average at-
tendance in the 34 for whites is 1,050, and in the 27 for colored, 1,200.
In the schools of Valdosta there are enrolled 625 white pupils and 453
colored.
Kailroad facilities are furnished by the Savannah, Florida and West-
em of the Plant system; the Georgia Southern and Florida, the Atlantic,
Valdosta and Western, and the Valdosta Southern, all meeting at Val-
dosta. This city handles 7,500 bales of cotton annually.
Troupville, the former county seat, is immediately in the fork made
by the confluence of the Withlacoochee and Little rivers. Within a few
miles oi this place are the ruins of an old town. In front of the ruins
are straight rows of large live oaks, so regular in their distances that it is
scarcely probable that they are of spontaneous growth. Wide, straight
roads are also discernible.
The area of Lowndes county, 455 square miles, or 291,200 acres.
Population in 1900, 20,036, a gain of 4,934 since 1890; school fund,
$11,845.95.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 326,780; of wild land, 5,487; value per acre of improved
land, $2.55; of wild land, $0.41; city property, $1,169,111; shares in
bank, $295,000; gas and electric light companies, $12,000; building and
loan associations, $15,685; money, etc., $508,162; merchandise, $269,-
975; stocks and bonds, $95,300; cotton manufactories, $9,320; iron
works, $5,015; household furniture, $175,936; farm animals, $233,726;
plantation and mechanical tools, $52,882; watches, jewelry, etc., $16,-
448; value of all 'other property, $287,837; real estate, $2,007,433; per-
sonal estate, $1,985,413. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,992,-
846.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND lyOUSTRIAL. 743
21,620; value, $61,478; city property, $48,236; money, etc., $690; mer-
chandise, $780; household furniture, $20,127; fanu animals, $1,134;
plantation and mechanical tools, $32,951; value of all otlier property,
$3,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $174,824.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property,
over the returns of 1900, amounting to $421,113.
Population of Lownides county by sex and color, according to tho cen-
sus of 1900: whito males, 4,751; white fenudes, 4,596; total white,
9,347; colored males, 5,425; colored females, 5,264; total coloreil,
10,689.
Population of the city of Valdosta by sex and color, accordnig to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,331; white females, 1,323; total white,
2,654; colored males, 1,419; colored females, 1,540; total colored, 2,959.
Total population of city, 5,613.
Domestic animals in Lowndes county in barns and inclosures, June 1,
1900: 91 calves, 15 steers, 4 bulls, 210 dairy cows, 328 horses, 97 mules,
286 swine, 23 goats.
LUMPKIX COLTXTY.
LumpHii County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832.
It was named after the Hon. Wilson Lumpkin. Its boundaries are as
follows: Union county on the north and northwest. White on the east.
Hall on the southeast, Dawson on the southwest, and Dawson and Fan-
nin on the west.
It is watered by the Etowah, Chestatee and Tesnatee rivers, and the
Amicolola, Yellow Shoal, Cain, Yahoola and Towii creeks. The Blue
Eidge runs from northeast to southwest through the county.
Some fine bodies of lands are on the rivers and creeks. The soil is
dark with a clay subsoil, and easily cultivated. Those used for agricul-
tural purposes, under proper cultivation, will produce to the acre: corn,
28 bushels; oats and rye, 18 each; wheat, 15; sweet pot^xtoes, 45; Irish
potatoes, 165; field-peas, 15; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fo<lder,
300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 85 gallons. Only 75 bah^ of upland cotton
were ginned in the coimty in 1900.
Apples, pears, peaches and quinces grow well. Apples grow on tlio
rich hill-.sides and are especially fine. - , ^ a \
Some attention is paid to the grasses. But most of Uie farmers depend
on the wild pasturage for 8 months of the year.
In 1890 there were 3,607 sheep in the county, with a w.x)l^lip of
6,205 pounds. There were 3,754 cattle, of whicli 820 were ^^•.>rklng
oxen, 1,184 cows producing 294,974 gallons of milk, from ^^•hlch were
made 70,667 pounds cf butt^-r and 110 pounds of clieose. Of nil the
varieties of domestic fowls the aggregate was 39,453, with a pn^duct.on
of 57,651 dozens of eggs. There were 294 horses, 339 mules, 4 donkeys,
and 6 138 hogs. The honey product was 14,444 pounds.
LumT.kin county is in the gv>ld belt of Ooorgia. Many millions of
dollars have been" t.iken from its mines. Sii.gl.'ton mines, near Dah-
lonega and tho Calhoun mine on the ChestJiteo, havo yieldc<l grwit
74 J GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
quaiutiities of gold. Caiu and YaJioola creeks are celebrated localities.
The famous lot, 1,052, which in the '30's created such a sensation among
the gold speculators, is on Yahoola creek. The vicinity of Dahlonega has
for the last half century been the center of the most extensive gold min-
ing operations carried on within the limits of Georgia. Immediately east
of Dahlonega is a long line of high ridges and hills extending many miles
to the southwest. These ridges and hills form the axis of the gold belt,
and are everyAvhere covered mth the prospecter's pits, cuts and tunnels.
In many instances streams have been turned out of their original channel
to wash the alluvial and gravel in their beds for gold. There are 12
gold mills now in operation paying good dividends.
Dahlonega, the county site, with a population of 1,255 in the corpo-
rate limits and 1,623 in the entire district, is situated on a high hill, com-
manding a good view of Walker's, Mossy creek and Yonah Mountains.
The name of the town is derived from the Indian word Tau-la-ne-ca,
meaning yellow money. Here was established a branch of the United
States mint. Here is also a branch college of the University of Georgia.
In almost every portion of this county gold is found, and the evidence of
its existence everywhere meets the eye.
A railroad through the county would prove a great developer.
The ai-ea of Lumpkin is 282 miles, or 180,480 acres. Population in
1900, 7,433, a gain of 566 since 1890; school fund, $4,943.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 177,028; of wild land, 32,746; average value to the acre of
improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $127,200;
money, etc., $121,463; merchandise, $42,789; shipping and tonnage,
$2,400; household furniture, $42,758; farm animals, $69,875; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $13,337; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,210;
value of all other property, $10,356; real estate, $593,366; personal
estate, $310,100. Aggregate value of whole property, $903,466.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
1,791; value, $2,505; city property, $3,225; money, etc., $42; merchan-
dise, $125; household furniture, $996; farm animals, $2,006; watehes,
silver, etc., $26; plantation and mechanical tools, $212.00; value of all
other property, $95.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $9,232.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $2,337 in the value of all
property since 1900.
The schools of the public school system and the branch of the State
University are in a prosperous condition. The average attendance is 739
in the 29 schools for whites and 49 in the 3 schools for colored pupils.
The churches of Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are scattered
throughout the county.
Population of Lumpkin county by gex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 3,467; white females, 3,484; total white,
6,951; colored males, 247; colored females, 235; total colored, 482.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 49 calves, 5 steers, 118 dairy cows, 84 horses, 44 mules^
3 sheep, 80 swine, 10 goats.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 745
McDUFFIE COrXTY.
McDuffi-6 County was laid out from the adjoiuiug eouuties soon after
the close of the civil war, and was named in honor of Senator McDuffie,
of South Carolina. It is bounded by the following counties: Lincoln and
Wilkes on the north, Columbia on the east, Richmond, Jefferson and
Warren on the south, and Warren and Wilkes on the west.
Little river, a tributary of the Savannah, runs along its northern and
northwestern boundary. Upton creek, iiinning through the county,
empties into Little river. Briar creek runs along its southern borders.
There are other small streams.
The face of the countrv is undulatine;. The lands of the northern,
section have good clay foundations and are more productive than the
gray, sandy soil of the southern part of the county. Some of the lands
have been exhausted from bad usage ; but in some places the farmers, by
a proper system of cultivation and rotation of crops, are bringing them
back to their former productiveness.
Taking all the lands, good and bad, the average production to the
acre is: corn, 8 bushels; oats, 10; wheat, 9; rye, 12; barley, 10; Irish and
sweet potatoee, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 6; ground-peas, 75; seed cot-
ton, 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; corn fodder, 400 pounds;
sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Of course the
best lands under scientific culture will yield far more than is above stated
as the average.
A good deal of attention is paid to vegetables, fruits, beiTies and
melons along the line of the Georgia Kailroad. Some of the largest and
best flavored watermelons in the State are raised in McDuffie county and
sold in the Augusta market.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 8,635 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
In 1890 there v/ere in McDuffie county 897 sheep, with a wool-clip of
1,416 pounds of wool; 2,837 cattle, 140 working oxen, 1,073 milch-cows
producing 271,028 gallons of milk, from which were made 85,742
pounds of butter and 150 pounds of cheese. There were 653 horses, 790
mules, 1 donkey, 6,088 hogs and 41,031 of all kinds of poultry, whose
eggs numbered 56,503 dozens. The honey product of the county was
8,322 pounds.
The timbers are pine and the various hardwoods. Saw and planing-
mills cut up considerable quantities of it eveiy year.
There are in McDuffie county three gold mines in successful operation.
These are the Tahiliu, Partu and Williams.
Thomson, the county site, is on the Georgia Railroad not far from tlie
center of the county. It is a growing town of 1,154 inhabitants in the
cor]')orate limits, and 3,843 in the entire district, and has good schools and
churches.
Dearing and Jioiu'ville arc also on the Georgia Jiaih-oad. Wriglils-
boro is in the northern part of the county. Every neighborhood has its
ii) ga
746 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
school and churcli. Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the pre-
vailing denominations.
The average attendance of pupils in the county public schools is 605 in
the 21 schools for whites, and 843 in the 22 schools for colored.
The area of McDuffie county is 258 square miles, or 165,120 acres.
Population in 1900, 9,804, a gain of 1,015 over that of 1890; school
fund, $6,386.92.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 144,914; average value per acre, $3.22; city property,
^144,495; shares in bank, $19,000; money, etc., $73,704; merchandise,
^32,222; cotton factories, $1,122; iron works, $650; household furni-
ture, $51,883; farm and other animals, $91,194; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $20,539; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,272; value of all other
property, $25,806; real estate, $612,429; personal estate, $348,590.
Aggregate value of whole property, $961,019.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 4,512;
value, $18,206; city or town property, $2,530; money, etc., $41,00;
household furniture, $5,706; farm animals, $13,925; watches, jewelry,
etc., $53; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,082; value of all other
property, $446.00. Aggregate value of property, $38,994.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $336,920 in the value of all
property, as compared with the returns of 1900.
Population of McDuffie county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,845; white females, 1,816; total white,
3,661; colored males, 3,026; colored females, 3,117; total colored, 6,143.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 7 calves, 58 dairy cows, 54 horses, 4 mules, 2 donkeys, 1
sheep, 110 swine and 2 goats.
McmTOSH COU^^TY.
Mcintosh County was laid off from Liberty in 1793, and was named to
commemorate the services of the Mcintosh family. One of these was
Lachlan Mcintosh, wdio w^as bom in Scottland and emigrated to- Georgia.
He was colonel of the first regiment in Georgia, was promoted to general
and was placed by Washington in command of an important western
post. Colonel John Mcintosh, who made the gallant defense of the post
at Sunbury, is another member of this distinguished family. Many years
after this county was formed. Colonel James S. Mcintosh, who was born
in the county of Liberty, and who had entered the army in 1812, lost his
life in the battle of Molino del Eey, near the city of Mexico.
Mcintosh county is bounded on the north by Liberty county, on the
east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by Glynn county, on the south-
west by Glynn and "Wayne counties, and on the west by Liberty.
South ISTewport river divides it from Liberty on the north, the Altama-
ha from Wayne on the Bouthwest and Glynn on the south. The islands
of Sapelo, Wolf, Doboy, Hinds, Blackboard, Broughton, Butner's,
Wright's and Patterson's, skirt its coast and are separated from the main-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 747
land and each other by numerous inlets. These islands are favorite re-
sorts for the hunter and fisherman.
The lands along the Altaraaha are very rich, producing great quan-
tities of rice and sugar-cane. AVith good cultivation the lands in Mc-
intosh county will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 25; Irish
potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 20; gi-ound-peas, 30; sea-
island seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 6,000 pounds; corn fod-
der, 250 pounds; rice 40 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons.
The splendid grazing adapts this county to sheep and cattle, and the
mild winters relieve the farmers almost entirely of the expense of hous-
ing and feeding them. In 1S90 there were 1,132 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 1,691 pounds; 3,613 cattle, 249 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows
producing 76,915 gallons of milk. Only 416 pounds of butter were
reported as made in this county in 1890. There were 364 horses, 84
mules, 1 donkey, 4,474 hogs and 7,427 domestic fowls of every kind,
producing 15,270 dozens of eggs. The honey produced was 19,332
pounds.
Darien, the county site, is situated on the north bank of the Altamaha
river, and is the shipping point for great quantities of shingles and lum-
ber. There is also a big trade at Darien in rosin and turj^entine. This
city has 1,739 inhabitants, while the district of Darien, which includes
the city, contains a population of 3,129.
The Darien and Western Kailroad, the Altamaha river and the Atlan-
tic ocean give every facility for transportation. The Florida Central
and Peninsular also traverses the western part of the county. During
the year 1900 there were received at Darien and shipped from that port
1,000 barrels of rosin.
The area of Mcintosh county is 429 square miles, or 274,560 acres.
Population in 1900, 6,537, an increase of 67 since 1890; school fund,
$4,639.52.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 75,599; of wild land, 112,824; average price per acre of
improved land, $3.19; of wild land, $0.51; city property, $155,812;
shares in bank, 19,000; money, etc., $28,513; merchandise, $52,105;
invested in shipping, $40,000; cotton factories, $8,600; household furni-
ture, $32,957; farm animals, $54,599; plantation and mechanical tools,
$6,255; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,472; value of all other property,
$40,320; real estate, $454,796; personal estate, $288,849. Aggregate
value of property, $961,019.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 13,022;
value, $41,016; city property, $50,087; merchandise, $2,430; money,
$2,069; household furniture, $3,506; farm and other animals, $17,736;
plantation and mechanical tools, $1,807; value of all other property,
$1,844. Aggregate value of whole property, $123,151.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $4,486 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
The people enjoy good school and church privileges. The average at-
748 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
tendance is 161 in the 9 schools for whites, and 564 in the 15 for colored
pupils.
The products of the county are marketed at Darien, Brunswick and
Savannah..
Population of Mcintosh county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 767; white females, 6S9; total white,
1,456; colored males, 2,549; colored females, 2,532; total colored, 5,081.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 213 calves, 125 steers, 10 bulls, 222 dairy cows, 1G2
horses, 83 mules, 25 sheep, 313 swine and 40 goats.
MACON COUNTY.
Macon County was named in honor of Hon. Nathaniel Macon, of
North Carolina, w^ho served through the war of the Kevolution as a
private, refusing promotion; served as a representative in the legislature
of his native State; next as a representative in Congress for three terms,
part of which time he was Speaker of the House; then a Senator in
Congress and president pro tern, of the Senate.
This county is bounded as follows: north by Taylor and Crawford,
east by Houston, south by Dooly, Sumter and Schley, and west by Schley
and Taylor.
The Flint river flows through the county and has the foUov/ing tribu-
taries: Beaver, Juniper, Horse, White Water, Buck's, Buck Head and
Spring. Considerable quantities of fish are taken from these streams.
The soil is of the tertiary formation, mainly a gray, sandy loam, with
"red level" outcrop in the eastern part. The lands, according to loca-
tion and cultivation, give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 7 to 10
bushels; wheat, 6 to 8; oats, 9 to 10; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15;
Irish and sweet potatoes, 50 to 75 bushels; seed cotton, 600 pounds;
sugar-cane syrup, 100 to 200 gallons; hay, 3,000 pounds. Vegetabies
of all kinds, berries and melons are plentiful. The amount of truck sold
amounts to about $12,000 a year.
This is the second largest peach-growing county in the State, shipping
in one season from Marshallville alone 450 car-loads or 240,000 crates.
At this town is the home of Mr. Samuel B. Eumph, the originator of the
celebrated Elberta peach. In easy sight of the veranda of his home are
80,000 peach trees. He also raises grapes and makes wine of fine quality.
The whole number of peach-trees in the county is 1,500,000. There are
also in Macon county 11,330 plum-trees, 9,800 apple-trees and 6,000
pear-trees. Macon county produces also large melons of excellent flavor.
Hay is made to only a small extent. Some farmers have thorough-
bred cattle, but the great majority have only the ordinary stock.
In 1890 there were in the county 173 sheep, with a wool-clip of 306
pounds; 3,624 cattle, 176 working oxen, 1,469 milch-cows producing
226,683 gallons of milk, from which were made 51,152 pounds of butter.
The eggs from 31,236 poultry of all kinds amounted to 55,473 dozens.
The honey produced was 7,563 pounds. There were 572 horses, 1,512
mules, 1 donkey and 11,280 swine.
GEORGIA: HhSToRICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 751
The timber products are slight, being a little long-leaf pine and some
iardwoods, mainly used in making crates and boxes for shipping fruit.
Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint utilize 132 horse-powers.
The output of all the manufactories of the county is about $70,000.
These are mostly canning and packing factories.
Six grist-mills on tributaries of the Flint river, utilize 132 horse-
powers.
Oglethorpe, the county seat, is located on the west side of the Flint
river. The court-houi« is ralued at $20,000.
Montezuma, on the right side of the same river and only a few miles
from Oglethoi-pe, is the largest town. There is abundance of hardwood
near the town.
Marshall ville, not far from the line which divides Macon and Houston
counties, is another prosperous toMTi. At each of these towns is a well-
conducted bank. Each of them is located on one of the arms of the
Central of Georgia system. iN'o other railroad passes through the county.
There is a high school at each of the above named places, and through-
out the county the public school system of Georgia prevails. The aver-
age attendance is 751 in 24 schools for whites, and 1,357 in the 28
schools for colored. In the Marshallville high school for whites there
are 95 pupils and in the schools of Montezuma are 162 in those for
whites, and 245 in those for colored. The Methodists and Baptists are
the leading Christian denominations.
Twenty thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county, 12,-
000 of which go from Montezuma. According to the census of 1900
there were ginned in this county 16,713 bales of upland cotton of the
crop of 1899-1900.
The area of Macon county is 392 square miles, or 250,880 acres. Popu-
lation in 1900, 14,093, an increase of 910 since 1890; school fund,
$9,482.83.
By the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved lands, 211,281; of wild land, 4,200; average value of improved
land per acre $4.01; of wild land, $1.13; city property, $340,340;
shares in bank, $1,400; money, etc., $244,532; merchandise, $109,445;
stocl-Ls and bonds, $10,200; shipping and tonnage, $2,400; cotton manu-
factories, $425; household furniture, $113,204; farm animals, $142, ()S9;
plantation and mechanical tools, $34,366; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,252;
value of all other property, $34,009; real estate, $1,192,768; personal
estate, $709,029. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,901,797.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,016;
value, $20,856; city property, $25,151; money, etc., $875; merchan-
dise, $1,215; household furniture, $26,873; farm and other animals,
$2,116; plantation and meclianical tools, $4,396; value of all other prop-
erty, $2,532. Aggrogato of whole property, $107,530.
The tax retumji for 1901 show a gain of $191,862 in tlie value of all
property since 1900.
The population of the districts containing the three largest towns, and
of their towns also is as follows:
752 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Montezuma district 4,643, Montezuma town 903; Marshallville dis-
trict 2,288, Marshallville town 879; Oglethorpe district 2,174, Ogle-
thorpe town 545.
Population of Macon county by sex and coIot, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,123; white females, 2,179; total white,
4,302; colored males, 4,662; colored females; 5,129; total colored,
9,791.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 63 calves, 6 steers, 126 dairy cows, 131 horses, 17 mules,
1 donkey, 256 swine and 2 goats.
MADISON COmrXY.
Madison County was laid out from Oglethorpe, Clarke, Jackson^
Franklin and Elbert counties in 1811. Other parts were afterwards added
to it as follows: from Clarke in 1813; from Elbert and Franklin in
1819; from Franklin in 1823; from Clarke in 1829; and from Ogle-
thorpe in 1831. It received its name from James Madison, of Virginia,
fourth president of the United States, and often styled the "Father of
. the Constitution."
The county is bounded by the following counties: Franklin and Banks
on the north. Hart on the northeast, Elbert on the east, Oglethorpe on
the south, Clarke on the southwest and Jackson on the west. The streams
are the North and South forks of Broad river. Mill Shoal, Brushy and
Holly creeks. The lands along these streams are fertile.
The average production to the acre is: com, 18 bushels; wheat, 7;
rye, 8; oats, 10; Irish potatoes, 40; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 10;
ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, upland, 400 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay,
1,200 to 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 150 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75
gallons. Tobacco, with proper attention, does well. So do vegetables,
fruits, berries and melons. According to the United States census of
1900, there were ginned in Madison county 11,443 bales of upland cot-
ton during the season of 1899-1900.
In 1890 there were 2,085 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,830 pounds;
5,097 cattle, 349 working oxen, 1,878 milch-cows producing 507,385 gal-
lons of milk and 201,711 pounds of butter; 836 horses, 1,113 mules, 6
donkeys, 8,585 swine, 72,588 domestic fowls of all kinds, producing
77,671 dozens of eggs. This county produced also 16,616 pounds of
honey.
The timber growth is some short-leaf pine and the varieties of hard-
wood common to that section.
The many natural shoals on the water courses afford ample power for
mills and factories.
The Seaboard Air Line Eailroad passes through the southern part of
the county. A part of the Smithonia, Danielsville and Carnesville Rail-
road is also completed.
Danielsville, named for General Allen Daniel, and located on a high,
■uneven ridge, is the county site. The railroad, designed to connect this
town with the Seaboard Air Line and Georgia Eailroads, is in process of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 755
construction. "When it is completed the coimtv will have good facilities
for trade and travel.
Carlton, Mediciis, Comer, Five Forks and Dowdy, are stations on the
Seaboard Air Line.
The schools belong to the common school system of the State. The
average attendance is 1,255 in the -iO schools for whites and 370 in the
17 schools for colored. Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing de-
nominations of the county, and have good churches.
The area of Madison coimty is 278 square miles, or 177,920 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,224, an increase of 2,200 since 1890; school
fund, $8,834.60.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 170,243; value per acre, $3.64; city property, $67,655;
money, etc., $123,446; merchandise, $31,667; stocks and bonds, $4,200;
household furniture, $67,678; farm and other animals, $131,521; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $35,931; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,971; value
of all other property, $27,630; real estate, $687,962; personal estate,
$432,430. Aggregate value of property, $1,120,392.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,214;
value, $9,860; city property, $775; money, etc., $53; household furni-
ture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and
mechanical tools, $2,318; value of all other property, $269.00. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $28,622.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $8,176 in the value of all
property since 1900.
Some gold has been found on Broad river, and iron ore in considerable
quantities ; also a good article of granite and quartz.
Population of Madison county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,696; white females, 4,643; total white,
9,339; colored males, 1,945; colored females, 1,940; total colored,
3,885.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges.
June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 8 steers, 3 bulls, 82 dairy cows, 74 horses, 9
mules, and 156 swine.
MAEION COimTY.
Marion County was laid out from Muscogee and Lee in 1827. Part
of it was given to Crawford in 1827 and part, returned to Muscogee in
1829. It was name<l for General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, who,
because of his rendezvous in the swamps of the Pedce, from which he
sallied forth to his sudden attacks upon the British, received the title of
"Swamp Fox."
The counties l)ounding it are: Talbot on the north, Taylor, Schley and
Sumter on the east, Webster on the south and southwest, and Chatta-
hochee and Mu.>cogee on the west.
There are no rivers in this county, but some large creeks, as Juniper
and Pine Knot, tribntaries of the Chattahoochee, Muckalce and Kincha-
foonee, branches of the Flint.
756 GEORGIA: UISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The soil is cretaceous, tertiary in the southern portion. The land is
a gray, sandy loam; but, like most cretaceous soils, productive. The
southern part of the county was originally the best, but the lands have
been injured by injudicious cultivation. With scientific farming these
lands can be restored to their original fertility. Under proper cultiva-
tion there is no better farming land in Georgia. The pine belt of the
county is now attracting attention, and is being settled up very rapidly.
Lands in the pine belt sell for $1 an acre; in the middle and lower sec-
tion, on an average of $5.00 an acre. Cow-peas, sown after stubble, give
fi.ne hay. Some of the farmers who prepare their stubble get in good
seasons an excellent yield of crab and crowfoot-grass hay.
According to location and culture the lands average to the acre: corn,
T to 10 bushels; oats, 8 to 25; wheat, 5 to 18; rye, 3 to 10; Irish pota-
toes, 50 to 110; sweet potatoes, 50 to 150; field-peas, 15; ground-peas,
25; upland seed cotton, 300 to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds;
com fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50 gallons; sugar-cane syrup,
150 gallons. Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised, but al-
most entirely for home use. The total truck sold will amount to about
$4,000. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
ginned in this county 9,681 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-
1900.
In 1890 there were 73 sheep, with a wool-clip of 195 pounds; 2,YT5
cattle, 149 working oxen, 889 milch-cows producing 149,962 gallons of
milk, and 42,319 pounds of butter. There were also 455 horses, 832
mules, 6,118 hogs, 25,355 domestic fowls of all kinds producing 34,072
dozens of eggs. The honey gathered amounted to 7,833 pounds.
The timber products are not extensive, but there is a little long-leaf
pine, and some good hardwoods are still uncut along the creeks. There
are two saw-mills operated by steam, and at Blueville there is one oper-
ated by water. The annual output of timber amounts to $4,000.
On the streams are two flour-mills and ten grist-mills. About 165
water-powers are used. There are also two grist-mills operated by steam.
There is a coffin factory at Juniper, just inside the county, and a
short distance from Juniper Station on a branch of the Central Eailroad
in Talbot county.
Buena Yista, the county seat, named for one of the famous battles of
the Mexican war, is a pleasant and prosperous town of 1,161 people,
located on an arm of the Central Railroad. The entire Buena Vista dis-
trict has 2,725 inhabitants. This town has one bank with a capital of
$38,000, and several good mercantile establishments. There are small
Stores in every part of the county. There is in the neighborhood a white
kind of chalk. There are some remarkable Indian mounds on a planta-
tion formerly owned by Colonel "Wm. M. Brown.
Methodists and Baptists are the strongest Christian denominations in
the county, and there are also many Presbyterians and Episcopalians.
The schools of the town and county belong to the public school sys-
tem of Georgia. The average attendance is 698 in the 28 schools for
whites, and 749 in the 22 schools for colored.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 75.7
The receipts of cotton from the entire county are about 10,000 bales,
-which are shipped from Buena Vista.
The area of Marion county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres.
Population in 1900, 10,080, an increase of 2,352 since 1890; school
fund, $6,157.12.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proyed land, 216,755; of wild land, 13,056; ayerage yalue per acre of
improyed land, $2.58; of wild land, $0.27; city property, $102,020;
shares in bank, $30,000; money, etc., $57,839; merchandise, $34,641;
stocks and bonds, no report: household furniture, $65,855; farm animals,
$115,316; plantation and mechanical tools, $21,341; watches, jewelry,
etc., $2,878; yalue of all other property, $14,518; real estate, $666,644;
, personal estate, $356,367; aggregate yalue of whole property, $1,023,-
'011.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: !N'umber of acres, 4,301;
yalue, $9,120; city property, $12,235; money, $125; household furni-
ture, $4,248; farm animals, $11,047; watches, etc., $52; plantation and
mechanical tools, $2,318; yalue of all other property, $376. AggTe-
gate yalue of property, $46,525.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $139,845 in the yalue
of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Marion county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,142; white females, 2,089; total white, 4,231;
colored males, 2,865; colored females, 2,984; total colored, 5,849.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 24 calyes, 1 bull, 64 dairy cows, 34 horses, 8 mules, 143
swine, 13 goats.
MERIWETHER COUNTY.
Meriwether County was laid out from Troup, and organized Decem-
ber, 1827. It was named in honor of General David Meriwether, who
came from Virginia and settled in Wilkes county in 1785. It is bound-
ed by the following counties: Coweta on the north, Spalding, Pike and
Upson on the east, Talbot and Harris on the south, and Troup on the
west.
Line creek forms its eastern boundary for a few miles, and empties
into the Flint riyer, which flows along the balance of its eastern border.
Other streams are Red Oak, White Oak, Pigeon, Cane, AValnut and
Boar creeks. The surface of the country is undulating. The Pine
Mountains rise in this county west of the Flint river and afford much
picturesque scenery.
Tlie soil is metamorphic, with undulating rod lands, intorsporsed with
gray, gravelly strips, both with rod clay sul)soil. The water is pure freo-
stonc.
The lands will average to the acre: corn, 11 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to
20; wheat, 6 to 8; rye, 10 to 25; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet potatoes, 100;
field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 25; seed cotton, 600 to 750 pou-nds; crab-
758 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
grass hay, 5,000 pounds; sorghum sjrap, 75 gallons; sugar^sane syrup,
250 gallons.
The figures for the yield of the various crops represent the average
production of all lands, rich and poor, under ordinary cultivation; but
the better lands under improved methods yield 1,500 pounds of seed
cotton to the acre, 28 bushels of wheat, and other crops in proportion.
Vegetables in great quantities, berries, fruits and melons are raised,
mostly for home use. Some of these products are marketed and bring
about $9,000 per annum.
Considerable hay is raised by some farmers. The number of pure
bred cattle recorded is considerably above the average.
In 1890 there were 610 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,307 pounds;
6,454 cattle, 278 working oxen, 2,720 milch-cows giving 690,401 gal-
lons of milk, from which were made 219,798 pounds of butter. There
Avere 1,021 horses, 2,640 mules, 10,476 hogs and 91,967 poultry, whose
eggs amounted to 157,334 dozens. • The product of honey was 30,928
pounds.
In the orchards there are 65,873 peach trees, 7,000 apple trees and
1,200 plum trees.
The timber products consist of considerable hardwoods on the water
courses. The output is small, about $6,000.
The water powers of the county are fine. On the Flint river and its
tributaries are 12 grist-mills, using 223 horse-powers. On a tributary
of the Chattahoochee is one mill using 11 horse-powers. On the Flint
river there are utilized 4,255 horse-powers, which are, however, partly
in Pike county. The 18 manufactories of the county have an output
valued at $40,741.
The mineral products are gold, iron, asbestos and granite. The gold
mines, with primitive methods, have yielded handsomely for forty years.
Under recent development, the result of northeni capital, the mines have
equalled if not surpassed any in the State. At Chalybeate Springs iron
ore is found in great quantities, which, when analyzed, is found to
equal the ores of Birmingham. Only capital is needed for their devel-
opment. The recently discovered asbestos deposits are found to be very
rich in their yield and easily worked. Meriwether granite is pronounced
equal to that of the famous Quincy granite of Massachusetts and is sus-
ceptible of very fine polish. The elegant church of St. Luke, in Co-
lumbus, Georgia, used this granite exclusively in all the granite work
and granite columns employed in its construction. Immense quantities
have been shipped to Savannah and other Atlantic ports.
The county is famous for its mineral springs. The Chalybeate, in the
eastern part of the county, is as strongly impregnated with iron as any
of the Spas of the world. The Warm Springs, six miles west of the
Chalybeate, afford the most delightful baths in all the South or the
Union. The temperature of the water is 92 degrees and the swimming
pool is most luxurious in its equipments and delights. The waters, form-
ing an immense stream, gush from a spur of the Pine Mountain and the
great hotel on the hill makes this one of the coolest summer resorts in
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 75^)
the State. One mile east of AVarin Springs is the Cold Spring. Here
the United States fish commission has established a hatchery a few hun-
dred yards below the bold spring, which furnishes many thousand gal-
lons of water per minute.
Six miles west of "Wai-m Springs are the White Sulphur Springs, an-
other popular summer resort. The water is very strongly impregnated
with sulphur, its analysis being the same as the Indian Spring in Butts
county.
The climate is delightful, the mean temperature being 63 degrees.
The extremes in temperature range from 20 to 98 degrees, these points
being rarely ever reached.
The county enjoys limited railroad facilities, but ^\dth those promised
a period of rich development may be anticipated, its mineral wealth and
other resources having then a rare chance of securing outside invest-
ment.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
Meriwether county 22,452 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-
1900.
Greenville, named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene, is the coun-
ty site. It is located on a high ridge near the center of the county, ou
a branch of the Central of Georgia Railway. A company has becu
formed to erect here a new cotton factory. The Methodists and Baptist;^
have churches and academies for male and female. Greenville has one
bank with a paid-up capital of $25,000. Its population is 815 in the
corporate limits, and including the district of the same name it is 2,G30.
The county has good schools and churches of every denomination. Tlie
average attendance on the schools is 1,699 in the 52 for white pupils, and
1,604 in the 38 schools for colored pupils.
Woodbury, ten miles south of Greenville, where the Macon and Bir-
mingham Railroad crosses the Central, is a growing town. At Fhit
vShoals, twelve miles from Greenville on the Flint river, are some of the
finest water powers in the State. Lutlierville, Oakland, Gay, Raleigh,
Bullochville, Stinson, Odessa, St. Mark's, Oak Ridge and Rocky Mount
are flourishing business centers.
The area of Meriwether county is 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres.
Population in 1900, 23,339, a gain of 2,599 since 1890; school fund,
$22,427.16.
By tlie Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 295,396; of wild land, 6,306; average value per acre of
improved land, $3.75; of wild land, $0.40; city "property, $167,413;
money, etc., $109,425; value of merchandise, $68,080; shares in bank,
$25,000; bank stock and bonds, $38,500; household furniture,
$87,114; farm animals, $174,763; plantation and mechanical
tools, $43,690; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,197; value of all other prop-
erty, $37,976; real estate, $1,277,774; personal estate, $594,560; ag-
gregate value of property, $1,872,334.
Property retume<l by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 5,413;
ralue, $20,258; city property, $4,362- household furniture, $14,834;
7 GO GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
watches,, etc., $110; farm animals, $23,648; plantation and mechanical
tools, $4,427; value of all other property, $490; aggi-egate value of
property, $69,169.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $90,589 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Meriwether county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 4,7.15; white females, 4,807; total white,
9,522; colored males, 6,858; colored females, 6,959; total colored,
13,817.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 32 calves, 10 steers, 12 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 78 horses, 13
mules, 205 swine, 6 goats.
MILLEE COimXY.
2filler Comity was formed in 1856 from Early and Baker, and was
named in honor of Andi-ew J. Miller, who had fi:equently served in the
State legislature, and as President of the Senate had been noted for his
ability and the fairness with which he treated each party.
Miller is bounded by the following counties: Baker and Early on the
north. Baker on the east, Decatur on the south and Early on the west.
Spring creek, running from north to south through the center of the
county, is the principal stream. It abounds in fish of the varieties gen-
erally found in Georgia streams. This creek has tributary creeks from
the east and west.
Almost the entire surface of the county is level. The soil is light with
a heavy growth of pine timber.
The lands yield to the acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 10; sweet pota-
toes, 150; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup,
250 gallons. Vegetables and melons do welL
The fine pasturage afforded by the native grasses causes the farmers
to pay no attention to hay. Their stock seem to take care of themselves
entirely.
By the census of 1890 there were in this county 5,804 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 12,963 pounds; 8,776 cattle, 330 working oxen, 3,005 milch-
cows, but a production of only 144,730 gallons of milk and 1,770 pounds
of butter. There were also 727 horses, 311 mules, 2 donkeys, 12,938
swine and 24,583 of all kinds of domestic fowls. The production of eggs
was 50,028 dozens and of honey 820 pounds.
Rosin, turpentine and lumber are the chief articles of trade.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 2,025 bales of upland and 50 of sea-island cotton during the
season of 1899-1900.
Colquitt is the county site. It is on the Georgia Pine Railway which
connects Bainbridge, in Decatur county, on the Savannah, Florida and
Western of the Plant System with Arlington, in Calhoun county, on
one of the arms of the Central of Georgia system.
In the towns and county are churches of the leading Christian denom-
inations. Methodists and Baptists predominate.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 761
Other postoffices are Bait, Horn's Cross Roads, Mayhaw, Pond Town,
Spooner and Twilight.
The schools of the coiintj belong to the public school system of Geor-
gia and are in good condition. The average attendance is 510 in the 23
schools for white pupils, and 195 in the 11 schools for negroes.
The area of Miller county is 275 square miles, or 17G,000 acres.
Population in 1900, G,319, an increase of 2,044 since 1S90; school
fund, $3,976.11.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 145,875; of wild land, 28,307; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.25; of wild land, $1.97; city property, $31,480;
money, etc., $81,693; value of merchandise, $31,870; stocks and bonds,
$500; household furniture, $42,441; fann and other animals, $113,569;
plantation and mechanical tools, $20,346; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,056;
value of all other property, $67,043; real estate, $516,279; personal es-
tate, $351,697; aggregate value of property, $777,976.
Returns of property by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 4,962;
value, $10,239; city property, $330; money, etc., $142; household fur-
niture, $4,982; watches, etc., $37; farm and other animals, $912; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $1,688; value of all other property, $570;
aggregate value of property, $27,100.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain in the value of all property over
the returns of 1900 amounting to $61,935.
Population of Miller county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 1,837; white females, 1,774:; total white, 3,611;
colored males, 1,436; colored females, 1,272; total colored, 2,708.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 56 calves, 36 steers, 14 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 47 horses,
111 mules, 3,100 sheep, 660 swine.
MILTOX COUN'TY.
Milton County was formed in 1857 from Cherokee, Forsyth and Cobb,
and was named in honor of Colonel John Milton, Secretary of State for
Georgia in 1789. It is bounded by the following counties: Cherokee
on the north, Forsyth on the east and north, Gwinnett on the southeast
and south, DeKal'b and Fulton on the south, Cobb on the west and
Cherokee on the west and northwest.
The Chattahoochee river flows along its entire southern lioundary.
Creeks tributary to the Etowah and the Chattahoochee flow througli the
county. The lands along the streams arc ])roduetive. The pcop^o nre
blessed with abundance of good water and a healthy climate.
The lands give as an average yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels;
wheat and oats, 10 bushels each; rye and barley, 8 bushels each; Irish
and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each: field peas, 15 bushels; ground-
]->eas, 50 bushels; seed cotton, 650 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4.000 pounds;
clover hay, 6,000; corn fodder 400 ix.niids; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons..
It is a good county for hay.
762 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
In 1890 there were 394 sheep, with a wool-clip of 677 pounds; 3,329
cattle, 165 working oxen, 1,270 milch-cows giving 386,522 gallons of
milk, from which are made 138,112 pounds of butter. There were 381
horses, 778 mules, 2 donkeys, 3,826 hogs and 63,113 domestic fowls
of every kind, producing 81,372 dozens of eggs. There is one butter
and cheese factory. The honey production was 13,925 pounds in 1890.
There is no railway passing through the county, but the Southern
Kailway runs close to the boundary line.
For building purposes there is abundance of timber and stone.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 6,407 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
Alpharetta is the county site. The entire Alpharetta district contains
1,529 inhabitants, 310 of whom live in the town. Other postoffices are
Arnold, Coker, Dinsmore, Field's Cross Eoads, Freemansville, McClure,
Mazeppa, Ocee, Skelton, Stono, Warsaw and Webb.
Methodists and Baptists are the dominant religious sects. Their
churches are found in every part of the county.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and the
average attendance is 914 in the 30 schools for white pupils, and 83 in
the 4 schools for colored pupils.
The area of Milton county is 147 square miles, or 94,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 6,763, an increase of 555 since 1890; school fund,
$4,791.28.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 81,344; of wild land, 590; average value of improved land
to the acre, $6.22; of wild land, $2.25; city property, $25,620; money,
etc., $81,413; merchandise, $23,565; stocks and bonds, $17,500;
household furniture, $44,456; farm animals, $95,715; plantation
and mechanical tools, $26,419; watches and jewelry, $1,568;
value of all other property, $16,794; real estate, $532,965; personal es-
tate, $315,783; aggregate value of property, $848,748.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Acres of land, 396; value,
$1,020; city property, $375; money, etc., $92; household furniture, $1,-
332; watches, etc., $40; farm animals, $2,240; plantation and mechani-
cal tools, $457; value of all other property, $102; aggregate value of
property, $5,560.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase in the value of all property
since the returns of 1900 amounting to $7,710.
Population of Milton county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,088; white females, 2,912; total white, 6,000;
colored males, 377; colored females, 386; total colored, 763.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 17 calves, 2 steers, 46 dairy cows, 36 horses, 17 mules, 70
sheep.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 753
MITCHELL COUXTY.
MitcJiell County was laid out from Baker iu 1S57, and was named
for IIoTi. David B. ^litcliell, who was Govenior of Georgia from
November 9, 1809, to Xovember 9, 1813, and again from Xovember 9,
1815, to March 4, 1817, when he resigned. The following counties
bound it: Dougherty on the north, Worth and Colquitt on the east,
Thomas and Decatur on the south, Baker on the west and northwest.
Flint river runs along its whole western boundary. Turkey, Walden's
and Tom's creeks, branches of the Ocklockonee river, water the east-
em side of the county. Other streams are Lost and Big creeks. In the
southern part is a pond or lake about 10 miles long; near the center is
another not quite so large.
A branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway of the Plant
System runs through the county, connecting Camilla with two growing
cities, Albany on the north and Thomasville on the south.
The pine lands of this county are very productive, those of some sec-
tions being more fertile, of course, than those of others. According to
location and cultivation they ^\dll produce to the acre: corn, 15 bushels;
oats, 12 to 25 bushels; rice, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels;
seed cotton, from 500 to 1,000 pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds; sugar-
cane syrup, 200 to 250 gallons.
Very little attention is paid to grasses, because the wild grasses afford
such abundant pasturage. Bermuda does fairly well. Crab-grass grows
luxuriantly, as do peavines and beggar weed.
There are 4 dairy farms. On them the Jersey cow is the favorite.
Very little attention is paid to the breeding of beef cattle.
By the census of 1890 there were in Mitchell county 1,563 sheep,
with a wool-clip of 5,322 pounds, 11,588 cattle, 370 working oxen, 3,718
milch-cows yielding 277,573 gallons of milk, from which were made 52,-
097 pounds of butter and 125 pounds of cheese. There were at the same
time, 1,102 horses, 1,120 mules, 3 donkeys, 13,971 hogs and 49,182
domestic fowls of all kinds producing G0,S26 dozens of eggs. The pro-
duction of honey was about 803 pounds.
Peaches, grapes and watermelons are marketed in large cities east and
west. The value of these products last year was about $20,000. The
melon business last year was almost abandoned on account of high
freights. A few years ago 1,500 carloads were shipped, last year only 100.
There are in the county 3 vineyards, covering in all 200 aerct*. About
50 per cent, of the grapes are sold in the markets, and from 30 per cent,
of them wine is made. The latter i.> for domestic use, for none was sold
in the markets.
About 20 per cent, of the forest area has standing timber suitable for
the market. About the same percentage in the turpentine bolt is dying
from boxing. Smaller trees are not affected. Th(» annual output of
lumber in superficial feet is about 18,000,000 at $8 a thousand feet.
764 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
About 13 steam sawmills and 20 turpentine stills are kept actively em-
ployed.
At Camilla are tlie works of the Mitchell County Fertilizer Com-
pany; at Pelham are the Pelham Guano Works, the Pelham Cotton Seed
Oil-Mill and the Pelham Manufacturing Company. The latter is a cot-
ton-mill with 5,000 spindles, 160 looms and a capital stock of $100,000.
It will employ 100 hands. The annual consumption will be 3,000 bales,
and the value of the output $180,000. The cotton seed oil-mill is valued
at $30,000, and its annual output at $50,000.
Camilla and Pelham are each on the Savannah, Florida and Western
Railway, and in these two towns the products of the county are chiefly
marketed. The cotton receipts and shipments of the entire county are
about 10,000 bales of upland and 2,500 bales of sea-island cotton, of
which about 6,000 bales of upland and 2,000 of sea-island cotton are
handled at Pelham. Some of the products of the western part of the
county are shipped by steamboats on the Flint river. According to th&
United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 7,863
bales of upland cotton and 2,180 bales of sea-island cotton of the crop of
1899-1900.
At Camilla, the county seat, is a bank with a capital of $25,000. The
©ourt-house is estimated at $30,000. There are in the county 12 gi-ist-
mills and 1 small flour-mill at Pelham. All except 2 or 3 gi'ist-mills are
©perated by steam.
Other postofiices are Apex, Baconton, Dewitt, Faircloth, Flint, Mag-
nolia, Eaiford, Stubbs and Tuton.
The district including Camilla has 4,668 inhabitants, while the popu-
lation of Camilla is 1,051. The Pelham district has 2,836 inhabitants,
of which 945 are in the town of Pelham.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Every
neighborhood of the county has its school and church. Methodists and
Baptists are the leading denominations, but there are also Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Roman Catholics and others.
The area of Mitchell county is 542 square miles, or 346,880 acres.
Population in 1900, 14,767, a gain of 3,861 since 1890; school fund,
$10,677.40.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 291,481; of wild land, 25,123; average value per acre of
improved land, $3.05; of wild land, $1.88; city property, $207,441;
shares in bank, $7,000; money, etc., $264,509; value of merchandise,
$75,232; stocks and bonds, $17,075; cotton manufactories, $102,000;
household furniture, $108,176; farm and other animals, $257,923;
plantation and mechanical tools, $48,761; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,-
844; value of all other property, $43,548; real estate, $1,145,613; per-
sonal estate, $941,802; aggregate value of property, $2,087,415.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Kumber of acres of land,
17,264; value, $50,033; city property, $8,619; money, etc., $210; mer-
chandise, $230; household furniture, $16,713; watches, etc., $433; farm
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 765
and other animals, $35,411; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,291;
value of all other property, $3,018; aggregate value of property, $122,-
078.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $255,119 in the value of
all property in the county since 1900.
The average attendance on the public schools of Mitchell county is
1,138 in the 41 schools for white, and 932 in the 30 for negroes.
Population of Mitchell county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,442; white females, 3,330; total white, 6,778;
colored males, 4,011; colored females, 3,987; total colored, 7,989.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 32 horses, 1 mule, 943 sheep, 15 swine.
MOKROE COimTY.
Monroe County was laid out by the lottery act of 1821, and a part set
off to Butts in 1825. It was named after James Monrod, of Virginia,
the fifth President of the United States. It is bounded by the following
counties: Butts on the north, Jasper and Jones on the east, Bibb on the
southeast, Crawford on the south, Upson and Pike on the west. Spald-
ing also touches the western border for a mile or more in the exti-eme
northwest. The Ocmulgee river forms its eastern boundary. There are
also several creeks: Tobesofkee, Echeconnee, Phillipi, Beaverdam, Deer,
Eum, Cook's, Walker, Eight Mile, Beach, Shoal and Crooked. Tlie
Towaliga river, or creek as it is sometimes called, running across the
northern section, empties into the Ocmulgee river. The soil on the niT-
merous water courses is of a dark chocolate color, well adapted to the
production of com, wheat and oats, while the mulatto and gray lands
are best for all the small grains and grasses, and for all varieties of veg-
etables. Peaches, apples, melons and all kinds of berries do well. The
products of the county find a ready market in Forsyth and Macon.
The lands of Monroe county, under a good system of culture, will
yield by the acre : corn, rye and barley, 20 bushels each; wheat, 10 to 40
bushels; oats, 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 50 to 100 bushels; swoet pota-
tons, 100 to 250 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels;
seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; com fodder, 600
pounds: sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this
county 18,724 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1800-1000.
There is considerable improvement from year to year in the breeds of
stork, and in the attention given to the care of milch-cows. In 1800
there were in Monroe county 341 sheep, witli a wool clip of 647 pounds;
5,.')38 cattle, 104 working oxen, 2.380 milch-cows prodnciiiir ('»r)5,r>41
gallons of milk, from which 194,827 pounds of butter and 246 pounds
of cheese were made. There were also 84,348 domestic fowls of all
kinds, producing 137,100 dozens of egg^. Tlio lionoy produced was 24,-
887 pounds.' There were 1,164 horses, 2,705 mules, 1 donkey and 11,-
690 hogs.
3G Ra
-^gg GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
A traveler on the Central Railroad, viewing tke beautiful town of
Forsyth and its immediate vicinity, receives the impression that this is a
progressive county. In fact all the large towns on the railroad from
Macon to Atlanta make the same favorable impression.
Both the Ocmulgee and Towaliga have water falls with fine locations
for factories and mills.
At Forsyth, the county site, a town of 1,172 inhabitants, is the cotton
mill of the Forsyth Manufacturing Company with 6,000 spindles and a
home capital of $50,000. It is operated by steam. A company has been
organized to build another factory. There is also at this town a cotton
seed oil-mill and guano factory. Forsyth has two banks, with an aggre-
gate capital of $130,000. The district of Forsyth, which includes th&
town, contains 2,429 inhabitants.
At Glover's, near Juliette, is a grist mill, and near by a cotton fac-
tory.
There are excellent schools at Forsyth. On the right of the railroad
going toward Atlanta are the handsome buildings of the Monroe Fe-
male College, the property of the Baptists of Georgia. The Methodists
. also have a good school at this point. This is a town of good schools and
pretty church edifices.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the leading denominations
of the county. Every neighborhood has its school and a church of one
or more of these denominations.
In the public schools the enrollment is 1,648 in the 40 schools for
white pupils and 3,326 in the 41 for colored.
The area of Monroe county is 480 square miles, or 307,200 acres.
Population in 1900, 20,682, a gain of 1,545 since, 1890; school fund,
$13,942.40.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 294,557; average value per acre, $4.30; city property,
$269,754; shares in bank, $47,800; money, etc., $160,487; merchan-
dise, $100,525; stocks and bonds, $600; cotton factories, $80,500; min-
ing, $100; household furniture, $128,105; farm and other animals,
$179,883; plantation and mechanical tools, $52,327; watches, jewelry,
etc., $8,003; value of all other property, $57,499; real estate, $1,537,-
817; personal estate, $851,068; aggregate value of property, $2,388,885.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 12,408;
value, $62,580; city property, $10,532; money, etc., $65; merchandise,
$310; household furniture, $22,859; watches, etc., $192; farm and other
animals, $36,325; plantation and mechanical tools, $10,833; value of aU
other property, $57,499; aggregate value of property, $150,726.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $103,910 in the value
of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Monroe county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,372; white females, 3,445; total whites,
6,817; colored males, 6,7l7; colored females, 7,148; total colored,
13,865. '
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 757
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 26 calves, 11 steers, 1 bull, 124 dairy cows, 105 horses,
18 mules, 196 swine, 5 goats.
MOXTGOMEEY COUNTY.
Montgomery County was laid out from Washington in 1793, and
named in honor of General Richard Montgomery, who on the 31st of
December, 1775, at the head of troops from New York and New Eng-
land, was killed in an attack upon the fortifications of Quebec. Part oi
the county was set off to Tattnall in 1801. In 1811, while a part was
added to Laurens, other parts were taken from Telfair and Tattnall. In
1812 a part was set off to Emanuel. A part was added to it from Tatt-
nall in 1814. A part was added to it from Telfair in 1820, and another
part in 1833. Thus it is seen that the boundaries of Montgomery county
have undergone many changes.
It is bounded by the following counties: Emanuel on the northeast,
Tattnall on the southeast, Appling on the south, Telfair on the south-
west, Dodge on the west, and Laurens on the northwest and west.
The Oconee river flows through the center of the county. The Little
Ocmulgee flowing along its southwestern boundary empties into the
Ocmulgee, which continues along the southern border until it unites
mth the Oconee to form the Altamaha river. This latter stream con-
tinues a few miles more on the southern border. There are also many
creeks, Lott's, Limestone, Flat, Cypress, Red Bluff, Alligator, Tiger, Lit-
tle, Okewalkee, Pendleton and Swift.
The soil is a sandy loam, and under proper tillage will yield to the
acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100
bushels each; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cot-
ton, 500 to 800 pounds; com fodder, 300 pounds; rice, 10 bushels;
sugar-cane symp, 250 gallons. Good hay can be made, but the wnld
grasses afford such excellent pasturage that little attention is paid to it.
In 1890 the county had 11,479 sheep, from which 29,185 pounds of
wool were clipped. The cattle numbered 13,195, of which 3,806 were
milch-cows, giving 280,282 gallons of milk, from which were made 46,-
304 pounds of butter; 38,055 domestic fowls of every kind gave 47,529
dozens of eggs. There were 668 horses, 615 mules and 17,340 hogs.
The honey produced was 2,106 pounds. There were in the county 575
working oxen.
The nsual vegetables, fruits, berries, grapes and melons are raised, but
only for home consumption.
A large per cent, of the original forest is still standing. It consists of
lon£r-l<^!if pine, cypress, oak, hickory and ash. The annnal output of
Inmbor in superficial feet is 150,000,000, at an average price of $7 a
thon=anfl foot. This keeps in active operation 50 sawTnills, and 12 tur-
pentine flii^tilletnes propare naval stores for the niarkot.
The Oconee rivrr furnishes water transportation and the Georgia and
Alabama Railroad, of the Seaboard Air Line system, affords transpor-
tation and travel by land.
768 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Fifty grist-mills supply the needs of the citizens and the hands em-
ployed in the numerous lumber mills.
Mount Vernon, on the Georgia and Alabama Eailroad, is the county
site. There are about 25 other postoffices.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have many churches and a
large membership.
The schools are in good condition and belong to the public school
system of the State. The average attendance is 1,305 in the 56 schools^
for whites, and 811 in the 28 for colored.
The products of the county are marketed in Savannah.
Five thousand bales of cotton are shipped from this county; 500 from
Mount Vernon. According to the United States census of 1900 there
were ginned in this county 4,858 bales of upland and 534 bales of sea-
island cotton during the :season of 1899-1900.
The area of Montgomery county is 744 square miles, or 476,160 acres.
Population in 1900, 16,359, a gain of 7,111 since 1890; school fund,
$9,772.85.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved lands, 405,693; of wild lands, 56,823; average value per acre of
improved lands, $2.24; of wild lands, $1.98; city property, $97,580;
money, etc., $217,009; merchandise, $93,529; iron works, $4,000; ship-
ping and tonnage, $1,000; stocks and bonds, $550; cotton manufacto-
ries, $250; household furniture, $106,601; farm and other animals,
$269,887; plantation and mechanical tools, $38,892; watches, jewelry,
etc., $5,149; value of all other property, $240,529; real estate, $1,120,-
917; personal estate, $1,007,116; aggregate value of property, $2,128,-
033.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: !N'umber of acres, 13,000;
value, $36,590; city property, $2,515; money, etc., $1,543; merchan-
dise, $15; watches, etc., $428; household furniture, $13,516; farm and
other animals, $2,317; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,971; value
of all other property, $2,310; aggregate value of property, $84,018.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $84,646 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
The largest towns of the county are Mount Vernon and Vidalia.
The Mount Vernon district includes the towns of Mount Vernon and
Ailey and has 2,205 inhabitants, of whom 573 live in Mount Vernon
and 271 in Ailey.
The Vidalia district has 2,342 inhabitants, of whom 503 live in the
town of Vidalia.
Population of Montgomery county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 5,055; white females, 4,598; total whites,
9,653; colored males, 3,547; colored females, 3,159; total colored, 6.706.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1001: 181 calves, 156 steers, 19 bulls, 285 dairy cows, 123
horses, 168 mules, 21 sheep, 1,330 swine, 49 goats.
I GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 7^9
MORGAX COUN"TY.
Morgan County was laid out from Baldwin in 1S07, and was named
in honor of General Daniel Morgan, who was born in New Jersey, but
became a citizen of Virginia, commanding a regiment of riflemen from
that State in the campaign of Saratoga, and afterwards as a general un-
der Xathaniel Greene distinguished for his brilliant victory at the battle
of Cowpens in South Carolina, January I7th, 1781.
Morgan is bounded by the following counties: Oconee and Greene
on the northeast, Greene on the east, Putnam on the south, Jasper on the
southwest, ISTewton and Walton on the northwest. The Appalachee river
runs along its whole northeastern border and empties into the Oconee,
which from -this point runs do\\Ti the eastern boundary. Other tribu-
taries of the Oconee are Hard Labor, Indian and Sugar creeks and Little
(or Little Oconee) river.
The general character of the soil is metamorphic, undulating red clay
and mulatto lands, interspersed with gravelly formations and alluvial
bottoms. This, though one of the oldest, is one of the best agricultural
counties of Georgia. A large percentage of the land is under good cul-
tivation, and their average production to the acre is: corn, 15 bushels;
oats, 25; wheat, 8 to 10; rye, 7; barley, 20; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet
potatoes, 150; field peas, 10; ground peas, 50; seed cotton,, 1,000
pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000; corn fodder,
stalk and blade, 6,000; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-cane synip,
105 gallons. In some sections of the county com produces 30 bushels
to the acre, wheat 25 and oats 40. The land is strong and easily worked.
Much of it is permanently set in Bermuda grass. Hay is made from
orchard grass, red top, Bermuda, crab, cowpeas and clover. Three mil-
lion pounds of hay are made in Morgan county.
Of the milch-cows nearly one-third are of improved breeds. In 1800
the county had 3,844 cattle, 157 working oxen, 1,714 milch-cows yield-
ing 426,124 gallons- of milk, from which were made 138,419 pounds of
butter and 3,000 pounds of cheese. There are several dairy farms near
Madison. The various kinds of poultry aggregated in 1890 60,115 and
produced 110,258 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered was l7,18l
pounds. There were 507 sheep, yielding 942 pounds of wool. There
wore 687 horses, 2,008 mules, 4 donkeys and 6,555 hogs. ]\ruch atten-
tion is now being paid to the rearing of beef cattle.
Vegetables of all kinds, berries and melons are raised. The truck sold
amounts to about $8,000. Tlio county has 2,500 apple trees and 20,758
peach trees. The largest orchard in the county has 3,000 trees. There
is a canning factory where many farmers can their peaches.
Timber products are small. There are no original forests left. Along
the streams second growlli pine and hardwoods arc found. Tlie com-
mon growth is mostly old-field pino. Hence the lumber output from a
few portable sa\vmills is small.
On tributaries of the Oconee arc ten grist-mills.
Y70 QEOROIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The Georgia Railroad and the Macon and ISTorthem branch of the
Central traverse the county, the former from east to west, the latter from
north to south. They cross each other at Madison, the county site, one
of the most beautiful small cities of Georgia, with a population of 1,992
in the corporate limits and 2,888 in its entire district, located on the ridge
which divides the waters of Sugar and Hard Labor creeks. The city has
electric lights and water works. The ladies of Madison are noted for
the taste displayed by them in the cultivation of the flower gardens which
adorn so many of their charming homes. The court-house and jail to-
gether are valued at $50,000. A company has been formed to build
a cotton factory, and $50,000 has been raised for that purpose. Other
manufactories are: a fertilizer factory, a cotton seed oil-mill valued at
$40,000, a cotton compress, a soap factory, a spoke and handle factory
valued at $10,000, and a variety works establishment for furniture,
chairs, etc., valued at $10,000.
The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have each good church
buildings and good schools. There are a Masonic lodge and a Sons of
Temperance organization.
All the schools of 'the county are either wholly or in part connected
with the public school system of Georgia. They are in every militia dis-
trict for white and colored separately.
At Madison are two banks with an aggregate capital of $100,000.
Besides Madison the postoffices are Appalachee, Austin, Bostwick, Buck-
head, Cowan, Fair Play, Godfrey, Mallory, Maple, Nolan, PenningtoUy
Reese, Rehoboth and Rutledge, at which ratter place the sum of $50,000
has been raised to erect a factory. There are several life and fire insur-
ance agencies.
The cotton receipts and shipments from the entire county amount to
25,000 bales, of which the greater portion is handled at Madison. Ac-
cording to the census of 1900 there were ginned in this county 16,453
bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The area of Morgan county is 346 square miles, or 221,440 acres.
Population in 1900, 15,813, a decrease of 228 since 1890; school
fund, $11,19T.Y2; school fund of Madison City, $1,391.85.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 218,839; average value per acre, $5.19; city property,
$499,435; shares in bank, $145,798; cotton manufactories, $157,760;
money, etc., $233,770; merchandise, $103,450; stocks and bonds, $3,-
200; iron works, $35,384; household furniture, $82,704; farm and other
animals, $137,406; plantation and mechanical tools, $34,546; watches,
jewelry, etc., $7,366; value of all other property, $9,282; real estate,
$1,637,000; personal estate, $976,698; aggregate value of property, $2,-
613,689.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 5,855;
value, $23,208; city property, $27,295; money, etc., $220; household
furniture, $8,832; watches, etc., $47; farm and other animals, $19,601;
plantation and mechanical tools, $3,346; value of all other property,
$4; aggregate value of property, $92,553.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 771
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $149,893 in the value
of all property since 1900.
In the public schools of Morgan county the average attendance is 603
in the 24 schools for white pupils, and 984 in the 26 for colored. In
the white schools of the city of Madison there ai'e enrolled 200 pupils,
and in the colored schools 137.
Population of Morgan county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,620; white females, 2,587; total white,
5,207; colored males, 5,261; colored females, 5,345; total colored,
10,606.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 50 calves, 74 steers, 179 dairy cows, 122 horses, 24 mules,
344 swine, 18 goats.
MUEEAY COmSTTY.
Murray County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832.
It was named for Hon. Thomas W. Murray.
Part of the county was set off to Walker in 1833 and a part to Cass
(now Bartow) county in 1834. It is bounded on the north by the State
of Tennessee, on the east by Fannin and Gilmer counties, on the south
by Gordon, and on the west by Whitfield county. It is watered by the
Connesauga and Coosawattee rivers with their numerous tributary
creeks. The former of these rivers flows along the entire western bound-
ary, while the latter crosses the southeastern part of the county. Their
united waters form the Oostenaula, which joins with the Etowah at
Kome to form the Coosa. The Coosawattee being navigable nearly all
the year furnishes water transportation to Rome, the leading market of
Xorthwest Georgia. No railroad traverses the county, but the Western
and Atlantic runs close to its southwestern border. Dalton, in Whit-
field county, where this road crosses the Southern Railway, is the chief
market for a large part of Murray county.
The land is fertile and has fine pasturage for sheep and cattle. The
average yield of crops to the acre is: com, 25 bushels; oats, 35; wheat,
25; rye, 30; Irish potatoes, 150; sweet potatoes, 200; cotton, 600 pounds;
crab-grass hay, 3,200; clover, 4,000; fodder, 600; sorghum symp, 150
gallons. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
ginned in this county 2,586 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-
1900.
In 1890 there were 2,506 sheep in the county yielding 4,557 pounds
of wool. There Avero 5,656 cattle, 378 working oxen, 1,041 niiloh-cows,
which produce 513,110 gallons of milk, from whieli were made 135,139
pounds of butter and 97 pounds of cheese. Tlie domestic fowls of all
varieties aggregated 68,021 and prodncod 83,146 dozens of oc!:^:?: Tlie
honey gathered amounted to 17,755 pounds. There were 1,026 horses,
840 mules, 17 donkeys and 8,511 hogs.
This county is rich in minerals. The Cohutta !^^onnt:lin range crosses
its eastern section. On these mountains profitable mining has been done.
In sholtorod orchards along this famous raoge some of the most luscious
fruit is grown.
772 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Spring Place, once a missionary station among the Clierokees, now a
thriving little town, is the county site. It is situated in the midst of
charming scenery with the Cohutta Mountains in full view. This town
has a handsome court-house, good schools and churches. The whole
county is well provided with schools, and churches of the Baptists and
Methodists are in every section. The average attendance of pupils in
the public schools is 1,005 in the 38 schools for whites, and 120 in the 5
schools for colored pupils.
The area of Murray county is 352 square miles, or 225,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 8,623, an increase of 162 since 1890; school
fund, $6,499.66.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 188,267; of wild land, 40,165; average value per acre of
improved land, $3.60; of wild land, $0.29; city property, $14,400;
money, etc., $89,077; merchandise, $17,330; household furniture, $43,-
846; farm and other animals, $153,523; plantation and mechanical tools,
$38,950; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,293; value of all other property,
$17,178; real estate, $704,316; personal estate, $368,595; aggregate
value property, $1,072,911.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: !N"umber of acres of land,
350; value, $635; household furniture, $753; farm and other animals,
$2,712; plantation and mechanical tools, $450; value of all other prop-
erty, $76; aggregate value of property, $4,975.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $7,009 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900i
Cohutta Springs are 10 miles from Spring Place on the waters of
Sumac creek. The water is said to possess splendid medicinal properties.
There are fine springs in almost every section of the county.
On the Cohutta Mountains are the remains of an ancient fort, for
what purpose erected none can tell.
Population of Murray county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4^075; white females, 4,027; total white,
8,102; colored males, 258; colored females, 263; total colored, 521.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900 : 1 calf, 4 dairy cows, 3 horses, 2 mules, 12 swine.
MUSCOGEE COUNTY.
Muscogee County was laid out in 1826, and named for an Indian
tribe which once inhabited that part of the State. In 1827 parts were
set off to Harris, Talbot and Marion counties, and in 1829 parts were
taken from Marion and Harris. It is bounded by the following coun-
ties: Harris and Talbot on the north, Talbot and Marion on the east,
and Chattahoochee on the south. The State of Alabama, from which it
is separated by the Chattahoochee river, bounds it on the west. The
Chattahoochee affords steamboat navigation from the city of Columbus
to the Gulf of Mexico. The smaller streams, all tributaries of this river,
are Upatoi, Randall's, ISTocheefaloochee, Bull, Standing Boy, Juniper
and West End creeks.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^^D INDUSTRIAL. 773
The soil is very much mixed. Half of the county is in the cretaceous
and half in the metamorphic region. In the northeni section are rolling,
red clay lands; in the southern, sandy loams; on the Chattahoochee river
hummock lands; through the center of the county, a mulatto strip. The
timber growth is just as varied; from yellow pine and hummock to oak
and chestnut. The water is both limestone and freestone. A great deal
of the land along the Chattahoochee river is unsurpassed anywhere in
fertility. In the portion subject to overflows so great is the yield that if
only one crop in every three should succeed, the river lands prove very
profitable to the owners.
Taking the average of all lands in the county the yield to the acre is:
com, 10 to 12 bushels; oats, 11 bushels; seed cotton, 520 pounds; hay,
3,600; sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. The hay is chiefly made from
crab and Johnson grasses. On the best lands the yield to the acre is:
corn, 50 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds.
Fi-uits, melons, hemes and vegetables of every description are raised,
especially in the vicinity of Columbus, for marketing purposes, and are
very remunerative to those engaged in this industry. Watermelons and
cantaloupes are very fine and bring good profits in the Columbus market.
There are 25 market gardens, large and small, and the value of truck
sold amounts to more than $30,000. There are in this county 127,980
acres of farm lands, cleared and uncleared, divided into farms averaging
about 600 acres each, every one of which is abundantly supplied with
water flowing from bold springs. Irrigation is practiced to some extent.
There are 25 dairy farms, whose capacity is 600 gallons of milk and
500 pounds of butter per diem. The Jersey is the favorite cow. The
foods preferred as giving the best results are wheat bran, cotton seed
meal, corn meal, ensilage and hay from the peavine and from crab and
Johnson grasses.
The rearing of beef cattle for the market is attracting more attention
than ever before. It is estimated that the interest this year — 1900 — has
increased 50 per cent. In 1890 there were in Muscogee county 3,005
cattle, 155 working oxen, 1,484 milch-cows yielding 375,664 gallons of
milk, from which were produced 96,604 pounds of butter. There were
27,710 domestic fowls, producing 61,155 dozens of eggs. The consump-
tion of poultry is about five times as much as are raised. This is prob-
ably true also of butter and eggs, all of which are brought in from sur-
rounding counties. The honey produced in the coimty amounted in
1890 to 8,559 pounds.
There were also reported in 1S90 148 shoep, with a wool-clip of 290
pounds; 463 horses, 972 mules, 2 donkeys and 3,338 swine. These sta-
tistics do not inchulo the live stock in the city of Colnmbus.
Many fish are caught in the river and creeks, and many are brought
in from other points. Game is plentiful.
Very little of the original timber is left in the county, not more than
20 per cent. About 40 per cent, of the county is under cultivation and!
40 per cent, of what was onco cuUivntod is covorod witli n second gi-owt,h
of timber. Pine predominates, but in the northern part of the county
774 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
there is considerable oak, hickory, poplar, chestnut and dogwood. The
products are slight. Some shingles, staves, etc., are sawed, perhaps $8,-
000 worth in all.
Earm lands in Muscogee county can be bought at from $5 to $40 an
acre.
There are in Muscogee county five florists' establishments doing a
good business.
Columbus, the fifth city of the State in population, is the second in the
south in the manufacture of cotton goods, Augusta alone exceeding it.
Columbus has for 49 years been a cotton and woolen manufacturing
point, and there is here an abundance of skilled white labor, the only
kind used in the cotton and woolen mills of Georgia. The Eagle and
Phoenix Manufacturing Company has three mills with an aggregate of
1,492 looms and 50,000 spindles. Their mills use 18,000 bales of cotton
per annum. The Muscogee Mills have 450 looms and 16,000 spindles,
and use 7,500 bales of cotton. The Swift Mills have 400 looms and
13,000 spindles, and use 5,200 bales of cotton. The Hamburger Mills
have 210 looms and 6,000 spindles, and use 2,800 bales. The Columbus
Manufacturing Company's mill has 800 looms and 25,000 spindles, and
uses 6,500 bales of cotton. The grand total is 3,352 looms, 110,000
spindles and 40,000 bales of cotton. The Bibb Manufacturing Com-
pany, of Macon, is putting up a new mill which will have 600 looms and
20,000 spindles. Some of the mills of Columbus gin the cotton received
from the farm and then save the cost of baling. The total receipts of
cotton at warehouses and compresses are 150,000 bales a year. The
warehouse receipts alone are 60,000 bales.
Other manufactories at Columbus are: a sugar refinery, 2 compresses,
2 cotton seed oil-mills, 2 flour and grist-mills, 4 lumber and planing
mill, 2 foundries valued at $200,000, 1 plow and 1 gin factory, 1 barrel
factory, 3 sash and blind factories, 1 furniture factory, 1 box factory, 1
showcase manufactory, 1 ice factory, wagon, broom and pants factories,
1 guano factory, cider and vinegar works, marble yards and brick yards,
and one canning factory with a capacity of 8,000 cans daily. The num-
ber of hands employed in all these manufactories is 3,000, receiving
wages amounting to $15,300 a week.
Five cotton, 1 woolen and 1 flour-mill are operated by water-power.
There are two falls within the corporate limits of the city, and in this
county are 17,000 horse-powers yet undeveloped. Immediately conticn-i-
ous to the city and extending for forty miles north is an inexhaustible
supply of water power yet to be developed.
Corporations of any respectable magnitude, wishing to locate in Co-
lumbus, can obtain free and ample mill sites, well located for steam
mill plants with railroad front.
Columbus enjoys a fine wholesale trade, and the present jobbing
trade of the city reaches eleven Southern States.
There are five banks in the city with a combined capital of $550,000.
About 80 life and fire insurance companies are representel by 20 agen-
cies.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL ASD INDUSTRIAL. 775
The city has gas and electric lights, water works, an electric street rail-
road and two power houses.
Seven railroads center here, and two of them have shops at this point.
Four lines of steamboats, plying on the river, give competition in
freight bv water. The court-house cost $105,000, the hospital, eug'ino
house and market $40,000, the United States postoffice $125,000. Two
bridges spanning the Chattahoochee cost $25,000.
There are 18 churches for whites, valued at $265,000, and 11 for
colored, valued at $48,000. All denominations are represented.
Columbus was the first city in the south to adopt the graded public
school system. There are 6 city public schools for white and 4 for col-
ored children. The whole county is well provided with schools and
churches.
The average attendance of pupils in the public schools of Muscogee
county outside of the city of Columbus is 400 in the IS schools for
whites, and 678 in the 19 'for colored pupils. In the city schools of Co-
lumbus, which also belong to the public school system of Georgia, there
are enrolled 1,222 in the schools for whites, and 1,368 in the schools
for colored. Besides these there are 323 pupils in private institutions
for whites, and 160 in the industrial school for colored pupils.
In this connection the important work done by the Eagle and Phoenix
Manufacturing Company for its operatives, through the agency of its
president, G. Gunby Jordan, is worthy of all praise. The Eagle and
Phoenix Club was instituted for the exclusive benefit of the 1,800 oper-
atives of that great corporation. It has a large, bell-built brick building,
which embraces an auditorium capable of seating about 800 people, a
gymnasium and a free circulating library of over a thousand volumes.
Each member of the club is allowed to take home two copies from this
library at one time, and thus his family gets as much benefit from it as
he does himself. A physical instructor is constantly employed wlio meets
classes in gymnastics and athletics three times a week. At the auditorium
a lyceum course, embracing twelve numbers, is regularly given during
the winter months. These evening entertainments are of the best and
include illustrated lectures of travel, dramatic entertainments of a higli
order, experiments in electricity, chemistry and liquid air. In addition
to these are concerts given by the individual members of the club or
their friends. A musical class is tnuglit by capable professors. In tlie
library much of the current literature of the day can be obtained. ^
Other manufacturing establishments in Georgia have adopted similar
arranfrcmonts for the benefit of their operatives.
According to the census of 1000 the popiihition in the corporate limits
of Oobimbiis was 17,617, bnt, including suburban resorts, it amounts to
about 25,000. , i r i 4
In 1000 there were ginnofl in Muscogee county 7,042 bales of upland
cotton, which amount represents nenriy tlie produftion of the county.
The area of Muscogee conntv is 255 square miles, or 163,200 acres.
The population in 1900 was 29,836, a gain of 2,075 since 1890. Tlie
school fund for the county was, by the report of the Commissioner of
776 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Education, $7,646.63 for 1900, and to this should be added the special
assessment for the local system of Columbus, amounting to $9,515.35.
The report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 gives the property
returned for taxation as follows: Acres of improved land, 139,597;
value per acre, $9.39; city and town property, $6,046,665; gas and elec-
tric lights, $92,600; shares in bank, $516,015; money and solvent debts,
$1,077,920; building and loan associations, $216,190; merchandise,
$989,095; shipping and mining, $24,000; stocks and bonds, $453,790;
cotton manufactories, $943,530; iron works, $158,100; household furni-
ture, $544,735; farm and other animals, $119,875; plantation and me-
<;hanical tools, $42,455; watches, jewelry, etc., $51,030; value of all
other property, $138,205; real estate, $7,457,615; personal estate, $5,-
497,540; aggiTgate value of whole property, $12,206,545.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
5,448; value, $91,175; city or town property, $153,735; money and sol-
vent debts, $1,815; merchandise, $695; household furniture, $68,930;
Avatches, etc., $405; farm and other animals, $12,580; plantation and
mechanical tools $1,990; value of all other property, $315; aggregate
value of all property, $331,640.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $1,043,285 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Muscogee county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 6,813; white females, 7,416; total white,
14,229; colored males, 7,026; colored females, 8,581; total colored,
15,607.
Population of the city of Columbus by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 4,881; white females, 5,456; total white,'
10,337; colored males, 3,009; colored females, 4,268; total colored,
7,277.
The population of Columbus, 17,614.
Domestic animals in Muscogee county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 109 calves, 8 steers, 5 bulls, 383 dairy
cows, 550 horses, 181 mules, 620 swine, 46 goats.
NEWTON COUNTY.
Newton County was laid out from Jasper, "Walton and Henry in 1821.
Part of it was given back to Jasper in 1822 and again in 1834. A part
was given to DeKalb in 1826.
This county was named in honor of Sergeant John Newton, a com-
panion of Sergeant Jasper, and a sharer with his friend in the brilliant
rescue of an American prisoner from a British guard, consisting of a
sergeant and eight men, at a spring two miles from Savannah, just within
the edge of a forest of oaks and gums.
Newton county is bounded as follows: Walton county on the north-
east, Morgan and Jasper on the southeast, Butts and Henry on the south-
west, and Rockdale on the northwest. Terminating in a point both at
the north and south Newton county has no strictly northern or southern
boundary.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 777
The streams are the South, Yellow and Alcovy rivers, all tributaries
of the Ocmulgee, -which bounds it for a short distance on the extreme
south.
The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation. The surface is roll-
ing, and broken in the southern and southeastern parts of the county.
The soil is a stiff red claj, with some gray land in the eastern and north-
em portions. The lands under proper cultivation will yield per acre ac-
cording to location on uplands or bottom landi>: corn, 12 to 20 bush-
els; wheat, T to 10 bushels; oats, 10 to 30 bushels; rye, 8 to 10 bushels;
barley, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 125 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bush-
els; tield-peas, 8 to 10 bushels; ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 500
to 700 pounds; crab-grass, 2,500 pounds; Bermuda, 2,000 poimds; corn
fodder, blade and stalk, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 75 gallons; sugar-
cane syrup, 100 gallons.
The farmers are beginning to pay considerable attention to hay from
the cow-pea vines and such grasses as Bermuda, crab, clover, and red-top.
All forage crops do well.
Attention is being paid to the improvement of dairy cattle and the
Jersey is the favorite. There is one dairy farm with a capacity of 50
gallons of milk a day. There are cows owned by the majority of farm-
ers, and butter is made on every farm. In 1890 there were in Newton
county 3,888 cattle, of which 1,568 were milch-cows producing 404,505
gallons of milk, from which were made 110,332 pounds of butter and 108
pounds of cheese. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 70,064
and produced 100,826 dozens of eggs. There was also a product of 14,-
840 pounds of honey. There w^ere 299 sheep, with a wool-clip of 482
pounds, 686 horses, 1,596 mules, 5 donkeys and 5,080 hoge.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised in sufficient quantities
for home consumption. The truck sold amounts to $8,000. There are
39,672 peach-trees, 6,678 apple-trees, 4,100 plum-trees, 1,730 pear-trees,
and 750 cherry trees.
The hardwood forest growth, except in the southwesteini and south-
eastern section of the county, is almost destroyed. It has been mainly
succeeded by a second growth of short-leaf pine. The timber products
are inconsiderable, perhaps $4,500 worth annually in "old-field" pine
lumber and some oak and poplar.
The water-powers utilized are: on South river, 3 mills, 47 horse-pow-
ere; on Yellow river, 8 mills, 267 horse-powers; on Alcovy river, 4 mills,
93 hor=e-powers. The water-powers not utilized are: On Oemulgoe river,
1,614 gross horse-power; on South river, 1,418 gross horse-power; on
Yellow river, 4,395 gross horse-power; on Alcovy river, 531 gross horse-
power,
Covington, the county seat, nanied for General Covington, is located
on a riflge 3^ miles east of "^'cllow river and 3 miles west of the Alcovy.
It has a court-house worth $35,000. A street railway connects the busi-
ness portion of the city with the railroad stntion. 'Hie (Joorgia rnilrn.id
connf'f'ts it with Atlanta and Augnsta, and a branch of thr; Central of
Georma, with Macon and Savannah. It has for whites 3 iMcthodist
778 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
churclies, 1 PresbTterian and one Baptist, and for colored people 2 Bap-
tist and 2 Methodist churcheB. Churches for white and colored are in
every village in the county. Covington has a fine system of public
schools. It has a successful bank with a paid up capital of $80,000. A
new cotton-mill to manufacture sheetings is approaching completion. It
will have 320 looms and 5,000 spindles. The capital invested is $100,-
000. Connected with Covington by a short railroad is the Porterdale
Mill, belonging to the Bibb Manufacturing Company of Macon. This
mill has in operation 80 looms and 6,000 spindles, and a capital of $125,-
000. There are altogether in JSTewton county 10 sawmills. Several grist-
mills on the water courses have already been mentioned. The manu-
factories of every sort in Newton county are 31, with an annual output
of $193,472. This will be greatly increased when the new cotton-miU
gets into operation. The mill at Porterdale uses 12,000 bales of cotton
annually.
The cotton receipts and shipments of Covington are about 15,000
bales. The population of this city is 2,062, and of the whole district,
3,083. According to the United States census of 1900 there were
ginned in Newton county 14,373 bales of upland cotton during the sea-
son of 1899-1900.
About two miles to the northwest of Covington is Oxford, a town of
800 inhabitants, the seat of Emory College, which is one of the foremost
educational institutions in the South, and the property of the North and
South Georgia and Florida conferences of the Methodist Episcopal
Church, South. The population of the whole district of Oxford is 1,149.
This town is connected with Covington by a street railway. Other post-
offices are Almand, Cora, King, Sequin, Newborn, Newton Factory,
Snapping Shoals, Sarrsville, Stewart and Winston.
Newton is one of the best counties in Middle Georgia with a cultured
and refined population, enjoying the best religious and educational ad-
vantages.
This county has brick clay and gi-anite of excellent quality. One gran-
ite quarry is in operation.
The area of Newton county is 259 square miles, or 165,760 acres.
Population in 1900, 16,734, a gain of 2,424 since 1890; school fund,
$9,773.34; Covington city school fund, $1,266.11.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 166,673; average value per acre, $5.88; city property, $45,-
241; shares in bank, $50,000; money, etc., $326,385; merchandise,
$115,520; stocks and bonds, $2,350; cotton manufactories, $549,270;
household furniture, $116,015; farm and other animals, $155,261;
plantation and mechanical tools, $48,000; watches, jewelry, etc., $9,514;
value of all other property, $38,400; real estate, $1,428,636; personal
estate, $1,459,665. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,865,063.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
4,074; value, $24,303; city propertv, $65,585; money, $1,385; merchan-
dise, $100; household furniture, $12,239; watches, etc., $313; farm and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A.VD INDUSTRIAL. 779
other animals, $21,253; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,338; value
of all other property, $773.00. Aggregate value of property, $104,693.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $136,845 in the value of all
property since 1900.
The average attendance of pupils in the public schools is 920 in the
28 schools for whites, and 689 in the 27 schools for colored pupils. The
city of Covington has an enrollment of 233 in the white schools, and 250
in the colored schools.
Population of Xe^vton county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,348; white females, 4,241; total white,
8,589; colored males, 3,955; colored females, 4,190; total colored, 8,145.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 92 calves, 34 steers, 3 bulls, 141 dairy cows, 106 horses,
21 mules, 33 sheep, 279 s\\ine and 2 goats.
OCOKEE COimTY.
Oconee County was laid out from Clarke, and derived its name
from the Oconee river. It is bounded by the following counties: Clarke
on the northeast, Oglethorpe on the east, Greene on the south, Morgan
and Walton on the southwest, and Walton and Jackson on the northwest.
The Oconee river is on its eastern boundary, the Appalachee on the south-
west boundary. Barber creek, running a short distance on its north-
eastern border, empties into the Oconee river.
The surface of the country is broken and hilly. The soil is meta-
morphic, with red and gi-ay lands. According to culture and location the
lands will yield: com, 10 to 15 bushels; oats, 10 to 20; wheat, 6 to 12;
rye, 7 to 9; barley, 20 to 30; Irish potatoes, 100 to 175; sweet potatoes,
125 to 150; field-peas, 8 to 15; ground-peas, 20 to 40; seed cotton, 500
to 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 to 4,000 pounds; clover, 3,750 to
5,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,500 to 6,000 pounds; corn fodder,
250 pounds; sorghum syrup, 120 to 150 gallons; sugar-cane symp, 75 to
100 gallons. According to the United State census of 1900, there were
ginned in this county, 7,349 bales of upland cotton of the season of 1899-
1900.
Some attention is paid to the improvement of dairy cattle. The whole
number of cattle in the county in 1890 was 3,102. There were 1,218
milch-cows yielding 330,490 gallons of milk and 120,915 ponndss of hnt-
ter. All kinds of poultry aggregated 51,851, and yielded 52,056 dozens
of eggs. The production of honey was 11,043 pounds. There were 595
sheep, with a wool-clip of 894 pounds, 589 horses, 756 mules, 3 donkeyp
and 4,409 hogs.
In addition to vegetablofs, berries and melons consumed on the farms
abont $3,000 worth are sold annually. The peach-trees number 17,521,
and the apple-trees, 5,993.
Alone the streams for the most part the forest growth consists of svca-
more, poplar, maple, ash and gnm. Other sections have onk, hickory,
chestnut and walnut. There is also some short-leaf pine. The output of
the sawmills is about $5,000 worth.
780 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The mineral products consist of some mica, feldspar, hornblende and
gneiss. The water is pure freestone.
On the Oconee and tributaries 4 grist-mills employ 360 horse-powers.
The gross unutilized horse-powers of the Oconee river are 4,923. There
are altogether 14 manufactories with an output valued at $46,836. At
High Shoals, on the Appalachee river, is a cotton factory with 150 looms,
5,000 spindles and a capital of $150,000.
Watkinsville, the county site, is located within a belt of red lands
which run across the county from the upper portion of Clarke southward
into Morgan county. It is on the Macon and northern branch of the
Central of Georgia Kailroad, which traverses the county from north to
south. The Seaboard Air Line Railroad runs across the northeast cor-
ner of Oconee county. The Watkinsville district contains, 1,535 inhabit-
ants, of whom 351 live in the town.
This county has 22 schools for whites, and 16 for colored, and the
average attendance is 621 whites and 739 colored. Churches for both
races are found in every section of the county. The Baptists and Method-
ists are the leading denominations.
The area of Oconee county is 184 square miles, or 117,760 acres.
Population in 1900, 8,602, a gain of 889 since 1890: school fund,
$6,102.92.
By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 112,614; average value to the acre, $5.95; city property,
$18,980; gas and electric light companies, $596; money, $57,389; mer-
chandise, $17,095; cotton manufactories, $65,000; value of household
furniture, $57,851; farm and other animals, $101,587; plantation and
mechanical tools, $31,817; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,619; value of all
other property, $20,118; real estate, $688,992; personal estate, $360,-
253. Aggregate value of property, $1,049,245.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 2,667;
value, $17,045; merchandise, $50; money, $375; household furniture,
$10,650; farm and other animals, $15,546; plantation and mechanical
tools, $4,097; value of all other property, $1,193. Aggregate value of
whole property, $48,979.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $26,890 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Oconee county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,083; white females, 2,106; total white,
4,189; colored males, 2,199; colored females, 2,214; total colored, 4.413.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 16 calves, 1 steer, 38 dairy cows, 20 horses, 3 mules, 41
swine.
OGLETHORPE COimTY.
Oglethorpe County was laid out in 1793. A part was taken from
Greene in 1794. The boundories were somewhat ehnnsrprl in 1799. when
parts of Oglethorpe were added to Greene, and parts of Greene to Ogle-
thorpe. A part was set off to Madison county in 1811, and a portion was
VVICKSON.
This plum stands pre-eminent amon^; all plums in its rare combination of y.ood qualitii-s.
color of the fruit is dark crimson upon a yellow ground. Ripens just after Burbank.
Will keep two weeks or more after ripening. Don' I fail to try ll'ickson.
The
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 781
taken from Clarke in 1813. Another part was set oS to Taliaferro in
1825, and a part added to Madison county in 1831. This county was
named for General James Edward Oglethorpe, one of the founders and
the lirst governor of Georgia. It is bounded on the north by Madison
county, northeast by Elbert, on the east by AVilkes, on the southeast by
Wilkes and Taliaferro, south by Greene and west by Clarke and Oconee.
Broad river separates the county from Elbert, and the Oconee river
forms a part of its western boundary. Little river is in the southeastern
part of the county. Other streams are: Long, Clouds, Dry Fork, Big,
Buffalo, Indian, Beaver Dam and Falling creeks.
Although there are so many streams, the fish have nearly all been
caught out of them, and most of the game has been destroyed by the
negroes.
The face of the country is hilly. The soil is varied. In the western
part it is red or mulatto, in the central portion gray sandy, and in the
eastern a mixture of both. The soils result from decomposition of gran-
ite, gneiss, slates and hornblendic slates. According to location and
mode of cultivation the lands yield to the acre: corn, 10 to 15 bushels;
wheat, 8 to 15 bushels; oats, 12 to 15 bushels; rye, 10 to 15 bushels;
barley, 20 to 25 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 to 100; sweet potatoes, 50 to
100 bushels; field-peas, 10 to 15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 to 50 bushels;
seed cotton, 500 to 700 pounds; crab-grass hay, 3,000 pounds; Bermuda,
and clover, each 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500 pounds; sorghum syrup,
100 gallons. According to the United States census of 1900, there were
ginned in this county 19,276 bales of upland cotton of the season of
1899-1900.
This county is well adapted to the grass and forage crops. Those who
make hay find it very remunerative. There are two dairy fanns with
100 or more pure bred cattle. Some other farmers in the county have
pure bred and mixed cattle. There is also improvement in the breed of
beef cattle. The dairy cows preferred are Jerseys, Holsteins and Red
Poll.
In 1890 there were in all 7,181 cattle. Of these there were 2,581
milch-cows producing 640,333 gallons of milk, from which are made
194,134 pounds of butter. There are in the county, by a recent count,
6 Polled Angus bulls.
In 1890 there were in this county 1,301 horses, 1,924 mules, 7
donkeys, 8,497 hogs and 1,000 goats. The sheep, numbering 1,350,
gave a wool-clip of 2,087 pound.^i. The domestic fowls of all kinds num-
bered 84,593, and produced 88,970 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered
amounted to 20,736 pounds.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fruits are raised for home consumption
exclusively. No section produces finer fruits and melons.
The forest growth consists of the various kinds of oak, pino, hickory,
poplar, birch, ash, maple, sweet-gum, black-gum, dogwood and cedar.
The annual outpnt of timber is 1,000,000 superficial feet, at an nverp^e
price of $5.00 a thousand feet. About 20 sawmills are engaged In t}i!3
business.
37 ga
782 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The mineral products are gold, granite, graphite and ochre. The gold
is now being mined and two gold mills are beginning operations with
good chances of success. About $30,000 is invested in this business.
There is abundance of trap rock for road material, and granite of the
£nest quality is plentiful.
There are valuable water-powers at Watson's and Andrews Shoals.
There are in the county 20 grist-mills, valued at $20,000.
Smithonia has a large guano and cotton seed oil manufactory, and is
the terminus of a short road known as the Smithonia and Dunlap. A
new road is being built from this point to Danielsville and Carnesville,
^he county sites of Madison and Franklin counties.
Lexington, the county seat of Oglethorpe, is the terminus of a branch
Toad which runs to Crawford, on the Athens branch of the Georgia Kail-
road. It has a court-house, valued at $35,000; a bank with a capital of
$15,000, and several prosperous commercial establishments. The Lexing-
ton district has a population of 1,960, of whom 635 live in the town.
This town has been noted for its refined and cultured society. Here
some of the most distinguished men of Georgia have resided^ — Wm. H.
Crawford, Thomas W. Cobb, Stephen Upson, George E. Gilmer and the
Lumpkins. Wm. H. Crawford was born in Virginia in 1772, and came
to Georgia with his father in 1783. As a young man he taught school
in Columbia county and then in Augusta. In 1799 he began the practice
of law in Lexington. For four years he represented the county of Ogle-
thorpe in the Georgia Legislature. In 1806 he was elected United States
Senator and again in 1811. He was afterwards American Minister to
Paris, then Secretary of the United States Treasury, and in 1825 re-
ceived a flattering vote for the ofiice of President of the United States.
In 1827, upon the death of Judge Dooly, he was appointed judge of the
northern circuit. This office he held until his death, September 15,
1834.
This county is well provided with churches and schools. There are
nine Baptist and eight Methodist churches for whites. There are also
many for colored people. There are a few members of other denomina-
tions. There is a Disciples' (Christian) church. There are 72 schools, 33
for whites, with an attendance of 1,030, and 39 for colored with an atr
tendance of 1,047.
The area of Oglethorpe county is 575 square miles, or 368,000 acres.
Population in 1900, 17,881, a gain of 930 since 1890; school fund,
$11,457.88.
By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900, there are: acre© of
improved land, 272,887; average value per acre, $3.48; city property,
$83,870; shares in bank, $12,000; money, etc., $196,235; merchandise,
$44,890; stocks and bonds, $18,050; cotton factories, $5,075; mining,
$400; household furniture, $59,352; farm and other animals, $133,503;
plantation and mechanical tools ,$32,890; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,786;
value of all other property, $32,819; real estate, $1,032,661; personal
estate, $545,390. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,578,051.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,036;
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 783
value, $30,579; city property, $2,850; money, etc., $457; household
furniture, $4,312; watches, etc., $55; farm and other animals, $17,507;
plantation and mechanical tools, $3,303; value of all other property,
$273.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $59,390.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $39,127 m the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Oglethoi'pe county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,820; white females, 2,812; total white,
5,038; colored malee, 0,184; colored females, 0,059; total colored,
12,243.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 8 calves, 12 steers, 19 dairy cows, 11 horses, 30 swine, 1
goat
The model farm of Mr. James M. Smith in Oglethorpe county, is a
good illustration of what can be accomplished on the average lauds of
Georgia. *
Returning from his service in the Confederate army at the close of
hostilities in 1805, Mr. Smith began operations on a few acres of poor
land, wdth one mule to aid him in his work, and himself holding the
plow handles. After ''laying by" his crop, he peddled tinware during
the summer, driving that same mule.
A wealthy neighbor, to whom he displayed his wares, not only refused
to purchase, but with a mistaken idea that he hadiugloriously abandoned
the field of agriculture, reproached him with leaving a noble calling for
the inglorious life of a peddler. ,
''Give me time," replied Mr. Smith, "and I will o\\ti a calf pasture as
large as your entire farm."
About twenty years later Mr. Smith gave a dining to his neighbors, and
among his guests was his former critic. In the afternoon the assembled
friends walked with him over his fann, looked at his fields with theii-
promise of plenty, admired his dairy herd and stopped in front of his
calf pasture. Turning to his friend who had once so misunderstood bis
purpose, he said: "I believe you return so many acres." "Yes," answered
the friend. "That is just the size of my calf pasture," replied Mr.
Smith.
These wonderful results had been accomplished by diligent labor in-
telligently applied.
A man of education, ho had not disdained to study writers on agricul-
ture and to follow their advice, wherever it appeared suited to his con-
ditions. By studying the nature of his soil, supplying it with the neces-
sary plant-food, and divci"sifying his crops, using his brains as well as
his hands, and superintending everything himself, he has year by year
added to his possessions, until his one-mule farm has become one of the
largest in Georgia, covering 30 square miles of land, and giving employ-
ment to 1,250 men, women and children.
For years ho has made an average of 25 bushels of corn t(» I he acre;
15 bushels of wheat and 1,000 ])ound3 of seed cotton.
784
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
For a number of years he has kept on hand 500 head of cattle, whicli
he pastures in the summer, and feeds in the winter on cotton-seed hulls
and meal together with forage. His milch-cows number from 75 to 100
and are Jerseys, Devons and Holsteins, some of pure blood and some
mixed. These cows have produced each year about 20,000 pounds of
butter, bringing from 18 to 25 cents a pound, wholesale. He has been
able to sell about 100 head of cattle a year without diminishing his herd.
The cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres, being moved oc-
casionally to another lot, and every month or so the ground is turned.
Thus he has made rich, several hundred acres of land, on some of
which he has made from 30 to 35 bushels of wheat to the acre; on other
portions, two bales of cotton to the acre, and on some, 65 bushels of com
to the acre.
All this land, which at first was not worth more than $10.00 an acre
he considers cheap at $50.00 an acre.
"With agriculture Mr. Smith combines manufacturing, and the raw ma-
terial produced from the soil is turned into a valuable manufactured ar-
ticle by means of the steam ginnery, oil mill and fertilizer factory.
Mr. Smith hires negro laborers, and by his care for their comfort, and
skillful direction of their toil, combined with the guardianship which he
exercises over their affairs, wisely mingling kindness and firmness, has
won their esteem and secured their loyal service.
On his large estate, a sawmill cuts the lumber for his various houses,
a brick-yard turns out the brick and his wagons are made in his own
shop. The carpentry work is done by men who learned their trade on
the estate.
Besides all these, his own railroad, 17 miles long, hauls material to his
factories and takes his marketable products to the outside world.
Of three divisions of the farm, one is worked by convicts, one by wage
laborers, and one by tenants and croppers, the best results being derived
from free labor working for wages. Of 400 adult male laborers usually
75 or 100 have been convicts, whom he did not use previous to 1880.
The average annual product of his farm is 2,200 bales of cotton; 120,-
000 gallons of cotton seed-oil; 3,000 tons of fertilizer; 20,000 bushels of
corn; 10,000 bushels of wheat; 1,000 of rye; 5,000 of oats; 6,000 of
peas; 20,000 pounds of butter; 100,000 pounds of fat cattle; 50 pounds
of bacon and hams, besides such crops as sweet and Irish potatoes, water-
melons, ground-peas, sorghum, etc.
PAULDING COUNTY.
Paulding County and nine others were laid out from Cherokee and
organized in 1832. It was named in honor of John Paulding, of New
York, one of the captors of Major Andre. It is bounded by the follow-
ing counties: Bartow on the north, Cobb on the east, Douglas and Car-
roll on the south, Haralson and Polk on the west. A section of the
county on the middle of the western boundary projects in such a manner
as to have Polk on both the northern and western sides. There is a simi-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 785
lar, though much shorter projection into Cobb county on the eastern
side.
The Tallapoosa river has its source in this county. Pumpkin Vine
creek flows northward into the Etowah river, and Sweetwater creek east-
ward and southward into the Chattahoochee. Other creeks are Little
Cedar, Day, Floyd, Hill's Camp, Euharlee and Raccoon.
In the month of May, 1864, the Union and Confederate armies faced
each other along the line of Pumpkin Vine creek from Dallas to Alla-
toona. For ten days (May 25th to June 4th) there was incessant fight-
ing, and during this time three pitched battles were fought, viz. : oSTew
Hope Church (May 25), Pickett's Mill (May 27), and Dallas (May 28).
The first two were favorable to the Confederates, the last, to the Feder-
als. The whole series of battles and skirmishes to June 4th are classed as
one engagement by both Johnston and Sherman, and styled by each the
battle of Xew Hope Church. Sherman pronounced it a drawn battle with
decisive succe«ss to neither.
There are some fine bodies of land in this county, especially on the
creeks and in the valleys. The lands, from the best to the poorest, under
fair cultivation, give a yield to the acre as follows: com, 20 bushels; oats,
15; wheat, 12 to 15; rye, 10; barley, 12; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet pota-
toes, 50; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; seed cotton, 700 pounds; sor-
ghum syrup, 75 gallons. Some of the best lands yield double these
amounts of wheat and oats. A large part of the county is hilly with
some ridges that rise almost to the dignity of mountains.
Oak and hickory, pine, gum and maple furnish fine timber. There is
any quantity of building stone. Gold has been found in some places, and
in considerable quantities near Burnt Hickory.
There are good water-powers on some of the streams, and some of them
are utilized by grist-mills. Good freestone water abounds, and the cli-
mate is healthful.
In farm products this county shows up well. In 1890 there were
1,289 sheep, with a wool-clip of 2,016 pounds. Of the 6,025 cattle there
were 652 working oxen and 2,581 milch-cows. These 2,581 milch-cows
yielded 673,388 gallons of milk,from which were made 213,806 pounds
of butter. The 90,733 domestic fowls of every variety produced 192,-
367 dozens of eggs. From the hives were gathered 22,103 pounds of
honey. There were 594 horses, 1,267 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,644
swine.
Dallas, the county site, on a branch of the Southern Railway, was
named in honor of George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania, vice-president
under James K. Polk. The first county site was Van "Wert, named for
a companion of John Paulding, wlio shared with liim and David Wil-
liams the honor of capturing Andre and thereby discovering the treason
of Benedict Arnold. Dallas has a good court-house and a bank. It has
also a cotton-mill with 70 looms, 3,500 spindles, and a capit<il of $75,000.
The Dallas district has 1,866 inhabitants, of whom 644 live in the town.
786 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
According to tJie United States census of 1900, there were ginned in
this county 9,154 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. The aver-
age attendance is 1,161 in 47 schools for whites and 146 in 8 schools for
colored.
The area of Paulding county is 329 square miles, or 210,560 acres.
Population in 1900, 12,969, an increase of 1,021 since 1890; school
fund, $8,539.75.
By the Comptroller-Gieneral's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 134,593; of wild land, 21,006; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $4.31; of wild land, $0.68; city property, $72,699; money,
etc., $118,101; merchandise, 42,845; stocks and bonds, $130; household
furniture, $68,736; farm and other animals, $168,602; plantation and
mechanical tools, $39,340; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,726; value of all
other property, $35,793; real estate, $883,208; personal estate, $524,791.
Aggregate value of whole property, $1,407,999.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land^
3,189; value, $13,372; city property, $1,380; money, etc., $207; house-
hold furniture, $3,156; watches, etc., $87; farm and other animals,
$6,517; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,165; value of all other prop-
erty, $105.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $27,169.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $79,047 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Populatiom of Paulding county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,846; white females, 5,778; total white,
11,624; colored males, 729; colored females, 616; total colored, 1,345.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 44 calves, 38 steers, 1 bull, 80 dairy cows, 21 horses, 17
mules, 4 dorikeys, 4 sheep, 181 svtdne, 2 goats.
PICKENS cou:nty.
PicJcens County was formed out of Gilmer and Cherokee in 1853, and
was named for General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina. It is
bounded by the following counties : Gilmer on the north, Dawson on the
east, Cherokee on the south, and Gordon on the west.
Mountain creek runs southward into the Etowah river, Talking Rock,
northward into the Coosawattee. There is abundance of cool freestone
water and the climate is bracing and healthy.
Along the watercourses and in the valleys the soil is fertile. The lands
under good cultivation will yield to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; wheat, 12
bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; barley, 8 bushels; Irish pota-
toes, 125 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds;
com fodder, 300 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Tobacco grows
luxuriantly and to perfection, but not much acreage has so far been de-
voted to its cultivation. The finest cabbages and turnips are raised. This
is true of evei-y variety of vegetables. Apples do well, and the growing
of the best varieties of peaches is becoming one of its great industries.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 787
The largest orchards are those of Judge Gober, who has 125,000 peaxih-
trees in this county.
In 1890 there were 2,527 sheep, from which were clipped 4,024
pounds of wool. Of the 3,760 cattle, 692 were working oxen and 1,254
were milch-cows producing 335,979 gallons of milk. The butter made
on the farms amounted to 95,563 pounds, and the cheese to 50 pounds.
Fifty-three thousand nine hundred and ten domestic fowls of all kinds
gave 83,781 dozens of eggs. Sixteen thousand eight hundred and thirty-
eight pounds of honey were gathered from the hives. There were 428
horses, 512 mules, 5 donkeys and 7,327 s\vine.
This county raised in 1899 1,851 bales of upland cotton.
Pickens county is noted for its gi-eat abundance of the finest marble, of
which vast quantities are blocked out in the quarries and conveyed to
Marietta over the Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad. Here it
is put into shape and made ready for the market.
Jasper, the county site, so named to honor the memory of the cele-
brated Sergeant Jasper, is located on the Atlanta, Knoxville and South-
em Railroad.
Other postoffices are Alice, Blaine, Burnt Mountain, Hinton, Jerusa-
lem, Jockey, Ludville, McDaniel, Marble Hill, Mineral Springs, Nelson,
Scare Com, Talking Rock and Tate. At and near Tate are some
of the richest marble quarries to be found in the United States.
At Alice is a cotton factory, the Harmony Mills, with 800 spindles
and a capital of $25,000.
The timber growth is that peculiar to this section of Georgia, viz. :
the various kinds of oak, ash, poplar, hickory, chestnut and short-leaf
pine.
The Methodists and Baptists have churches throughout the county.
Other Christian denominations are represented, but not in as large num-
bers.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia, and num-
ber 32 for whites, with an average attendance of 939 pupils, and 3 for
negroes with an average attendance of 66 pupils. _
According to the United States census of 1900 the cotton ginned m
this county in 1899 was 1,851 bales (upland).
The area of Pickens county is 219 square miles, or 140,160 acres.
The population in 1900 was 8,641, an increase of 459 over that of 1890
The school fund, according to the report of the Commissioner of
Education, was $6,109.32 in 1900. ,
The Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 gives the following valu-
ations: acres of improved land, 145,267; of wild land, 14,120; average
price per acre of improved land, $2.44; of wild land, $0.32; city prop-
erty, $47,555; money and solvent debts, $143,633; merchandise, $36,-
484; cotton manufactories, $10,010; iron works, $6,690; amount in-
vested in mining by citizens of the county, $50.00; value of household
furniture $42,669; farm and other alimals, $81,742; plantation and
mechanical tools, $17,964; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,255; value of all
788 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Other property, $85,586; real estate, $406,737; personal estate, $433,-
691. Aggregate value of all property, $840,428.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 992; value,
$1,986; city property, $255; money, etc., $1,268; household furniture,
$983; farm and other animals, $968.00; plantation and mechanical
tools, $134.00; value of all other property, $62.00. Aggregate value
of whole property returned by colored taxpayers, $5,608.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease in the value of all property
since the returns of 1900, amounting to $21,222.
Population of Pickens coimty by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,058; white females, 4,168; total white,
8,226; colored males, 197; colored females, 218; total colored, 415.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 13 steers, 4 bulls, 176 dairy cows, 108 horses,
30 mules, 448 swine, 6 goats.
PIERCE COUNTY.
Pierce County was formed from Appling and Ware counties in 1857,
and was named for Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, the fourteenth
president of the United States. The counties bounding it are: Appling
on the north, Wayne and Charlton on the east, Charlton on the south.
Ware on the west and Appling for a very short distance on the north-
west comer. Little Satilla river flows along the northern and half of
the eastern boundary. Big and Little Hurricane creeks, uniting their
waters, empty into the Satilla, which flows from west to east through the
county. It is a well watered county and the soil, under careful cul-
ture, can make per acre: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 20; Irish and sweet
potatoes, 100 bushels each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton,
sea-island, 1,000 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com fodder,
400 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 500 gallons.
The soil is especially adapted to the sugar-cane. Crab-grass produces
good hay and can be made to produce far more than the average given
above. As there is hardly any need for housing stock in the winter the
grasisi is mostly used for pasturage. In 1890 the 5,772 sheep of this
county gave a wool-clip of 10,202 pounds. Of 10,863 cattle, 3,115
milch-cows yielded 149,837 gallons of milk. The amount of butter
made on farms was small, being only 13,124 pounds. There was of all
varieties of poultry an aggregate of 33,733, and their eggs numbered
53,150 dozens. The production of honey was 17,723 pounds. There
were 819 horses, 274 working oxen, 140 mules and 13,162 hogs in
Pierce county.
There is an abundant supply of peaches, pears and tomatoes to give
employment to the canning factory. There is a guano factory, a cotton
seed oil-mill and a lumber manufacturing company, which finds a plenti-
ful supply of material to work upon in the abundant forest growth of
the county. Rosin, turpentine and lumber are shipped from this county
to Savannah in great quantities every year. The annual output of sawn
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 789
lumber averages 15,000,000 feet, and the turpentine farms produce
15,000 barrels of naval stores. While the supply of hardwoods is by
no means so great as that of yellow pine, yet there is a considerable
quantity of hickory, oak, black-gum, cypress, poplar and maple.
Blackshear, the county site, on the Alabah, the middle branch of
Satilla river, is located on that branch of the Savannah, Florida and
Western (of the Plant system), which runs in an air line from Waycross
to Savannah. Another branch of the same road runs across the middle
of the county to Brunswick, while another branch of the same system
runs through the southern section in a southeasterly direction to Jack-
sonville, Florida. Thus the people of Pierce county are well provided
mth facilities for freight and travel. Blackkshear has several flourish-
ing mercantile establishments and good banking facilities. The entire
Blackshear district has a population of 2,802, of whom 876 live in the
town. Other postoffices are Avant, Coffee, Exeter, Hoboken, Offerman,
Mudge, Patterson and Schlatterville.
At Offerman the Southern Pine Company operates a circular saw-
mill which turns out 50,000 feet of merchantable lumber in a day. The
company has a short railroad of its own.
A^t Patterson there is -. large cotton ginnery. Though but a small
town, it sometimes ships 1,000 bales of sea-island or long-staple cotton,
of which the county has fine crops.
At Blackshear there are the most complete cotton ginnery in the
State, a large fertilizer manufactory and a sea-island cotton seed oil-mill.
Tmck-farming is carried on in a very sfitisfactory manner. Two and
three crops are gathered from the same land in a single year. The
oasv railroad connection with the seaports of Savannah, Bininswick and
Jacksonville, make it possible to ship vegetables, fruits, melons and
ben-ies with perfect safety.
As an illustration of what can be done in Pierce county in the truck-
ing business may be mentioned the case of Mr. Elijah Aspinwall, who
cleared from one and a quarter acres $151.95 in twelve months. On
February 5th he planted Irish potatoes, using four barrels of seed.
After paying for these, for fertilizers, for labor, cultivating and harvest-
ing and cost of barrels, he gathered 52 barrels of first-class potato^es and
five barrels of culls, making on his potatoes a net profit of $93.85. On
May 3d he planted com and gathered 50 bushels, clearing $39. GO. Then
on the same land he planted pea-vines and from them and the grass hay
cleared $18.50, a total on 1^ acres $151.95.
The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Method-
ists and Baptists are the leading denominations among both white and
colored.
The area of Pierce county is 518 square miles, or 331,520 acres.
Population of Pierce county in 1900, 8,100, an increase of 1,721 since
1890; school fund, $G,40G.99.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 273,70G; of wild land, 131,229; average value per acre
of improved land, $1.64; of wild land, $0.49; city property, $160,085;
790 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
shares in bank, $25,000; money, etc., $188,854; merchandise, $67,178;
household furniture, $76,392; farm and other animals, $193,125; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $24,559; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,495; value
of all other property, $89,009; real estate, $699,105; personal estate,
$674,686. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,343,791.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
6,878; value, $23,011; city property, $5,575; money, etc., $170; mer-
chandise, $53; household furniture, $6,205; watches, etc., $221; farm
and other animals, $7,234; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,234;
value of all other property, $520.00. Aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $45,319.
In Pierce county, according to the United States census of 1900, there
were ginned 3,657 bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
The average attendance in the public schools is 1,025 in the 39
schools for whites, and 164 in the 7 schools for colored pupils.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $232,860 in the value of al^
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Pierce county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: whit© males, 3,058; white females, 2,858; total white, 5,916;
colored males, 1,232; colored females, 952; total colored, 2,184.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 9 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls, 25 dairy cows, 13 horses, 5
mules, 184 swine, 18 goats.
PIKE COUNTY.
Pike County was laid out in 1822 and received itB name in honor
of General Zebulon M. Pike, of New Jersey, who, in a victorious assault
upon York (now Toronto) in Canada, on the 25th of April, 1813, was
mortally wounded by the explosion of a British mine.
Pike county has Spalding county on the north, Monroe on the east,
Upson on the south, and Meriwether on the west. The Flint river runs
along its whole western border. Big Potato creek, coming down from
Spalding county, runs from north to south through the eastern part of
Pike, and entering Upson empties into Flint river on the southern
boi'der of the last named county. Other streams are Elkins, Birch, Flat
Gap, Honey Bee, Sunday, Wasp, Fly and Rose creeks.
The general character of the soil is metamorphic, with rolling red
clay lands, interspersed with a gi'ay, gravelly soil. Taking all the lands
of the county, the average production to the acre under ordinary meth-
ods of cultivation is: com, 10 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bush-
els; Irish and sweet potatoes, 75 bushels each; rye, 10 bushels; field-
peas, 7 bushels; sugar-cane, 100 gallons; sorghum, 75 gallons; crab-
grass hay, 2,000 pounds; seed cotton, 700 pounds. But among those
who use the better systems of cultivation the average production to the
acre is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 12; field-peas, 15;
GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 791
ground-peas, 40; Irish and sweet potatoes, 125 each; seed cotton, 1,000
pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons;
sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Some individual farms go ahead of these
results. The soil is well adapted to Bermuda and crab-grass, to pea-
vines, to all varieties of millets, and swamp grasses. Bermuda and
swamp grasses are used for summer pasturage, and cane for winter.
In addition to milk and butter produced on the ordinary farms are
the products of two successful dairy cows. Jerseys and a mixed breed
of the Jersey and the common stock are much used in this county. Cot-
ton seed meal and hulls wnth native forage are regarded as foods pro-
ducing the best results. Much more attention than formerly is being
paid by the people of Pike county to the rearing of beef cattle and im-
provement of the breed, and their stock is remarkably free from
disease.
In 1890 there were in Pike county 123 sheep, with a wool-clip of 502
pounds; 4,555 cattle, 183 working oxen, 1,781 milch^ows, 732 horses,
1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 6,958 swine and 72,320 of all the varieties of
poultry. Among the farm products are 521,807 gallons of milk, 172,-
197 pounds of butter, 114 pounds of cheese, 104,074 dozens of eggs,
and 24,281 poimds of honey. Of course, there are the usual garden
products, and of these some $6,000 worth are sold over and above the
home consumption. There are 67,120 peach-trees and 7,203 apple-
trees. About 500 acres were devoted in 1900 to the raising of melons,
but the people complain that their profits were much reduced by high
freight rates. There are 500 vineyards, covering in all 2,000 acres.
Twenty-five per cent, of the grapes are sold, and from 40 per cent, of
them wine is made.
The timber products are the usual hardwood growths and some short-
leaf pine. About 8 steam sawmills are busy cutting out the timber and
preparing it for use in building and general woodwork. The annual
output of the timber products is about $6,000. From the Pine Mount-
ains in the southern part of the county have come great quantities of
lumber and shingles.
There are good water-powers on tributaries of the Flint and Ocmulgee
rivers. On the former 288 horse-powers are used by flour and grist-
mills, and on the latter 56 horse-powers are utilized. Four thousand
two hundred and fifty-five gross unutilized horse-powers of the Flint
river are shared by Pike and Meriwether counties. There are altogether
7 flour-mills and about 25 grist-mills for corn. Some three or four
use steam.
There are located at Bamesville three firms manufacturing wagons
and buggies, and turning out 75 or more vehicles every month, selling
oven as far west as Arizona and New Mexico; one cotton-mill for spin-
ning yarns, having 12,416 spindles and capital of $120,000; 4 knitting-
mills; 1 door, sash and blind factory and planing-mill, valued at about
$10,000; one shoe manufacturing company, and one (leorgia Medicine
Company. The knitting-mills make cotton and silk underwear of fine
quality. At Williamson there is a cotton seed oil-mill.
792 OEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Zebulon, the county site, is on a branch of the Southern Railway,
running from Fort Valley to Atlanta. It has a court-house and jail, a
hotel, 2 churches. Baptist and Methodist; a good high school and several
stores.
Barnes ville, with a population of 3,036 in the corporate limits, or
4,917 in the whole district, is one of the most progressive of the many
thiiving small cities of Georgia, located on the main line of the Central
of Georgia, between Macon and Atlanta. It has a good hotel, 2 banks
with a capital of $60,000, many successful mercantile establishments
and Gordon Institute, one of the best high schools for boys and girls in
the State. For the boys the military feature is added, and the Gordon
Institute cadets have won many prizes for their good drill and soldierly
appearance. The Methodists and Baptists have good churches with
full membership. A branch of the Central connects Barnesville with
Thomaston in Upson county.
Williamson is at the point where two divisions of the Southern Rail-
way cross each other, the one running from Fort Valley to Atlanta, the
other from Columbus to McDonough and thence to Atlanta.
At Molena, in the southwestern part of the county on the branch of
the Southern, running between Columbus and McDonough, is a bank
with a capital of $25,000. Other postoffices are Milner, Liberty Hill,
Concord, Jordan's Store, Lifsey and Hollonville.
The products of the county are marketed at Barnesville, Milner,
Williamson, Concord, Molena, ISTeal, Meansville, and Zebulon, each
located on one of the three lines of railroad traversing the county.
About 20,000 bales of cotton are shipped from this county, the receipts
and shipments being divided between these different points. So well
supplied is the county with the very best railroad facilities, that little
attention is paid to the county roads except in the immediate vicinity
of Barnesville and some of the larger villages.
Pure freestone water is abundant, the climate delightful and the
county healthy.
Public schools number 55. Schools for white and colored are sepa-
rate, as is the case in every county of Georgia. The average attend-
ance is 1,371 in the 33 schools for whites, and 879 in the 20 schools for
colored pupils. Church pirivileges throughout the county are unsur-
passed.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 14,281 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
The area of Pike county is 294 square miles, or 188,160 acres. Popu-
lation in 1900, 18,761, a gain of 2,461 since 1890; school fund,
$11,624.81.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 182,371; of wild land, 795; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $5.49; of wild land, $0.72; city property, $422,382;
shares in bank, $37,150; building and loan associations. $600; money,
etc., $146,102; merchandise, $95,540; stocks and bonds, $6,000; cot-
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 793
ton manufacturing, $208,050; iron works, $70; household furniture,
$127,394; farm and other animals, $166,312; plantation and mechan-
ical tools, $19,7-17; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,338; value of all other
property, $51,217; real estate, $1,525,589; personal estate, $820,736.
Aggregate value of whole property, $2,346,325.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 3,421;
value, $19,256; city property, $18,486; watches, etc., $141; household
furniture, $12,504; farm and other animals, $19,588; plantation and
mechanical tools, $39,116; value of all other property, $1,100. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $76,508.
The tax returns of 1901 show a gain of $125,794 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Pike county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,551; white females, 4,607; total whites, 9,158;
colored males, 4,765; colored females, 4,838; total colored, 9,603,
Population of the city of Bamesville by sex and color, according to
the census of 1900: white males, 738; white females, 857; total white,
1,595; colored males, 680; colored females, 761; total colored, 1,441.
Total population of Bamesville, 3,036.
Domestic animals in Pike county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 9 steers, 1 bull, 189 dairy
cowB, 229 horses, 56 mules, 404 swine and 38 goats.
POLK COUNTY.
Polh County was formed in 1851, chiefly from Paulding, and was
named for James K. Polk of Tennessee, the eleventh president of the
United States. Its boundaries are as follows: Bartow and Floyd coun-
ties on the north, Paulding on the east and also south of a little corner
of it, Haralson on the south, and the State of Alabama on the west.
Euharlee, Cedar, Raccoon and Sweetwater creeks flow through the
county, and the lands along their courses are very productive. The
lands in Cedar valley, through which runs Cedar creek, are equal to the
celebrated blue-grass lands of Kentucky. In many places this valley
has the appearance of a river bottom.
The lands of Polk county, well cultivated, will yield to the acre: corn,
20 bushels; oats, 30; wheat, 15; rye, 10; barley, 25; Irish potatoes,
100; sweet potatoes, 50; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton,
800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; Bermuda grass hay, 4,000
pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons;
Bugar-cane symp, 50 gallons. Some of the lands in Cedar Valley wiU
double many of these products and more than double others. They
are sufficiently level for all practical purposes and are well watered by
springs and running streams. Even some of the hill-sides are equal to
the valley lands in the production of clover and the cereals.
This is a good county for all fai-m stock. In 1890 there were 1,49»
sheep producing 2,848 pounds of wool. Of 4,998 cattle there were
1,958 milch-cows yielding 562,836 gallons of milk, from which
were made 194,870 pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of all
794 GEORGIA : HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
kinds were 78,476 in number, producing 127,534 dozens of eggs, and
from the hives were collected 19,730 pounds of honey. There were
830 horses, 1,167 mules, 6 donkeys and 7,914 hogs. The working oxen
numbered 378.
The forest growth is chiefly of the hardwoods peculiar to this section
and some short-leaf pine.
Cedartown, the county site, is so named on account of the extent of
the cedar growth in its vicinity. It is a growing little city, which nearly
doubled in population between 1880 and 1890, and has, by the census
of 1900, 2,823 inhabitantBi. The Cedartown district, which includes the
city, contains 6,478 inhabitants. It is on the former Chattanooga,
Home and Southern Eailway, now a branch of the Central of Geor-
gia system, at the point where it is crossed by the East and West Kail-
road. The city has graded schools and good church buildings, The
Methodists and Baptists are the leading denominations.
There are two cotton factories at Cedartown: the Cedartown Cotton
Company, with 23,600 spindles, and a capital of $350,000, and the
Standard Cotton Mills with 10,000 spindles and a capital of $100,000.
There are also the Josephine Mills, knitting and spinnig, with 3,000
spindles, and the Juanita Knitting Mills, employing 60 operatives. The
sum total of these mills is 36,662 spindles, 1,070 operatives and a weekly
pay-roll of $4,650. A new company has been established with $175,-
000 in hand for the erection of a new mill of 10,000 spindles. There
are besides, a cotton seed oil-mill, an electric power cotton-gin, and an
iron furnace, which pays out annually $200,000 for ore, wages and
everything needed for mining it.
Other postofHces in the county are Bussy, Daniels, Davittes, Esom
Hill, Etna, Fish, FuUwood Springs, Grady, Greenway, Hamlet, Lake
Creek, Oreville, Pasco, Priors, Rockmart, Seney, Young and Walthall.
The slate quaiTy near Rockmart yields an apparently inexhaustible
supply of excellent slate for roofing. There is at Rockmart the Pied-
mont Institute, which is doing a splendid work for the boys and girls of
that section of Georgia. The Rockmart district has 3,474 inhabitants,
of whom 575 live in the town.
The public schools of the county have an average attendance of 1,094
in the 31 schools for whites, and 531 in the 17 schools for colored pupils.
In the white schools of Cedartown are 350 pupils, and in the colored
schools 35.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Polk county
8,852 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The area of Polk county is 292 square miles, or 186,880 acreB. Popu-
lation in 1900, 17,856, an increase of 2,911 since 1890; school fund,
$10,408.56.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 178,317; of wild land, 52,683; average price per acre of
improved land, $6.49; of wild land, $0.75; city property, $549,532;
shares in bank, $38,500; money, etc., $219,688; stocks and bonds, $300;
merchandise, $101,418; cotton manufactories, $228,050; iron works,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 795
$30,500 J in mining, $14,100; household furniture, $112,762; farm and
other animals, $170,355; plantation and mechanical tools, $46,699;
watches, jewelry, etc., $9,735; value of all other property, $53,810; real
estate, $1,746,584; pei-sonal estate, $1,240,147. Aggregate value of
whole property, $2,986,731.
Property owned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 9,152;
value, $31,804; city property, $10,722; money, etc., $296; merchan-
dise, $10; household furniture, $8,402; w^atches, etc., $207; fami and
other animals, $15,762; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,138; value
of all other property, $988.00. Aggregate value of whole property
$71,023.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $463,630 in the value of all
property since 1900.
Population of Polk county, by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 6,642; white females, 6,295; total white, 12,937;
colored males, 2,556; colored females, 2,363; total colored, 4,919.
Population of Cedartown by sex and color, according to the census of
1900: white males, 1,044; white females, 1,023; total white, 2,067;
colored males, 362; colored females, 395; total colored, 756.
Total population of Cedartown, 2,823.
Domestic animals in Polk county in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 111 calves, 57 steers, 2 bulls, 275 dairy
cows, 184 hoi-ses, 2 donkeys, 392 swine, 225 goats.
PULASKI COUNTY.
Pulaski County was laid out from Laurens in 1808, and named in
honor of Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who lost his life fighting
for American liberty at Savannah on the 9th of October, 1779. This
county is so shaped that it cannot be bounded in the usual way. The
Ocmulgee river, entering on the western side, flows in a southeasterly
direction, dividing the county into a northeastern and a southern sec-
tion. The following counties bound it: Laurens on the northeast, and
Twiggs on the northwest. Dodge on the southeast and east, Wilcox on
the south, Dooly on the west, and Houston partly west and partly north-
west. The lower part of the county is generally level; the upper or
northeastern part, rolling.
About ^ of the soil is red clay, the remainder a sandy loam. Those
lands to the northeast of the Ocmulgee river are generally the best.
Under ordinary methods the average production to the acre for the
county is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8; oats, 15; field-peas, 8; ground-
peas, 50; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; upland seed cotton,
500 pounds. But under improved methods of cultivation the produc-
tion per acre will average: corn and oats, 20 bushels each; wheat, 12;
rye, 6; Irish and sweet potatoes, 150 bushels each; field-peas, 15;
ground-peas, 75; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; crab-graas hay, 4,000
pounds; corn fodder, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons; sugar-
cane syrup, 300 gallons.
A considerable amount of hay is raised from native grasses, crab,
796 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
crowfoot and Bermuda, and from the pea-vine and German millet. The
native grasses are used for summer pasturage and rye for winter. Milk
and butter are produced on all the farms, and there is one special dairy
farm. Hitherto the improvement in beef cattle has been very limited, but
more interest is now being manifested. Considerable improvement in
stock is reported.
In 1890 there were in this county 928 sheep, yielding 1,918 pounds
of wool; 6,146 cattle, 1,954 of these being milch-cows giving 257,707
gallons of milk. The production of butter was 57,727 pounds. Of all
kinds of poultry the sum was 60,026, and they produced 86,938 dozens
of eggs. The honey produced was 5,860 pounds. There were 950
horses, 1,594 mules, 1 donkey, 337 working oxen and 17,405 hogs.
There is a good supply of such game as quail and wild turkeys.
Several tributaries of the Ocmulgee, viz. : Little Ocmulgee river, Big
and Reedy creeks water the county. They are well stocked with fish
and afford good water-powers. In the neighborhood of Hawkinsville
are about 260 horse-powers, some of which are utilized by grist-mills.
There are some 25,000 acres of original pine, and 20,000 acres in
swamp lands, abounding in hardwoods suitable for manufacturing pur-
poses. The annual output of lumber is 35,000,000 superficial feet at an
average price of $8 a thousand feet.
There is abundance of clay suitable for making brick. There is also
limestone, but neither is being worked to any great extent.
There are in Pulaski county several manufacturing establishments,
some in operation and others in process of construction. In Cochran
are two variety works, and at Hawkinsville one barrel factory, with a
capacity of 400 barrels a day, one carriage factory and one cotton seed
oil-mill. There is one flour-mill, valued at $3,000, also 12 grist-mills
with am aggregate value of $20,000; 13 sawmills with a total valua-
tion of $35,000. All these are operated by steam, with the exception
of 4 grist-mills. There are also 2 turpentine distilleries. There are 2
cotton-mills, 1 at Hawkinsville, the other at Cochran, with 5,000 spin-
dles and a capital of $100,000 each; also a cotton seed-oil milll in Coch-
ran. Near Hawkinsville is a vineyard! of 30 acres, producing very fine
grapes, which are used for the manufacture of wine. Twelve artesian
wells add greatly to the healthfulness of Pulaski county.
On the dividing ridge between the piney woods to the south and
the oak and hickory lands to the north, is Hawkinsville, the county site,
with a population of 2,103, located on the southwest side of the Ocmul-
gee river. The Hawkinsville district, which includes the town, has
4,104 inhabitants. A short branch railroad of the Southern Railway
connects it with Cochran on the main line of that system, running be-
tween Macon and Brunswick. The Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad
gives Hawkinsville a connection at Tennille with the Central of Geor-
gia to Savannah, and with another branch of the Southern to Augusta.
Still another road connects Hawkinsville with the Georgia Southern
and Florida at Worth. Hawkinsville has besides, a line of steamboats
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 797
on the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers to Darien and thence to Bruns-
wick. There are at Hawkinsville two banks with a capital of $50,000
each, a court-house worth $30,000; six life and tire insurance agencies,
an ice factory and an electric light plant in full operation. There are
in Hawkinsville Methodist, Baptist and Episcopal churches. The
Presbyterians also are well represented. Throughout the county Meth-
odists and Baptists predominate. Public and private schools abound
in town and country. The average attendance in the public schools is
812 in the 36 schools for whites and 776 in the 21 for colored. In the
white schools of Hawkinsville are enrolled 250 pupils, and in the col-
ored schools 150.
Cochran has a bank with a capital'of $25,000 and three life and fire
insurance agencies. The Cochran district contains 2,385 inhabitants,
1,531 of this number are in the corporate limits of the town.
The products of Pulaski county are marketed in Hawkinsville, Coch-
ran and Macon. Of the 25,000 bales of cotton received and shipped
from the county 11,000 are handled at Hawkinsville. According to
the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in Pulaski county
16,431 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
The area of Pulaski county is 477 square miles, or 305,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 18,489, an increase of 1,930 since 1890; school
fund, $11,368.99.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 281,949; of wild land, 11,199; average price per acre of
improved land, $3.12; of wild land, $1.87; city property, $434,443;
shares in bank, $100,000; money, etc., $178,517; merchandise, $135,-
847; stocks and bonds, $6,000; shipping and tonnage, $1,025; cotton
manufactories, $8,200; household furniture, $133,477; farm and other
animak, $202,733; plantation and mechanical tools, $48,183; watches,
jewelry, etc., $9,563; real estate, $1,335,514; personal estate, $991,-
743; value of all other property, $52,952; aggregate value of property,
$2,227,257.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres of land,
13,205; value, $45,321; city property, $28,306; money, etc., $762;
merchandise, $222; household furniture, $24,027; watches, etc., $387;
farm and other animals, $30,291; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,-
991; value of all other property, $2,493; aggregate value of property,
$138,800.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $151,726 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Pulaski county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 8,758; "white females, 3,702; total white, 7,460;
colorofl males, 5.480; colored females, 5.540; total colored, 11,029.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 91 calves, 45 steers, 1 bull, 166 dairy cows, 163 horses,
94 mules, 1 donkey, 439 awin©, 8 goate.
38 ga
798 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ?
PUTNAM COUI^TY.
Putnam Comity was laid out in 1807, and named for General Israel
Putnam, of Massachusetts, one of the New England Revolutionary
heroes. It is bounded on the north by Morgan county, on the north-
east by Greene, on the southeast by Hancock, on the south by Baldwin
and Jones, and on the west by Jasper. Along its whole eastern border
flows the Oconee river, and through the western part of the county and
along several miles of its southern boundary flows Little (or Little
Oconee) river. Several creeks empty into these streams, viz.: Indian,
Murder, Cedar, Roody, Crooked, Sugar and Lick creeks.
The character of the soil is metamorphic, red clay, rolling land, much
of it mulatto or chocolate, underlaid by stiff, red clay subsoil. Some of
it is a gray sandy loam. These lands, under good cultivation, will pro-
duce to the acre: com, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 6; barley,
20; Irish potatoes, T5; sweet potatoes, 100; field peas, 10; ground peas,
2,5; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay, 4,000
pounds each; sorghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar cane syrup, 100 gallons.
Under ordinary methods the yields of all crops are not so good as the
above. More attention is paid each succeeding year to forage crops and
the grasses.
Bermuda and the native grasses furnish grazing until mid-winter,
and, if that season does not prove severe, until spring.
Not as much attention as formerly is given to the raising of beef cat-
tle. The introduction of the Jersey has turned the attention of the
farmers to dairy cattle. There are ten dairy farms which sell 50,000
pounds of butter annually with a profit of $15,000. In 1890 there were
in the county 4,793 cattle, 2,123 being milch-cows, of which about 300
were Jerseys and over 1,000 half breed and higher. There was a pro-
duction on all farms of 610,247 gallons of milk and 181,111 pounds of
butter. The honey gathered from hives amounted to 13,927 pounds.
There were 46,031 domestic fowls and their eggs numbered 104,954
dozens. There were 864 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,928 pounds; 645
horses, 1,975 mules, 2 donkeys, 117 working oxen and 7,935 swine. By
a recent estimate there are 500 goats in the county.
The vegetables and melons raised are for home consumption, because
other crops, being considered more profitable, receive the attention of the
farmers.
Peaches and plums are raised for the markets, also some apples. The
peach-trees number 36,670, the apple-trees 3,815. The plum and pear-
trees number each about 3,000. There are two canning factories put-
ting up each 100 cases a day.
There are ten vineyards aggregating 100 acres. About 20 per cent,
of the grapes are sold in the markets and from 50 per cent, of them
wine is made.
There remain in the county about 25,000 acres of original forest, the
growth of which is short leaf pine, oak, hickory, gum, poplar and ash.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 799
In many places the oaks are dying from bugs or worms boring into the
trees near the roots. The annual output of timber products does not
exceed $4,000.
There are several varieties of granite, pronounced by competent au-
thorities to be as good as any in the State.
Twelve miles from Eatonton are the Oconee Springs, the mineral
properties of which are iron, magnesia and arsenic, considered very
fine for stomach and other troubles.
On the Oconee and tributaries are 9 grist-mills, using 433 horse-pow-
ers. The gross hoi-se-powers of the Oconee are 726; of the Little river,
237. There is one grist-mill operated by steam.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
Putnam county 9,609 bales of upland cotton for the season of 1899-
1900.
Eatonton, the county site, is a beautiful little city of 1,823 inhabi-
tants, with pretty groves and nicely shaded streets. The Eatonton dis-
trict, which includes the city, contains a population of 2,491. It has
a court-house valued at $20,000, two banks with a capital of $60,000
each, a good hotel, several prosperous mercantile establishments, five life
and fire insurance agencies, good church buildings of Methodists, Bap-
tists and Presbyterians, graded schools and an elegant public school
building, and water works owned by the city. There is at Eatonton a
shoe factory with a capacity of 500 pairs of shoes in a day. There are
now being constructed in the vicinity of Eatonton three cotton-mills:
The Middle Georgia, valued at $125,000; the Electric Cotton Mill, val-
ued at $65,000; the Quintet Cotton Mill, valued at $25,000. When
these mills are completed, they will consume 6,500 bales of cotton an-
nually. The cotton receipts and shipments from Putnam county amount
to about 15,000 bales, of which Eatonton handles 12,000.
There are in Putnam county 16 schoolhouses for whites, with an
average attendance of 546 pupils, and 25 for colored, with an average
attendance of 608 pupils.
The churches of the county for the whites are 10 Methodist, 10 Bap-
tist, 1 Presbyterian. There are 5 for colored Methodists and 7 for col-
ored Baptists.
A branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad passes through Eaton-
ton, connecting that place with Atlanta, Macon, Covington, Milledge-
ville and Savannah. The public roads of Putnam county are among
tho best in all that section of Georgia.
Eatonton was named for General Wm. Eaton, of Connecticut, who
was greatly distinguished in the war with the Tripolitan pirates in 1805.
Other postoffices in the county are: Clopton, Nona, Note, Spivey,
Stanfordville and Willard.
The area of Putnam county is 348 square miles, or 222,720 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,436, a loss of 1,406 since 1890; school fund,
$11,368.99.
By the Comptroller-Goneral's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 207,767; average value, $4.51; city property, $279,270;
gQQ GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
shares in bank, $109,800; money, etc., $202,106; value of merchan-
dise, $61,395; stocks and bonds, $1,800; household furniture, $60,562;.
farm and other animals, $121,794; plantation and mechanical tools^
$37,005; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,958; value of all other property,
$3,178; real estate, $1,214,483; personal estate, $605,428; aggregate
property, $1,819,911.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 5,446;
value, $24,590; city property, $16,670; money, etc., $500; merchan-
dise, $65; household furniture, $5,310; farm and other animals, $23,-
338; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,055; aggregate value of prop-
erty, $74,528.
Six miles southwest of Eatonton is a mound composed of quartz rock
of different varieties. Upon it there is a vestige of an ancient wall
nearly circular and embracing 110 feet.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $51,206 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Putnam county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,726; white females, 1,653; total white,
3,379; colored males, 4,834; colored females, 5,223; total colored,
10,057.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 80 calves, 10 steers, 59 dairy cows, 42 horses, 5 mules,
116 swine, 1 goat.
QUITMAN COUNTY.
Quitman County was formed from Kandolph and Stewart in 1858,
and was named for General John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, who was
distinguished in the war with Mexico. It is bounded on the north by
Stewart and a comer of Eandolph, on the east by Stewart and Ran-
dolph, on the south by Clay and a corner of Eandolph, and on the west
by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chatta-
hoochee river. Two large creeks, Big Potato and Houchookee and
several smaller ones empty into the Chattahoochee.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and is in the main a gray,
sandy loam and clay subsoil, with some mulatto, and some stiff black
bottom and hummock land on the river and creeks. It is varied in
character and productiveness. The average yield by the acre is: corn,
10 bushels; wheat, 10; oats, 12; rye, 8; Irish and sweet potatoes, lOa
each; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 50; chufas, 50; rice, 50; seed cotton,
540 pounds; hay from crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass, 5,000 pounds;
sugar-cane syrup, 186 gallons. But some of the best lands report yields
as "follows: Com, 40 to 60 bushels to the acre; wheat, anywhere from
20 to 75 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; rye, 50 bushels; field-peas, 15 bush-
els; ground-peas and chufas, 100 bushels each; rice, 60 bushels; Irish
and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay from
crab, Bermuda or Johnson grass on river and creek bottoms, 14,000 to
16.000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 315 gallons. Some report the largest
yield of sweet potatoes as high as 300 bushels to the acre. Although
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AiYD INDUSTRIAL. 801
haj docs well, it is reported that onlj a few raise it. i^otwithstand-
ing the great possibilities of the soil, many of the farmers raise all cotton
and buy their com. But others diversify their crops and find it much
the better plan. Some, who raise cattle on a large scale, find it very
profitable.
By the census of 1890 there were in Quitman county 1,889 cattle,
including 576 milch-cows, over half of the cows being improved breeds,
and a fair percentage of pure breed. There was a production of 131,-
493 gallons of milk, 39,09-i pounds of butter and 30 pounds of cheese.
The production of honey was 9,535 pounds. The number of all kinds
of poultry was 19,280, and their eggs numbered 37,049 dozens.
There were 270 sheep, with a wool-clip of 380 pounds, 265 horses,
557 mulets, 4 donkeys, 131 oxen and 2,881 swine. By a recent estimate
there were 50 goats in the county.
There is very little game in the county, but very good fishing in the
river and creeks.
The timber products are not extensive; about one-fourth of the orig-
inal forest still standing. There is about 2 per cent, of yellow pine,
the rest being the various kinds of oak, hickory, chestnut, beech, gum,
etc. Of the 4 small sawmills 2 are run by water and 2 by steam. The
total value of the timber products is about $5,000 a year. There are
two small flour-mills and four grist-mills in this county. The total of
all manufactories is 10, with an annual output of about $40,000.^ The
unutilized water-powers of the Chattahoochee river and tributaries are
117 horse-powers.
Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consump-
tion. Kot more than $1,000 worth are sold annually.
The county site is Georgetown on a branch of the Central of Geor-
gia Kailroad, which connects it with Cuthbert, Dawson, Albany and
Americus. The Chattahoochee river affords water transportation, and
steamboats run all the year from Columbus to Apalachicola, on the Gulf
of Mexico.
The county roads are in good condition. The products of the county
are marketed in Georgetown, Ga., and in Eufaula, Ala. Of about 7,000
bales of cotton from the county over 5,000 are handled at Georgetown.
According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in
this county 6,243 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
Other stations on the railroad are Hatcher and Morris, each doing a
fair share of business.
There are some 20 schools in the county. The average attendance
is 150 in 9 schools for whites, and 281 in 11 schools for colored.
Baptists and IVfcthodists are the prevailing religious denominations.
The area of Qnitman county is 152 square miles, or 97,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 4,701, a gain of 230 since 1890; school fund,
$2,903.65.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of im-
802 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
proved land, 98,229; value per acre, $3.12; city property, $21,315;
money, etc., $36,940; merchandise, $11,115; household furniture, $26,-
733; farm and other animals, $54,898; plantation and mechanical tools,
$9,028; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,664; value of all other property, $8,-
818; real estate, $327,747; personal estate, $153,541; aggregate value
of property, $481,288.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 1,907;.
value, $6,304; city property, $880; household furniture, $1,547;
watches, etc., $42; farm and other animals, $7,505; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $1,462; value of all other property, $370; aggregate prop-
erty, $21,110.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $23,490 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Quitman county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 601; white females, 653; total white,-
1,254; colored males, 1,689; colored females, 1,758; total colored, 3,447.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,.
June 1, 1900: 19 calves, 12 steers, 40 dairy cows, 7 horses, 12 mules,
55 swine.
KABUN COUNTY.
Bdbun County was laid out in 1819, and was named in honor of
William Rabun, Governor of Georgia from November, 1817, to Oc-
tober 25th, 1819, when he died. A part of Habersham was added to
it in 1828. It is bounded on the north by the State of
North Carolina, east and southeast by the State of South
Carolina, south by Habersham county, and west by Towns county. The
Chattooga river separates it from the State of South Carolina. The
Little Tennessee, one of the headwaters of the great river of that name,
rises among the mountains in the central part of the county and flows
northward into North Carolina. The Tallulah river rises in the north-
west of the county, flows southward, then turns for a while toward
the west, then to the southeast until it unites with the Chattooga to form
the Tugaloo, one of the headwaters of the Savannah river.
About ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah with the Chat-
tooga are the noted Falls of Tallulah, a description of which can be
found in the general sketch. The Tallulah river runs for a short dis-
tance along the southern boundary of Rabun county. Other streams
are War Woman, Tigertail, Wild Cat, Stecoa, Persimmon and Mud
creeks. This is a county of mountains, and from every direction thero
are presented to the eye ridges of mountains, one behind the other.
Some of the peaks are Bald Mountain, Screamer, Pinnacle and Tallu-
lah. On the mountains are found wild turkeys, deer and some bears.
The streams abound in mountain trout. There are several valleys, Ten-
nessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tigertail and Simpson. On all the
water courses are bodies of fine lands, but so hemmed in that one trav-
eling in a vehicle can reach them only by circuitous routes.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. gQS
The soils are varied, black loam, chocolate and alluvial, all producing
good crops except of cotton. The average yield per acre of the various
crops is: corn, •20 bushels; oats and rye, 15 each; wheat, 10; rice, 15;
field-peas and ground-peas, each 15; Irish potatoes, 200; sweet potatoes,
150; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons. Clover, Bermuda and all grasses
do well, and afford good pasturage for about five months of the year.
All kinds of vegetables do well. White head cabbages grow to enor-
mous size, and from them is made fine sauerkraut. The apples of this
county are very fine, and keep through the entire winter.
More interest is taken in the improvement of stock than at any pre-
vious time. Within the last year a number of breeded stock have been
imported, but there are no data by which to determine the number.
By the census of 1890 there were in the county 5,671 sheep, with a
wool-clip of 9,209 pounds; 4,033 cattle, 785 working oxen, 1,3GS milch-
cows, 474 horses, 435 mules, 9 donkeys and 7.717 swine. It is esti-
mated that there are in the county 100 goats. o
Among the farm products were 300,029 gallons of milk, 69.992 pounds
of butter, 110 pounds of cheese, 12,357 pounds of honey, 36,489 do-
mestic fowls of every kind and 48,892 dozens of eggs.
There are over 200,000 acres of original forest, hardwoods of all
varieties and pine, but 75 per cent, cannot be profitably marketed at
present for lack of good shipping facilities. There are 5 sawmills, but
the output of timber is small.
The county has 25 flour and grist-mills. The water-powers are ex-
tensive, but exact data not attainable.
The mineral products are gold, copper, mica, asbestos and sandstone.
Iron, carbonate of iron and alum are found. On Persimmon creek
Powell, Stoneciphers and Smith mines have been operated with con-
siderable profit. There are now (1900) 5 mines and quarries in ope-
ration, employing about 200 hands.
Clayton, situated in about the center of the county at the foot of the
Blue Ridge, is the county site. It was named in honor of Judge A. S.
Clayton.
There are 9 Methodist and 20 Bnptist churches in the county.
The public schools number 39 and have an average attendance of
1,101 in 37 schools for whites, and 30 in the 2 schools for colored.
There is one establishment for the manufacture of telephone and tel-
egraph pine.
The products of this county are marketed at Tallulah Falls, Clayton
and Atlanta. There is only one-half of a mile of railroad in this coun-
ty, the Tallulah Falls Railroad, which runs through Habersham
county to Cornelia on the Southern Railway.
The area of Rabun county is 344 square miles, or 220,160 acres.
Population in 1900, 6,285, an increase of 679 since 1890; school
fund, $4,453.07.
By tlie Comptroller-General's report for 1900 tlicre are: acres of im-
proved land, 202,513; of wild land, 59,688; average price per acre of
improved land, $1.25; of wild land, $0.22; city property, $33,510;
gQ4 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
money, etc., $55,684; merchandise, $10,965; cotton manufactories,
$300; household furniture, $23,637; farm and other animals, $81,530;
plantation and mechanical tools, $10,220; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,020;
value of all other property, $14,945; real estate, $300,490; personal es-
tate, $201,849; aggregate of property, $502,339.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 914;
value, $930; money, etc., $350; household furniture, $253; farm and
other animals, $766; plantation and mechanical tools, $109; value of all
other property, $35; aggregate property, $2,449,
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $8,287 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Eabun county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,036; white females, 3,068; total white, 6,104;
colored males, 87; colored females, 94; total colored, 181,
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 3 calves, 1 steer, 9 dairy cows, 4 horses, 18 swine, 8
goats.
RANDOLPH COUNTY,
Bandolph County was laid off from Lee in 1828, A part of it was
given to Stewart in 1830, It was named in honor of John Randolph, of
Virginia, for many years a Representative in Congress and then Sena-
tor from his native State. It is bounded on the north by Stewart and
Webster counties. An eastern projection has Terrell on the north,
while a western projection has Quitman on the north. Terrell county
is on all the rest of its eastern border, while Clay and Quitman counties
bound it on the west. It is bounded on the south by Calhoun and Clay
counties.
It is watered by creeks tributary to the Chattahoochee and the Plint.
The chief one flowing into the Chattahoochee is Pataula. The Pachitla
and Fushachee flow south from the Ichawaynochaway, which emp-
ties into the Plint river.
This is an excellent county. The people give a great deal of atten-
tion to fruit. Vegetables of every variety are raised, and between $7,000
and $8,000 worth are marketed annually. Almost every family raises
them for home consumption. Very fine melons are raised, almost ex-
clusively for home use. Only a few farmers pay any atten-
tion to the cultivation of hay, but those who do, find it very profitable.
They generally raise the crowfoot and crab grasses with peas and har-
vest them together.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation. It is generally gray with
a red clay subsoil. There are outcroppings of red surface subsoil in the
northern and eastern parts of the county. It is an elevated region, with
lands for the most part slightly rolling. The average production to the
acre on these lands is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; wheat, 8 bush-
els; rye, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bush-
els; cow-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; rice, 40 bushels (up-
land); sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 600 pounds; hay from
ABUNDANCE.
ICqualing in thrift and beauty any known fruit tree ; an early and profuse bearer ; llcsh li)j;ht
yellow, tender and juicy, with a rich sweetness, ripeninp; early in the season.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 807
crowfoot and crab-grass and peavines, harvested together, 3,000 pounds.
Under the best methods of cultivation the average of nearly all these
crops is greatly increased.
There are in Randolph comity 85,000 peach-trees, 6,000 plum-trees
and 1,200 apple-trees.
More attention than ever before is being paid to the improvement of
the breeds of both dairy and beef cattle. In 1890 the county had 4,829
cattle, of which 1,860 were milch-cows. About one-fifth of the cows
were of improved breeds, a fair percentage being of pure blood. There
were 258 working oxen, 992 horses, 1,492 mules, 13 donkeys, 14,425
swine and 57,467 domestic fowls of all varieties.
Among the farm products are 317,045 gallons of milk, 75,472
pounds of butter, 180 pounds of cheese, 107,667 dozens of eggs and
28,623 pounds of honey; 185 sheep gave 194 pounds of wool.
About 60,000 acres of original forest trees are still standing. These
embrace ash, maple, poplar and yellow pine, all available for the mar-
ket. Some of these are being sawed every year, and the annual output
is about $6,000 w^orth, or 1,000,000 superficial feet at $6 a thousand
feet.
On tributaries of the Flint river are 6 grist-mills using 84 horse-pow-
ers, and on a tributary of the Chattahoochee (Pataula creek) is 1 mill
using 8 horse-powers. The unutilized gross horse-powers are on Roaiing
Branch, 14; on Wakefortsee creek, 5.
The total output of all manufactories in the county is $24,860.
Two establishments are engaged in cultivating flowers and flowering
plants for the market.
Cuthbert, the coimty site, was named for Hon. J. A. Cuthbert, who
had represented Georgia in the United States Senate, and who died in
Mobile, Ala., at a very advanced age. This is a live little city at an
elevation of 446 feet above sea level, having a population of 2,641. The
Cuthbert district, which includes the town, has 4,461 inhalutants. It is
located on a branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad running between
Smithville and Georgetown. A short distance from Cuthbert is the
junction of this road with another branch of the same system, running
to Fort Gaines. The Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians have good
church buildings and a full membership at Cuthbert. There is here a
good system of schools, and the Methodists have a fine institution for
the education of young ladies, Andrew Female College. An excellent
Baptist school is also here, Betlipl Male College.
Shellman, on the same railroad, has also good schools and church
buihlings. There are also many Episcopalians in Randolph county.
The public schools in Randolph county number 27 for whites and 24
for colorofl pupils. The average attendance of white children is 1,000,
of colored 990.
Cuthbert has one bank ^v^th a capital of $50,000. Shellman has two
banks with a combined capital of $85,000.
The court-house at Cuthbert was built in 1885 at a cost of $23,000.
808 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Cuthbert has a good system of water works, also electric lights, two
grist-mills and two gins.
Other postoffices are Coleman, Springvale and Benevolence,
The products of the comitj are marketed at Cuthbert, Shellman and
Coleman.
The total receipts and shipments of cotton are 22,000 bales, of which
Cuthbert handles from 12,000 to 15,000 bales annually, Shellman about
8,000 and Coleman 2,000. According to the census of 1900 there were
ginned in Randolph county 18,558 bales of upland cotton during the
season of 1899-1900.
Among the industries of Cuthbert there are: the Randolph Cotton
Mills, a carriage factory, machine works, ice factory and factories for
making spokes, hoops, handles, barrels, buckets, brooms and soap.
In Shellman and neighborhood are three sawmills, and the town has
a good retail business.
The area of Randolph county is 476 square miles, or 304,640 acres.
Population of Randolph county in 1900, 16,847, a gain of 1,580 since
1890; school fund, $12,963.80.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 261,253; of wild land, 202; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $3.55; of wild land, $0.25; city property, $349,185; shares
in bank, $39,500; money, etc., $178,475; merchandise, $94,305;
iron works, $1,200; household furniture, $97,165; farm and other ani-
male, $170,380; plantation and mechanical tools, $40,090; watches, jew-
elry, etc., $6,940; value of all other property, $40,720; real estate, $1,-
277,830; personal estate, $680,405; aggregate value of property, $1,-
958,235.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: dumber of acres, 8,777;
value, $30,955; city property, $28,810; money, etc., $40; merchandise,
$310; household furniture, $42,300; watches, etc., $210; farm and
other animals, $16,985; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,355; value
of all other property, $1,045; aggregate property, $95,010.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $61,480 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Randolph county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,699; white females, 2,851; total white,
5,550; colored males, 5,458; colored females, 5,839; total colored
11,297.
Population of the city of Cuthbert, by sex and color, according to
the census of 1900: white males, 410; white females, 460; total white,
870; colored males, 811; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,771.
T^tal population of Cuthbert, 2,641.
Domestic animals in Randolph county in barns and inclosures, not
on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 7 steers, 1 bull, 81 dairy
cows, 116 horses, 26 mules, 260 swine, 1 goat.
GEORGIA: niSTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 809
RICIBIOXD COUXTY.
Bichmond Couniy was known in the old colonial da}^ as St. Paul's
Parish. The first settlement was at Augusta, which was named by Ogle-
thorpe in honor of one of the royal princesses. It was laid out in 1735
by the trustees of the then infant colony of Georgia, and garrisoned in
173G. Several warehouses were built here for the Indian trade. The
Savannah river furnished water transportation, the best kno^-n in that
day. As steamboats were unknown at that time, long boats propelled
by poles made four or five voyages a year to Savannah, from whence
their contents were transferred to vessels that carried them to Charles-
ton. In 1777, while the newly proclaimed States were fighting for in-
dependence, St. Paul's Parish was made the county of Kichmond, being
so called in honor of the Duke of Eichmond, who in Parliament and on
all occasions championed the cause of American independence. In 1790
a part of Richmond county was set off to Columbia.
Richmond county is bounded on the northeast and east by the State
of South Carolina, on the south by Burke and Jefferson counties, on
the western side along a straight line running from northeast to south-
west by Columbia and McDufiie counties. The Savannah river separates
it from the State of South Carolina. Brier creek runs across the south-
western part of the county, and after flowing through Burke and Screven
empties into the Savannah. Butler's creek, about seven miles below
Augusta, empties into the Savannah river. Other streams tributary to
the Savannah are: McBean's, Spirit and Pae's creeks.
The soil over three-fourths of the county belongs to the tertiary for-
mation, and is of a light sandy loam, easily worked and "vvell adapted
to truck farming. Along the streams the soil consists of alluvial and
hummock land. In the western part of the county it is dry and sandy,
unproductive and covered with a growth of "black jack," oak and yellow
pine. The northern part of the county is high and rolling, with red clay
and gravelly soil, covered with hardwood growth and short^leaf and
yellow pine. The alluvial lands of the Savannah river are of imsur-
passed fertility, and are especially adapted to corn, hay and the small
grains.
The average production to the acre of the lands in this county is:
com, 11 bushels; oats, 17 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bush-
els; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 57G pounds to the acre; hay,
made from Bermuda, crab and Guinea grasses, peavines and vetch, 2,800
pounds; sugar cane syrup, 70 gallons; Irish potatoes, 180 bushels; sweet
potatoes, 300 bushels. On some of the lands there are yields far ahead
of these averages. There have been produced as high as 800 bushels of
sweet pr)tatoes to the acre by some of the truck farmers. There can be
grown 00 bushels of com and 8,000 pounds of hay to the aero on the
alluvial lands.
The truck sold in the county amounts to $85,000.
The melons are celebrated for their size and quality.
Augusta is one of the most noted melon markets in the United States.
810 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
This county has 38,607 peach-trees, 8,61Y apple-trees, 5,032 plum-
trees, 2,622 pear-trees and 1,343 cherry-trees. Pecans of superior
quality grow in Eichmond county.
The timber products are light. Perhaps the annual output amounts to
$8,000.
The 388 manufactories of this county have an output worth $10,069,-
750.
The total maximum available horse-power of the Savannah river and
the Augusta canal is 34,090; the total developed is 14,000, and that in
actual use is 11,000. On the tributaries of the Savannah river 504 horse-
powers are utilized by 21 mills.
The mineral products are sandstone and some kaolin, brick and pot-
tery clay, all of excellent quality.
Richmond county had on farms in 1890: 277 sheep, with a wool-clip
of 278 pounds; 1,806 cattle, of which 93 were working oxen and 912
milch-cows; 625 horses, 678 mules, 4 donkeys, 27,227 of all kinds of
domestic fowls and 5,094 swine. Among farm products were 165,992
gallons of milk, 18,923 pounds of butter, 25 pounds of cheese, 47,746
dozens of eggs and 7,930 pounds of honey. These statistics do not in-
clude live stock in Augusta and other towns.
Augusta, the county site, is located on the Savannah river at the head
of steamboat navigation. By the census of 1900 the population of the
city was 39,441, an increase of 6,141 over that of 1890. If we add to
this the population of the immediate suburbs, we have over 45,000 peo-
ple. Augusta is the third city in size in Georgia, and ranks first in the
south in the manufacture of textile goods. Appropriately has it been
called the "Lowell of the South" and "Fall River of the South." The
great water power canal, nine miles long and 150 feet wide, owned by
the city, develops 14,000 horse-powers, of which 11,000 are now in use.
This immense power is available 12 months of the year and rents for only
$5.50 a horse-power per annum. The water of the canal is taken from
the Savannah river at a point seven miles above the city, where a lock
and dam of solid masonry are constructed.
There are mills belonging to nine different companies, having 6,188
looms and 220,166 spindles, which consume over 70,000 bales of cotton
annually. Several large cotton-mills located across the river in South
Carolina, though really a part of the city's industries and operated by
its capital, are not here included. If they were, as has been done by
persons estimating the factories of Augusta, the aggregate of mills,
spindles, looms and capital would be greatly increased. But we must
confine our estimate to mills situated in Richmond county. Two of
these mills have a capital of $1,000,000 each. Their products are sold
in America, Europe, Asia and Africa in successful competition with
spinners from England and New England.
The following is a list of the Augusta cotton-mills, with their capital,
number of looms and number of spindles; also Richmond Factory in
Richmond county:
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 311
Name of Mill. Capital.
Augusta $ 000,000
Enterprise 750,000
Globe 25,000
Isaetta 25,000
John P. King 1,000,000
Sibley 1,000,000
Sutherland 35,000
Warwick 25,000
Eiverside (Batting Mill) ... 150,000
Richmond Factory (not running).
Looms.
Spindles.
1,000
33,2(34
928
33,000
114
1,728
150
4,410
1,812
60,384-
1,409
43,200
9,152
224
4,100
or
$3,010,000 5,037 189,238
The mills of Augusta manufacture brown goods, shirting, sheeting,
checks, cheviots, plaids, drills, duck, yarns, waste and batting. All use
water-power except the Riverside Mill.
Augusta capital is also largely invested in the following South Caro-
lina mills:
Name of Mill. Capital. Looms. Spindl. s.
Aiken $ 400,000 766 27,500
Graniteville 000,000 1,106 34,990
Warren 500,000 1,000 35,000
Langley 700,000 1,300 43,000
$2,200,000 4,172 140,490
The Clear Water Bleachery and Manufacturing Company, whose
plant is at Clear Water, S. C, three and one-half miles from Augusta
and largely under the control of the manufacturers of that city, was or-
ganized in 1900 with Mr. Thomas Barrett, Jr., as president, and Arthur
C. Freeman as superintendent. Here the manufactured goods of Au-
gusta and vicinity can be bleached. This company will also print cali-
cos, shirting, etc.
Among the manufactories of Augusta and vicinity are fertilizer and
cotton seed-oil factories, planing and lumber mills, brick yards, terra
cotta works, foundries, machine manufactories, wagon, buggy and car-
riage factories, broom factories and hay presses, shirt factories and
manufactories of medicines, clothing and minor articles.
Cotton is one of the greatset factors in the business of the city.
The annual receipts of cotton are from 200,000 to 275,000 bales. Of
this large amount of cotton only 3,764 bales (upland) were ginned in
Richmond county during the season of 1899-1900.
Augusta has railroad connection Avith five seaports and water trans-
portation to Savannah besides. The great trunk lines centering there are
the Southern, Georgia and Central systems in Georgia, and tlie South
Carolina and Charleston and Western Railways of Carolina. The lively
competition gives to the city great r.dvantagos in freights. A line of
§12 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
steamboats to Savannah also helps to secure lower freight charges to the
sea.
The trade transactions of all kinds amount to $65,000,000 a year.
The life and fire insurance agencies do an immense business.
The banking capital of Augusta amounts to $1,846,186. The total
bank clearances of Augusta in 1900 were $68,142,465.04, an increase
of $20,056,946.12 over those of 1899.
Few cities present a more attractive appearance than Augusta. Broad-
way, the principal business thoroughfare, is about three miles long and
180 feet wide. It is paved with asphalt and has a double track electric
railway in the center. The upper and lower portions have four rows of
magnificent shade trees with a carriage way on each side of the two
middle rows, while the space between these two rows forms a beautiful
promenade in front of each man's door. There is a similar arrangement
throughout the whole length of Greene street, which is about two and
one-half miles long and 180 feet broad. On Broadway, formerly called
Broad street, is one of the handsomest Confederate monuments in the
whole south, and on Greene street is a cenotaph erected to the Confed-
erate dead of Augusta and Richmond county, on which are engraved
the names of all the soldiers from the city and county who died from
disease or wounds while serving in the Confederate army. A monu-
ment of granite stands in front of the city hall erected to the memory
of Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton, signers of the
declaration of independence on behalf of the State of Georgia. The
city hall is a handsome building which cost $100,000, and the postoffice
is another elegant structure.
Beautiful churches of all the Christian denominations adorn the city.
The school buildings also are commodious and elegant. The Academy
of Richmond County, on Telfair street, dates back to the colonial days.
On the adjoining lot is the Augusta Medical College, a department of the
State University.
On the Augusta canal stands the Confederate Obelisk, the tall chim-
ney of the great powder mill that stood there during the war between
the States. An electric railway connects the city with the beautiful town
of Summerville, where stands the large United States arsenal, one of
the most conspicuous buildings of which is the armory built by the Con-
federate government. Summerville contains in its corporate limits a
population of 3,245.
Another line of electric railway connects the city with Lake Olmstead,
a favorite evening resort of the citizens of Augusta. And yet another
line over a handsome bridge across the Savannah river leads to l^orth,.
Augusta, a beautiful suburb on the Carolina hills.
The sanitary condition of the city is unexcelled by reason of its splen-
did sewerage and excellent system of water works. There is not a more
charming scene in the State than that of Augusta at night with its my-
riad electric lights, as viewed from the Bon Air hotel at Summerville,
or from Schultz's Hill and the heights of ISTorth Augusta on the Caro-
line side of the Savannah river.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 813
In the public school system of Richmond county, which includes the
schools of Augusta, there is an average attendance of 4,786 in the 30
schools for whites, and 3,499 in the 24 schools for colored pupils. Every
county district and city ward enjoys the privilege of a nine-months'
school term.
The area of Richmond county is 272 square miles, or 174,080 acres.
Population in 1900, 53,735, an increase of 8,541 since 1890; school
fund, $36,671.72.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 192,850; average value per acre, $14.28; city property,
$10,290,895; shares in bank, $1,014,280; merchandise, $1,276,936; gas
and electric light companies, $183,350; invested in shipping, $1,510;
stocks and bonds, $483,090; building and loan associations, $474,556;
cotton manufactories, $3,093,737; money, etc., $2,071,531; house-
hold furniture, $809,110; farm and other animals, $206,172; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $97,880; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$75,030; value of all other property, $247,553; real estate, $13,042,-
765; personal estate, $10,712,070; aggregate value of property, $23,-
754,835.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Number of acres, 6,739;
value, $160,940; city property, $566,990; stocks and bonds, $300;
money, etc., $10,750; merchandise, $8,275; household furniture, $123,-
185; farm and other animals, $16,120; watches, etc., $230; plantation
and mechanical tools, $4,730; value of all other property, $1,825; ag-
gregate of all property, $1,046,760.
The tax returns for 1901 show an apparent decrease of $751,720 in the
value of all property in Richmond county since the returns of 1900.
This is plainly an error, for there has been no cause for a decrease, but
for an increase in values.
Population of Richmond county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 13,280; white females, 14,159; total white,
27,439; colored males, 11,949; colored females, 14,347; total colored,
26,296.
Population of the city of Augusta by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 10,066; white females, 10,847; total whit«,
20,913; colored males, 8,159; colored females, 10,369; total colored,
18,528.
Total population of Augusta, 39,441.
Population of Summerville town, by sex and color, according to tlie
census of 1000: white males, 916; white females, 1,025; total white,
1,941; colored males, 585; colored females, 719; total colored, 1,304.
Total population of Summerville, 3,245.
Domestic animals in Richmond county in bams and inclosures, not
on farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 37 calves, 21 steers, 4 bulls, 764 dairy
cows, 1,409 horses, 309 mules, 6 donkeys, 12 sheep, 148 swine, 47 goats.
Domestic animals in the city of Augusta in bams and inclosurcs, June
1, 1900: 30 calves, 16 steers,'4 bulls, 618 dairy cows, 1,197 horses, 294
mules, 6 donkeys, 10 sheep, 4 swine, 31 goats.
814 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SOME DISTINGUISHED CITIZENS OF RICHMOND COUNTY.
John Forsyth, one of the most distinguished Americans, and the man
who conducted the negotiations with Spain for the cession of Florida
to the United States; Governor George W. Crawford; Governor John
Milledge; George Walton, one of the signers of the declaration of in-
dependence; Governor Charles J. Jenkins; Eichard Henry Wilde, a
native of Ireland, a famous writer of prose and verse; Hon. Alfred
Gumming, at one time Governor of Utah; Judge Augustus B. Long-
street, author of Georgia Scenes; General Joseph Wheeler, the celebrated
Confederate cavalry leader and subsequently in the Spanish-American
war commander of the cavalry division of the United States army in the
campaign of Santiago, Cuba, and who was born at the Wheeler place,
on Rae's creek; General W. H. T. Walker, who fell in defense of his na-
tive State at the battle of Atlanta (July 22nd, 1864,), and who was
buried in the United States arsenal cemetery at Summerville; General
Thomas Flournoy, a hero of the war of 1812. Madame Octavia Walton
LeVert long resided at Summerville.
Camp McKenzie, where 8,000 troops were stationed during the Span-
ish-American war, extended from Monte Sano, on the outskirts of Sum-
merville, to.Wheeless Station on the Georgia Railroad.
HISTORICAL INCIDENTS.
After the fall of Charleston, S. C, in May, 1Y80, the British overran
South Carolina and Georgia, and a British garrison, under Colonel
Thomas Browne, occupied Augusta. This Colonel Browne had been
very roughly handled by the patriots at Augusta in 1774, and the desire
for revenge prompted him to many acts of cruelty.
In September, 1780, Colonel Elijah Clarke, the great Georgia par-
tisan leader, laid siege to Augusta, and was on the point of effecting its
capture, when the arrival of reinforcements to the enemy caused Clarke
to raise the siege and retire. Colo-nel Henry Lee, familiarly known as
"Light Horse Harry," and the father of General Robert E. Lee, says in
his memoirs that Clarke's expedition against Augusta was the primary
cause of the assembling of the mountain riflemen of North Carolina
and Kentucky (the latter State being at that time the western district of
Virginia), who, assisted by some South Carolina and Georgia militia,
attacked and defeated the British and Tories under Ferguson at King's
Mountain, thereby checking the tide of British conquest i-n the south.
In the spring of 1781 Colonel Elijah Clarke again attacked the Brit-
ish at Augusta, where he was soon joined by the South Carolinians un-
der General Andrew Pickens. Being soon after reinforced by Colonel
Henry Lee with his legion of Continentals from Greene's army, the
Americans, by the 15th of May, had the British completely shut in, and,
on the 5th of June, received the surrender of the British forts and gar-
risons. This splendid victory was soon followed by the recovery of all
Georgia from the enemy, with the exception of Savannah, which was
finally surrendered to the Americans July 11th, 1782.
St. Paul's Episcopal church stands on part of the ground occupied by
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. glo
Fort Cornwallis, where the British garrison made its stout, but unavail-
ing defense.
In 1791 Augusta, at that time the capital of Georgia, was visited by
President Washington, who was met five miles down the Savannah road
by Governor Edward Telfair and a military escort. He was entertained
at Meadow Garden by Chief Justice George "Walton.
The first bridge across the Savannah at Augusta was built by Wade
Hampton, father of General Wade Hampton, the gallant Confederate.
Being washed away by the Yazoo freshet of 1796, another was com-
menced in 1S12, and completed in 1815, on the day when the news
reached Augusta of the victoiy of General Andrew Jackson at IsTew
Orleans, in honor of which event the new bridge was decorated and at
night brilliantly illuminated.
The first steamboat on the Savannah river, called the Enterprise, ap-
peared at Augusta in 1817, on which occasion the stores were closed and
hundreds from the city and surrounding country flocked to see it. It
is said that many paid a dollar for the privilege of inspecting its works.
In 1825 Augusta was honored by a visit from the Marquis de Lii.
Fayette.
It is claimed that Eli Whitney perfected his cotton gin on the plan-
tation of the widow of General ISTathaniel Greene, in Richmond county^
subsequently owned by Mr. John Phinizy. Whitney received his patent
from the State of Georgia in 1793. The first gin practically operated
was owned by Patrick Moore, and was located on the west side of Wash-
ington street, between Greene and Telfair streets. By a strange coinci-
dence, Mr. Joseph Eve, father of the celebrated physician of that name,
and grandfather of Judge W. F. Eve, of Richmond county, wrote a
letter from Xassau, dated November 24th, 1794, in which he stated that
he had invented a machine for separating the seed from the cotton which
had been for several years used in the Bahama Islands, and for which he
requested a patent. It is not known what principle was involved in his
device.
As early as 1834 the Richmond Factory was built on Spirit creek.
During the four years of the civil war thirty companies were raised in
Augusta and Richmond county, and not less than 2,000 men out of a
total white population of about 10,000 people enlisted in the Confederate
army. Of these 292 were killed or died in service. The following gen-
eral officers of the Confederate army lived in Augusta, or vicinity in
Richmond county, at one time or another: Lieutcnant-Generals James
A. Longstreet and Joseph Wheeler; Major-Generals W. H. T. Walker,
A. R. Wright and LaFayette McLaws; Brigadier-Generals Montgomery
Gardner, M. A. StovaH, . John_K. Jackjon^ Goode Bryan and Alfred
Gumming. "
When Sherman was marching through Georgia in December, 1SG4,
and again when in the spring of 1805 he was making his advance
through South Carolina, General Joseph Wheeler, by the defeat of the
Federal cavalry under Kilpatrick, saved Augusta from the fate which
befell Atlanta and Columbia.
39 ga
316 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IXDUSTRIAL.
EOCKDALE COUNTY.
Hockdah County received its name on account of the immense ledge
of rock running through it. The following counties bound it: Walton
on the northeast, Newton on the southeast, Henry on the southwest, De-
Kalb and Gwinnett on the northwest. DeKalb also lies north of a nar-
row projection of Eockdale county in the southwest. This county is
nearly rectangular in shape, the general direction of its two longest sides
being from northeast to southwest.
It is watered by Yellow and South rivers, both tributaries of the Oc-
mulgee. There are also several smaller streams m the county. There
-are natural falls sufficient for operating mills or factories, some of them
possessing 100 horse-powers. The aggregate water-power of the county
is about 1,000 horse-powers.
The lands on the ridges are gray; on the rivers and creeks, dark and
very productive. Under ordinary cultivation the average production to
the acre is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; rye, 5
bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 60 bushels; field
peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas, 10 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-
grass hay, 1^000 pounds; corn fodder hay, 200 pounds; sorghum syrup,
100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 gallons. Under improved methods,
much better results are recorded, as for instance: corn and oats, 20
bushels each; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; barley, 20 bushels;
sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20
bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass and Bermuda grass hay,
2,000 to 3,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup,
300 gallons. Mr. W. L. Peek made 600 gallons of syrup from one acre
of sugar-cane. Bermuda grass is extensively cultivated and is becoming
quite popular. All kinds of forage, such as sorghum, peavine and the
different species of millet, do well and are being cultivated more and
more.
Much more attention is being paid than ever before to the improve-
ment of the breeds of milch-cows and beef cattle. There is one dairy
farm, but all farmers keep cows and have milk and butter for home use,
and many of them have a surplus for sale. In 1890 there were 2,141
cattle, of which there were 72 working oxen and 973 milch-cows. The
production of milk amounted to 315,791 gallons, and of butter to 119,-
437 pounds. The poultry amounted to 45,417 of all kinds and their
eggs numbered 65,402 dozens. There were also gathered 7,337 pounds
of honey.
Rockdale county had 353 horses, 691 mules and 2,727 swine; also 78
sheep, yielding 15 pounds of wool.
There is abundance of game in the county, but fish are scarce.
Vegetables, berries, fruits and melons are raised for home consunip-
tion. About 1,500 acres are devoted to peaches, 100 each to cherries
and apples.
There are still about 10,000 acres of forest timber. Most of the large
trees have been cut off. A few steam sawmills are in operation.
UEOUUIA: illaroii'ICAL A.\D 1.\DL\ST1UAL. 817
Granite is found in this county in great quantities. There are four
quarries kept busy in preparing the granite ior paving and building ma-
terial.
The manufactories of the county are: one paper mill, one cotton seed
oil-miil, one fertilizer manufactory, one roller llour-mill, one furniture
factory and five flour and grist-mills. The paper mill and four of the
flour and grist-mills are operated by water, the rest by steam. There are
10 cotton gins in the county.
Conyers, the county site, with a population of 1,605 people, is located
in the center of the county, on the Georgia Eailroad. in the district in
which it is situated there are 3,880 people. The court-house cost about
$5,000 and the jail about $3,000. It contains most of the manufactur-
ing establishments mentioned above, a bank with a capital of $100,000,
several fine mercantile establishments, good schools, and churches of the
Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian and Bible Christian denominations.
The public schools of the w^hole county number 34, and churches are
convenient to every neighborhood.
The annual shipments of cotton, mostly from Conyers, amount to
about 10,000 bales. According to the United States census of 1900
there were ginned in this county 7,368 bales of upland cotton of the
crop of 1899-1900.
The proximity of this county to the great city of Atlanta adds to its
advantages. It has for a market not only its home to\vn, Conyers, but
in Atlanta there will always be a ready sale for all the products that it
•can raise above home consumption.
The area of Rockdale county is 121 square miles, or 77,440 acres.
Population in 1900, 7,515, a gain of 702 since 1890; school fund,
$2,933.30; school fund of Conyers, $982.10.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 83,696; average value per acre, $6.44; city property, $231,-
129; money, etc., $199,521; merchandise, $42,469; cotton mauu-
factories, $50; household furniture, $70,454; farm and other
animals, $85,236; plantation and mechanical tools, $28,246; watches,
jewelry, etc., $4,862; value of all other property, $19,240; real
estate, $812,537; personal estate, $458,671; aggregate value of prop-
erty, $1,271,208.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 2,373;
value, $15,621; city property, $9,447; merchandise, $112; house-
hold furniture, $6,869; farm and other animals, $9,821; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $2,368; watches, etc., $81; value of
all other property, $416; aggregate value of property, $42,139.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $41,000 in the value of all
property since 1900.
There is an average attendance of 486 pupils in the 19 schools for
whites, and 550 m the 15 schools for colored j)upils.
Population of Pockdale county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,183; "white females, 2,236; total white,
4,419; colored males, 1,570; colored females, 1,526; total colored, 3,096.
818 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 39 calves, 4 steers, 1 bull, 56 dairy cows, 81 horses, 4
mules, 86 swine, 1 goat.
SCHLEY COUNTY.
Schley County was formed out of Macon, Marion and Sumter in 1857.
It was named for Hon. William Schley, Governor of Georgia from 1835
to 1837. It is bounded by the following counties: Taylor on the north,
Macon and Sumter on the east, Sumter on the south, and Marion on the
west. Macon county is also on the north of the southeastern projection
of this county.
Buck creek runs across the county from west to east and Muckalee
creek runs across the southwestern section, its course being southeast-
erly.
The soil belongs mostly to the tertiary formation, with a cretaceous
belt in the extreme northern portion of the county. The land in this
section is level, sometimes rolling, its soil being a gray, sandy loam.
In the southern part there is an outcrop of red clay. The water is both
freestone and limestone.
The lands average to the acre: corn, 9^ bushels; oats, 9 bushels; Irish
potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels;
ground-peas, 40 bushels; seed cotton 500 pounds; corn fodder, 200
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. Some of the lands under the
best system of culture produce 15 bushels of corn, 20 of oats, and 700
pounds of seed cotton to the acre.
The forest growth consists of long-leaf pine, oak, hickory, ash, maple
and the usual swamp growth on the creeks. The annual output of tim-
ber products is about $8,000.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 5,760 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
Seventy horse-powers on tributaries of the Flint are utilized by six
grist-mills, which supply the farmers with meal ground near their
homes. There are five manufactories in the county with an annual out-
put worth about $18,000.
A few vegetables and fruits are raised over and above home consump-
tion. The truck sold amounts to about $2,500. The county has 7,670
peach-trees and 600 apple-trees. There are also some pears, plums and
cherries.
According to the census of 1890 there were in Schley county 2,386
cattle, of which 164 were working oxen and 829 milch-cows. The pro-
duction of milk was 195,160 gallons, and of butter 59,480 pounds. The
sheep numbered 78 and yielded 154 pounds of wool. Of domestic fowls
there were 28,152 and their eggs numbered 44,065 dozens. There were
387 horses, 731 mules, 1 donkey and 6,734 swine. The production of
honey in the county was 2,937 pounds.
The farmers are beginning to improve their cattle by the introduc-
tion of the higher grades, especially of dairy cows. . . « ;! ' j i ,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 819
Ellaville, the county site, is located on a branch, of the Central of
Georgia Railroad, 21 miles northwest of Americus. Its population is
474, but To^^^l district, which includes Ellaville, contains 2,300 inhabi-
tants.
Other postoffices in the county are LaCrosse, Murray's Cross Eoads,
Poindexter, Schley and Stewai't's Mill.
There are good churches and schools in every part of the county.
There are 20 public schools, half for white and half for colored. The
attendance is 291 white and 357 colored.
The area of Schley county is 188 square miles, or 120,320 acres.
Population in 1900, 5,499, a gain of 56 since 1890; school fund, $3,-
551.18.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 83,696; average value per acre, $6.94; city property, $58,-
370; money, $51,838; merchandise, $33,659; household furniture, $42,-
455; farm and other animals, $76,556; plantation and mechanical tools,
$16,330; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,662; value of all other property, $10,-
932; real estate, $479,218; personal estate, $241,834; aggregate value of
property, $721,052.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: ISTumber of acres, 3,037;
value, $8,749; city property, $2,430; money, etc., $629; household furni-
ture, $9,464; watches, etc., $91; farm and other animals, $9,920; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $1,977; value of all other property, $434;
aggregate value of property, $34,717.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $62,681 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Schley county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 952; white females, 964; total white, 1,916; col-
ored males, 1,716; colored females, 1,867; total colored 3,583.
Domestic animals in Schley county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 4 calves, 1 steer, 1 bull, 16 dairy cows,
19 horses, 3 mules, 32 swine.
SCREVEN COUNTY.
Screven County was formed from Burke and Effingham in 1793, and
a part was set off to Bulloch in 1796. It was named for General James
Screven.
The boundaries are as follows: Burke county on the northwest, the
State of South Carolina on the northeast and east, Effingham county on
the southeast and Bulloch and Emanuel counties on the southwest.
The Savannah river separates it from South Carolina, and the Ogeechee
river from Bulloch and Emanuel counties.
Brier and Beaverdam creeks enter the county from the northwest and
uniting a little above the center, flow eastward under the name of the
former and empty into the Savannah river. Horse creek and Little
Ogeechee river empty into the Ogeechee on the southwest.
The soil is siliceous. The uplands are gray and sandy, with hummock
land along the streams. In places tlicre are outcrops of rod clay and marl
820 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
beds. The average yield to the acre of the various crops varies in different
sections, but taking the average of four different reports we have: corn,
12:^ bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; oats, 15^ bushels; rye, 11 bushels; rice,
27^ bushels; field-peas, 8 bushels; ground-peas; 25 bushels; chufas, 50
bushels; Irish potatoes, 65 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; seed
cotton, 676 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 240
gallons. No report of average yield of hay, but sorghum forage is high-
ly esteemed for stock. Field-peas are sowed after oats, and being cut
with the crab-grass make fine hay. One report gives the amount of hay
for the county as 262 tons, or 524,000 pounds.
The introduction of better cattle has greatly increased during the last
ten years, but very little attention has been paid to the rearing of beef
cattle. All the farmers keep cows, but there is only one dairy farm
and this has a capacity of 25 pounds of butter a day. In 1890 there were
12,091 cattle in the county, 228 of these being working oxen. The
milch-cows, which numbered 3,657, produced 326,779 gallons of milk.
The butter made on farms was 24,979 pounds. From the hives were
gathered 12,936 pounds of honey. The poultry numbered 70,122. The
production of eggs amounted to 113,382 dozens. There were 5,970
sheep, yielding 11,773 pounds of wool. There w^ere 978 horses, 1,431
mules, 5 donkeys, 22,193 swine and (by a more recent estimate) 500
goats.
The best yield reported for seed cotton is 800 pounds to the acre; for
oats, 25 bushels; for sw^eet potatoes, 150 bushels; for Irish potatoes, 100
busels; for rice, 40 bushels.
The rivers and creeks are very well stocked with fish, but game is
rather scarce.
Vegetables, berries and fruits are raised, mostly for home consump-
tion. A great many melons are raised, and the profits on them vary
from $5 to $15 an acre, according to size, quality and difficulty of trans-
poration. The county has 29,495 peach and 11,867 apple-trees. The
truck sold is worth about $3,500.
A very large per cent, of original forest is still standing, consisting of
long leaf pine and cypress, and along the streams white oak, ash, maple
and poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 1,000,000 superficial
feet at from $6 to $10 a thousand feet. The total output of all timber
products is about $50,000.
There is considerable clay in the county useful for manufacturing
purposes. Buhrstone of splendid quality is found.
On the Ogeechee river two small mills use about 20 horse-powers.
There are in the county 1 flour^mill, 20 or more small grist-mills, and a
dozen sawmills. A new cotton factory at Millen, having 5,000 spin-
dles and a capital of $80,000, is rapidly approaching completion. There-
are also 12 turpentine distilleries.
Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Lutherans con-
stitute the religious denomination's. Churches are conveniently located
for the people. The public schools are 86 in all. The average attend-
ance is 1,063 in the 48 white schools and 1,294 in the 38 colored schools.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 821
The facilities for travel and transportation are the Central of Geor-
gia and a branch road running from Rockyford on the Central to Svl-
vania. There is also the Savannah river, on which there are lines of
steamboats plying between Augusta and Savannah, and touching at land-
ings in the county.
Sylvania, the comity site, is conveniently located, and has a court-
house and jail worth $20,000. The Sylvania district has a population of
3,135, of whom 545 live in the town.
Millen, on the Central of Georgia Eailroad, is a growing town with
several successful mercantile establishments, and has a bank with a capi-
tal of $100,000. The Millen district has 2,491 people, of whom 411
live in the town. The merchants of this town handle about 10,000 of
the 40,000 bales of cotton shipped from this county. The products of
this county are marketed in Savannah and Augusta.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 17,666 bales of upland and 297 of sea-island cotton during
the season of 1899-1900.
Millen has a cotton and yam mill with 5,000 spindles.
The area of Screven county is 734 square miles, or 467,760 acres.
Population of Screven county in 1900, 19,252, a gain of 4,828 since
1890; school fund, $13,051.36.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 404,080; of wild land, 19,145; average value per acre of
improved land, $1.29; of wild land, $0.37; city property, $108,357;
money, etc., $168,636; merchandise, $112,242; stocks and bonds, $33,-
826; cotton manufactories, $1,000; household furniture, $80,989; iron
works, $3,430; farm and other animals, $221,680; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $47,379; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,613; value of all other
property, $79,758; real estate, $639,295; personal estate, $784,157;
Aggregate value of property, $1,423,452.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 14,552;
value, $18,763; city property, $2,360; money, etc., $1,028; merchandise,
$550; household furniture, $11,453; watches, etc., $527; farm and other
animals, $34,221; plantation and mechanical tools, $6,635; value of all
other property, $2,004. Aggregate value of property, $78,645.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $166,186 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Screven county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,269*; white females, 4,037; total white,
8,306; colored males, 5,582; colored females, 5,364; total colored,
10,946.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1000: 59 calves, 30 steers, 4 bulls, 86 dairy cows, 69 horses, 38
mules, 328 swine, 47 goata.
822 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
SPALDIIsTG COUNTY.
Spalding County was formed in 1851 from the counties of Pike and
Henry. It was named for Hon. Thomas Spalding, of St. Simon's Island,
Glynn county, a member of the Georgia Legislature and a representa-
tive in Congress. The following counties bound it: Clayton and Henry
on the north, Henry on the northeast, Butts and Monroe on the east,
Pike on the south, Fayette on the northwest, Fayette, Coweta and Meri-
wether on the west. The Flint river flows along its northwestern border
and then through the western section of the county. Line creek runs
along part of its western boundary and empties into the Flint river at its
southwestern point. Towaliga creek (or river, as it is sometimes called),
after dividing part of the northeastern section of Spalding from Henry
county, runs through Butts and Monroe counties and empties into the
Ocmulgee river. Big Potato creek, rising near the center of the county,
flows southward through Pike and Upson counties and empties into the
Flint river. Other streams are Cabin, Grape and Head's creeks. The
lands on and adjoining all these streams are generally rich. The char-
acter of the soil is metamorphic; red clay or mulatto lands in the east-
em part; gi'ay, gravelly lands in \\e western. The average yield of the
various crops varies of course according to location and favorableness
of season. Two reports made in different years show averages to the acre
as follows: corn, from 10 to 14 bushels; oats, from 10^ to 20 bushels;
wheat, 10 bushels; sweet and Irish potatoes, 300 bushels each; sugar-
cane syrup, 169 to 300 gallons; seed cotton, 428 to 714 pounds; hay,
2,816 to 4,000 pounds. The best farmers in the county have proved
that with proper cultivation the lands can be made to produce from 30
to 60 bushels of wheat to the acre. In 1900 Mr. W. J. Bridges, on four
acres of ground, raised 65 bushels of wheat to the acre, and on the same
number of acres Mr, W. D. Walker raised 59^ bushels to the acre.
Each of these gentlemen received a prize at the convention of the Wheat
Grower's Association of Georgia, held in Macon, July 11, 1900. Some
years ago Mr. Solomon W. Bloodworth gathered 137 bushels of corn
from one acre near Griffin, and received the first premium at the State
Agricultural Fair. Another well-authenticated yield is 10,720 pounds
of pea-vine hay to the acre. These things show what can be done by
scientific culture in Spalding county. Bermuda is considered the best
pasture for cattle, since it comes in early in the spring and lasts until
late in the fall. Clover and vetches, pea-vine hay, sorghum and millet
are cultivated for forage crops. The cane bottoms afford good winter
pasturage. The breeds of dairy cattle have been much improved, the
Jersey being the favorite. All the farmers have milk and butter. There
are 10 dairy farms with from 10 to 60 cows each, which make good
profits on the investment. More interest is being taken in beef cattle
and better breeds are being brought in.
In 1890 there were in Spalding county 2,711 cattle, of which 1,190
were milch-cows producing 425,370 gallons of milk, from which 124,-
721 pounds of butter were made. One thousand and two hundred
r--^
/
> ■ \
THE CHOICE NEW EARLY
WHITE GRAPE
*' moore's Diamonl"
t
From seed of Concord, fertilized wi
lona, by Jacob Moore, Esq., of lirig
ion N Y., (the Well-known original
of the "BriKliton" Grape iind other ne
fruits), who considers this the mo
valuable variety he has ever producei
In vigor of growth, color and textur
foliage and hardiness of vine, it partak
of the nature of its parent, (.onajn
while in qu;ility the fruit is equal
many oi the best tender sorts, ai
ripens from two to four weeks c.irii
than Concord.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 823
pounds of cheese were made in 1900. The working oxen of the county
numbered 97. Thej are being rapidly supphmted by horses and mules.
The creamery at Griffin has a capacity of 10,000 pounds of milk a day.
The present output of the creamery (1900) is 1,000 to 1,200 pounds of
milk, and 50 pounds of butter a day. More milk is needed to work the
creamery to its full capacity.
The domestic fowls (poultry) of all kinds in the county in 1890, num-
bered 20,475, and produced 69,939 dozens of eggs. The production of
honey was 8,906 pounds. This county had 514 horses, 1,288 mules, 1
donkey and 3,924 swine. In 1890 the sheep numbered 287 and yielded
723 pounds of wool.
The supply of fish from the streams is not so abundant as formerly.
The principal game birds are quail and doves.
There are 12 market gardens raising all varieties of vegetables. Ber-
ries and plums are also extensively raised. Melons of the best quality
are raised. The value of truck sold is about $16,000 annually, most of
it for home consumption.
Of the acreage given to fruits, far the greater portion is devoted to
peaches. There are in the county 134,924 peach, 19,390 pear and
3,152 plum-trees.
The vineyards of the coimty are not as numerous as formerly, be-
cause attention has been directed to other products.
The timber products are small: short-leaf pine and hardwoods; some
ash, maple and poplar. The output is about $8,000 worth. There are
four sawmills.
There is one flour and grist-mill in the limits of Griffin, and one in
the Mount Zion district. The mills are operated by water-power.
Griffin, the county site, is situated near the center of Spalding
county at the junction of two branches of the Central of Georgia Rail-
road, and that branch of the Southern Railway connecting Columbus
with McDonough. Its population by the census of 1900 is 6,857. That
its location is one of the best agricultural and horticultural sections of
Georgia is evidenced by the fact that the State of Georgia and the
United States government unanimously selected the vicinity of Griffin
as the site for the Experiment Station.
Within the last decade Griffin has become a factory center, having
built four cotton-mills, representing almost entirely a home capital of
$1,000,000. We give a list of these mills and the class of goods manu-
factured by them.
The Griffin Manufacturing Company has a capital of $350,000, and
contains 15,000 spindles and 593 looms. It manufactures cottonades,
ticking, duck, cheviots, skirts, hickory shirting, domestic shirting. It
spins 450 bales of cotton a month, employs 550 hands, has a pay-roll of
$8,500 a month and an annnal output of $600,000.
The Kincaid Manufacturing Company has a capital of $250,000, and
contains 12,500 spindles and 430 looms. It manufactures Turkish
towels, table damask, a fine grade of ginghams, ticking and
824 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
crashes. It spins 350 bales of cotton a month, employing 425 hands,
has a pay-roll of $7,000 a month and an annual ontpiit of $500,000.
The Spalding Cotton Mills have a capital of $200,000, and contain
9,000 spindles and 236 looms. They spin 208 bales of cotton a month
and manufacture sheeting and cotton diaper. The hands employed num-
ber 175, the pay-roll is $2,000 a month and the value of the annual out-
put is $300,000.
The Rushton Mills have a capital of $100,000, and contain 5,000
spindles and 150 looms. They spin 125 bales of cotton a month and
manufacture sheeting. The hands employed number 136, the pay-roll is
$2,000 a month, and the value of the annual output is $150,000.
The Griffin Knitting Mill has a capital of $20,000; manufactures
men's ribbed underwear, employs 40 hands, and has an annual output
of $50,000.
The Griffin Creamery has been already described. There is also a
cotton seed oil-mill, with an output of 160,000 gallons of oil and 1,450
tons of cotton seed-oil meal. There are also an ice factory, a pants fac-
tory, a sash, blind and chair factory, a small foundry, and various smaller
enterprises. There is one establishment which cultivates flowers and
flowering plants for sale.
Griffin has four banks with a combined capital of $500,000. It has
a system of graded schools and some of the finest public buildings of the
State. The value of the court-house is $35,000. Its extensive system of
water-works gives complete protection against fire and furnishes water
everywhere. By its electric plant the streets are brilliantly lighted.
The water-works and electric plant are owned by the city. Griffin has
good church buildings of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episco-
palians and Bible Christians.
The union depot of Griffin is the highest point between Macon and At-
lanta.
The public roads of Spalding county are worked by convict labor, and
the 600 miles of roadway are kept in first-class condition.
In addition to the three railroads mentioned as crossing each other at
Griffin, there is another branch of the Southern Railway from Atlanta
to Fort Valley, running through the western section of the county.
Griffin is the shipping point and market for the county. The number
of cotton bales received is 18,500, of which 5,000 bales are exported and
13,500 are used by the cotton-mills of the county.
By the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in this county
11,390 bales (upland) of the cotton crop of 1899-1900.
The public schools of the county are 22 for the whites and 20 for the
colored with an average attendance of 723 white pupils and 529 colored.
In the Griffin white schools are 542 pupils and in the colored schools 119.
With unsurpassed advantages of climate, soil and various enterprises
Spalding county and the city of Griffin offer great inducements and a
hearty welcome to new citizens.
Other postoffices are Sumiyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill,
Experiment, DrewTyville, Rover, Zetella and Strickland.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. §25
Simnyside was for years the home of Colonel John Mcintosh Kell,
once first ofiicer of the Confederate crniser Alabama.
The area of Spalding county is 203 square miles, or 129,420 acre^.
Population in 1900, 17,619, an increase of 4,502 since 1S90; school
fund, $6,519.17; school fund of Grifiin, $3,065.55.
By the Comptroller-General's i-eport for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 116,287; average value per acre, $7.97; city property,.
$879,347; shares in bank, $250,500; money, etc., $160,395; value of
merchandise, $124,360; stocks and bonds, $7,300; cotton manufactories,
$718,150; invested in iron works, $9,000; household furniture, $150,-
938; farm and other animals, $121,301; plantation and mechanical tools,
$41,460; watches, jewelry, etc., $10,467; value of all other property,
$58,569; real estate, $1,806,409; personal estate, $1,695,407. Aggi-e-
gate value of property, $3,501,816.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s: number of acres, 3,891;
value, $40,251; city property, $75,705; money, etc., $100; merchandise,
$1,245; household furniture, $16,675; watches, etc., $104; farm and
other animals, $18,325; plantation and mechanical tools, $5,348; value
of all other property, $425.00. Aggregate value of whole property,
$159,310. 1 r .,
The tax returas for 1901 show an increase of $233,957 in the value
of all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Spalding county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,152; whit^ females, 4.313; total white,
8,465; colored males, 3,396; colored females, 4,758; total colored,
9,154.
Population of the city of Grriffin by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,688; white females, 1,911; total white,
3,599; colored males, 1,449; colored females, 1,809; total colored.
3,258.
Total population of Griffiin, 6,857.
Domestic animals in Spalding county in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 34 steers, 370 dairy cox^-^
272 horses, 57 mules, 2 sheep, 328 swine, 1 goat.
STEWAKT COUNTY.
Stewart County was formed from Randolph county in 1830, and
was named for General Daniel Stewart, who was boni in Liberty county
in 1762; joined the American army at the age of fifteen and served
under Generals Sumter and Marion and Colonel W. R. Harden, proving
himself under all circumstances a brave and fairhful soldier.
Stewart county is bounded on the north by Chaftnhoochoe county, on
the east by Webster county, on the south by Randolph and Quitman
counties, and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is
separated by tlif r'hattahoochee river. Patanla and TTodchodkee
creeks flow southward from near the center of the countv. Ifanna-
hatcheo erpok flriws from east to west across the countv, n little north
826 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of the center. These streams are tributaries of the Chattahoochee river.
Other streams are Hitehite and Grass creeks.
The soil is for the most part a gray sandy, mixed with gravel. There
is some red land in the eastern portion. The soil is well adapted to co1>
ton, the cereals, sugar-cane, fruits, especially peaches and melons, and
to crab, Bermuda, Johnson and crowfoot-gi-asses. The average yield
to the acre of the various crops is: corn, 10 bushels; wheat, 8 bushels;
oats, 25 bushels; rye, 8 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas,
9 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; hay,
2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 180 gallons. Bermuda grass is used
for summer pasturage, lasting 7 months, and rye for winter pasturage.
Com and field-peas ground together are used a great deal as feed for
cattle. The best lands under the best culture can be made to yield
as much as 20 bushels of com to the acre; 200 of potatoes, 800 pounds
of seed cotton, 4,000 pounds of hay and 300 gallons of symp.
All farmers have cows for the production of milk and butter, and in
the vicinity of Lumpkin there is one regular dairy farm. Some farmers
are making a business of raising beef cattle and of improving the breed
of both beef and dairy cattle. In 1890 there were in Stewart county
4,630 cattle, of which there were 295 working oxen and 1,543 milch-
cows. There was a production of 315,400 gallons of milk and 107,456
pounds of butter. The domestic fowls of all kinds numbered 55,732
and produced 140,663 dozens of eggs. The honey collected from the
hives was 12,607 pounds. Stewart county had in 1890 on farms, 693
horses, 1,976 mules, 4 donkeys and 8,149 swine. The sheep numbered
331, and produced 520 pounds of wool.
The productions of the gardens and orchards are for the most part
consumed at home. About 500 acres are devoted to peaches, 25 to
plums, 20 to apples and 10 to pears.
The manufactures of the county are: one wagon and buggy factory
and one guano factory at Richland; a large brick kiln at Omaha; 4
flour and 12 grist-mills, and 10 steam sawmills. There is a bank at
Eichland and one at Lumpkin, each having a capital $50,000. Rich-
land, on the eastern side of the county, is at the junction of two branches
of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad of the Seaboard Air Line system.
Lumpkin, the county site, is on the main stem of the Georgia and
Alabama Railroad. This town is beautifully located. The court-house
is valued at $22,000 and the jail at $8,000.
There are 52 mercantile establishments in the county, and 6 life and
fire insurance agencies.
Fitzgerald's mill, on Hannahatchee creek, has a side track running
to the mill. It has two runners, a cotton gin and sawmill. "Within a
few yards of the railway on the same creek there is a fine mill site.
In addition to the two railroads running throngh the county, the
Chattahoochee river furnishes fine water transportation.
The products of Stewart county are marketed in Lumpkin and Rich-
land, of that county; in Americus and Columbus, Georgia, and Mont-
gomery, Alabama.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 827
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious
sects. Church buildings are found at convenient distances throughout
the county.
There are two high schools and many schools of lower grades through
the county. There are 23 schools for whites and 33 for colored, with
an average attendance of 733 white pupils and 1,130 colored.
The area of Stewart county is 440 square miles, or 281,600 acres.
Population in 1900, 15,856, a gain of 174 since 1890; school fund, $11,-
986.87.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 283,323; average value per acre, $3.06; city property,
$234,015; shares in bank, $93,900; money, etc., $123,020; merchan-
dise, $88,645; stocks and bonds, $2,850; household furniture, $86,745;
farm and other animals, $148,170; plantation and mechanical tools,
$25,065; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,773; value of all other property,
$36,670; real estate, $1,103,285; personal estate, $619,055. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $1,688,235.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,704;
value, $26,760; city property, $12,135; money, etc., $475; merchan-
dise, $200; household furniture, $22,175; watches, etc., $100; farm
and other animals, $31,690; value of all other property, $6,940. Aggre-
gate of whole property, $100,475.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $99,280 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
According to the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in
Stewart county 17,875 bales of upland cotton during the season of
1899-1900.
The town of Lumpkin contains, 1,470 inhabitants, while the district
in which it is included has a population of 3,563.
The to-^vn of Richland has more than doubled in the last decade, and
has a population of 1,014, while the whole district of Richland includ-
ing the town contains 2,746 inhabitants.
Near Omaha town are some mineral springs, from which the district
of Mineral Springs derives its name.
Population of Stewart county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,018; white females, 2,001; total white,
4,019; colored males, 5,759; colored females, 6,078; total colored,
11,837.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 24 calves, 67 dairy cows, 63 horees, 7 mules, 1 sheep,
177 swine, 2 goats.
SUMTER COUNTY.
Sumter County was formed from Lee In 1831, and was named for
General Thomas Sumter, who was bom in Virginia in 1734, and settled
in South Carolina. He was a distinguished commander of South Caro-
lina troops in the Revolntion, and on account of his dashing leadership
was styled the "game cock."
Schley and Macon counties bound Sumter on the north, Dooly bounds
328 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
it on tbe east, Lee and Terrell on the sontli, "Webster, Marion and Schley
on the west. The Flint river forms its eastern boundary. The streams
of the county are the Muckalee, Muckaloochee and Kinchafoonee
creeks.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation and is a gray, sandy loam
with red outcrops in places. The lands are either level or gently rolling.
The water is mainly freestone, though there is some limestone. The
production of the lands to the acre averages: corn, 11 bushels; oats,
12; wheat, 5^ bushels; rye, 7 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100 bush-
els; sweet potatoes, 250 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 20
bushels; seed cotton, 576 pounds; crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com
fodder, 450 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
Some farmers under careful culture, make much larger yields of
some of these items, as for instance: corn, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bush-
els; oats, 25; rye, 10 bushels; field-peas, 15 bushels; ground-peas, 30
bushels; seed cotton, 800 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons. Many
use Bermuda grass for summer pasturage and maiden cane for winter.
Others, after cutting the grain, use the grain field in summer, and in
winter the com and pea fields, with the various grasses and swamp
cane. All the farmers keep cows, many of which are pure breed or one
half and more pure breed.
In 1890 there were 4,796 cattle, of which 266 were working oxen.
The milch-cows numbered 1,782 and produced 352,825 gallons of milk
from which were made 79,233 pounds of butter. There are now two
dairy farms doing a good business. The domestic fowls of the county
numbered 51,972 and produced 99,606 dozens of eggs. The amount
of honey gathered was 18,760 pounds in 1890. There were 726
horses, 2,361 mules, 5 donkeys and 16,072 swine.
In addition to the fact that most farmers raise vegetables, berries and
melons in quantities sufficient for home consumption, there are four mar-
ket gardens raising these things for sale. Two hundred acres are devoted
to melons and the average net profit to the acre is $10.00. The truck
sold amounts to $20,000. Sumter county has 54,691 peach-trees, 5,904
appl^trees, 2,000 pear-trees and 1,594 plum-trees. There are two small
vineyards raising grapes mostly for home consumption.
There are also 2 small establishments raising flowers and flowering
plants for the market.
The forests of the county have been badly cut over; but there is still
considerable yellow pine, of which the annual output is worth about
$20,000. There are 7 sawmills in the county.
There is one flour-mill operated by water, and there are 14 gnst-mills,
11 of which use water. Other manufactories of the county are a guano
factory, cotton seed oil-mill, variety works, sash and blind factory, the
Seaboard Air Line Railroad shops, a horse collar factory, an iron
foundry, two wagon and buggy factories, all the above bemg located
at Americus; one boot and shoe factory at Plains, and five smaller ones
at Americus; one tannery at Plains, and one factory for repairing gms.
About 300 hands are employed at the Seaboard Air Line shops, and
GEORGIA: UISTORICAL AND IXDiSTRIAL. §29
100 in other industries of the city of Americus. This is a fine location
for cotton-mills and canning, and men of enterprise and push are heart-
ily welcomed by the cultured and refined society of this thriving South-
west Georgia citv.
Americus is the county site and has a population of 7,647,
or, including its surrounding district, 10,552. It has a fine sys-
tem of public schools, a handsome court-house worth $35,000,
a jail valued at $15,000, a postoffice three stories high with a marble
front, a building containing a bank and several offices valued at $50,-
000, two hotels, one valued at $130,000, the other at $25,000, water,
gas, and electric works, worth $50,000, four banks with a capital of
$300,000, an opera house and many elegant private residences, a hand-
some passenger depot, belonging to the Central of Georgia and Sea-
board Air Line systems, and railroad shops valued at $75,000, There
are in the city 10 churches of the usual Christian denominations. Three
lines of railroad center here: the Central of Georgia from Macon to Al-
bany; another branch of the Central from Americus to Columbus, Geor-
gia, and the Seaboard Air Line from Savannah, Georgia, to Montgomery,
Alabama.
There are in Americus several prosperous business firms: five life
and 4 fire insurance companies.
There are several places of resort near the city: Magnolia Dell,
jMyrtle Springs, Pavilion Bathing Pools, Holley Springs Bathing Pool,
Schute Pavilion and Magnolia Mineral Springs.
Plains, on the Seaboard Air Line Railroad 10 miles west from Ameri-
cus, is a good business point with a population of 346 in its corporate
limits, while in the district which includes it are 2,521 inhabitants. It
has fine schools and churches.
DeSoto, on the same railroad, 13 miles east of Americus, with 250
inhabitants in its corporate limits, does a good business and is well sup-
plied with churches and schools.
Leslie, a place of 213 people, has similar advantages. The district in-
cluding these two towns has 3,131 inhabitants.
Andersonville, 13 miles north of Americus, on the Central of Geor-
gia Railway is noted as the point where a large Federal prison camp
was located during the civil war. Here there is a well-kept Federal
cemetery. It contains a population of 245 in its corj)orate limits, or
1,386 in its entire district.
Sumter is one of the best counties of Southwest Georgia. It has ex-
cellent facilities for travel and transportation, several busy little towns
and the growing city of Americus. Its schools and churches are first-
class; its people refined and cultivated. The sale of spirituous liquors is
prohibited through the county; hence Americus and the other towns
are quiet and orderly.
The excellent character of the schools of Americus has led many peo-
ple to settle there on account of the superior educational advantages of
that city.
The area of Sumter county is 534 square miles, or 341,760 acres.
830
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Population in 1900, 26,212, a gain of 4,105 since 1890; school fund,
$12,112.61; Americus, $4,452.74.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 294,768; of wild land, 283; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $5.11; of wild land, $1.24; city property, $1,529,380;
shares in bank, $187,665; money, etc., $260,366; value of merchandise,
$343,026; stocks and bonds, $2,298; cotton manufactories, $29,730; iron
works, $2,600; household furniture, $260,201; farm and other animals,
$250,638; plantation and mechanical tools, $64,439; watches, jewelry,
etc., $26,313; value of all other property, $68,935; real estate, $3,030,-
066; personal estate, $1,667,252. Aggregate value of whole property,
$4,703,318.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
13,639; value, $90,902; stocks and bonds, $8.00; city property, $190,-
058; money, $1,960; merchandise, $3,945; household furniture, $48,-
252; watches, etc., $854; farm and other animals, $47,902; plantation
and mechanical tools, $10,755; value of all other . property, $4,060.
Aggregate value of whole property, $464,463.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $236,144 in the value of all
property since the returns of 1900.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned
an Sumter county 25,164 bales of upland cotton during the season of
1899-1900.
The public schools of the county number 23 for white pupils and 33
for colored, with an average attendance of 750 white pupils and 1,410
colored.
Population of Sumter county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,716; white females, 3,683; total white,
7,399; colored males, 9,249; colored females, 9,564; total colored,
18,813.
Population of Americus City by sex and color by the census of 1900:
white males, 1,490; white females, 1,523; total white, 3,013; colored
males, 2,117; colored females, 2,544; total colored, 4,661.
Total population of Americus, 7,674.
Domestic animals in Sumter county in barns and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 82 calves, 14 steers, 2 bulls, 238 dairy
cows, 326 horses, 86 mules, 11 sheep, 558 swine, 7 goats.
TALBOT COimTY.
Talhot County was laid out in 1827 and named for Hon. Matthew
Talbot, who represented Oglethorpe county in the legislature for many
years, and being president of the Senate at the time of the death of
Governor Rabun on October 25, 1819, succeeded him in the guber-
natorial chair until the election of John Clark, in November, 1819.
Talbot county is bounded on the north by Meriwether, on the north-
east by Upson, on the east by Taylor, on the south by Marion and Mus-
cogee, and on the west by Harris and Muscogee.
w%
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 831
The Flint river flows along its northeastern boundary. Other streams
are Patisliga, Hachasofkee and Lazer creeks. The Oak Mountains ai-e
in the northern section of the county.
The soil belongs to the metamorphic formation in the northern part,
and to the cretaceous in the southern section. The face of the country
is broken. There are brown and mulatto lands with red clay subsoil,
hardwood growth and freestone water throughout the first division;
gray, sandy or gravelly soil, with long-leaf pine and limestone water
throughout the second division.
Counting all lands, the average production is as follows: corn, 11
bushels; oats, 9 bushels; rye, 7 bushels: barley, 10 bushels; wheat, 7
bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-
peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 15 bushels; seed cotton, 500 pounds; corn
fodder, 250 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,200 pounds; sorghum syrup, 50
gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. But with careful cultivation
these same lands produce 20 bushels each of com and oats; 15 bushels
of field-peas and 25 of ground-peas, and 600 pounds of seed cotton.
After supplying the home demand for vegetables, berries, fruits and
melons, there is enough surplus to make the truck sales amount to $4,-
500. There are in Talbot county 39,246 peach-trees, 5,896 apple-trees,
2,640 plum-trees, 1,452 pear-trees and 450 cherry-trees.
According to the United States census of 1890 Talbot county had
453 sheep with a wool-clip of 1,232 pounds, 5,414 cattle, of which 204
were working oxen and 1,946 milch-cows, 596 horses, 1,684 mules, 4
donkeys and 8,138 swine. Among the farm products were 60,373
domestic fowls, 86,016 dozens of eggs, 370,462 gallons of milk, 88,012
pounds of butter and 23,151 pounds of honey.
The timber products are small, with an annual output worth about
$4,000.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
Talbot county 8,893 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
On tributaries of the Chattahochee 90 horse-powers are utilized by
4 grist-mills, while on the tributaries of the Flint river 9 mills utilize
169 horse-powers.
All the manufactories of the county number 14 and have an out-
put worth $32,474.
The largest town is Talbotton, with a population of 1,131 in its cor-
porate limits, and 1,963 in the entire district, which includes it. This
town is the county seat, and is located on Lazer creek. It has a high
situation with invigorating air and good, cool water. Talbotton has a
bank with a capital of $28,000; a court-house worth $20,000; 2 good
schools, the Collinsworth Institute and Le Vert College; good church
buildings of the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians, and a Masonic
hall. It is connected by a branch railroad with the Southwestern
branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad. It handles 6,000 bales of
cotton annually. The county has 54 schools belonging to the public
school system of Georgia, and is well provided with houses of worship,
belonging to the leading Christian denominations.
40 ga
832 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Geneva, on the Central of Georgia Eailway, has three sawmills and
does a good mercantile business.
The area of Talbot county is 407 square miles, or 260,480 acres.
Population in 1900, 12,197, a loss of 1,061 since 1890: school fund,
$10,042.17.
Bj the Comptroller-Generars report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 229,990; of wild land, 5,859; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.69; of wild land, $0.78; city property, $106,520;
shares in bank, $17,065; money, etc., $53,721; merchandise, $40,760;
stocks and bonds, $75; cotton manufactories, $11,000; value of household
furniture, $51,166; farm and other animals, $93,338; plantation and
mechanical tools, $24,343; watches, jewelry, etc., $3,002; value of all
other property, $18,284; real estate, $729,194; personal estate, $314,269.
Aggregate value of whole property, $1,043,463.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 8,441;
value, $19,980; city property, $6,305; merchandise, $175; household
furniture, $9,925; watches, etc., $133; farm and other animals, $18,-
204; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,402; value of all other prop-
erty, $2,023. Aggregate value of whole property, $60,147.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $53,533 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Of the 54 schools 25 are for white pupils and 27 for colored, and the
average attendance is 737 white pupils and 1,467 colored.
Population of Talbot county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,765; white females, 1,893; total white,
3,658; colored males, 4,152; colored females, 4,378; total colored,
8,539.
Domestic animals in bams and in closures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 38 calves, 5 steers, 78 dairy cows, 51 horses, 15 mules,
176 swine, 5 goats.
TALIAFETIEO COUNTY.
Taliaferro County was formed in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Han-
cock, Greene and Oglethorpe. An additional part was then taken from
Hancock in 1828, and parts were taken from Wilkes in 1828 and 1835.
It was named for Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro, who was bom in Vir-
ginia, joined the Continental army when a mere youth, rose to captain
and then to colonel, winning great distinction, and in 1785 settled in
Georgia. He was a tmstee of Franklin College (then the nucleus of
the State University), president of the State Senate, and, though not a
lawyer, was elected by the legislature one of the judges of the Superior
Court, the only instance of the kind in the history of Georgia. ^
Taliaferro county is bounded by the following counties: Wilkes on
northeast and north, Warren on the east and southeast, Hancock on tJie
south, Greene on the west and southwest, and Oglethorpe on the north-
west. Little river runs through a northwestem projection of the county
and then along the north border, after which, turning^ to the east and
northeast and flowing along the boundaries of five counties, it enters into
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL A^^D INDUSTRIAL. 833
the Savannah river. Two branches, the Xorth and South Forks of the
Ogeechee river, cross the southern part of this county, running in a
southeasterly direction. The lands on the streams, and especially on Lit-
tle river, are excellent. The soils are partly red, partly gray, sandy and
in some places a mixture of both.
With careful cultivation the lands in Taliaferro produce to the acre:
corn, 15 bushels; oats and barley, each, 20 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels;
rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 80 bushels;
field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 750
pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 300 pounds; sor-
ghum syrup, 60 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 75 gallons.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
this county 6,487 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
The usual garden vegetables, berries, melons and fruits yield well.
According to the United States census of 1890 there were in Talia-
ferro county 313 sheep, with a wool-clip of 557 pounds; 2,668 cattle,
of which 193 were working oxen and 1,117 milch-cows; 682 horses, 618
mules, 3 donkeys and 4,785 swine. Some of the farm products were 35,-
529 domestic fowls, 35,281 dozens of eggs, 7,703 pounds of honey, 249,-
604 gallons of milk, 72,935 pounds of butter and 130 pounds of cheese.
The public schools number 30, one half for white pupils, the other
half for colored. Of the white pupils the average attendance is 363, and
of the colored pupils 503.
The prevailing religious sects are Baptists, Methodists and Presby-
terians. Churches for white and colored at convenient distances are
scattered over the county, which is also well provided with schools.
Crawfordville, the county seat, near the center of the county on the
Georgia Railroad, has a population of 597 in the town, and 900 in the
entire district. It is noted as having been the home of Hon. Alexander
H. Stephens, who was bom about 2^ miles from this town. His grand-
father, Alexander Stephens, emigrated from England in 1750 and was
present at Braddock's defeat. He took an early and active part on the
patriot side in the war of the Revolution, and removing to Georgia in
1789 or 1790, settled on the plantation afterwards owned by his son,
Andrew B. Stephens, and his grandson, Alexander Hamilton Stephens.
Mr. Stephens' mother was Margaret Grier, sister of Robert Grier, the
celebrated almanac maker in Georgia, and a distant relative of Justice
Grier, one of the present judges of the Supreme Court of the United
States. Liberty Hall, the home of Mr. Stephens, is in full view of the
Georgia Railroad.
Other postoffices in the county are Hillman, Lyneville, Robinson and
Sharon.
The area of Taliaferro county is 198 square miles, or 126,720 acres.
Population in 1900, 7,912, a gain of 621 since 1890; school fund,
$5,255.23.
Bv the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 115,872; average value per acre, $3.02; city property,
$70 205; shares in bank, $15,010; money, etc., $40,796; value of mer-
834 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
chandise, $28,985; stocks and bonds, $7,353; cotton manufactories).
$150; household furniture, $31,474; farm and other animals, $70,154;.
plantation and mechanical tools, $17,650; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,-
970; value of all other property, $20,523; real estate, $420,920; per-
sonal estate, $245,913. Aggregate value of whole property, $666,833.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,099;
value, $22,009; city property, $4,205; money, $483; stocks and bonds,
$10; merchandise, $528; household furniture, $6,000; watches, $110;
farm and other animals, $18,131; plantation and mechanical tools,
$3,875; value of all other property, $841.00. Aggregate value of
whole property, $56,192.
The tax returns of 1901 show an increase of $2,975 in the value of
all property since the returns of 1900.
Population of Taliaferro county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,212; total white,
2,391; colored males, 2,707; colored females, 2,814; total colored,
5,521.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 21 calves, 53 dairy cows, 19 horses, 1 mule, 76 swine, 11
goats.
TATTITALL COU:^TY.
Tattnall County was formed from Montgomery county in 1801.
Portions were given back to Montgomery county in 1812. It was named
in honor of Josiah Tattnall, a man very influential in Georgia ; a senator
from Chatham county when the bill rescinding the Yazoo Act was
passed; was elected to Congress and chosen governor in 1801, which
office he resigned in 1802 on account of failing health.
Tattnall is bounded by the following counties: Bulloch and Bryan
on the northeast. Liberty on the east and southeast, Wayne and Appling
on the south, Montgomery and Emanuel on the west. The whole west-
em border has an inclination northward. The Cannouchee river runs
along the whole northeastern border. The Ohoopee river, a tributary
of the Altamaha, runs from north to south almost through the center of
the county. The Altamaha flows along the whole southern border.
Among other streams are Hound and Dry creeks, tributaries of the Can-
nouchee, itself a tributary of the Ogeechee; Pendleton's, Rocky and
Battle creeks, tributaries of the Ohoopee; Cobb's and Beard's creeks
which empty into the Altamaha.
The upper part of the county is hilly, the lower part level. The soil
is sandy, except along the streams, where it is thick.
Under good cultivation the average production to the acre is: corn,
20 bushels; oats, 15 bushels; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; field-peas, 20
bushels; ground-peas, 100 bushels; seed cotton, 1,200 pounds; sea-
island seed cotton, 700 pounds; com fodder, 400 pounds; sugar-cane
syrnp, 200 gallons. Melons and every variety of vegetables are pro-
duced.
According to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned in
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 835
"Tattnall county 952 bales of upland and 6,357 bales of sea-island cotton
during the season of 1899-1900.
In 1890 Tattnall county had 13,885 sheep, with a wool-clip of 28,156
pounds; 19,642 cattle, 305 being working oxen, and 5,529 milch-cows,
956 horses, 778 mules and 23,437 swine. Some of the farm products
were 5-4,263 domestic fowls, 73,398 dozens of eggs, 315,886 gallons of
milk, 11,167 pounds of butter, 140 pounds of cheese, and 8,231 pounds
of honey.
Lumber, rosin and turpentine give occupation to many of the people,
who get their products into the markets of Darien and Savannah over
the Seaboard Air Line.
The public school buildings number 68 for white pupils and 21 for
the colored, with an average attendance of 1,976 white pupils and 621
colored.
Eeidsville, situated on a high, sandy hill, four miles from the Ohoopee
river, is the county site. The Collins and Reidsville Railroad connects
it with the Seaboard Air Line, while the Stillmore Air Line connects it
with Stillmore in Emanuel county. Reidsville towm has 257 inhabitr
ants, but the population of the entire Reidsville district is 2,446.
Claxton town has 533 inhabitants, while the district including it con-
tains a population of 3,085. The district which includes Glenville town
has 2,423 inhabitants, 269 of whom are in the town.
The Lyons district has a population of 1,098, of whom 534 are in the
town of that name.
Tattnall is considered one of the healthiest counties in Georgia.
The area of Tattnall county is 1,102 square miles, or 705,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 20,419, an increase of 10,166 since 1890; school
fund, $12,043.24.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 509,964; of wild land, 36,603; average price per acre of
improved land, $2.02; of wild land, $1,08; city property, $220,629;
money, etc., $556,069; merchandise, $166,888; household furniture,
$202,351; farm and other animals, $436,517; plantation and mechanical-
tools, $87,523; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,920; value of all other prop-
erty, $322,103; real estate, $1,750,481; personal estate, $1,860,469.
Aggregate value of whole property, $3,610,950.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,516;
value, $59,810; city property, $7,510;' money, etc., $2,926; merchan-
dise, $215; household furniture, $17,609 ; watches, etc., $418; farm and
other animals, $31,230; plantation and mechanical tools, $4,620; value
of all other property, $9,715. Aggregate value of whole property,
$143,229.
The tax returns show an increase of $101,795 in the value of all prop-
erty over the returns of 1900.
Population of Tattnall county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,917; white females, 6,389; total wliite,
13,306; colored males, 3,921; colored females, 3,192; total colored,
7,113.
836 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 122 calves, 58 steers, 6 bulls, 168 dairy cows, 156 horses,
272 mules, 822 swine, 26 goats.
TAYLOE COimTY.
Taylor County was formed from Talbot, Crawford, Macon, Monroe
and Marion in 1852, and was named in honor of General Zachary
Taylor, of Louisiana, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican war, and
twelfth president of the United States. It is bounded by the following
counties: Upson and Crawford on the northeast, Macon on the east,
southeast and south, Schley on the south, Marion and Talbot on the
west and Talbot on the northwest.
The Flint river flows along its whole northeastern boundary. Into
the Flint river empties Parchelagee creek, after traversing the northern
section of the county. White Water creek, after flowing in a south-
easterly course, turns to the east for a few miles and then making an-
other turn flows due south into Royal Cedar creek, which latter sepa-
rates Taylor on the south from Macon and Schley counties.
The soil of Taylor county is in the main cretaceous, with irregular
areas of the tertiary formation extending into the southern portion of
the county, while the northern portion is metamorphic with red clay
soil. Vegetation is consequently varied — hardwoods, yellow pine and
swamp growth prevailing, according to location. In some sections the
water is freestone, in others limestone.
These lands produce an average to the acre of 12 bushels of com, 20 of
oats, 6 of wheat, 5 of rye, 75 of Irish potatoes, 100 of sweet potatoes,
10 of fleld-peas, 30 of ground-peas, from 535 to 700 pounds of seed cot-
ton, 4,000 pounds of crab-grass hay, 300 of com fodder and 200 gallons
of sugar-cane syrup.
The gardens and orchards produce well. Above home consumption
there are sold about $2,500 worth of truck annually. There are 37,320
peach-trees, 6,607 apple-trees, 1,610 plum-trees, and 1,203 pear-trees.
While the peach crop is not so large as that of some of the neighboring
counties, the fruit is especially fine and brings fancy prices in the north-
em and eastern markets.
While there are no dairy farms, the farmers own a great many cattle,
among them some very fine cows. In 1890 the cattle numbered 4,686,
the working oxen 355, and the milch-cows, 1,356. The yield of milk was
198,922 gallons, and the butter made on farms was 59,228 pounds, and
the cheese, 100 pounds. All kinds of poultry aggregated 38,582, and
the number of their eggs was 65,249 dozens. The honey gathered was
16,691 pounds. In 1890 Taylor county had 578 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 2,018 pounds; 484 horses, 925 mules, 2 donkeys and 8,830 s^^dne.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Taylor county
8,371 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
The timber products are small, amounting to $6,000 annually.
On the tributaries of the Flint river 17 grist-mills utilize 264 horse-
powers.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 837
There are 10 other manufactories in the county, with an annual output
of $97,078. The new cotton-mill at Reynolds will add materially to this.
The public school buildings number 26 for white pupils and 16 for
colored, and have an average attendance of 680 white pupils and 543
colored.
The Methodists and Baptists with numerous churches supply the peo-
ple with religious advantages.
Butler, with a population of 707, on a branch of the Central of Geor-
gia Railroad, is the county site. The Butler district, which includes
the town, contains 3,083 inhabitants.
Reynolds, on the same railroad, is in the eastern section of the county.
The Reynolds district contains a population of 2^199, of whom 436 are
in the town.
The area of Taylor county is 338 square miles, or 216,320 acres.
Population in 1900, 9,846, an increase of 1,180 since 1890; school
fund, $6,451.96.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved lands, 216,384; of wild lands, 17,943; average price per acre of
improved land, $2.08; of wild land, $0.52; city property, $72,730;
shares in bank, $16,000; money, etc., $50,242; value of merchandise,
$36,020; stocks and bonds, $1,100; cotton manufactories, $90,000;
household furniture, $55,780; farm and other animals, $93,212; planta-
tion and mechanical tools, $21,116; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,488; real
estate, $532,148; personal estate, $398,268. Aggregate value of whole
property, $930,416.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 7,385;
value, $12,074; city property, $2,790; money, etc., $144; merchandise,
$40; household furniture, $7,162; watches, etc., $54; farm and other
animals, $8,949; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,833; value of all
other property, $344.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $35,525.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $13,765 in the value of
all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Taylor county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,386; white females, 2,434; total white, 4,820;
colored males, 2,428; colored females, 2,598; total colored, 5,026.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 13 calves, 3 steers, 1 bull, 13 dairy cows, 28 horses, 6
mules, 2 sheep, 136 swine, 13 goats.
TELFAIR COUKTY.
Telfair County was laid out in 1807. A part of it was added to
Montgomery in 1812 and other parts to Montgomery in 1820. A part
was taken from Appling and added to Telfair in 1819, and in 1854 a
part of Telfair was given to help form Coffee county. The county of
Telfair was named in honor of Hon. Edward Telfair, a native of Scot-
land who emigrated to Virginia and then to Georgia, engaging in com-
mercial pursuits at Savannah, lie was conspicuous throughout the Revo-
838 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
lution bj his patriotic zeal; represented Georgia in the Continental
Congress, and in behalf of his State signed the ratification of the
Articles of Confederation; after the war was one of the commissioners
appointed by the governor to make a treaty with the Cherokee chiefs;
was governor of Georgia from the 9th of January, 1786, to the 9th of
January, 1787; and again from the 9th of November, 1790, to the 7th
of E'ovember, 1793. While governor the second time he entertained
General Washington at the Grove, his family residence near Augusta, on
the occasion of the visit of his Excellency to Georgia.
Telfair county is bounded by the following counties: Montgomery
on the northeast, Coffee on the southeast, Coffee and Irwin on the south,
Wilcox on the southwest and Dodge on the northwest. Little Ocmulgee
river separates it from Montgomery county, the Ocmulgee from Coffee,
Irwin and Wilcox counties, Sugar, Turnpike and Cedar creeks all flow
across the county and empty into the Ocmulgee river.
The face of the country is level. The soil is sandy, with clay subsoil.
Under ordinary methods of cultivation the average yield of the various
crops to the acre is: com, 15 bushels; oats, 15; rye, 10; Irish potatoes,
75; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 15; chufas, 30; ricCj
10; millet, 10; seed cotton, 500 pounds; crab-grass hay, 1,500 pounds;
sugar-cane syrup, 200 gallons. The best lands with good cultivation will
produce to the acre: corn, 25 bushels, oats, 30; rye, 20; Irish potatoes,
100; sweet potatoes, 250; field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 25; chufas, 50;
rice, 20; millet, 200; upland seed cotton, 1,500 pounds; sea-island seed
cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; corn fodder, 500
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 375 gallons.
Crab, crowfoot and wire-grasses furnish good hay and also ample
pasturage for stock. Wheat bran, cotton seed meal and peas are also
used for feeding stock. Fifty per cent, of the fertilizers used is produced
on the farm, while 80 per cent, of the cotton seed raised is returned to
the land as a fertilizer, either in the form of cotton seed meal or as
green seed.
There is considerable improvement in the breeds of cattle, and yet
only a few beef cattle are raised, except on the range. In 1890 Telfair
county had 14,873 sheep, with a wool-clip of 9,704 pounds, 5,349 cat-
tle, 428 being working oxen and 1,468 milch-cows; 355 horses, 267
mules, 1 donkey, 7,659 swine, 14,343 domestic fowls, and by a later
estimate, 500 goats. Some of the products of the farms were 86,305 gal-
lons of milk, 4,978 pounds of butter, 985 pounds of honey and 21,007
dozens of eggs.
There are about 25 market gardens in the county selling about
$3,000 worth of truck above home consumption. About 500 acres are
devoted to melons, the net profit on which is $15 to the acre. The
principal fruits are peaches, apples, plums and pears.
There is a large business in rosin, turpentine, lumber, shingles, etc.
The annual output of lumber is about 100,000,000 superficial feet, at
$10 a thousand feet. About 15 sawmills and ten turpentine distilleries
are in operation. There are 20 grist-mills, 3 operated by water and 17
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 839
bj steam. There is an ice factory at McRae, also a wagon and buggy
factory. There are also two box and barrel factories.
The county site is McRae, a flourishing little town on the Southern
Railway. McRae district has a population of 1,678, of whom 1,020
are in the corporate limits of the town. Here is the South Georgia Col-
lege, under the auspices of the South Georgia Conference of the M. E.
Church (South), a flourishing institution with about 300 pupils. There
are altogether in the county about 100 schools, public and private. The
public schools number 38 for white pupils and 13 for colored, with an
average attendance of 653 in the white and 600 in the colored schools.
There are several small towns and postoffices in the county: Clayville,
China Hill, Cobbville, Elmina, Fentress, Helena, Jacksonville, Lumber
City, Milan, Neily, Oswald, Poplar Hill, Scotland, Temperance Town
and Wootten's Mill.
Lumber City district has 1,326 inhabitants, of whom 760 live in the
to\ra. Helena district has 975 inhabitants, 604 of whom are in the
town.
About 5,000 cotton bales are shipped from the eoitire county, which
enjoys both railroad and water transportation. According to the United
States census of 1900, there were ginned in Telfair county 2,324 bales
of upland and 217 of sea-island cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
The area of Telfair county is 412 square miles, or 263,680 acres.
Population in 1900, 10,083, a gain of 4,406 since 1890; school fund,
$6,213.15.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 143,525; acres of wild land, 136,258; average price to the
acre of improved land, $2.16; of wild land, $1.15; city property, $204,-
002; money, etc., $67,973; merchandise, $78,180; capital invested in
shipping, $7,002; iron works, $915; household furaiture, $64,726; farm
and other animals, $111,107; plantation and mechanical tools, $14,632;
watches, jewelry, etc., $5,420; value of other property, $37,250; real
estate, $673,318; personal estate, $403,105. Aggregate value of whole
property, $1,076,423.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,401,
value, $20,286; city property, $7,889; money, etc., $200; merchandise,
$65; household furaiture, $5,760; watches, jewelry, etc., $117; farm and
other animals, $9,662; plantation and mechanical tools, $1,132; value
of all other property, $1,483;. Aggregate value of whole property,
$46,594.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $200,934 in the value
of all property over the returas of 1900.
Population of Telfair county by sex and color, according to the ccn-
ma of 1900: white males, 3,054; white females, 2,903; total whites,
5,957; colored males, 2,138; colored females, 1,988; total colored,
4', 12 6.'
Domestic animals in baras and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 257 calves, 167 steers, 6 bulls, 331 dairy cows, 110 horses,
91 mules, 1 donkey, 74 sheep, 928 swine and 40 goats.
840 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TERRELL COUNTY.
Terrell County was formed from Lee and Randolph in 1856, and
was named for Dr. Wm. Terrell of Hancock county, who at one time
represented his county in the legislature and was a member from Geor-
gia of the House of Representatives at Washington from 1817 to 1821.
It is bounded by the following counties: Webster and Sumter on the
north, Lee on the east, Dougherty and Calhoun on the south and Ran-
dolph on the west. Kinchafoonee creek forms a part of its northeaster-n
and eastern boundary, and Ichawaynochaway creek part of the western
boundary. Other streams are Chickasawhatchee, Turkey and Chenubee
creeks. The water is in some parts freestone, in others, limestone.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and is a gray, sandy loam
with red outcrops in places. The face of the country is level or slightly
undulating. The forest growth is yellow pine on gray lands; oak and
hickory on red lands, with the usual swamp growth; white oak, ash,
maple, sycamore, poplar, gum and magnolia on streams.
The average yield of the various crops to the acre under ordinary
methods of production is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 13 bushels; wheat and
rye, 8 bushels each; Irish and sweet potatoes, 100 bushels each; sugar-
cane syrup, 206 gallons; sorghum forage, 4,000 pounds; seed cotton,
650 pounds. But many of the farmers under more scientific culture make
as an average to the acre: corn, 15 bushels; oats, 35 bushels; wheat,
13 bushels; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; seed cotton, 800 pounds.
Crab-grass and peavines are the chief reliance for hay, and frequently
make 4,000 pounds to the acre. Amber cane is extensively used for a
forage crop. Bermuda grass also does well, and so does the velvet bean,
though it is not planted to any great extent. Crab-grass makes good
pasturage for seven months of the year and beraiuda grass for nine.
The Jersey is the favorite milch-cow. Near Dawson is a successful
dairy farm.
In 1890 there were in the county 4,208 cattle, of which 134 were
working oxen, and 1,304 were milch-cows, which yielded 187,767 gal-
lons of milk, from which were made 64,944 pounds of butter. The
domestic fowls of every variety numbered 54,641, and produced 103,-
281 dozens of eggs. The honey collected amounted to 17,100 pounds.
In 1890 there were in Terrell county 365 sheep, with a wool-clip of
459 pounds, 438 horses, 1,634 mules, and 12,405 swine.
There are no regular market gardens, but some of the farmers make
a business of selling vegetables, ben-ies and small fruits. The amount
of truck sold amounts to about $5,000 worth.
Fine melons are raised. The acreage for the past season was about
200 acres. The net profit to the acre was $35.00.
The peach crop pays well. Other fruits are not produced in suffi-
cient quantities to warrant a statement of what they can do. There are
in the county 11,250 peach-trees and 500 apple-trees. Not msuaj grapes
are raised for the market. The Concord and other varieties do well. The
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 841
Scuppernong is indigenous to Terrell, as well as to many other counties
of Georgia.
There are about 50,000 acres of yellow pine, but most of it has been
sawed over. There is an annual output of 7 or 8 million superficial feet
at about $9.00 a thousand feet.
There is some sandstone, but none of it is being quarried.
There are in TeiTell county 12 grist-mills, 5 operated by water and
7 by steam. All of tlie 9 sawmills use steam. Other manufactories ai-e:
three of builder's supplies, two of coffins, one of carriages and buggies,
one turpentine distillery, and one cotton seed oil-mill. The annual out-
put of all these manufactories is $200,000. The tributaries of
Flint river furnish 56 horse-powers utilized by 5 grist-mills.
Dawson, the county site, is a growing city of 2,920 inhabitants, with
excellent schools and chiu'ches of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians
and Lutherans. It has two banks with a combined capital of $113,000;
a good system of water-works, and electric light plant; a paid lire de-
partment; a court-house and other public buildings worth $54,000; sev-
eral flourishing mercantile establishments, life and fire insurance agen-
cies and four of the manufacturing establishments mentioned above. At
Dawson two lines of railway, one a branch of the Central of Georgia,
the other of the Seaboard Air Line system, cross each other, the fonnci*
traversing the county from northeast to southwest, the latter from north-
west to southeast. In the district which includes the town there are
6,036 inhabitants. The public roads of the county are in fine condition.
Its products are marketed principally at Dawson, but a small percentage
goes to Parrott, Bronwood and Sasser.
Other post-offices and towns besides those already mentioned are: Cot-
tondale, Herod, Duvall and Graves Station. There is a free mail de-
livery all over the county.
The entire receipts and shipments of cotton from the county are 26,-
000 bales. Of these Dawson handles 17,000 bales. According to
the United States census of 1900, there were ginned in Terrell county
25,719 bales of upland cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
The area of Terrell county is 340 square miles, or 217,600 acres..
Population in 1900, 19,023, a gain of 4,520 since 1890; school fund,
$12,215.35.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 206,617; of wild land, 202; average price per acre of im-
proved land, $4.80; of wild land, $0.40; city property, $417,892; shares
in bank, $67,500; money, etc., $279,684; merchandise, $107,658;
stocks and bonds, $250; cotton manufactories, $1,738; iron works,
$100; household furniture, $127,859; farm and other animals, $191,-
852; plantation and mechanical tools, $45,547; watches, jewelry, etc.,
$8,507; value of all other property, $78,623; real estate, $1,425,170;
personal estate, $924,818. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,394,-
988.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 10,518;
S42 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
value, $45,468; city property, $18,082; money, $50; merchandise, $275;
household furniture, $30,624; watches, etc., $404; farm and other ani-
mals, $32,040; plantation and mechanical tools, $7,051; value of all
other property, $2,439. Aggregate value of whole property, $136,433.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $245,853 in the value of
all property since 1900.
The public schools of Terrell county number 24 for white pupils, and
24 for colored, with an average attendance of 689 white pupils and 851
colored.
Population of Terrell county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 2,913; white females, 2,761; total white,
5,674; colored males, 6,536; colored females, 6,813; total colored,
13,349.
Population of the city of Dawson by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 615; white females, 609; total white,
1,224; colored males, 778; colored females, 924; total colored, 1,702.
Total population of Dawson, 2,926.
Domestic animals in Terrell county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 12 calves, 7 steers, 2 bulls, 204 dairy
cows, 147 horees, 40 mules, 235 smne, 5 goats.
THOMAS COUNTY.
Thomas County was formed from Decatur and Irwin in 1825, and
a part of Lowndes was added to it in 1826. It was named in honor of
Jett Thomas, who was captain of artillery in the army of General Floyd
at the battles of Antossee and Chalibbee. He was bom in Virginia in
1777, and died in Milledgeville, Georgia, of cancer in 1815.
Thomas county is bounded on the north by Mitchell and Colquitt,
east by Brooks county, south by the State of Florida, and west by De-
catur county. The Ocklockonee river, from the northeast to the southwest
corner is the principal stream. The county lies on the backbone of an
elevated ridge, which extends across the State from northeast to south-
west. It slopes eastward and westward and from the watershed thus
formed flow numerous creeks and smaller, limpid streams. From the hill-
sides burst numerous springs, from which flow branches of clear water.
In every part of the county wells of good freestone water are easily dug.
In many sections the surface is level, in others undulating. Some parts
of the county are rather hilly. The soil varies greatly and some close
observers say that no fifty acres are exactly alike. The greater part of
it is a gray, sandy loam, with a red clay subsoil, while some of it is of a
yellow, sandy clay formation. There are lands of black muck, very
fertile, as well as lands of pure sand, that are nearly useless for agricul-
tural purposes. The prices vary from $2 to $10 an acre, according to
location, quality and improvements. An average farm can be purchased
at from $5 to $6 an acre. The principal crops are cotton, both long and
short-staple, sugar-cane, sweet and Irish potatoes, peas of every variety,
all the common vegetal3les, and many kinds of grasses. Crab is almost
r:
Q
C
o
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ' 845
the only grass cultivated in Thomas county for hay, being cut after
other crops, especially after melons. AVhen cultivated for hay exclu-
sively it produces from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds to the acre. On some lands
the yield to the acre under ordinary methods of cultivation is as follows:
corn, 9 bushels; oats, 10 to 12 bushels; rye, 10 bushels; sorghum-syrup,
100 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons; Irish potatoes 100 bushels;
sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; seed cotton, 400 pounds. On other lands
under a proper system of cultivation the }deld to the acre is as follows:
com, 20 to 30 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; rye, 20 bushels; barley, 40
bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, 200 bushels each; field-peas, 25 bush-
els; groimd-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 600 pounds; sorghum
syrup, 250 gallons; sugar-cane cyrup, 400 gallons.
The native grasses (w4re and sedge), burned off in spring and growing
up luxuriantly form the principal summer pasturage, which is supple-
mented by the cane brakes. In winter the preferred food for cattle con-
sists of cotton seed meal and hulls with hay made from the native grass-
es. Some attention is given to the improvement of beef cattle. The
improvement in milch-cows is marked, the Jersey predominating. There
are 4 dairy fanns with a capacity of 200 gallons of milk a day.
In 1890 there were in Thomas county 16,354 cattle, of which there
were 694 working oxen and 4,584 milch-cows. Of the cows, 672 w^ere
of improved breeds. The milk produced amounted to 442,092 gallons,
the butter to 79,252 pounds, and the cheese to 1,018 pounds. The sheep
numbered 3,511 and yielded 7,545 pounds of wool. There were 84,309
domestic fowls producing 138,793 dozens of eggs. The honey gathered
amounted to 7,139 pounds. There were 1,916 hoi-ses, 1,482 mules, 8
donkeys and 25,720 swine.
The county has wild turkeys and quail for those who fancy hunting,
and the many streams furnish black bass and perch to reward the labora
of the fisherman.
The fruits consist principally of pears, peaches, apples, plums, straw-
berries, figs, grapes and watermelons.
The vegetables are all the varieties common to this country. The
products of the market gardens over and above home consumption
amount to somewhere near $3,000 worth. About 200 acres are devoted
to grapes cultivated for home use.
A good portion of the county is still covered with original forest
growth and consists mainly of yellow pine, various kinds of oak, hickory,
poplar, magnolia, gum, beech and othei-s. About 35 lumber and saw-
mills, all run by steam, are employed in sawing the timber and prepar-
ing it for manufacturing purposes.
There are in Thomasville railroad shops of the Plant System, 3 shops
for repairing vehicles, 2 sash and blind factories, and one foundry. In
Thomasville and other towns are 10 or 12 shops whore shoes are repaired
and made. In the county arc 12 turpentine distilleries. There are 3
grist-mills and ginneries run by water-power.
Thomasville, the conntv site, is a flonri«hing city with a population of
5,322, or, including the district, 9,172. It has three banks with an ag-
«^46 * GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
gregate capital of $250,000; first-class hotels, a fine system cf public
schools, two colleges, and churches of the Methodist, Baptist, Presby-
terian, Episcopalian, Bible Christian and Roman Catholic denomina-
tions. It is well lighted by gas and electricity and has water-works and
a system of sewerage. The natural drainage is perfect, the water run-
ning off in every direction. The streets are broad, well-kept, and in
many places shaded with native trees. It is noted for its beautiful flow-
ers which bloom every month of the year. There are 2 florists establish-
ments, each with an annual sale of $1,000 worth of flowers and flower-
ing plants. Two branches of the Plant System cross each other at
Thomasville. The Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railroad also has its
southern terminus here.
Other growing towns of the county are: Boston, with a bank which
has a capital of $25,000; Cairo, also having a bank with a capital of
$25,000; Ocklockonee, Metcalf, Meigs, Pavo and Pidcock.
The district of Boston has 3,663 inhabitants, of whom 722 reside in
the town. Cairo district has 4,400 people, of xvhom 690 are in the town.
The Meigs district contains 1,252 people, of whom 617 are residents of
the town.
The public roads of the county are in good condition, and there are
beautiful drives in and around Thomasville.
Thomas and Decatur counties are extensively engaged in the manu-
facture of syrup from the sugar-cane.
Cairo has become the center of the syrup trade of Georgia, shipping in
one year 10,000 barrels, valued at somethi-ng over $100,000. The leaders
in this industry are Mr. J. Byron Wight and his two brothers. While the
syrup industry was still in its infancy Mr. Wight, at that time a school-
teacher, was forced by ill health to seek employment in the open air.
He began to study the best methods of syrup making and was aided in
his efforts by his two brothers, who were merchants. The result has
been a vast improvement in Georgia syrup, for which there is a rapidly
increasing demand. The improvements introduced have led to the in-
tention of establishing first-class sugar refineries, which would bring
Georgia to the front as a syrup and sugar-producing State.
Major Purse of Savannah, is one of the most zealous promoters of
this great industry. He and Colonel James, with Mr. Wight and others,
have made trips to Louisiana for the purpose of obtaining information.
The great railway lines, the Central of Georgia, the Southern and the
Plant Systems, are taking a lively interest in the promotion of cane-
growing.
Many of the best farmers of this section think 600 gallons of good
syrup to the acre, under proper care and cultivation, a conservative esti-
mate, while some have made as high as 750 gallons to the acre at a time
when there was no market for it.
A large, thoroughly up-to-date sugar refinery would insure an enor-
mous increase in cane culture with an accompanying prosperity such as
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 847
Georgia has never known before. During the winter of 1900-1901 there
were shipped from this section through New Ch-leans to Texas, 1,500
barrels of Georgia syrup.
The products of the county are marketed at Thomasville, Boston,
Cidro, Ocklockonee, Metcalf and Meigs. Of 15,000 bales of cotton ship-
ped from the county, 2,500 are handled at Thomasville.
According to the census of 1900 there were ginned in Thomas county
10,923 bales of upland and 1,550 of sea-island cotton in the season of
1S99-1900.
The whole county is well supplied with churches and schools. Of
110 public school buildings 63 are for white and 47 for colored, and the
average attendance is 1,956 white pupils, and 1,980 colored.
The area of Thomas county is 713 square miles, or 456,320 acres.
Population in 1900, 31,076, a gain of 4,922 since 1890; school fund,
$19,923.92.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 444,471; of wild land, 1,550; average value of improved
land per acre, $2.66; of wild land, $1.00; city property, $1,335,146;
shares in bank, $92,500; gas and electric lights, $13,000; building and
loan association, $30,000; money, etc., $277,081; merchandise, $284,-
995; stocks and bonds, $7,000; cotton manufactories, $3,442; household
furniture, $282,937; farm and other animals, $302,448; plantation and
mechanical tools, $75,597; watches, jewelry, etc., $18,770; value of all
other property, $116,047; real estate, $2,521,871; personal estate,
$1,635,728. Aggregate value of whole property, $4,157,599.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 24,620;
value, $65,754; city property, $77,366; money, etc., $5,890; merchan-
dise, $1,830; household furniture, $31,323; watches, etc., $558; farm
and other animals, $42,883; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,326;
value of all other property, $5,357. Aggregate value of whole prop-
erty, $240,317.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $313,384 in the value
of all property since 1900.
Population of Thomas county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,823; white females, 6,803; total white,
13,626; colored males, 8,300; colored females, 9,150; total colored,
17,450.
Population of the city of Thomasville by sex and color, according to
the census of 1900: white males, 958; white females, 1,068; total white,
2,026; colored males, 1,349; colored females, 1,947; total colored,
3,296.
Total population of Thomasville, 5,322.
Domestic animals in Thomas county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranffos. Tune 1, 1900: 252 calves, 206 steers, 16 bulls, 453
dairy cows, 382 horses, 252 mules, 10 sheep, 572 swine, 43 goats.
848 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TOWNS COUNTY.
Towns County was formed out of Union and Rabun counties in 1856^
and was named in honor of G. W. Towns, who represented Georgia in
Congress in 1834, and was governor from 1847 to 1849. He died in
the citj of Macon in 1854, at the age of 54 years.
Towns county is bounded on the north by the State of North Carolina,
on the east and southeast by Eabun and Habersham counties, on the
south by White county, on the west and southwest by Union county.
Hiawassee river flows from north to south through the center of the
county. Other streams are Hightower, Fodder's, Bell and Brasstown
creeks.
This is a mountainous country, but on the river and creeks are some
very rich lands.
The climate is cool and bracing; the water, freestone, clear and cold.
The loamy black soil along the mountain streams is well adapted to
corn, rye, oats, fruits and vegetables. The clay, mulatto soil of the up-
lands is well adapted to all crops. Clover, though not extensively raised,
gives fine yields on good land. Red top is best adapted to this county.
The natural grasses that grow about the lowlands are the chief reliance
for hay. Peavines, wherever planted, give an abundance of hay.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops under ordinary
methods of cultivation is: corn, 25 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 12
bushels; rye, 10 bushels; Irish potatoes, 60 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50
bushels; field-peas, 20 bushels; ground-peas, 20 bushels; crab-grass hay,
4,000 pounds; com fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
With scientific farming the lands do even better. Towns county pro-
duces the very best quality of cabbages, with heads firm and white,
large as a peck measure, and weighing 15 or 20 pounds. Turnips of im-
mense size and excellent flavor are raised in great quantities. Fruits,
melons and berries do well, but remoteness from the railroad prevents
the raising of more than enough for home consumption. Apples are an
exception, however. Large numbers of them are sold and at good profits.
Nearly every farmer has plenty of peaches for home use. Most of the
chestnuts found in the markets of our Georgia cities and towns in the
fall of the year come from Towns and other counties of this section.
At Osbom there is a small vineyard producing the best varieties
of grapes.
There are no dairy fanns in the county, but there is a considerable
amount of butter made on the farms. The people raise some cattle for
beef, and there is considerable improvement in the breeds of bolh
dairy and beef cattle. Some pure breeds, especially bulls, have been
lately brought into the county. The poultry and egg industry is de-
cidedly on the increase.
The stubble fields and meadows give excellent pasturage, and there
is good mountain range for cattle, sheep and horses, and a fair supply
of mast for hogs, which grow fat on acorns, hickory-nuts and chestnuts.
In 1890 Towns county hacl 4,242 sheep with a wool-clip of 7,093 pounds,
2,998 cattle, 504 woridng oxen, 980 milch-cows, 406 horses, 292 mules, 6
YELLOW TRANSPARENT.
Of Russian origin, but now largely planted East, West, North and South, and succeeds
everywhere as a very hardy, early ripening, excellent variety.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 849
donkejs, 4,731 swine and 37,374 domestic fowls of various kinds.
Among the products were 268,033 gallons of milk, 61,673 pounds of
butter, 2U,91-1 dozens of eggs and 9,590 pounds of liouej. There is
abimdance of mountain trout in the streams, and in the mountains some
game, such as bear, deer, turkey, wolves and panthers.
There are about 75,000 acres of forest land, mostly in hardwoods.
The most valuable species are oak, hickoiy, poplar, walnut, chestnut,
cherry, Lynn birch, maple, ash and locust. The urice of the timber is
from $8 to $10 a thousand feet. There m-e 3 sawmills getting out tim-
ber for the home supply.
The mountain streams afford abundance of water-power, varying at
different points from 1 to 1,000 hoi-se-powers.
There ai*e some few small Hour-mills and gnst-mills scattered through
the county, grinding for the county custom, probably about 30, all but
3 of which are operated by water.
There is one tannery. The people are aoixious for manufactories, es-^
pecially such as will work up their hai'dwoods, which are very valuable.
There is abundance of granite and sei-pentine gneiss for building and
otlier uses. Gold is mined to some extent. Iron, chrome and magnetite^
manganese, asbestos, talc, ochre, yellow and red plumbago, buhr, some
gems and plenty of corundum are found. A very large plant is now
being constmcted at a cost of $100,000 at Tate City, in the eastern part
of the county for mining coiimdum.
• Hiawassee, the county site, has several successful mercantile establish-
ments. A n'ew court-house is being built at a cost of $8,000.
Other post-offices are Mountain Scene, Osborn, Visage, Welch and
Young Harris. At this latter place is a fine school endowed by Young
L. G. Harris, of Athens, Georgia, and under the control of the North
Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. Here
young men and young ladies of limited means can obtain an education
at the least possible expense. There is also at Hiawassee a good school
under the patronage of the Baptists. Methodists and Baptists are the
leading Christian sects. Their churches are scattered at convenient dis-
tances throughout the county. There are some 26 schools of the public
school system, with an enrollment of 1,350 pupils. Of these 23 are for
whites and one for colored. The average attendance is 790 white pupils
and 14 colored.
Murphy, jSTorth Carolina, Ls the nearest railroad town. In this and
several Georgia towns the products of the county are marketed.
The area of Towns county is 168 square miles, or 107,520 acres.
Population in 1900, 4,748, a gain of 684 since 1890; school fund,
$3,210.80.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there arc: acres of im-
proved land, 91,712; of wild land, 23,241; average value of improved
lands to the acre, $1.91; of wild lands, $0.45; city property, $20,095;
money, etc., $40,815; merchandise, $16,450; capital invested in mining,
$210; household and kitchen furniture, $19,140; farm and other ani-
mals, $61, 099; plantation and mechanical tools, $9,641; watches, jew-
41 ga
850 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
elvy, etc., $716; value of all other property, $4,716; real estate, $219,-
339; personal estate, $163,754. Aggregate value of whole property,
$383,093.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
360; value, $125.00; money, $60.00; household furniture, $55.00;
farm and other animals, $169.00; plantation and mechanical tools,
$5.00; value of all other property, $4.00. Aggi-egate value of whole
property, $424.00.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $23,379 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of To^vns county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,341; white females, 2,336; total white, 4,677;
colored males, 38; colored females, 33; total colored, 71.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 1 dairy cow, 14 horses, 11 mules.
TKOUP COUKTY.
Troup County was laid out in 1826. A part was set off to Harris in
1827, and a part to Heard in 1830. It was named for Hon. George M.
Troup, who was bom at Mcintosh's Bluff on the Tombigbee, in what
w^as at that time a part, of Georgia, but is now within the litmits of the
State of Alabama. He attended school in Mcintosh county, Georgia,
and then in Savannah, later still at a celebrated academy on Long Island,
New York, was graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and re-
turning to Savannah studied law in that city. He held many important
offices, viz. : in the legislature, in Congress as representative and senator,
and as governor of Georgia. It was in this latter capacity that he suc-
cessfully maintained the rights and honor of Georgia in a controversy
with the general government concerning the Creek lands.
Troup county is bounded on the north by Coweta county, and on the
northwest by Heard, on the east by Meriwether, on the south by Harris,
and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Chattahoochee river,
entering the county on the northwest, flows tow^ard its southwest corner,
from which point it becomes the boundary line between Alabama and
Georgia. There are also numerous creeks, tributaries of the Chatta-
hoochee, among the chief of which are Yellow Jacket and Wehadka.
The land is rolling, well-watered and productive, embracing the varie-
ties of soil peculiar to most of the counties of the Middle Georgia belt.
With proper tillage much of it will yield to the acre: com, 15 bushels;
oats, 20; wheat, from 10 to 15 bushels; rye, 12 bushels; barley, 20
bushels; Irish potatoes, 100, and sweet potatoes, 125 bushels; field-peas,
20 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; hay
made from bermuda, or crab-grass, or clover, 3,000 pounds; com fodder,
300 pounds; shredded com, 3,000 pounds; sorghum forage, about the
same; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons. The red lands of the county are fer-
tile, producing, besides all the crops named above, a great variety of gar-
den vegetables. Melons and berries are plentiful and of the best quality.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ^51
Luscious gi-apes are raised for home consumption. TLe lands are also
well adapted to peucli-growing and to peare, plimis and cherries.
Considerable attention is paid to the improvement of the breeds of
cattle, both for the dairy and for beef. Kearly one-fourth of the cows
belong to the higher grades. In 1890 Troup county had 5,077 cattle,
of which 196 were working oxen and 2,306 were milch-<}ows, producing
695,265 gallons of milk, from which were made 224,192 pounds of but-
ter. The domestic fowls numbered 70,773, and produced, 162,055
dozens of eggs. From the bee-hives were collected 20,539 pounds of
honey. The county had 879 horses, 2,152 mules, 4 donkeys, and
•8,526 swine. There were 223 sheep yielding 462 pounds of wool.
There is excellent timber available for manufacturing purposes, such
as yellow pine, oak, niaplo, hickory, sweet-gum, poplar, etc.
LaGrange, the county site, is a gro\\ang city seventy-one miles south-
west of Atlanta. The LaGrange district, which includes the city, con-
tains 6,297 inhabitants, and in the coi-porate limits the city has a popula-
tion of 4,274. At a height of 850 feet above sea level and with a natural
drainage that insures freedom from malaria, LaGrange enjoys an ex-
cellent reputation for healthfulness. Beautiful flower gardens are found
in all portions of the city, among the most noted being "The Terraces"
or Ferrell Garden, at its western limit. The streets are wide and beau-
tifully shaded with w^ater oaks and elms. It is a place of great culture
and refinement, the seat of two noted colleges for ladies; the Southern
Female (Baptist) College and the LeGrange Female College, owned
by the North Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church,
South ; also of the Park Iligh school for boys, and several other private
schools. It has also an excellent public school system.
There are two ]\Iethodist, two Baptist, one Episcopalian and two Pres-
byterian churches.
An excellent system of water-worlcs fumishee abundance of water for
all purposes. The streets are lighted by electricity. There are two
banks with a combined capital and surplus of $300,000.
There are three cotton-mills owned and operated by home people,
Avith an aggregate of 454 looms, 31,600 spindles and a combined capital
of $532,400. They manufacture sheeting, shirting, drills, o&naburgs,
duck, and a variety of white cotton goods. These factories are the La-
Grange Mills, the Dixie Mill and the Troup Factory.
Other manufactories are: a cotton oil-mill, of large capacity, a gin-
nery, a guano factory, a foundry and machine shop, two planing-mills
and variety workshops, two buggy and wagon factories, a grist-mill and
a successful creamery and cheese factory.
Through the work of the creamery there are now (1901) more than
300 Jersey cows in the vicinity of LaGrange. More than fifty farmers
furnish milk to this creamery and some of them make as much as
$165.00 a month. The butter from this creamery took the World's
Fair prize at the Paris exposition of 1900, and won the Biltmore prize
.at the dairy exposition held the sanio year in Atlanta.
Surrounding La(ira;ngo are many elegant suburban homes, stock
852 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
farms, dairy f arras, orchards and vineyards. The farms are well sup-
plied with wood and water.
Bemiuda grass furnishes pasturage for nine months of the year, and
on some of the farms yields from three to six tons to the acre. Well
located fann lands can be purchased at from $10 to $20 per acre.
Good manufacturing sites aa-e abundant.
The second largest place in Troup County is the thriving city of West
Point, 87 miles from Atlanta, with a population of 1,797 in its coa^orate
limits and in the whole West Point district, 3,086. The city o^vns its
water-works and electric light plant, and has an excellent public school
system. It is well supplied with churches of the Methodist, Baptist and
Presbyterians. It has three cotton-mills with an aggi-egate of 1,180
looms and 44,000 spiiiidles, and a monthly pay-a-oll of $20,000. They
manufacture duck, sateens, sheetings, drills and osmaburgs. West Point
has also a cotton oil-mill, a brick plant, a tannery, an iron foundry and
machine shops.
The town of Hogansville, with a population of 893 in the coi-porate
limits, or 2,663 in the Hogansville district, which includes the town, has
a cotton factory, a cotton oil-mill, a brick plant, a guano factory, a har-
ness factory, gri3t>mill and ginnery. There are good schools and Method-
ist, Baptist and Presbyterian churches.
Other postoffices in Troup county are Antioch, Long Cane, Asbury,
Troup Factory, Vernon and Mountville.
The Mountville district has 1,918 inhabitants, of whom 224 live in
the town of Mountville.
All Troup county is well supplied with churches and schools.
In the 36 public schools for white children there is an average attend-
ance of 1,009 pupils, and in the 40 for colored, 1,314 pupils.
The two colleges in LaGrange and the Park High school are for whites
exclusively.
The white and colored races in every county of Georgia attend sepa-
rate schools.
The county is traversed from northeast to southwest by the Atlanta
and West Point Railroad, and from east to west by the Macon and
Birmingham Railroad. These two roads cross each other at LaGrange.
On the first named are Hogansville and West Point, on the latter,
Mountville.
According to the United States census for 1900 there were ginned in
Troup county 21,550 bales of upland cotton during the season of 1899-
1900.
The area of Troup county is 434 square miles, or 277,760 acres.
The population by the census of 1900 was 24,002, a gain of 3,279 over
1890. According to the report of the Commissioner of Education for
1900, the school fund was $15,672.47.
By the Comptrollei-General's report for 1900 the property returned
was: acres of improved land, 268,983; average value per acre,
$4.06; city property, $922,459; shares in bank, $275,000; money
and solvent' debts, ' $268,800; merchandise, $237,071; stocks and
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 853
bonds, $105,965; cotton manufactories, $329,800; household and kitch-
en furniture, $151,535; farm and other animals, $178,240; plantation
and mechanical tools, $40,997; watches, jewelry, etc., $14,131; value of
all other p:-operty, $146,817; real estate, $2,013,788; pereonal estate,
$1,894,328. Aggregate value of whole property, $3,908,116.
Property returned by colored taxpayei*s: number of acres, 8,659;
value of land, $35,491; city property, $38,996; money, etc., $865; mer-
chandise, $280; household and kitchen furniture, $15,129; watches,
jewelry, etc., $301; fami and other animals, $29,108; plantation and
mechanical tools, $6,255; value of all other property, $1,401. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $131,871.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $273,980 in the value of
all property as compared with the returns of 1900.
Population of Troup county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 4,267; white females, 4,401; total white,
8,668; colored males, 7,445; colored females, 7,889; total colored,
15,334.
Population of the city of LaGrange by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,179; white females, 1,368; total white,
2,547; colored males, 767; colored females, 960; total colored, 1,727.
Total population of LaGrange, 4,274.
Domestic animals in Troup county in barns and inclosures, not on
fanns or ranges, June 1, 1900: 116 calves, 8 steers, 2 bulls, 298 dairy
co^\'s, 324 horses, 33 mules, 3 donkeys, 6 sheep, 567 swine, 10 goats.
About six or eight miles west of LaGrange, on the west bank of the
Chattahoochee river, where the Wehadka creek empties into that
stream, there once stood a village belonging to the Muscogees, a tribe
of the Creek Indians. This was the meeting point where the marauding
parties met to plan some murdeix)us foray upon the unprotected settlei's
of the frontier. It was after one of these predatory excursions that the
warriors of the nation had assembled to celebrate the Gmen Com Dance
preparatory to another bloody raid.
A few hundred men under the command of Major Adams, who had
volunteered to strike. a blow at the savages, had arrived one evening in
1793, within a few miles of the river.
While they were in waiting for nnght, so that under cover of tlie dark-
ness, they might surprise the enemy, Major Adams, accompanied by a
private soldier named Hill, started to swim the Chattahoochee in order
to reconnoiter the position of the enemy. Hill, who came near being
drowned, was rescued by the Major, who then, after encountering many
perils, gained the desired information and returned to his command.
Leading his men across the river at a favorable point, lie completely sur-
prised the Indians, of whom scarcely a warrior escaped. As far as
possible the women and children were spared. The Indian town
was completely destroyed. For many years posts still standing in
the midst of the saplings that had gro\\'Ti up among tlie ruins pointed
out to the traveler the place where formerly stood the Bunit Village.
354 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TWIGGS COUNTY.
Twiggs County was formed from Wilkinson in 1809, and a part of it
was added tO' Bibb in 1833. It was named in honor of Colonel John
Twiggs, who during the Revolutionaiy war won distinction in battles
with the British, and subsequently with the Indians. It is bounded by
the following counties: Bibb and Jones on the north and northwest.
Wilkinson on the east, Pulaski on the south, Houston and Bibb on the
west. The Ocmulgee river is on its western boundaiy. Into it empty
Shellstone, Crooked, Flat and Savage creeks. The northern part of tlie
county is generally broken, with gray soil. The lands on Ocmulgee river
and Turkey creek are about the best, having a good clay soih
Taking the general average of all the lands in the county, the yield to
the acre under ordinary methods of culture is: com, 9 bushels; vv^heat,
from 8 to 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; peas, 8 bushels;
ground-peas, 30 bushels; Irish and sweet potatoes, each about 100 bush-
els; seed cotton, 500 pounds. There are many acres of the best land
which greatly exceed most of the above yields, giving as an average
production to the acre: com, 20 bushels; oats, 25; wheat, 12; rye, 7;
field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 40; sweet potatoes, 125; seed cotton, 800
pounds; bermuda and crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds each; corn fodder,
450 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 300 gallons.
Vegetables of great variety and excellent quality are raised in great
abundance. Fruits, melons and berries do well.
There is a growing interest in the improvement of the breeds of cat-
tle. Jerseys and Holsteins are favorite cows for milk. Steps are being
taken to raise more beef cattle and from better breeds. In 1890 Twiggs
county had 2,766 cattle, 204 of which were working oxen, and 9(33
milch-cows, 464 horses, 1,163 mules, 8,960 swine and 42,034 domestic
fowls. Among its products were 150,744 gallons of milk, 38,243
pounds of butter, 63,237 dozens of eggs and 4,986 pounds of honey.
There were also 55 sheep, with a wool-clip of 152 pounds.
There are still standing about 40,000 acres of pine, hickory, oak and
poplar. The annual output of lumber is about 250,000 superficial feet,
valued at $8.00 a thousand feet.
Bluestone of good quality is found. There are good veins of pottery
clay, which is being worked by a small plant valued at about $2,000.
The Ocmulgee river and its tributaries abound in fish. The game con-
sists chiefly of quails and rabbits (or hares).
There are in Twiggs county 8 grist-mills and one sawmill. About half
the grist-mills are operated by water, and the rest by steam.
The Southern Railway traverses the western part of the county, and
the Macon, Dublin and Savannah the eastern section. Jeffersonville on
the latter road is the county site. Other postofiices are Big Sandy, Bnl-
lards, Bums and Fitzpatrick.
The cotton receipts and shipments amount to 7,000 bales. Most of
the products of the county are marketed in Macon. According to the
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 855
United States census of 1900, there were ginned in this county, 9,484
bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900.
T\nggs county has about 3G public schools, 19 for whites and 17 for
negroes. The average attendance is: whites 401, colored, 539.
Churches of the ]\Ie.thodist and Baptist denominations are in every sec-
tion of the county.
The ai-ea of Twiggs county is 423 square niiles, or 270,720 acres.
Population of Twiggs county in 1900, 8,716; a gain of 521 since 1890;
school fund, $6,840.33.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 216,089; of wild laud, 9,709; average value per acre of im-
proved land, $1.95; of w^ld land, $0.60; city property, $19,944; money,
etc., $24,666; merchandise, $11,825; houeshold furniture, $30,556;
farm and other animals, $83,487; plantation and mechanical tools, $17,-
766; watches, jewelry, etc., $2,582; value of all other property, $30,801;
real estate, $447,440; personal estate, $219,288. Aggregate value of
whole property, $666,728.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
6,917; value, $14,150; city property, $525; household furniture, $7,-
755; watches, etc., $144; farm and other animals, $22,316; plantation
and mechanical tools, $4,217; value of all other property, $849.00. Ag-
gregate value of whole property, $56,238.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $77,704 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Twiggs county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,435; white females, 1,476; total white,
2,911; colored males, 2,912; colored females, 2,893; total colored,
5,805.
Domestic animals in Twiggs county in bams and inclosures, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: No report.
UNIOI^ COUNTY.
Union County was laid out from Cherokee and organized in 1832.
At the time of its organization there was a gi*eat deal of discussion in
Georgia over Union and States' rights. John Thomas, who had been
chosen by the people a representative fi'om the new county, being asked
by the legislature to suggest a name for it replied, ''Union! for none
but Union men live in the county." The legislature was strongly of
the same sentiment and accepted the name.
This county is bounded as follows: on the north by Nortli Carolina,
on the northeast and east by Towns county, on tlio southeast by AVliite
and Lumpkin, on the south by Lumpkin, and on the west by Fannin.
Notley creek and Tcccoa river are the principal streams. From them
are caught mountain trout and horny-heads. The pheasant summer cli-
mate, bracing atmosphere and cold, freestone water, render this a
healthy and delightful section of the State.
The southern part of the county is traversed by the Blue Ridgo with
856 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
many peaks, among the most noted of which are Ivy Log, Cooper's,
Creek Blood, Track Rock, Ball and Round Top Moimtain. Track
Rock, which is seven miles east of Blairsville, is in a gap of the En-
chanted Mountain. This rock is so called, because, at the headwaters of
Brass Town creek, where dt is a species of soapstone, it is marked by
tracks of turkeys, deer, horses, bears, and by what are supposed to be
the footprints of Indians,
On I^otely river, or creek, as it is also called, about one and a half
miles from Blairsville, there once occurred a battle between the Chero-
kee and Creek Indians over some disputed territoiy, and these images
are said to be hieroglyphics made to commemorate the event.
The oak and hickory table-lands are good, and those of the creeks and
river bottoms are excellent. The chief productions are com, wheat, rye,
oats, tobacco, potatoes, cabbage of the finest kind, turnips, peaches and
apples.
The average yield to the acre of the various crops is: com, 20 bushels;
oats, from 15 to 30 bushels, according to location; wheat, from 6 to 12
bushels; rye from 5, on ordinary lands, to 15 bushels, and more on the
best soils; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, from 100 to 200
bushels; peas, 25 bushels; groimd-peas, 50 bushels; hay from crab and
herds-grass, 1.500 pounds, and from clover, between 2,000 and 3,000
pounds; com fodder, 450 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons.
With proper attention this is a great country for grass. Red top and
clover do well, and can be made to yield abundantly. Cattle and sheep
run in the woods in summer and thrive on the pasturage afforded by the
native grasses. In winter they are fed on com fodder, hay, cotton seed
meal, hulls and bran.
Beef cattle constitute the chief reliance of the people for money, and
renewed interest is being shown in the improvement of breeds. In 1890
Union county had 720 horses, 606 mules, 9 donkeys, 8,623 emne, 5,796
cattle, 1,074 of which were working oxen, 1,830 were milch-cows, 8,984
sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,253 pounds, and 67,843 domestic fowls.
Some of the productions of the county were 420,397 gallons of milk,
91,880 pounds of butter, 20 pounds of cheese, 15,541 pounds of honey,
and 68,512 dozens of eggs.
In the western part of the county are found iron ore, alum, sulphate
of iron and granite quartz. There are large quarries of millstone of ex-
cellent quality on Ivy Log and Brass Town creeks, on which same
streams and on Coosa creek gold has been found. There is in this same
section of the county variegated marble.
Blairs^dlle, the county site, was named for James Blair of Habersham,
which county he represented in the legislature for many years. It has a
new court-house just completed which cost $14,000.
The forest timbers which cover about 100,000 acres, are oak of vari-
ous kinds, hickory, poplar, white and spmoe pine, gum, walnut, black
locust, maple and laurel. A few sawmills are engaged in cutting out
lumber, but the output is small.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 857
The religious denominations are Baptist, Methodist and Pi-esbyterian,
and their churches ai-e scattered throughout the county.
There are 45 schools belonging to the State public school system. Of
these 44 are for white and 1 for colored. The average attendance is
1,128 white and 22 colored.
The products of the county are marketed for the most part in Gaines-
ville and Atlanta.
The area of Union county is 325 square miles, or 208,000 acres.
Population by census of 1900, 8,481, a gain of 732 since 1890; school
fund, $5,777.72.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 202,356; of ^^dld land, 33,573; average value per acre of
improved land, $1.44; of vnld land, $0.26; city property, $12,800;
money, etc., $65,999; merchandise, $16,416; household furniture, $27,-
043; farm and other animals, $102,046; plantation and mechanical tools,
$14,571; watches, jewelry, etc., $874; value of all other property, $9,-
159; real estate, $314,961; personal estate, $238,943. Aggregate value
of property, $553,904.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres, 157; value,
$325; household furniture, $196; fann and other animals, $292.00;
plantation tools, $24.00; value of all other property, $5.00. Aggi*egate
value of whole property, $842.00.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $5,803 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Union county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,130; white females, 4,223; total white, 8,353;
colored males, 66; colored females, 62; total colored, 128.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on fai-ms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: iSTo report.
UPSON COmTTY.
Upson County was laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824. A
part was taken from it arul added to Pike in 1825. It was named in
honor of Stephen Upson, a prominent lawyer of Oglethorpe county.
The following counties bound it: Pike on the north, Monroe and Craw-
ford on the east, Taylor and Talbot on the south and southwest, and
Meriwether on the west.
The Thomaston branch of the Central Pailroad nms from the north-
east southward to the center of the county. The Macon and Binning-
ham Pailroad enters the county about tlie middle of the eastern bound-
ary, and runs northwestward, crossing the Central at Tlioniaston. One
of the main lines of the Southern system from Atlanta to Fort Valley
runs across the northeastern section of the county, while another branch
from McDonough to Columbus passes for a few miles through the north-
west comer. Thus this county enjoys the very bc^t railroad facilities.
The best lands arc in the southcastciiin part of the county on the Flint
river, and on Potat-o and Noble's creeks. The soil belongs to the meta-
858 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
morpliic formation, having red, undulating lands, interspei-sed with gray
gravel, both underlaid with an impervious red clay subsoil. There is
abundance of freestone water.
"While the average yield per acre of all classes of land is 12 bushels
of com, 8 of oats, 7 of wheat and 550 pounds of seed cotton, the better
lands, with good culture, produce per acre: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30;
barley, 40; wheat, 12; rye, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 150;
field-peas, 10; ground-peas, 20; seed cotton, 700 pounds; crab-grass hay,
3,000 pounds; bermuda grass hay, 4,000 pounds; corn fodder, with
stalks, 4,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 150 gallons; sugar-cane syrup, 100
gallons.
In the gardens are raised all the varieties of vegetables, berries and
melons. Over and above home consumption there is sold about $4,000
worth of truck annually. There are 81,151 peach-trees, and 4,241 ap-
ple-trees. The fruit trees bear abundantly on the lighter soils, which are
not so well suited to cotton, corn, w^heat, etc.
The native grasses give such good feed for stock that dairying pay?
well. The total number of cattle in Upson county in 1890 was 4,220,
of which 154 were working oxen, and 1,702 were milch-cows, many of
-them being of improved breeds. There was a production of 358,403
gallons of milk and 103,683 pounds of butter. The county had 487
horses, 1,525 mules, 2 donkeys, 8,045 swine, and 54,154 domestic fowls
of all kinds. There were 139 sheep, with a wool-clip of 215 pounds.
There was also a product of 17,482 pounds of honey and 80,292 dozens
of eggs. _
The timber products are small, but there is yet on hand a consider-
able amount of swamp timber and hardwoods, among the latter the most
prominent being oak, hickory and elm. The total value of these prod-
ucts is about $9,000.
The utilized water-powers are: on tributaries of the Flint river, 595
horse-powers running 23 mills; on Big Potato creek, 60 horse-powere
operating 2 mills. This creek is estimated to have 2,550 horse-powers,
unused as yet. Some of the mills are sawmills, the majority grist-mills,
The various manufactories of all other kinds number 18, and have an
annual output worth $146,813.
Thomaston, the county seat, is a place of 1,714 inhabitants, or,
including the entire district, 3,098. It has good church buildings, be-
longing to the Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. It also has ex-
cellent schools. The Thomaston cotton-mill has 175 looms and 6,600
spindles and a capital of $100,000. By the census of 1900 there were
ginned in Upson county 9,765 bales of upland cotton in the season of
1899-1900.
Other postoffices are Waynmanville, Swifton and the Rock, At
Waynmanville is a cotton factory having 76 looms, 3,408 spindles, and
a capital of $63,000.
The whole county is well supplied with churches, and has 47 public
schools, 28 for Avhite pupils, and 19 for colored. The average attend-
ance is 990 in the schools for whites and 893 in those for colored.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 85C>
The Flint river runs along the whole western boundary. On the east
side of this river begins the Pine Mountain, the highest summits of
which are 800 feet above the river. Among these are some fine spring's,
and upon the highest point is an Indian mound.
The area of L'pson county is 310 square miles, or 198,400 acres.
Population of Upson county by the census of 1900, 13,670, a gain of
1,482 since 1890; school fimd, $10,184.77.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved lands, 173,538; of wild lands, 3,628; value of improved lands per
acre, $3.66; of wild lands, $0.79; city property, $236,841; shares in
bank, $31,000; money, etc., $179,947; value of merchandise, $84,-
726; stocks and bonds, $11,000; cotton factories, $73,229; household
furniture, $67,826; fai-m and other animals, $107,708; plantation and
mechanical tools, $31,526; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,270; value of all
other property, $28,548; real estate, $876,860; pei-sonal estate, $623,-
700. Aggregate value of whole, $1,500,560.
Property returned by colored taxpayei-s : number of acres of land,
8,690; value of same, $26,854; city property, $9,746; money, $55;
merchandise, $80; household furniture, $5,635; watches, etc., $131;
faiTQi and other animals, $12,111; plantation and mechanical tools,
$2,903 ; value of all other property, $349.00. Aggi-egate value of whole,
$57,894.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $230,189 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Upson county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,146; white females, 3,043; total white, 6,189;
colored males, 3,689; colored females, 3,792; total colored, 7,481.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 12 calves, 11 steers, 3 bulls, 83 dairy cows, 109 horses,
24 mules, 2 sheep, 109 swine, 1 goat.
WALKER COUNTY.
Walker County was laid out from Murray and organized in 1833. It
was named in honor of Major Freeman Walker of Richmond county,
for many years a member of the Georgia legislature and a representative
in Congress. It is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee,
Catoosa and Whitefield counties, east by Catoosa and AVhitefield coun-
ties, south by Chattooga county, west by Dade county and the State of
Alabama.
The Chickamauga creek (or river, as it is often called), is the largest
stream in the county. Other water courses are: Chattooga river. Pea-
vine, Duck, Rocky and Snake creeks. The dark, chocolate lands along
the rivers produce abundantly of corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, clover
and potatoes, while the dark and gray soils of the valleys and table-lands
yield fine crops of cotton. McLemoro's Cove, Peavine, Anuuchcc and
Chickamauga Valleys, cannot be surpassed in fertility by any lands in
the State. With proper cultivation the lands of Walker county will
860 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
yield to the acre: com, wheat and rye, 20 bushels each; barley, 30 bush-
els; Irish potatoes, 200 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels-^ field-peas,
15 bushels; ground-peas, 25 bushels; seed cotton, 1,000 pounds; crab-
grass hay, 4,000 pounds; clover, 6,000 pounds; corn fodder, 700 pounds;
sorghum symp, 250 gallons. Clover does splendidly in this county. So
do all the grasses, which furnish good summer pasturage. The vacant
lands and woods afford excellent range for cattle and sheep. There is
improvement in the breeds of cattle, for either beef or the daiiy. The
Jersey and Durham are the preferred types. During four or five months
the cattle must be fed in order to give the best results. Cotton seed
meail and hulls are used extensively for feeding stock. The most ex-
tensive sheep ranges of Georgia are found in the extreme northern and
southern sections of the State.
In 1890 Walker county had 5,116 sheep, with a wool-clip of 10,074
pounds; 8,511 cattle, of which 254 were working oxen, and 2,692 were
milch-cows with a fair proportion of improved breeds; 1,658 horses,
1,549 mules, 12,549 swine, and 115,819 domestic fowls of all sorts.
Among the productions were 912,098 gallons of milk, 249,919 pounds of
butter, 325 pounds of cheese, 19,922 pounds of honey and 185,288
dozens of eggs. Among the garden vegetables are fine specimens of cab-
bages. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and whortleberries
abound. Some 200 acres are devoted to the raising of melons for the
markets. There are 1,500 acres of peach and 1,600 of apple-trees.
There are extensive mines of iron and bituminous coal, employing
some 700 hands, and representing a capital of $400,000. Granite, mar-
ble and limestone of superior quality abound. There is also a good
supply of fine timber, mostly hardwoods. The timber lands are worth
about $1.50 an acre, the uplands, $10.00, and the lowlands or bottom
lands from $20.00 to $50.00 an acre.
On Chickamauga creek and Chattooga river are excellent water-
powers, some of which are utilized in operating a number of flour and
grist-mills. The largest of these, known as Lee and Gordon's mills, re-
ceived frequent mention in the reports of the battle of Chickamauga,
fought on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863.
About 20 sawmills in the county are employed in utilizing its tim-
ber products.
At LaPayette is a cotton factory, known as the Union Cotton Mills,
mth a capital of more than $100,000, having 212 looms and. near 7,000
spindles. "Walker county has also a woolen mill, valued at $6,000, a
tannery valued at $100,000 and another establishment known as the
Chickamauga Manufacturing Company. In this county, according to
the United States census of 1900, there were ginned 3,631 bales of up-
land cotton of the crop of 1899-1900.
LaFayette, the county site, named in honor of General LaFayette, is
beautifully situated on the former Chattanooga, Home and Southern,
now a branch of the Central of Georgia Railway. It has a court-house,
valued at $10,000; a bank with a capital of $20,000, several flourishing
mercantile establishments, and fire and life insurance agencies. The
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. gfil
population of tliis town i^ 491, and of tlie entiie district of LaFayette,
2,357.
In Walker county, as already mentioned was fought the great battle
of Chickamauga. The United States government has made of this bat-
tle-field a great national park, in which the positions of the various com-
mands of the opposing ai-mies are marked by monuments and tablets
with appropriate inscriptions. The positions of the opposing batteries
-are marked by cannons arranged as if in action. The Georgia monu-
ment is among the most imposing on this historic field. Besides the
steam railroads, an electric car line connects Chickamauga park with
Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Xear LaFayette is AVilson's Cave, a curiosity worth visiting, with its
flight of natural stairs and spacious apai'tments, in which an almost in-
finite number of stalactites, formed from the drippings of water, re-
semble in size and appearance various animals and also inanimate objects
such as cones, pyramids, altars, tables, candle-stands, etc.
Crawfish Spring, fifteen feet deep and two hundred feet wide, will
well repay the curiosity of the visitor.
Round Pond, whose waters never become stagnant, is a beautiful ex-
panse of water of a sea-green color, forty eight feet deep and embracing
four or five acres. It has no visible outlet. Like most of the othei-
streams of the county, it contains excellent fish.
The gTeater part of the products of Walker county are marketed in
Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Two railroads, the Chattanooga Southern, and the Chattanooga, Rome
and Southern, a branch of the Central, traverse the county from north
to south. There are 85 miles of railroad and 60 miles of macadamized
road. Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and some other denominations
Ijave churches scattered all over the county. There are 04 schools for
white pupils, with an average attendance of 2,096, and 9 for colored,
with an average attendance of 593.
The area of Walker county is 433 square miles, or 277,120 acres.
Population by the census of 1900, 15,661, a gain of 2,379 since 1890;
school fund, $9,680.12.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 243,764; of wild land, 32,442; average value per acre of
improved land, $4.94; of wild land, $0.93; city property, $77,981;
shaii^sin bank, $20,000; money, etc., $259,710; merchandise, $69,012;
cotton manufactories, $167,800; household furniture, $118,688; farm
and other animals, $173,763; plantation and mechanical tools,
$50,670; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,800; value of all other pro]K'rty,
$31,235; real estate, $1,313,621; personal estiite, $1,306,196. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $2,319,937.
Property returned by colored taxpayer: number of acres of land,
2,936; value of same, '$8,150; city property, $1,695; money, $183;
household fm-niture, $2,620; watches, etc., $61; fanu and other ani-
mals, $7,704; plantation and mechanical t/^ols, $1,154; value of all other
property', $289.00. Aggregate value of whole, $21,856.
SQ2 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in value of all
property since 1900.
Population of Walker county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,838; white females, 6,359; total white,
13,197; colored males, 1,445; colored females, 1,019; total colored,
2,464.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 90 calves, 154 steers, 1 bull, 205 daii-y cows, 136 horses,
29 mules, 2 donkeys, 51 sheep, 526 swine, 137 goats.
WALTON COUNTY.
Walion County was laid out by the lottery act of 1818, a. part being
taken from Jackson in that year. A portion of the county was added to
Jasper in 1820. A part was given to Newton county in 1821, and dur-
ing the same year a part was added to, and taken from Henry county.
It was named in honor of George Walton, one of the signers of the Dec-
laration of Independence, and afterwards Governor of Georgia.
AValton county is bounded as follows: Jackson and Oconee counties on
the northeast, Morgan county on the southeast, Newton and Rockdale
counties on the southwest, and Gwinnett county on the northwest.
The principal streams are the Appalachee, Alcovey and Yellow rivers.
The creeks are Hard Labor, Jack's and Flat. Along these streams the
lands are productive.
The face of the country is undulating. The larger part of the soil is
gray. There is also considerable red and some black soil, which last
two give the largest yields. The productions are cotton, com, wheat,
rye, oats, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and forage crops, which latter in-
clude crab-grass hay, fodder and peavines. It is the habit of the farm-
ers to plant peas and cut hay and peavines on wheat fields after the
wheat is harvested. Com land is extensively planted in peas. The
average yield to the acre, taking all lands together, is: com, 12 bushels;
wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 6 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-peas,
100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; Irish potatoes, 80 bushels; seed
cotton, 500 pounds; surghum symp, 75 gallons.
But taking the best lands and those most carefully cultivated, there is
a great advance on some of these figures in the average yields to the acre,
viz.: com and oats, 20 bushels; rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 208 bush-
els; sweet potatoes, 200 bushels; sorghum syrup, 100 gallons, sugar-
cane symp, 150 gallons; bermuda (h- crab-grass hay, 4,000 pounds; com
fodder, 450 pounds; shredded com, 4,000 pounds; seed cotton, 900
pounds. Vegetables, apples, peaches, melons and strawberries do well,
as do also plums, cherries and blackberries. Some of these are sold m
the markets of the coimty towns. The game and fish are hardly suffi-
cient to supply the home demand.
Grass for summer pasturage is abundant. For winter cattle food
cotton seed meal and hulls, and hay from grass, peavines and sor-
ghum forage are used.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 863
In 1890 Walton county bad 830 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,221
pounds, 6,202 cattle, of which 414 were working oxen and 2,568 milch-
cows, of which many were improved breeds, 1,269 horses, 2,157 mules,
3 donkeys, 12,858 swine and 95,708 domestic fowls. There are four
dairy farms, all doing well. The Jei*sey is the preferred dairy breed.
Among the farm products were 789,559 gallons of milk, 276,703
pounds of butter, 12,542 pounds of honey and 90,767 dozens of eggs.
More attention than fomierly is being paid to the raising of beef
cattle.
The Bethlehem Cider Company manufactures about 15,000 or 20,-
000 gallons of gTape cider every season, making from $5,000 to $10,-
000 clear on the investment.
Of original forests there remain about 5,000 acres; of second gi'0"wi:h
pines, about 25,000 acres. About five sawmills work this timber and
prepare it for the market. It sells at an average of $8.00 a thousand
feet.
There are two cotton-mills in the county, one at High Shoals, oppo-
site the town of that name in Oconee county, having 150 looms and
5,000 spindles; the other at Monroe, with 534 looms and 5,200 spindles.
Er>ch has a capital of over $100,000. Two other cotton factories are
being built in the county. There are 20 flour and grist-mills, of which
one half are operated by water. There are two cotton seed oil-mills, one
at Monroe, the other at Social Circle. In the Social Circle district are
2,879 people, of whom 1,229 are in the town of Social Circle.
The county has three banks: one at Felker with a capital of $50,000;
the Bank of Social Circle, with a capital of $55,125; the Bank of Mon-
roe, with a capital of $81,500.
Monroe, the county site, has a population of 1,846 in its corporate
limits, or 3,241 including Monroe district. It is on an elevated location
vnth. a fine view of Stone Mountain in the distance, and has public build-
ings valued at $40,000. These include court-house, jail and halls.
In the towns already named are successful mercantile establishments,
fire and life insurance agencies and some small manufactories. This
county is credited by the United States census of 1900 with having
ginned 19,665 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900.
Eeligious and educational advantages are excellent. There are 61
church edifices in the county belonging to Baptists, Methodists and Pres-
b}'terians.
^ There are 66 public schools, 42 for white and 24 for negroes, with
an average attendance of 1,973 white and 1,047 colored.
The public roads are for the most part good.
The Gainesville, Jefferson and Southern Railroad nins from north to
fiouth through the county. On it are the towns of Monroe and Social
Circle. Through this bitter iovm also pa>^^es the doorgia Railroad. Tust
across the northern border of the county mns the Seaboard Air Line, a
branch of which also connects Loganville with Lawrenceville in Owin-
ne+t county.
There is good granite near Loganville, but it is not being quarried.
364 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The area of Walton county is 366 square miles, or 234,240 acres.
Population in 1900, 20,942, a gain of 3,475 since 1890; school fund,
$13,773.30.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 229,548; average value per acre, $5.02; shares in bank,
$175,500; gas and electric light companies, $1,000; city property, $311,-
560; money, $291,707; merchandise, $124,821; stocks and bonds,
$3,000; cotton manufactories, $251,000; household furniture, $118,-
668; farm and other animals, $173,763; plantation and mechanical
tools, $50,670; v^atches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other prop-
erty, $79,291; real estate, $1,466,716; personal estate, $1,306,196.
Aggregate value of whole, $2,772,912.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
5,143; value of same, $22,780; city property, $7,860; money, etc., $358;
household furniture, $9,934; farm and other animals, $15,039; watches,
etc., $75; plantation and mechanical tools, $3,292; value of all other
property, $731.00. aggregate value of whole property, $60,075.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $91,557 in the value
of all property since 1900.
Population of Walton county by sex and color, ac<3ording to the .cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 6,261; white females, 6,340; total white,
12,601; colored males, 4,149; colored females, 4,192; total colored,
8,341.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 53 calves, 5 bulls, 99 dairy cows, 136 horses, 16 mules, 1
sheep, 246 swine, 4 goats.
Jack's creek in Walton county is noted for a battle with the Indians
fought by General Elijah Clarke at the head of 130 men on the 21st of
September, 1787.
The Indians had committed several murders in numerous predatory
raids. General Clarke, distinguished as Georgia's great partisan leader
in the war for independence, gathered a party of volunteers and in the
fight at Jack's creek gave the savage^ a salutary lesson, which greatly pro-
moted the future security of the county.
WAEE COUNTY.
Ware County was laid out from Irwin in 1824, and was named in
honor of Hon. Nicholas Ware of Richmond county, who had served in
the Geoigia Legislature, was elected United States Senator in 1821, and
died in Ntw York in 1824. It is bounded by the following counties:
Appling on the north. Pierce en the east, Charlton on the south and
also on the east for some distance; Plorida on the south.
Clinch on the southwest and Coffee on the west. It is a
well-watered county. Several miles north of the center Satilla
river crosses it from west to east and into it flow from north to
south several creeks. Long and Deep creeks traverse its cen-
tral section from northwest to southeast, where they mingle their
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 865
waters with Okefinokee Swamp, which covers the greater part of the ex-
treme southern section. The lands are level and interspersed with many
swamps. The soil is light but productive in sugar-cane, cotton, com,
potatoes, tobacco, peaches, melons, figs and oranges. All the fruits here
mentioned grow well.
It is a splendid county for stock-raising. Cattle and sheep have a
fine range over the uncultivated lands, where the grass affords excellent
grazing the year round. The mild winters malce shelter unnecessary.
With the exception of sheep-shearing and milking the cows almost no
attention beyond marking and branding is required.
The pine and cypress timber is very valuable, and rosin, turpentine
and lumber are obtained in large quantities. The annual output of lum-
ber is 50,000,000 superficial feet at an average price of $10.00 a thou-
sand feet. Seven steam sawmills are kept busy getting it ready for
market. There are ten turpentine distilleries. A sash, door and blind
factory, worth $20,000 and two manufactories of iron, worth $10,000,
are among the industries. The shops of the Plant System are valued at
$100,000 and employ a great many hands.
Three dairy farms are evidence of the advance being made by the
county in the line of improved milk breeds, and much interest is being
manifested now in the rearing of beef cattle. The United States census,
for 1900 reports 344 dairy cow^s kept in baras and inclosures.
With careful cultivation the lands wnll produce to the acre: com, 15
bushels; oats, 20; rice, 10; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200;
field-peas, 15; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 800 pounds; crab-
grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 poimds; sugar-cane syinip
from 300 to 400 gallons.
In 1890 Ware county had 3,098 sheep, with a wool-clip of 4,859
pounds; 7,Y21 cattle, 137 being working oxen, and 2,056 cows, 364
horses, 131 mules, 1 donkey, 7,482 swine and 16,176 fowls.
Among the products were 142,905 gallons of milk, 710 pounds of
butter, 7,297 pounds of honey and 31,232 dozens of eggs. Accord-
ing to the United States census of 1900 there were ginned for the sea-
son of 1899-1900, only 123 bales of sea-island cotton.
Game and fish are plentiful. Deea- and wild turkeys afford fine sport
to the huntsman.
Three branches of the Plant System and the Waycross Air Line give
ample railroad facilities. All these center at Waycross, the county site,
a rapidly growing town with electric plant, for lighting and street rail-
way, valued at $15,000, gas and water-worlvs worth $30,000, a court-
house which cost $30,000, seven white and nine colored churches, and
a good public school system. It has three banks with an aggregate cap-
ital of $175,000. Waycross had in 1880 a population of 028; in 1890
a population of 3,364, and, by tlio census of 1900, a population of 5,919.
The district which includes Waycross contains 7,771 inhabitants.
Waresboro, the former county site, is the next town of inijiortance,
but has only 269 inhabitants. The whole Waresboro district contains
1,239 people.
42 ga
866 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The county is well supplied with schools and with churches of the
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. There are 32 schools for whites
and 8 for colored, belonging to the public school system. The average
attendance is 933 white and 600 colored pupils.
There are several small pecan groves in Ware county, and some
veiy fine trees are at Waycross. The nuts are mostly of the paper shell
■variety. Many of them have been shipped to Jacksonville, Florida,
where there is a good demand for them.
The land area of Ware county is 676 square miles, or 432,640 acres.
Population in 1900, 13,761, a gain of 4,950 since 1890; school fund,
$5,008.08; school fund for Waycross, $2,668.80.
According to the Comptroller-Geneiral's report for 1900 there are:
-acres of improved lands, 182,937; wild lands, 588,966; average value of
improved lands per acre, $1.86; of wild lands, $0.18; city property,
$942,494; shares in bank, $89,000; gas and electric light companies,
$3,000; money, etc., $36,131; merchandise, $244,813; cotton manufact-
ories, $2,720; iron works, $400; household furniture, $180,108; farm
and other animals, $190,211; plantation and mechanical tools, $30,898;
watches, jewelry, etc., $13,880; value of all other pa-operty, $113,448;
real estate, $1,379,332; personal estate, $1,625,996. Aggregate value
of whole property, $2,605,328.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: numiber of acres of land,
5,802; value of same, $14,110; city property, $53,269; money, etc.,
$90; household furniture, $13,036; watches, $635; farm and other ani-
mals, $8,510; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,805; value of all other
property, $767.00. Aggregate value of whole property, $98,222.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $278,841 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Ware county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 4,485; white females, 4,167; total white, 8,652;
colored males, 2,715; colored females, 2,394; total colored, 5,109.
Population of Waycross by sex and color, according to the census of
1900: white males, 1,539; white females, 1,481; total white, 3,020;
colored males, 1,448; colored females, 1,451; total colored, 2,899.
Total population of Waycross, 5,919.
Domestic animals in Ware county in bams and inclosua'es, not on
farms or ranges, June 1, 1900: 214 calves, 121 steers, 18 buUs, 344 dairy
cows, 190 horses, 167 mules, 12 sheep, 752 swine, 86 goats.
WAREEN COUNTY.
Warren County was laid out in 1793 and named in honor of Major
General Joseph Warren of Massachusetts, who fell at the battle of
Bunker or Breed's Hill, near Boston, on the I7th of June, 1775. Por-
tions of this couTity were set off to Jefferson in 1796, and to Taliaferro
in 1825. It has the following counties on its borders: Wilkes and Talia-
ierro on the north, McDuffie on the east (or slightly northeast), Glas^
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 867
cock and Jeffei-son on the south, Hancock and Taliaferro on the west,
and TaliafeiTo on the northwest.
The North Fork of the Ogeechee is on the western boundary. Brier
creek rises on the southeastern border, runs southeast for 100 miles
throug-h other counties, and empties into the Savannah river. Long
and Rocky creeks flow from the center of the county southward into
the Ogeechee river, which abounds in fish.
The best lands of the county are those where oak and hickory are
the prevailing growth. These are well adapted to com and cotton.
Other lands containing some oak and hickory, but with pine predomi-
nating, are suited to the small grains, vegetables, potatoes, melons and
fruits. Some hay is made from crab and bermuda grasses, which also
give good pasturage for stock.
The average production of all the lands to the acre is: Com, 10
bushels; oats, 12; wheat, 9 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes,
75; field-peas, 8; ground-peas, 50; seed cotton, 600 pounds; com fodder,
200 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 200 gallons;
sugar-cane syrup, 100 gallons. Some of the best lands make 20 bushels
of com and oats to the acre, wheat, 12 bushels, and 10 to 12 bushels of
peas. Peavines are used extensively for hay.
In 1890 Warren county had 770 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,562
pounds; 4,022 cattle, 333 being working oxen; and 1,425 milch-cows;
975 horses, 1,041 mules, 5 donkeys, 51,486 domestic fowls, and 9,615
hogs. In 1890 there were 101 dairy cows kept in bams or inclosures.
Among the farm products, according to the census of 1890, were 333,315
gallons of milk, 98, 786 pounds of butter, 9,589 pounds of honey, and
55,909 dozens of eggs.
Vegetables, fruits and melons are raised on farms and in gardens in
the towns and villages. The products of the county are marketed at
"Warrenton, Camack and Bamett.
The Georgia railroad from Augusta to Atlanta, entering the county
on the east, crosses it, turning a little to the northwest. Another
branch of this road turns off at Camak, and going through Warrenton,
turning to the southwest, traverses the central section on its course to
Macon. Another road runs from Bamett to Washington, in Wilkes
county. Thus AVarren county enjoys excellent railroad facilities.
Every section of the comity has good educational and religions advan-
tages. The prevailing sects are Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians.
Warrenton, the county site, is a pretty town, with a cultured and
moral population of 1,115 inhal)itants, while the district in which it is in-
cluded, has a population of 2,842. A company has been organized to
build a cotton factory at AVarrenton. Other towns are Camak, Bar-
nett, Norwood and Mesena.
Warren county is credited by the United States census of 1900 as
having ginned 9,659 bales of upland cotton in the season of 1899-1900.
Gold has l>cen found in tlie upper part of the county.
There are in the county 27 schools for white and 24 for col-
ored pupils, with an a vertigo attendance of 632 white pupils and 815
868 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
colored. The area of Warren county is 298 square miles, (A- 190,720
acres. Population in 1900, 11,463, a gain of 506 since 1890. School
fund, $8,108.32. According to the report of the Comptroller-General
for 1900 there ai'e 176,246 acres of improved land; average value per
acre, $3.80; city property, $147,974; shares in bank, $27,700; money,
etc., $132,206; merchandise, $53,510; stocks and bonds, $125; cotton
manufactories, $32,725; household furniture, $75,863; farm and othe»r
animals, $128,514; plantation and mechanical tools, $27,829;
watches, jewelry, etc., $4,651; value of all other property, $27,456; real
estate, $818,469; peirsonal estate, $527,835; aggregate value of whole
property, $1,346,304
Property returned by colored tax payers: number of acres of land,
2,254; value of same, $8,065; city property, $14,260; money, etc., $200;
merchandise, $2,015; household furniture, $13,948; watches, etc., $231;
farm and other animals, $18,927; plantation and mechanical tools,
$4,881; value of all other property, $960.00; aggregate value of whole
property, $63,487.
The tax returns for 1901 show a decrease of $25,612 in the value of
all propeity since 1900.
Population of Warren county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 1,918; white females, 1,924; total white,
3,842; colored males, 3,613; colored females, 4,008; total colored,
7,621,
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900, 70 calves, 100 steers, 2 bulls, 92 dairy cows, 104 horses,
2 mules, 308 swine, 3 goats.
WASHINGTOlSr COUNTY.
Washington County was established in 1784, and named in honor of
George Washington. It at that time included all the territory "from the
Cherokee comer north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee
south to Liberty county." In 1786 a portion of it was added to Greene
county; in 1793, a part to Hancock; in 1807, a part to Baldwin; and in
1826 another part to Baldwin. It is bounded by the following coun-
ties: Glascock and Jefferson on the northeast, Jefferson on the east, John-
son on the South, Wilkinson on the southwest, Wilkinson and Bald-win
on the west, and Hancock on the northwest.
The Ogeechee river is on its northeastern boundary, the Oconee on its
western and southwestern border, the Ohoopee river and its tributary,
Dyer creek in the south central portion. Swamp creek, rising in the
north, flows in a southeasterly direction, finally emptying into the Ogee-
chee river at the southeastern edge of Jefferson county. Buffalo and
Keg creeks, entei-ing the county on the no^rthwest, unite their waters
near the west-central section and turning southwest, enter the Oconee on
the southw^est border. Town creek fonns part of the western boundary
between Washington and Baldwin counties. This is, therefore, a well-
watered county. The water is mainly freestone.
The face of the county is for the most part level, but in some places
STtCMCM LiTH.CO ftOC
GREENVILLE.
The berry is of large size, good quality, very productive ; season, medium to late ; color
very fine ; plants vigorous and free from rust.
, GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 869
gently rolling. The soil is of the tertiary formation, having gray,
sandy lands ^\nth red outcroppings in places. It is also mixed \vii]i
lime in some parts of the county.
The productions are the same as in most of the counties of the mid-
dle Georgia belt. The native grasses furnish excellent grazing. Crab-
grass, sorghum and peavines constitute the principal hay crop. Talking
all the lands of the county together, the average production to the acre
is: corn, 10 bushels; oats, 12 bushels; wheat, 6 bushels; Irish potatoes,
50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 120 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels; ground-
peas, 15 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds;
sugar-cane syrup, 150 gallons. But the better class of lands, with skillful
cultivation, will produce to the acre: com, 20 bushels; oats, 35; rye, 10;
wheat 12; Irish potatoes, 100; sweet potatoes, 200; field-peas, 20 bushels;
ground-peas, 25 to 30 bushels; seed-cotton, 800 pounds, and with inten-
sive farming on the best lands, 3,000 pounds; oi-ab-grass hay, 4,000
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 350 gallons.
By the census of 1890 Washington county had 2,920 sheep, ^vith a
wool-clip of 6,603 pounds; 8,531 cattle, 571 being working oxen, and
2,892 milch-cows, 1,527 horses, 2,418 mules, 1 donkey, 26,563 hogs,
and 117,307 domestic fowls. There are 188 dairy co^vs kept in bams or
inclosures. Among the farm products are 502,920 gallons of milk,
101,092 pounds of butter, 50 pounds of cheese, 28,645 pounds of honey,
and 172,583 dozens of egg^.
Washington expoi^ts about 800 head of cattle annually.
The timber products aa-e valued at about $18,000 annually, and are
obtained from the yellow pine and hard-woods, the latter including white
oak and other swamp timber on streams. On the tributaries of the
Ogeechee river about 33 horse-powers are utilized, and 58 horse-powers
on the tributaries of the Oconee.
The value of truck sold in tlie county amounts to $12,000 annually.
The output of the manufactories of Wasliington county is valued at
$252,969.
Potter's clay, sandstone, and buhrstone abound^ Opal, homstone,
jasper, chalcedony and agate have been found. Xear Sandersville are
sinks or caves in which are gathered fossil teeth, and a great variety of
ribs and shells. Rare mussels are found in the streams. Brick and jug
ware are among the clay products. t i > ^ -n <■
At Sandersville are Lang's machine works, and .Jordan s tlour-mill; at
Tennille, a cotton factory with 4,000 spindles and a capital of $60,000,
a cotton oil-mill, and Smith's mineral works; at Chalker, Robert's brick
works; at Warthcn, Warthcn's flour-mill; at Thena, Walker's
flour-mill. The flour and grist-mills of the county number 10, of which
four use water power. There are two banks at Sandersville, and two at
Tennille. At these places are several prosperous mercantile establish-
ments, and life and fire insurance agencies.
At Tennille there arc also a hard-wood factory, a novelty factory, ma-
chine works and an electric light plant. P.y the census of 1900 the cotton
ginned in Washington county in 1899-1900 was 29,544 l.ak^ (upland).
870 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Sandersville, the county site has a court-house valued at $40,000, and
a jail worth $20,000. This town is situated on a ridge between the
Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, 480 feet above tide water. It has a pop-
ulation of 2,023, according to the census of 1900, while its whole dis-
trict contains 3,013 people. It is on a branch of the Southern railway,
three miles north of Tennille, where the Southern meets the Central of
Georgia railway, and which is the terminus of the AVrightsville and Ten-
nille railroad. Tennille, with a population of 1,121, is the second most
important town of the county. The whole Tennille district contains
3,195 people.
Methodists and Baptists are the prevailing denominations. There
are 47 public schools for white pupils in the county, and 37 for colored,
with an average attendance of 1,576 whites and 1,421 colored.
The area of Washington county is 680 square miles, or 435,200 acres.
The population in 1900 was 28,227, a gain of 2,900 since 1890.
The school fund is $18,850.76.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved lands, 407,375; of wild lands, 1,450; average value per acre of
improved lands, $4.29; city property, $495,362; shares in bank, $20,500;
money, etc., $399,324; merchandise, $181,044; stocks and bonds, $27,-
905; cotton manufactories, $500; mining, $100; iron works, $5,900;
household furniture, $178,159; farm and other animals, $295,213; plan-
tation and mechanical tools, $68,513; watches, jewelry, etc., $12,763;
value of all other property, $105,962; real estate, $2,241,217; personal
estate, $1,370,893; aggregate value of whole property, $3,481,014.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: number of acres of land,
10,462; value of same, $42,928; city property, $13,901; money, etc.,
$770; merchandise, $25; household furniture, $25,565; watches, etc.,
$455; farm and other animals, $43,686; plantation and mechanical tools,
$11,243; value of all other property, $34,624; aggli'egate value of whole
property, $207,899.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $125,419 in the value of
all property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Washington county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: Avhite males, 5,485; white females, 5,320; total w^hite,
10,805; colored males, 8,526; colored females, 8,896; total colored,
17,422.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on fanns or ranges, June
1, 1900: 82 calves, 38 steers, 2 bulls, 174 dairy cows, 167 horses, 56
mules, 1 donkey, 22 sheep, 548 swine, 9 goats.
WAYNE COUNTY.
Wayne County, which was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, was
organized in 1805, and named in honor of Major-General Anthony
Wayne, one of the most distinguished among the heroes of the Amer-
ican revolution. Pai-t was taken from it in 1805 and given to Camden.
Parts w^ere added to it from Camden in 1808 and 1812. A part was
added to it from Glynn in 1820, and a part was added to Glynn in 1822.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 871
"Wayne county is bounded on tlie northeast by Tattnall, Liberty and
Mcintosh counties; on the east by Glynn county, which is also south of
a small portion of it, on the south by Camden, Charlton and Pierce, and
on the west by Pierce and Appling. Along the whole northeastern border
runs the Altamaha river. The Satilla river, after fonning part of its
western border, turns to the southeast, and passing through the lower
section of the county, enters Camden at about the center of the south-
em boundary. Each of these rivers abounds in fish. The central por-
tions of the county are watefed by tributaries of the Altamaha and Sa-
tilla, the most important of which is the Finoholloway, or Phennohal-
oway river (an Indian name meaning turkey), which flows northeast-
ward into the Altamaha.
The soil, when fertilized, is productive of sugar-cane, potatoes, rice,
com, a variety of vegetables, melons and long-staple cotton. A great
part of the county is wild land, which, being covered with grass, affords
a splendid range for cattle, sheep and hogs. The mild winter saves the
expense of housing, and but little outlay is required to carry them
through the cold season. In the spring they are marked and branded, and
in the fall are in good condition for the market, which is in the main a
home one.
By the census of 1890 Wayne county had 3,642 sheep, with a wool-
clip of 8,762 pounds; 10,667 cattle, 396 being working oxen, and 2,794
milch-cows; 690 horses, 104 mules, 1 donkey, 12,858 hogs and 24,102
domestic fowls.
Among the fan-m products were 108,632 gallons of milk, 36,035 doz-
ens of eggs, 4,754 pounds of honey, and 2,638 pounds of butter.
The land, with proper fertilization and culture, will produce to the
acre: com, 15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; Irish potatoes, 75; sweet-pota-
toes, 200; field peas, 16; ground-peas, 30; sea-island cotton, 500 pounds;
crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; com fodder, 250 pounds; sugar-cane
symp, 200 gallons.
The county is traversed by the Southern railway, and the Savannah,
Florida and Western, of the Plant System. The Florida, Central and
Peninsular, of the Seaboard Air Line system, touches a comer of the
county on the east. The Altamaha and Satilla rivers also furnish water
transportation.
Jesup, the county site, is a growing town at the point where the Plant
and Southa.'n railway lines cross each other.
The timbers are pine and cypress. There is a large trade in rosin,
turpentine and lumber. There are many sawmills and turpentine dis-
tilleries.
On lands that have been cleaiii'd, enterprising men have found profit
in raising sugar-cane, vegetables, peaches and grapes. A few yeara ago
Mr. Alexander Hum, an Englishman, came to Georgia, and at Gardi, on
the line of the Southern railway, planted a vineyard, and also engaged
m peach culture with gratifying results. His vincyaird is one of the most
attractive sights on the line of the Southern railway in Wayne county.
In response to a request from Colonel Wade, of the Southern, Mr.
872 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Hum planted on© acre in cassava, and he reports great success. The
result of many other recent experiments go to show that this new crop is
destined to be a great source of profit to the farmers of Southern Georgia.
Wayne county is reported in the United States census of 1900 to have
ginned 110 bales of upland cotton and 855 of sea-island cotton in the
season of 1899-1900.
The Jesup district, including the town, contains 1,713 inhabitants,
and in the town proper are 805 people.
The area of Wayne county is 766 square miles, or 490,240 acres.
The population in 1900 was 9,449, a gain of 1,964 since 1890.
We are indebted to the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900
for the following items: Acres of improved land, 270,147; of wild land,
267,531; average value per acre of improved land, $1.39; of wild land,
$0.57; city property, $144,593; shares in bank, $5,000; money, etc.,
$178,633; merchandise, $61,216; cotton manufactories, $20,000; house-
hold furniture, $69,068; farm and other aminals, $198,504; plantation
and mechanical tools, $22,863; watches, jewelry, etc., $6,239; value of
all other property, $64,878; real estate, $675,419; personal estate, $622,-
733; aggregate value of whole property, $1,298,152.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: Ac-res of land, 11,179; value
of same, $13,465; city property, $12,320; money, etc., $120; merchan-
dise, $225; household furniture, $4,501; watches, etc., $241; farm and
other animals, $6,954; plantation and mechanical tools, $820.00; value
of all other property, $1,896; aggregate value of whole property,
$41,105.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $213,036 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
The public school system has 59 schools for white, and 13 for colored,
with an average attendance of 1,258 white pupils, and 318 colored.
Population of Wayne county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,670; white females, 3,552; total white,
7,222; colored males, 1,176; colored females, 1,051; total colored, 2,227.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on faims or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 31 steers, 5 bulls, 65 dairy cows, 26 horses,
14 mules, 240 swine.
WEBSTER COUNTY.
Webster County was laid out in 1854, and named in honor of Daniel
Webster, a native of New Hampshire, and for many yeare a United
States Senator from Massachusetts. This county is bounded, north by
Marion and Chattahoochee, east by Marion and Sumter, south by Terrell
and Randolph, and west by Stewart.
The principal streams in Webster county are Kinchafoonee, Chootaw-
hatchee, Tanahapee, Ichawaynochaway, Bear and Slaughter creeks.
Webster county is traversed by two branches of the Seaboard Air
Line system of railways, one of which passes from east to west through
the center, the other passing from southeast to northwest through the
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 873
southwestern section of the county. On the fonner of these is Preston,
the county site.
The surface of the county is generally level, having a gray, sandy top-
soil, with red clay subsoil. Under the ordinary methods of cultivation
the average yield of the vai-ious crops to the acre is: corn, 8 bushels;
wheat, 7 bushels; oats, 1-1 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish potatoes, 100
bushels; sweet potatoes, 150 bushels; field-peas, 5 bushels; ground-peas
and chufas, 25 bushels, each; crab-grass or crow-foot hay, 3,000 pounds;
seed-cotton, 400 pounds. But under improved methods the yields to the
acre are greatly increased in several of these crops, as for instance: com,
15 bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 12 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels;
ground-peas, 30 bushels; hay from crow-foot or crab-grass, 6,000 pounds.
The sugar-cane syrup averages 200 gallons to the acre.
The native grasses already mentioned are the chief reliance for hay
and pasturage. These, with smut and swamp-grass, give good grazing
for eight months of the year. For four months, at least, cattle should
be carefully tended and fed on bran, cottoii-seed meal and hulls, with a
fair mixture of hay.
While there are no dairy farms in the county, several Jerseys are found
on farms. Of pure breeds and those of half grade or higher there a^re
about 200. Very little attention has so far been paid to the improve-
ment of beef cattle.
In 1890 Webster county had 239 sheep, with a wool-clip of 471
pounds; 2,492 cattle, 143 being working oxen, and 838 milch-cows; 398
horses, 794 mules, 1 donkey, 7,972 hogs, 28,480 domestic fowls. Some
of the farm products were 139,035 gallons of milk, 36,444 pounds of
butter, 58,569 dozens of eggs, and 12,879 pounds of honey.
Fish are plentiful in the streams. There are also a few private ponds.
Vegetables, melons and fruits are produced in sufficient quantities for
home consumption and for sale in the towns of the county.
About 300 acres are devoted to peach-trees, 150 to apples, 100 each
to pears and plums, and 10 to cherries. About 71 acres are devoted to
grapes, of which choice varieties are raised in large quantities.
The forest growth consists of pine, poplar, ash, birch, tupelo, sweet
and black gum, hickoiy, black-jack, red, white and Spanish oaks. The
standing timber is worth $7.00 per acre for soft-wood, and $8.00 to
$10.00 per acre for hard-wood. The annual output of lumber in super-
ficial feet is 800,000, averaging $7.50 per 1,000 feet at the mill. There
are two sawmills operated by steam, worth in the aggregate $3,800.
The streams already mentioned afford considerable water-power, some
of which is utilized in the running of five flour and grist-mills, worth
$0,500 in all.
The mineral products are inconsiderable, consisting of iron, clay,
limestone, manganese and mica in small quantities, none of which is
mined or quarried.
Tho products of the county are marketed at Preston and Weston, the
former of which is tho county site. The receipts and shipments of cot-
ton for the entire county are 5,260 bales. The cotton ginned for the
874 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
season of 1899-1900 is stated hj the United States census report for
1900 to be 4,116 bales (upland).
The leading denominations in the county are Baptists, Methodists and
Presbyterians, the two former being the more numerous.
There are in the county 14 schools for whites, and 17 for colored. The
average daily attendance of the former is 390; of the latter, 448.
The area of Webster county is 227 square miles or 145,280 acres.
Population in 1900, 6,618, a gain of 923 since 1890; school fund
$4,695.88. According to the report of the Comptroller-General for
1900 there are: acres.of improved land, 125,844; value of improved land
per acre, about $3.16; city and town property, $19,504; money and sol-
vent debts, $54,552; merchandise, $16,640; stocks and bonds, $1,242;
household furniture, $39,075; value of farm and other animals, $85,670;
plantation and mechanical tools, $20,328; watches, jewelry, etc., $1,772;
value of all other pi-operty, $20,578; real estate, $415,250; personal es-
tate, $242,709; aggregate value of whole, $657,959.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 5,048; value
of land, $14,068; city or to^vn property, $595; household and kitchen
furniture, $8,648; watches, jewelry, etc.,_$130; fann and other animals,
$13,156; plantation and mechanical tools, $2,704; value of all other
property, $805.00; aggregate value of whole property $40,116.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $66,478 in the value of
all property since 1900.
Population of Webster county by sex and color, according to census
of 1900: white males, 1,244; white females, 1,260; total white, 2,504;
colored males, 2,086; colored females, 2,028; total colored, 4,114.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,.
June 1, 1900: no report,
WHITE COUNTY.
White County was formed from Lumpkin and Habersham in 1857,
and was named in honor of Colonel John White, of Chatham county,
who, as an officer of the Georgia line distinguished himself during the
siege of Savannah by the Americans and French in October, 1779, by a
stratagem, by which with only seven men he captured Captain French
and one hundred and eleven British soldiei-s, and five vessels on the Ogee-
chee river. He did this by building large fires in the forest around their
camp, thus causing them to suppose that they were surrounded by a
greatly superior force.
White county is bounded by the following counties: Towns on the
north, Habersham on the east and southeast. Hall on the south, Lumpkin
on the west, and Union on the northwest.
It is watered by the Chattahoochee and Teeentee rivers, and by
Duke's, Smith's, Sautee, Shoal, Blue and Mossy cceeks. The face of the
country is generally hilly and in many places mountainous. The Blue
Ridge mountains traveree the northern section. The most noted peaks
are Tray and Yonah. From the summit of the latter Stone Mountain
can be distinctly seen with the naked eye.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 875
The lands suitable for cultivation are generally in the valleys. AVhen
skillfully cultivated they will yield to the acre: corn, 25 bushels; oats,
20 bushels; wheat and rye, 15 bushels; Irish potatoes, 150 bushels;
sweet, or Spanish potatoes, 150; field-peas, 30 bushels; ground-peas, GO
bushels; rice, 75 bushels; seed-cotton, 600 pounds; crab-gTass hay, 1,500
pounds; bermuda grass and clover hay, each 2,000 pounds; herdVgi-ass
hay, 3,000 pounds; sorghum syi-up, 100 gallons.
All the above named grasses do well, and so do orchard-grass, blue-
grass and millet.
The various grasses give an abundance of the best summer pastureage.
There is much improvement in all kinds of stock. In 1890 White
county had 2,830 sheep, with a wool-<ilip of 5,696 pounds; 3,517 cattle,
594 being working oxen, and 1,151 milch-cows; 465 hoi-ses, 460 mules,
7 donkeys, 5,197 hogs, and 47,796 of all kinds of domestic fowls. It is
estimated that there are 200 goats in the county.
Among the fann products in 1890, were 281,301 gallons of milk,
85,063 pounds of butter, 105 pounds of cheese, 10,329 pounds of honey,
and 55,662 dozens of eggs.
In this county there are 500 acres devoted to apples, 200 to peaches,
100 to pears, and 40 to plums and chen-ies. Some fine grapes are raised.
About 10 per cent, of these are sold in the markets and from 20 per
cent, wine is made.
Many vegetables are raised. In mid-winter there are shipped from
this county large white, crisp cabbage heads, barrels of sauerkj-aut, and
many wagon loads of luscious apples.
jSTacoochee Valley, which has already been described in the general
sketch, is about eight miles long, and from one-fourth to three-fourths of
a mile wdde.
Of original forests about 100,000 acres remain, on which the timbers
are pine, white, red, Spanish and post-oak, chestnut, hickory, cherry and
walnut. Four sawmills are employed in getting out lumber.
The water powei-s of the county are utilized to some extent in op-
erating 15 grist-mills. In a few of these flour also is made.
In this county the fii-st gold mines in Georgia were discovered. Gold
and asbestos are still mined to a considerable extent. There are five suc-
cessful gold mills and several placeu- mines. There are some 20 mines
and quarries employing 150 hands at wages of 80 cents a day.
The Baptists and Methodists are very numerous, and their churches are
scattered over the county.
There are 25 schools for whit^, and 3 for colored, Avith an av-
erage attendance of 591 whites and 65 colored.
Most of the products are marketed at Gainesville in Hall county.
According to the report of the Unit<?d States census of 1900 there
were ginned in this county in the season of 1899-1900, only 150 bales of
upland cotton.
Cleveland, the county site, was named for lion. Benjamin Cleveland,
for many years a rcpresetative in the Georgia Legislature.
In 1834 a subterranean village was discovered in Nachoochec Valley
by some miners. It was covered to a d('j)tli of from 7 to 9 feet. Some
376 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
of the houses were embedded in a stratum of auriferous gravel. They
are 34 in number, built of logs six to ten inches in diameter, and from
ten to twelve feet long. In the rooms were found cane baskets, fragments
of earthenware, and specimens of curious workmanship, such as crucibles
and mortars.
The area of White county is 243 square miles, or 155,520 acres.
Population of White county in 1900, 5,912, a decrease of 239 since
1890.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there were: acres of
improved land, 142,915; acres of wild land, 29,439; average value of
improved land, $2.79; of wild land, $0.17; school fund, $4,160.39; city
and town property, $10,565; money and solvent debts, $66,210; value of
merchandise, $14,077; cotton manufactories, $600; capital invested in
mining, $10; value of household and kitchen furniture, $21,124; farm
and other animals, $63,382; plantation and mechanical tools,, $13,309;
watches, jewelry, etc., $1,544; value of all other property, $6,012; real
estate, $415,055; personal estate, $190,479; aggregate value of whole
property, $605,534.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 835; value of
land, $1,995; city or town property, $100.00; money and solvent debts,
$155.00; household and kitchen furniture, $797.00; watches, jewelry,
etc., $55.00; farm and other animals, $2,602; plantation and mechanical
tools, $416.00; value of all other property, $107.00; aggregate value of
whole pi'operty, $6,227.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $15,535 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of White county by sex and color, according to the census
of 1900: white males, 2,626; white females, 2,686; total white, 5,312;
colored males, 304; colored females, 296; total colored, 600.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges, June
1, 1900: 2 calves, 6 dairy cows, 5 horses, 10 mules, 3 smne.
WHITFIELD COUNTY.
Whitfield County was laid out from Murray in 1851, and named in
honor of the celebrated George Whitefield, the most renowned pulpit
orator of his day, a companion of the Wesleys, and founder of the Beth-
esda Orphan Home near Savannah. He was a man of unbounded influence
for good, both in England and America.
Whitfield county is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee,
on the east by Murray county, on the south by Gordon county, on the
west by Catoosa and Walker counties, the latter of which also bounds a
portion of it on the south.
The Connesauga river divides it from Murray county on the east.
Other streams are Chickamauga, Sugar, Swamp, McCoy, Tiger, Cooa-
hulla and Mill creeks.
Two great railway systems traverse the county, crossing each other di-
agonally at Dalton. These are the Southern and the Louisville and Nash-
ville, through the latter's control of the Western and Atlantic, or State
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 877
road. The soils are varied. Agriculture is much diversified, and ex-
cellent opportunities are afforded for the marketing of fruits and vegreta-
bles.
The average yield of the various crops to the acre under fair cultiva-
tion is: corn, 20 bushels; oats, 30 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels; rye, 12 bush-
els; Irish potatoes, 100 bushels; sweet potatoes, 50 bushels; field-peas,
15 bushels; seed-cotton, 550 poimds; crab-grass hay, 2,000 pounds; clo-
ver hay, 2,500 pounds; fodder, 1,000 pounds; sorghum syrup, 100 gal-
lons. Some of the best lands yield 30 bushels of wheat to the aci'e and
from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds of hay from clover, the various grasses and
peavines.
The summer pasturage is excellent and the best of cattle feed is sup-
plied by cotton-seed meal, hulls, peas, and the nourishing hay from the
grasses already named.
The 12 dairy faims of the county have about 200 Jersey cows and 100
more of improved breeds. People are also taking great interest in im-
proving the breeds of the cattle. In 1890 there were in Whitfield
county 6,061 cattle, 222 being working oxen, and 2,343 milch-cows;
1,417 horses, 980 mules, 11 donkeys, 8,047 hogs, 76,023 domestic fowls
and 3,846 sheep, with a wool-clip of 6,155 pomids.
Among the farm products were 724,048 gallons of milk, 236,412
pounds of butter, 161,932 dozens of eggs, and 12,719 pounds of honey.
Grame and fish are both on the increase.
There are many market gardens supplying every kind of vegetable,
melons, berries, grapes and plums.
There are 1,000 acres devoted to peaches, 500 to apples, 100 to plums,
50 to cherries and pears, and 10 to quinces. To grapes 100 acres are de-
voted. About one-fourth of tliose raised are sold in the mai'kets. Wine
is made from about 75 per cent, of the remainder.
There is near Dalton one florist establishment.
The forest growth is pine, the various kinds of oak, maple, cherr}^, pop-
lar, etc. The average price is about $10 a thousand feet.
There is a considerable quantity of iron, bauxite, manganese, silica,
marble, sandstone, limestone and clay.
The county has good water-powers, of which about 130 hoi*3e-powere
are utilized.
Dalton, the county site, a city of 4,315 inhabitants, is situated in a
fertile valley and surrounded by mountain ranges. It has a handsome
court-house, valued at $33,000, 2 banks with a capital of $165,000, a
gas plant valued at $15,000, and water-works at $50,000, many flourish-
ing commercial and manufacturing establishments, houses of woi-ship be-
longing to the Methodists, Baptists, Prcsb>i:erians and Roman Catholics,
a Methodist female college, a high school and public schools of lower
grades for white and colored.
At the Crown Cotton Mills, built by home capital and whose capacity
has been doubled in the last two yeai-s, are 20,000 spindles and 500
looms. Their capital is valued at $500,000, and they consume annually
13,000 bales of cotton. The three flouring-mills turn out about 500 bar-
rels of flour in a day during the busy season. These mills have an ag-
S78 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
gregate value of $100,000. There are two lumber and machine facto-
ries, two foundries, one canning factory, and a sausage factory with cold-
storage for summer slaughtering.
There is also at Dalton the Showalter Publishing Company, one of the
best establishments of the kind in the State of Georgia.
The Dalton district, which includes the cdty, has a population of
6,400
There are in the whole county some 40 lumber or sawmills. Most of
these are operated by steam.
Besides the 13,000 bales of cotton used by the mills of Dalton, 8,000
bales are shipped from that enterprising little city. 1,947 bales of up-
land cotton were ginned in this county during the season of 1899-1900.
In Whitfield county there are 42 schools for whites, and six for col-
ored belonging to the public school system of the State, The total av-
erage attendance is 1,148 white pupils, and 129 colored.
The smaller towns in Whitfield county are Tilton, Tunnel Hill and
Cohutta.
The area of Whitfield county is 285 square miles, or 182,400 acres.
Population in 1900, 14,509, a gain of 1,593 since 1890; school fund,
$9,441.64.
By the report of the Comptroller-General for 1900 there are: acres of
improved land, 167,580; of wild land, 7,708; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property,
$767,784; shares in bank, $50,000; sinking fund or surplus, $26,000;
gas company, $15,000; building and loan association, $12,000; money
and solvent debts, $365,970; merchandise, $177,803; cotton manufacto-
ries, $338,892; iron works, $13,800; household and kitchen furniture,
^159,071; farm and other animals, $194,076; plantation and mechan-
ical tools, $55,117; watches, jewelry, etc., $11,066; value of all other
property, $91,498; real estate, $1,552,258; personal estate, $1,540,664.
Aggregate value of whole property, $3,092,922.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 2,572; value
of same, $7,511; city or town property, $31,505; money and solvent
debts, $464; household and kitchen furniture, $5,945; watches,
jewelry, etc., $54; farm and other animals, $6,377; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $1,159; value of all other property, $840.00. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $56,897.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $89,675 in the value
of all property over the retui'ns of 1900.
Population of Whitfield county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 6,257; white females, 6,426; total white,
12,683; colored males, 878; colored females, 948; total colored, 1,826.
Population of the city of Dalton by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 1,583; white females, 1,773; total white,
3,356; colored males, 434; colored females, 525; total colored, 959.
Total population of Dalton, 4,315.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on fa,rms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 54 calves, 17 steers, 1 bull, 290 dairy cows, 227 horses,
41 mules, 5 donkeys, 402 swine, 2 goats.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 879
WILCOX COUNTY,
Wilcox County was formed from Doolj, Ir\%dii and Pulaski in 1857,
and named for General Mark Wilcox, of Telfair county, who was for
many years a representative in the State Legislature. It is bounded
north by Pulaski, east by Dodge and Telfair, south by Invin and west
by Dooly.
The Ocmulgee river runs along its whole eastern boundary, the Alla-
paha river is on the southwest. It is also watered by Bluff, Cedar,
House and Otter creeks, all tributaries of the Ocmulgee, and in the
southwest are two tributaries of the Allapaha.
The Ocmulgee gives river transportation. On its western bank is
Abbeville, tlie county site, which is also furnished ^vitll railroad facili-
ties by two branches of the Georgia and Alabama Railroad, itself a
part of the Seaboard Air Line system. Two branches of the Hawkins-
ville and Florida Southern connecting \rith this system, give railroad
advantages to the western side of the county. The Abbeville district
has a population of 2,090, of which 1,152 are in the town.
The face of the country is generally level. The soil is mostly
gray in the piny woods; on the bottom lands along the creeks
and rivers, dark, alluvial and more productive. The average yield
to the acre with good cultui-e and favorable seasons is: corn, 15
bushels; oats, 20 bushels; wheat, 7 bushels; rye, 5 bushels; Irish pota-
toes, 75 bushels; sweet potatoes, 100 bushels; field-peas, 10 bushels;
ground-peas, 40 bushels; upland seed cotton, 800 pounds; crab-grass
hay, 2,000 pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons.
In 1890 Wilcox county had 7,498 sheep, with a wool-clip of 12,110
pounds; 5,103 cattle, 375 being working oxen, and 1,659 mUch-cows
"v\ath a fair number of pure breeds recorded; 525 horses, 329 mules, 2
donkeys, 11,390 hogs and 24,552 domestic fowls. Among the farm
products are 109,152 gallons of milk, 14,438 pounds of butter, 18,081
dozens of eggs and 722 pounds of honey.
Vegetables of all kinds do well. This county is in one of the finest
peach and grape sections of the south, and the people are showing com-
mendable energy in utilizing these advantages. Lands and labor are
cheap and capital well invested will pay fijie dividends.
The rivers and creeks afford fine fish and such game as quail and
doves are plentiful.
Rosin, lumber and turpentine give steady and profitable employ-
ment to many of the citizens.
This county is growing steadily in population.
Abbeville, the county site, which, in 1880, had 61 inhabitants, had in
1890 a population of 057, which had increased by 1900 to 1,152, while
the whole Abbeville district contained 2,090 inhabitants.
Seville, on the western side of the county and connected with Abbe-
ville by rail, has a population of 1,277, while Rochollo, half way be-
tween them, has 793 inhabitants, and the whole district of Rochelle
has 1,960 people.
830 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
There are 36 white schools and 11 colored. The average attendance
is 829 white pupils and 357 colored.
Methodists, Baptists and Presbyteaians are the leading denominations.
Churches are located in every section of the county.
Area of Wilcox county 544 square miles, or 348,160 acres. Popula-
tion in 1900, 11,097, again of 3,117 since 1890; school fund $6,931.09.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are: acres of im-
proved land, 252,210; of wild land, 80,370; average value to the acre
of improved land, $2.15; of wild land, $1.09; city and town property,
$145,364; money and solvent dehts, $92,048; merchandise, $55,781;
capital invested in shipping and tonnage, $25; household and kitchen
furniture, $84,731; farm and other animals, $165,143; plantation and
mechanical tools, $30,213; watches, jewelry, etc., $4,388; value of all
other property, $113,859; real estate, $778,695; personal estate, $548,-
771. Aggregate value of whole property, $1,327,466.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 8,730; value
of same, $16,756; city and town property, $4,591; money, etc., $357;
merchandise, $100; household and kitchen furniture, $8,000; watches,
jewelry, etc., $221; farm and other animals, $9,189; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $1,298; value of all other property, $1,963. Aggregate
value of whole property, $42,475.
The tax returns for 1901 show a gain of $124,600 in the value of all
property since 1900.
By the census of 1900 the cotton ginned in this county in the season
of 1899-1900, was 3,820 bales of upland and 65 of sea-island cotton.
Population of Wilcox county by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 3,568; white females, 3,325; total white,
6,893; colored males, 2,272; colored females, 1,932; total colored, 4,204.
Domestic animals in barns and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 134 calves, 74 steers, 16 bulls, 186 dairy cows, 49 horses,
45 mules, 879 swine, 54 goats.
WILKES COUlsTTY.
Wilkes County was laid out in 1777, and named in honor of John
Wilkes, the great champion of American liberty. In 1790 a part of it
was set off to Elbert county; part to Warren in 1793; a part to Lincoln
in 1796; part to Greene in 1802, and other parts to Teliaferro in 1825
and 1828. It is bounded by the following counties: Elbert on the north,
Lincoln on the east, McDuffie, Warren and Taliaferro on the south,
Taliaferro on the southwest, Oglethorpe on the west and northwest.
Broad river is on its northern and Little river on its southern border.
The creeks are Beaverdam, Fishing and Kettle creeks.
The surface of the country in undulating and the soil varied. The
light sandy lands produce well for a few years. By careful cultivation
and judicious fertilizing they can be built up and enabled to retain
their productiveness. The best lands are on Broad and Little rivers
and their tributary creeks. The a-verage yield to the acre is, according
to location and culture, as follows: corn, 15 to 25 bushels; oats, 20 to 30;
MILLER RASPBERRY.
Canes of strong growth with heavy rich fohaKe. Very prolific and so hardy as to have
endured a temperature of 25 degrees below zero unharmed. Berries large, very
bright in color, of excellent flavor and the firmest of all Kaspberries.
It never fails to produce a heavy crop and picks for a long season.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 881
wheat, 10 to 15; rye, 10 to 12; Irish potatoes, 50 to 75; sweet potatoes,
80 to 120; field-peas, 12; gi-ound-peas,50; seed cotton, 800 pounds; coru
fodder, 400 pounds; crab and bermuda grass hay, 3,000 pounds each;
sorghum syrup, 80 gallons; sugai'-cane syrup, 90 gallons. Nearly every
part of the county is well adapted to the grasses and clover. Ber-
muda and crab-grass furnish good pasturage for six month of the year;
for the other six, rye, clover, barley and the stubble fields, aided by
swamp cane.
Dairying is carried on to some extent, and more attention is being
given to beef cattle. In 1890 Wilkes county had 5,525 cattle, 282 being
working oxen, and 2,369 railch-co\vs; 1,153 horses, 1,977 mules, 2 don-
keys, 7,906 hogs, 85,815 domestic fowls, 1,578 sheep, with a wool-clip
of 3,186 pounds. Among the farm products were 512,912 gallons of
milk, 131,905 pounds of butter, 60 pounds of cheese, 77,025 dozens of
eggs and 13,685 pounds of honey.
Vegetables, melons, berries and small fruits are raised in quantities
sufficient for home consumption. The area given to peaches is 6,000
acres; to apples, 5,000; to chei-ries, 200.
There are about 50,000 acres of original forest still standing, tne
timbers being hickory, white oak, maple, dogwood, gum, post oak and
ash.
There are fine water-powera in the county, those at Anchovy Shoals
being 75,000 horse-powers.
Granite, quartz, and some iron, gold and soapstone, are found.
In July, 1901, the presence of gold on the farm of Hon. L. W. Lati-
mer, in the northern portion of Wilkes, was proven by the collection
of a thousand pounds of dirt, which was sent to the stamping machines at
the Columbia gold mines in an adjoining county. The 1,000 pounds
yielded a lump of gold which was estimated to be worth from $1,500 to
$1,750.
On the southern border of the county the Seminole Mining Com-
pany, backed by western capital, have just sunk a new shaft at the Ma-
gruder mines with satisfactory results.
The Columbia Mining Company, also on the southern border, is a
well-paying piece of property, claiming to be worth, $300,000.
The manufacturing establishments are a knitting-mill, a stove factory,
a cotton seed oil-mill worth $50,000, ten flour and grist-mills whose
aggregate value is $20,000; six lumber and sawmills, oaie wagon, car-
riage and buggy factory, one plow and cotton-gin factory, two box
and barrel factories.
The cotton ginned in Wilkes county during the season of 1899-1900
is given in the United States census repeat for 1900 as 17,405 bales
(upland).
Wa.shington, the county site, is one of the most beautiful towTis in
the State. It has a population of 3,300 in the coi-porate limits, and
4,436, counting the whole Washington district; a court-house worth
$40,000, two banks with an aggix'gate capital of $100,000, about 30
mercantile establishments, four life and fire insurance agencies, a water-
43 ga
382 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
works plant, amd cliurciies of tlie Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians,
Episcopalians, Koman Catholics and Christian Scientists. The two first
named are in the lead.
There are also good schools in Washington and in the^ county. There
are 42 schools foi' whites and 30 for colored pupils. The average at-
tendance is 916 white and 861 colored.
Wilkes county has been the home of many of the most distinguished
men of Georgia. Among them are General Elijah Clarke, a native of
North Carolina, who settled in Wilkes county and for his services to
Georgia and the cause of freedom deserves as high a niche in the temple
of fame as do Marion and Sumter for similar but not greater service
in South Carolina; Colonel John Dooly, who with his friend Elijah
Clarke and with General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina, won great
praise by the magnificent victory over the Tories at Kettle creek in
Wilkes county, and who, after the fall of Augusta in 1780, was murdered
in the presence of his family by a marauding band of Tories; Peter
Early and Matthew Talbot, each a governor of Georgia and both natives
of Virginia; Benjamin Taliaferro, a gallant soldier of the Virginia line
during the Revolution, who moved to Georgia in 1785 and became a
trustee of Franklin College, President of the Georgia Senate, and one
of the judges of the Superior Court, being elected to that position by
the Legislature, the only man in the history of the State to be elected
to such a position without being a la^vyer; Stephen Heard, who came
from Virginia to Georgia before the Revolution, was one of the govern-
ors of the State during that stormy period, and for a while had his cap-
ital at Heard's Port, in Wilkes county; Duncan G. Campbell, a distin-
guished lawyer and great friend of female education, who for several
yeans represented Wilkes county in the legislature; John A. Campbell,
Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and later one of the Con-
federate Commissioners to the Peace Conference at Portress Monroe, in
1865; Rev. Jesse Mercer, who was bom in Halifax county, ISTorth Caro-
lina December 16, 1769, was ordained a ministeir of the Baptist Church
before he was 20 years of age, removed to Georgia, was a member of
the convention which framed the Constitution of 1798, and at his death
in 1841, was buried in Penfield, at that time the site of Mercer Uni-
versity; Robert Toombs, who was bom in Wilkes county, July 2, 1810,
was one of the grandest oratoiis that America ever produced, represented
Georgia for many years in the United States Senate, was the first secre-
tary of State of the Confederate States, went to the field as a brigadier-
general, was distinguished in Georgia politics after the war and died in
Washington in his native county December 15, 1885.
In this county lived Mrs. Hannah Clarke, wife of General Elijah
Clarke, and one of the noted heroines of the Revolution, who died on
the 26th of August, 1827, aged, 90 years.
In the town of Washington lived Mi-s. Hillhouse, widow of David
Hillhouse, who took charge of and conducted a newspaper, styled the
Monitor and Observer, wrote editorials, set type, did the State printing,
raised and educated her three children, and at her death left to each a
legacy of ten thousand dollars. While John Milledge was governor of
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 883
Georgia he gave to this noble woman, as far as he could, the patronage of
the State.
Colonel John Graves, a native of Virginia, distingnished in the araiies
of "^"ashington and Greene, who settled in Georgia after the war of the
Revolution, was another distinguished citizen of Wilkes, as was also
Colonel Nicholas Long, distinguished for his services in the war for in-
dependence and in the second war with Great Britain.
The area of Wilkes county is 501 square miles, or 320, G40 acre?.
Population in 1900, 20,866, a gain of 2,785 since 1890; school f\md,
$11,550.10.
-Bv the report of the Comptroller-General there are: acres of improved
land, 294,796; average value per acre, $2.84; city and to^vn property,
561,045; shares in bank, $124,380; money and solvent debts, $285,410;
merchandise, $124,520; stocks and bonds, $51,875; cotton manufacto-
ries, $36,400; capital invested in mining, $400; household and kitchen
furniture, $111,445; farm and other animals, $172,720; plantation and
mechanical tools, $45,095; watches, jewelry, etc., $8,960; value of all
other property, $47,008; real estate, $1,664,754; personal estate, $1,-
037,533. Aggregate value of whole property, $2,702,287.
Property returned by colored taxpayer: acres of land, 13,621; value-
of land, $52,040; city and town property, $58,315; money, etc., $935;,
merchandise, $600; household and kitchen furniture, $16,185; watches^
jewelry, etc., $115; farm and other animals, $37,430; plantation and
mechanical tools, $7,075; value of all other property, $3,105. Aggre-
gate value of wdiole property, $179,430.
Population of Wilkes county by sex and color, acco:-ding to the census
of 1900: white males, 3,218; white females, 3,205; total white, 6,423;
colored males, 7,074; colored females, 7,369; total colored, 14,443.
Population of the town of Washington by sex and color, according
to the census of 1900; white males, 528; white females, 608; total white,
1,136; colored males, 1,000; colored females, 1,164; total colored, 2,164,
Total population of Washington, 3,300.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 30 calves, 12 steers, 4 bulls, 105 dairy cows, 142 hoi-ses,
27 mules, 1 donkey, 156 swine.
WILKINSON COUNTY.
WilJcinson County was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, and organ-
ized in 1805. A part of it was added to Baldwan in 1807, and a part
BCt off to Twiggs in 1S09. It was named for Cenoral Jamrw Wilkinson,
an active participant in the war of tho Kevolution, and afterwards in
that of 1812. It is bounded by the follo^ving counties: Baldwin on the
north, Baldwin, Washington and Johnpon on tho northeast, Laurens on
tho southeast, Twiggs on the southwest, and Jones on the northwest.
The Oconee rivor flows along the northeastern l)oundai'y. It is also
watered by Big Sandy and Commissioner's creeks, tributaries of the Oco-
nee. The streams abound in fish. There is a considerable pond or small
lake in the northeastern section of the county.
334 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The main line of the Central of Georgia Railway traverses the county,
while a branch road of the same great system, starting from the town
of Gordon and passing through Milledgeville and Eatonton, terminates
at Covington on the Georgia Railroad.
The soil belongs to the tertiary formation, and consists of gray, sandy
'lands, level or slightly rolling with red outcrops in the central portion
•of the comity. The lands on an average make the following yield to
the acre: com, 9 bushels; oats, 8 2-3 bushels; wheat, 4 bushels; Irish
.potatoes, 50 bushels; sweet potatoes, 75 bushels; field-peas, 12 bushels;
t ground-peas, 30 bushels; seed cotton, 550 pounds; crab-gra^ hay, 2,000
pounds; sugar-cane syrup, 250 gallons. But the best lands go far ahead
^of these figures on com, oats and wheat, averaging as follows: corn, 15
\)ushels to the acre; oats, 25 bushels; wheat, 10 bushels.
In 1890 Wilkinson county had 881 sheep, with a wool-clip of 1,483
pounds, 4,952 cattle, 363 being working oxen and 1,757 milch-cows;
754 horses, 1,246 mules, 9 donkeys, 16,780 hogs and 50,474 domestic
fowls. Among the farm products were 251,209 gallons of milk, 64,239
pounds of butter, 18,717 pounds of honey and 95,355 dozens of eggs.
Vegetables, berries, melons and fmits are raised for home consump-
tion. The amount of tmck sold is less than $1,500 worth.
Rotten limestone abounds in this county. Near Irwinton is a quarry
of the soft kind, which, upon exposure to the air, becomes hard. It has
been found useful in the constraction of chimneys.
On the tributaries of the Oconee are 21 grist-mills, using 246 horse-
powers.
The forest growth is long-leaf pine on gray lands, oak and hickory on
red lands and swamp timber along the creeks. The timber products are
considerable, the annual output being about $30,000.
Of all manufactories in the county the annual output is about $91,310.
Irwinton, the county seat, has a population of 227, though Irwinton
district contains, 1,993 people.
The largest town in the county is Gordon, with 509 inhabitants in
the town, while the whole of Ramah district, which includes Gordon,
contains 1,597 people.
Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations.
There are in the county 41 schools for whites and 23 for colored. The
average attendance for the former is 830, for the latter 848.
The area of Wilkinson county is 431 square miles, or 275,840 acres.
Population in 1900, 11,440, a gain of 659 since 1890; school fund,
$7,319.16.
According to the Comptroller-General's report for 1900, there are:
acres of improved land, 275,464; average value per a&re, $2.13; city
and town property, $44,677; building and loan association, $10; money
and solvent debts, $116,576; merchandise, $27,614; stocks and bonds,
$0,350; cotton manufactories, $1,255; household and kitchen furniture,
$76,535; farm and other animals, $154,152; plantation and mechanical
tools, $36,551; watches, jewelry, etc., $5,223; value of all other prop-
erty, $38,015; real estate, $631,179; personal estate, $498,008. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $1,128,187.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD INDUSTRIAL. 885
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 7,508; value
of land, $18,196; city and to^m property, $2,895; money, etc., $317;
merchandise, $120; household and kitchen furniture, $15,689; watches,
jeweliy, etc., $438; farm and other animals, $25,672; plantation and
mechanical tools, $6,012; value of all other property, $4,249. Aggre-
gate value of whole property, $78,663.
According to the report of the United States census for 1900 there
were ginned in Wilkinson county 11,037 bales of upland cotton during
the season of 1899-1900.
The tajc returns for 1901 show a gain of $13,401 in the value of all
property over the returns of 1900.
Population of Wilkinson county by sex and color, according to the
census of 1900: white males, 2,726; white females, 2,683; total white,
6,409; colored males, 2,981; colored females, 3,050; total colored,
6,031.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on farms or ranges,
June 1, 1900: 15 calves, 5 steers, 3 bulls, 36 dairy cows, 26 hoi-ses, 9
mules, 125 swine.
WOKTH COUNTY.
Worth County was laid out in 1856 from Ir\Adn and Dooly, and was
named in honor of General William Worth, of New York, a son-in-law
of General Zachary Taylor, who distinguished himself in the Mexican
war, while fighting under Taylor in northern Mexico, and latea' under
Scott in the valley of the city of Mexico. This county is bounded
by the following counties: Dooly on the north, Irwin and Berrien
on the east, Colquitt on the south, Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee on the
west, and Lee on the northwest.
The Flint river flows along its northwestern border, and Little river
on the eastern side. On its northeastern side is Smft creek, and a little
south of that, Jones creek. Other streams are Indian, Warrior, Ty Ty,
Abi-am's and Mill creeks.
The county is traversed by the Brunswick and Western Railway of
the Plant System and by the Tifton, Thomasville and Gulf Railway.
The Georgia Northern penetrates the county as far as Carlisle on the
southwest.
The face of the country is le^^el, having a light, sandy soil with clay
subsoil. On the creek bottoms the soil is alluvial and very productive.
The cultivating of grass for hay is yet in its incipiency; but experi-
ments have proved very satisfactory. Crab-grass, which grows to per-
fection, is harvested with a mixture of peavine after oats. About 4,000
acres have given a yield of 5 tons (10,000 pounds) to the acre of this
mixed hay.
The average yield to the acre for the wliole county, according to loca-
tion and culture, is: com, 10 to 18 b)ishels to the acre; oats, 10 to 25
bushels; rye and wheat, 10 bushels each; upland rice, 10 bushels; Irish
and sweet potatoes from 125 to 300 bushels each; field-poas, from 10 to
20 bushels; ground-peas, from 10 to 60 bushels; chufas, 20 bushels;
ggg GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
"upland seed cotton, from ^50 to 1,000 pounds; sea-island cotton, 800
pounds; crab-grass hay, 5,000 pounds, but 10,000 on the best lands; sor-
ghum forage, 10,000 pounds; com fodder, 200 pounds; sugar-cane
sjrup, 250 to 300 gallons.
There is an increased interest in beef cattle and in better milk breeds,
the Jersey being the favorite milch-cow. The pasturage is excellent,
besides which, cattle are fed on hay, bran and cotton seed meal.
In 1890 Worth county had 15,026 cattle, 269 being working oxen
and 3,897 milch-cows, of which there were 115 from pure breed to one
half bred and higher. The production of milk was 313,918 gallons,
and of butter, 68,184 pounds. The 14,294 sheep gave a wool-clip of
32,629 pounds. There were 703 horses, 1,118 mules, 20,557 hogs and
51,310 domestic fowls of all varieties. The production of eggs was 79,219
dozens, and of honey, 3,899 pounds.
Quail and doves constitute the game of the county.
Vegetables, berries and melons in suificient quantities for home con-
sumption are raised. The people raised fewer melons than usual in
1900, alleging as a reason the freight rates, which ate up all the profits.
The acreage devoted to peaches is 1,000; to apples, 200; to pears, 400;
to plums and cherries, 50 each. There are 4 vineyards, embracing in
all 150 acri-es. About half of the grapes are sold in the markets, and
from 25 per cent, of the whole number raised wine is made. From
Poulan, thousands of grapes are shipped.
About 5,000 acres of woodland consist of pine, and 5,000 of cypress,
hickory and gum. The annual output of lumber is 6,000,000 superficial
feet, selling at an average price of $8.00 a thousand feet.
The minerals are clay, limestone and sandstone, but none of them are
at this time being mined.
There are excellent water-powers in the county. Two hundred horse-
powers are used by Mercer's flour and grist-mill. At Sylvester are two
such mills, of which Haine's Mill is operated by water and Welch's by
steam. At Willingham there is a large lumber and shingle mill; also
large planing-mills with a di-ying capacity of 20,000 feet a day. At
Ashbum are mills with a capacity of 50,000 feet of rough lumber and
60,000 shingles a day; also planing-mills with a capacity of 25,000 to 30,-
000 feet in a day. There are in the county several smaller mills with a
capacity of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet a day.
There are in operation 12 turpentine stills. There is a fertilizer manu-
factory in course of construction at Sylvester, and a cotton factory being
built at Poulan.
There are in the county two wagon and carriage factories, valued at
$1,000 each.
Isabella, the county seat, has a court-house worth $20,000. There are
in the county three banks, one at Sylvester with a capital of $15,000, one
at Poulan, $15,000, and one at Ashbum, $20,000. There are 2 life and
fire insurance agencies at Sylvester, one at Ty Ty, and 2 at Ashburn. In
each of these towns are several successful mercantile establishments.
Ashbum, with a population of 1,301, is the largest town in the county.
The district including Ashburn has 3,025 inhabitants. Next is Sylvester,
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 887
^vitIl 552 inhabitants. The whole distaict which includes it has a popu-
lation of 1,612.
The recedpts and shipments of cotton from the entire county are 7,500
bales. Of these 3,000 are handled at Sylvester. By the census report of
1900 there were ginned in this couuty 9,290 bales of upland and 1,189
bales of sea-island cotton during the season of 1899-1900.
Baptists and Methodists are the leading denominations, and their
churches are scattered all over the county.
Worth county has 51 schools for white pupils and 23 for colored,
with an average attendance in the white schools of 1,54-1 and in the
colored schools of 762.
The area of Worth county is 778 square miles, or 497,920 acres.
Population in 1900, 18,064, an increase of 8,616 since 1890; school
fund, $10,421.57.
By the Comptroller-General's report for 1900 there are: acres of im-
proved land, 372,328; of wild land, 80,351; average value per acre of
improved land, $2.53; of wild land, $1.29; city and town property, $175,-
131; shares in bank, $18,261; money and solvent debts, $198,347; mer-
chandise, $110,879; stocks and bonds, $1,718; cotton manufactories,
$7,162; iron works, $5,025; mining, $135; household and kitchen furni-
ture, $134,151; farm and other animals, $274,382; plantation and me-
chanical tools, $52,862; watches, jewelry, etc., $7,610; value of all other
property, $183,512; real estate, $1,197,840; pei-sonal estate, $998,043.
Aggregate value of whole property, $2,196,783.
Property returned by colored taxpayers: acres of land, 10,806; value
of same, $26,210; city and town property, $6,499; merchandise, $717;
money and solvent debts, $900; household and kitchen furniture, $18,-
409; watches, jewelry, etc., $287; farm and other animals, $26,312;
plantation and mechanical tools, $5,627; value of all other piroperty,
$1,395. Aggregate value of whole property, $86,356.
The tax returns for 1901 show an increase of $240,561 in the value
of all property, as compared with the returns for 1900.
Population of Worth County by sex and color, according to the cen-
sus of 1900: white males, 5,286; white females, 4,966; total white,
10,252; colored males, 4,584; colored females, 3,828; total colored,
8,412.
Domestic animals in bams and inclosures, not on fann or ranges, June
1, 1900: 221 calves, 204 stcci^, 11 bulls, 260 dairy cows, 163 horses, 275
mules, 1,601 swine, 12 eroats.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
From the Comptroller-General's report for 1901 we take the follow-
ing :
STATEMENT SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUE OF THE WHOLE TAX-
ABLE PROPERTY OF THE STATE AND THE STATE TAX
LEVY FOR EA(^H OF THE YEARS, BEGIN-
NING WITH 1879.
YEAR.
Property
on Digest.
Railroad
Property.
Total.
State Tax
Rate.
]879
1880.
1881.
1882.
18s3
1884,
18S5
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
$ 225,993,419
238,934,126
254,252,630
268,519,976
284,881,951
294,885.370
299,146,798
306,507,578
316,605,328
327,863,331
345,938,837
377,366,784
402,586,468
421,149,509
410,644,753
388,428,748
37u,739,521
370,526,638
370,034,912
369,118,403
372,927,077
388,154,413
404,792,137
9,866,129
12,490,525
16,741,258
18,729,427
22,030,404
22,188,901
22,548,818
22,981,927
24,899,592
29,304,127
34,250,477
38,462,161
42,383,287
42,604,025
42,000,154
40,584,775
39,952,572
42,780,835
42,286,457
42,695,508
43,933,411
46,181,721
51,554,897
234,959,548
251,424,651
270,993,888
287,249,408
306,921,355
317,074,271
321,695,616
329,489,655
341,504,021
357,167,458
380,189,314
415,828,945
444,969,755
463,753,534
452,644,907
429,012,923
410,692,093
413.307,473
412,321,369
411,813,911
414,860,488
434,33-5,134
456,347,034
3K mills.
31^ "
3" "
3
91,/ "
3 " "
3.77 "
3.56 "
4 "
3.96 "
5.08 "
4.85 "
4.61 "
4.37 "
4.56 "
4.56 "
5.21 "
6.21 "
5.36 "
5.20 "
5.44 "
To the railroad assessments m.iist be added tiie estimated value of tke
property of the roads having charter exemptions from ad valorem taxa-
tion, which, at a conservative valuation, is worth $20,000,000, which
would make the total value of this property $71,554,897.
In order to show in detail to what extent some of the chief classes of
our property have increased, the following interesting statement is
taken from the Comptroller-Greneral's report:
1879
1899
1900
1901
City and town real estate.. .
Lands
Live stock
Farm implements
Household furniture
Merchandise
Money, etc
Cotton factories
Iron works, etc
Bank capital
Rnilroad property
$49,007,286
90,493,822
21,017,634
2,971,372
9,156,404
12,012.755
25,113,005
1,640,000
295,640
4,667,567
9,866,129
116,258,563
119.152,188
19,968,359
4,903,739
15,534.560
19,211,726
33,198,332
11,359,993
566,064
13,389,612
43,933,411
116,945,650
120,602,233
22,418,392
5,:-04,719
16,296,369
20,425,362
34,730,595
13,217,736
440,655
13,892,281
46,181,721
119,042,742
124,425,643
25,241,891
6,730 743
16,666,166
23,879,854
34,380,514
18,999,964
938,629
14,264,306
51,554,897
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. ^"89
From the same report is taken the subjoined.
STATEMENT OF PROPERTY RETURNED BY COLORED TAX-PAYERS
FROM 1879 TO 1901.
1879 $ 5,182,398
1880 5,764,293
18S1 6,478,951
1882 6,589,876
1883 7,582,395
1884 8,0l'1 ,525
1885 8,153,390
1886 8,655,298
1887 8,936,479
1888 9,631 ,271
1889 10.415,330
1890 12,322,003
1891 14,196,735
1892 14,869,575
1893 14,960,675
1894 14,387,730
1895 12,9-11,230
1896 13,292,816
1897 13.619,690
1898 13,719,200
1899 13,560, 179
1900 14.1 18,720
1901 15,629,811
The following is the school fund estimate, 1901 :
Direct levy $ 800,000
Poll tax 250,014
Half rental W. and A. railroad 210,206
Liquor tax 132,343
Hire of convicts (net) 81 ,297
Fees from fertilizers (net) 16,592
Oil fees (net) 8,193
Show tax 4,636
Dividends from Georgia railroad stock 2,046
$ 1,505,127
APPENDIX.
IMPOKTAiS^T INFORMATIOX FEOM THE UNITED STATES
CENSUS OF 1900.
The total area of Georgia is 59,475 square miles. Of tliis area the
water surface embraces 495 squai-e miles, leaving a land surface of 58,-
980 square miles.
The tables of population were prepared bj Mr. Wm. C. Hunt, chief
statistican for population. The director of the United States cen-
sus is Hon. William E. Merriam.
The population of the State in 1900 is 2,216,331 as against 1,837,353
in 1890, representing an increase since 1890 of 378,978, or 20.6 per cent.
This rate of increase is only a little more than that for the decade from
1880 to 1890, when it was 19.1 per cent., and is a little more than two-
thirds that for the decade from 1870 to 1880, when it was 30.2 per cent.
Georgia had a population at the first census, in 1790, of 82,548, but it
increased by 1830 to 516,823, and by 1860 to 1,057,286, having more
than doubled during the 30 years from 1830 to 1860. Since 1860 its
population has again more than doubled, and is now considerably in ex-
cess of two millions.
The population of Georgia in 1900 is very nearly twenty-seven times
as large as the population given for 1790, when it was only 82,548.
The total land surface of Georgia is, approximately, 58,980 square
miles, the av0i*age number of persons to the square mile at the censuses
of 1890 and 1900 being as follows: 1890, 31.1; 1900, 37.5. Table 1
shows the land area of each of the counties of Georgia in square miles.
Table 2 shows the population of Georgia at each census from 1790 to
1900, inclusive, while table 3, which immediately follows, shows the
population of each county during the same period.
There have been no territorial changes in the counties of Georgia
since 1890.
Of the 137 counties in the State all but 9 have increased in popula-
tion during the decade, the counties showing the largest percentages of
increase being Colquitt, 184.4 per cent.; Invin, 116.0 per cent.; Tattnall,
99.1 per cent; Laurens, 88.4 per cent.; Johnson, 86.1 per cent.; Worth,
85.7 per cent; Telfair, 84.0. pcir cent; Berrien, 81.7 per cent; and
Montgomery', 76.8 per cent.
The 9 counties showing a decrease in population Sve Cherokee, Colitm-
bia, Dade, Dawson, Greene, Morgan, Pntnam, Talbot, and White.
Of the 372 incorporated places tlicre are 40 tliat have a population in
1900 of more than 2,000, and of these 13 have a population in excess of
5,000.
(891)
892 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Atlanta., Augusta, and Savannah, are the only cities in Georgia that
have a population in 1900 of more than 25,000, and for these cities a
summary is presented in table 4, showing the population of each from
the first year in which it is separately stated in the census report, to
1900, inclusive, together with the increase by number and per cent, dur-
ing each of the ten-year periods.
As shown by this summary, Atlanta, the largest city in the State, has
a population in 1900 of 89,872 as compared with a population of only
2,572 in 1850; in 1890 it had a population of 65,533, representing an
increase during the past ten years of 24,339, or 37.1 per cent., as com-
pared with an increase of 75.1 per cent, during the preceding ten years.
Savannah, the second largest city in the State, shows an increase of 25.5
per cent, from 1890 to 1900, its present population being, 54,244 afi
against 43,189 in 1890; it had a population of 5,166 in 1800, or less than
one-tenth of its population in 1900. Augusta, the third largest city in
the State, has a population in 1900 of 39,441, showing an increase of
6,141, or 18.4 per cent., since 1890 as compared with an increase of 52.1
per cent, from 1880 to 1890.
Mr. Daniel C. Roper, who made the report on the quantity of cotton
ginned in the United States in 1899, says: "As the statistics of this bul-
letin are based exclusively upon the report secured from cotton ginners,
it may be that in some counties the amount of cotton reported as ginned
will vary slightly from the amount of cotton reported as grown, and tab-
ulated by the Agricultural Division of this office. This condition will
certainly occur where large and important ginneries, located near State
or county lines, attract cotton from an adjoining county, or where cotton
is grown only to a limited extent in one county and its entire production
is ginned and reported in a neighboring county."
Mr. Roper gives the following interesting bit of history, showing the
immense influence of the cotton gin upon cotton production in the United
States:
"Prior to the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1794,
the separation of the seed from the lint cotton was so difficult as to limit
the cultivation of cotton. This separation of the seed from the lint had
to be done by hand, a task being 4 pounds of lint cotton per week for
each head of a family, working at night, in addition to the usual field
work. Thus it would take one person two years to turn out the quantity
of cotton contained in one average standard bale. One machine will gin
from three to fifteen 500-pound bales per day, dependent upon its power
and saw capacity.
Possibly no invention has even' caused so rapid development of the
industry with which it was associated as that brought through this saw-
cotton gin. In 1793, the exportation of cotton from the United States
was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales of an average weight of 500 pounds.
In 1794, the year in which the Whitney gin was patented, the number
of pounds of cotton exported from the United State was 1,600,000,
equivalent to 3,200 bales of a 500-pound standard. This large produc-
tion so frightened the cotton farmera, in antioipation of an over produc-
tion of the crop, as to cause them to pledge themselves to desist from
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 393
its production. One of these farmers, looking upon his crop gathered
for that year, exclaimed, "I have done with 5ie cultivation of cotton;
There is enough in that ginhouse to make stockings for all the people
in America.' And yet within one hundred years, 1800 to 1900, the
production of cotton in the United States has increased from 80,000,
approximately, to 9,345,391 bales, 500-pound standard, and the crop of
1899 is generally admitted by the ginnei-s, in their reports to this office,
to have been small compared with that of 1898."
Table 5 gives the quantity of cotton ginned in Georgia by counties in
1899, the average weight of bales, and the average cost per bale for gin-
ning and baling the crop. y j
894
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
895
Table 2.— POPULATION OF GEORGIA: 1790 TO 1900.
CENSUS YEARS.
Population.
INCREASE.
Number.
Per cent.
1900
1890.
1880.
1870.
1860.
1850.
1840.
1830.
1820,
1810.
1800,
1790
2,2:6,331
l.S37,.S53
1,542,180
1,184,109
1 ,0.i7,286
906,185
691,392
516,823
340,985
252,438
162,()86
82,548
378.978
295,173
3.58,071
126,823
151,101
214,793
174,-569
175,838
88,552
89,747
80,138
20.6
19.1
30.2
11 9
16.6
31.0
33.7
51.5
35.0
55 1
97.0
896
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
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GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND IND08TRIAL. 907
TEXTILE MILLS IX GEORGIA.
Those not designated as wooleu, knitting, carding or nig, are cotton
mills.
Aberdeen Mills, Poulan, Ga. (projected), J, H. Broinlej, President
AJmand & Dyson I\Jiitting Mill, Washingtoii, Ga., D. Hall, Superin-
tendent.
*Anclior Duck Mills, Rome, Ga.
Annestown Cotton Mills, Stone Mountain, Ga., C. J. Haden, Presi-
dent.
Aragon Mills, Aragon, Ga., TV. S. Walcott, President; J. P. Camp-
bell and F. C. Walcott, Managers.
Athens Manufacturing Co., Athens, Ga. (cotton and wool), AV. S.
Dootson, Superintendent; J. H. Dootson, Agent.
Atlanta Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., R. B. Smitli (X. Y.), President;
H. E. Fisher, Agent.
Atlanta Hosiery Mills, Atlanta, Ga., S. A. Magill, Proprietor.
Atlanta Knitting Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jerome Silvey, President.
Atlanta Rug Mills, Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta Woolen Mills, Atlanta, Ga., W. M. Xixon, President and
Manager.
Atlantic & Gulf Mills, Quitman, Ga., J. F. Spain, President; J. W.
Spain, Superintendent.
Augusta Factory, Augusta, Ga., Stewart Phinizy, President; A. S.
Morris, Secretary and Treasurer.
Baldwdn Cotton Mills, Bald^vin, Ga. (projected), W. A. Shore, Presi-
dent.
Barnesville Manufacturing Company, Bamesville, Ga,, J. W. Rogers,
President; J. W. Hanson, Agent.
Battle Manufacturing Company (knitting), Warrenton, Ga,, J. F.
Allen, President; W. F. Wilhoit, Secretary.
Bibb Manufacturing Company, Colimibus, Ga., J. F. Hanson, Presi-
dent; J. R. White, Secretary.
Bibb Manufacturing Company, Porterdale, near Covington, Ga.,
J. F. Hanson, President; O. S. Porter, Agent; John A. Porter, Superin-
tendent.
Bibb Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., J. F. Hanson, President;
J. R. AVhite, Secretary.
Bib!) Manufacturing Company, Pottcrsvillc, Ga., J. F. Hanson, Presi-
dent; J. R. White, Secretary.
Bowen, Jewell &: C<)iii])aiiy's Mill, Jewells, Ga., Bowen, Jewell & Co.
Brooks Underwear MaTuifacturing Company (knitting), Molcna, Ga.
Bulloch County Cotton Mill, Statesboro, Ga., F. B. Green, President
(not running).
*Canton Cotton :Mi]ls, Canton, Ga., R. T. Jones, Prcsidefnt; AV. T.
Brown, Superintendent.
Capps Cotton Mill, Toccoa, Ga., T. A. Capjw, I*residcnt.
* New Mills.
908 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
*Carlton Manufacturing Company, Carlton, Ga.
Cedartown Cotton Mills, Cedartown, Gra., Daniel Baugk (Phila.),
President; J. H. Hines, Manager.
Clegg Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., J. F. Clegg, Treas-
urer (not in operation).
*Cochran Cotton Mills Company, Cochran, Ga., J. J. Taylor, Presi-
dent; D. E. Duggan, Superintendent.
Columbus Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., F. B. Gordon,
President; Charles H. Gordon, Superintendent.
Columbus Wadding Mills, Columbus, Ga., E. P. Dismukes, President.
Community Cotton Mills, Geneva, Ga. (projected).
Concord Woolen Mill, Nicajack, Ga., J. W. Rice, Manager; T. S.
Hudlow, Superintendent.
*Cordele Cotton Mills Company, Cordele, Ga., J. T. Westbrook,
President; R. L. Wilson, Agent.
Cornelia Cotton Mills, Cornelia, Ga. (projected).
Covington Cotton Mills, Covington, Ga., T. C. Swann, President;
W. C. Clark, Secretary and Treasurer.
Crown Cotton Mills, Dalton, Ga., George W. Hamilton, President;
J. W. Brown, Superintendent.
Dixie Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga., 0. A. Dunson, President and
Manager.
*DubMn Cotton Mills, Dublin, Ga., Wm. Pritchett, President; J.
Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.
Eagle & Phoenix Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Colum-
bus, Ga,, G. Gunby Jordan, President; W. H. Rankin, Superintendent.
Eastman Cotton Mills, Eastman, Ga.
Eatonton Electric Company, Eatonton, Ga., J. W. Preston, Presi-
dent; A. S. Reid, Secretary.
Elizabeth Cotton Mills, six miles from Atlanta, Ga., F. I. Stone,
President.
Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., J. P. Verdery,
President; Otis G. Lynch, Superintendent.
Exchange Cotton Mill, Macon, Ga. (projected), J. W. Cabaniss, Presi-
dent; C. E. Hams, Superintendent.
Exposition Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., J. D. Turner, President; G. P.
Jeter, Superintendent.
Fincher Cotton Mill, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Fincher, Proprietor.
Forsyth Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., J. M. Ponder, Presi-
dent; J. C. Kennett, Superintendent.
Fulton Bag & Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., Jacob Elsas, President;
J. R. Pearce, Superintendent.
Gainesville Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga.
Gate City Hosiery Mills (knitting), Atlanta, Ga., J. 0. Greenfield,
President.
Gate City Manufacturing Company (knitting), East Point, Ga.,
Samuel A. Carter, President.
* New Mills.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 909
Georgia Manufacturing Company (cotton and knitting), Columbus,
Ga., C. L. Perkins, President; J. W. Boyd, Superintendent.
Georgia Manufacturing Company, Gainesville, Ga., Dr. E. E. Green,
President; E. E. Green, Jr., Secretary.
Georgia Manufacturing Company, Whitehall, Ga., J. R. White,
President; Charles F. Smith, Superintendent.
Georgia Underwear Company (knitting mill), Bamesville, Ga., J. J.
Eogere, President; Floyd M. Murphey, Superintendent.
Globe Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., J. A. A. W. Clark, President;
J, C. F. Clarke, Superintendent.
Glover Manufacturing Company, Juliette, Ga., J. jST. Birch, Presi-
dent; E. Duggan, Superintendent.
Grantrille Hosiery Mills (knitting), Grantville, Ga., N. 0. Banks,
President; J. P. Brasche, Superintendent.
Griffin Knitting Mills, Griffin, Ga., Douglas Boyd, President.
Griffin Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, Presi-
dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent.
*Gwinnett Cotton Mills, La^vrenceville, Ga., M. S. Cornett, President;
J. H. Duggan, Secretary.
Hamburger Cotton Mills, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger, Presi-
dent; Charles Hancock, Superintendent
Hampton Cotton Mills, Hampton, Ga., A. J. Henderson, President;
W. M. Harris, Secretary.
Hanson Crawley Company's Knitting Mill, Bamesville, Ga., J. L.
Kennedy, President.
Harmony Mills, Alice, Ga., P. M. Tate, Proprietor; J. A. Winter-
bottom, Superintendent.
Harmony Grove Mills, Harmony Grove, Ga., L. G. Hardman, Presi-
dent; M. E. Chrystal, Superintendent.
Hawkinsville Cotton Mills, Hawkins^^lle, Ga., T. H. Grace, President.
Henderson Manufacturing Co. (knitting mill), Hampton, Ga., A. J.
Henderson, President; A. D. Henderson, Manager.
High Shoals Manufacturing Company, High Shoals, Ga., J. W. Hin-
ton, President; A. J. Baxter, Superintendent.
Hogansvdlle Manufacturing Company, Hogansville, Ga., E. J. Grif-
fin, President; G. W. Murphy, Manager.
Houston Factory, Dennard, Ga., Dennard & Hughes (not running).
Hutcheson Manufacturing Company, Banning, Ga., C. S. Eeid, Presi-
dent; W. H. Thomas, Superintendent.
*Irwin Manufacturing Company, Fitzgerald, Ga., W. E. Bowen,
President (projected).
Isaetta ilills, Augusta, Ga., James Brotherton, President; H. Ware,
Superintendent.
Iverson and Sterne Manufacturing Company, Milner, Ga., Iverson
& Sterne, Proprietors.
Jackson & Brother's Carding Mill, Lawrenccville, Ga., E. P. Jackson
and Brother, Proprietxjrs.
• New Mills.
910 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
*Jasper Cotton Mills, Monticello, Ga. (projected), L. O. Benton,
President.
Jefferson Cotton Mills, Jefferson, Ga., H. W. Bell, President; J. C.
Turner, Manager.
Jewells Mills, Jewells, Ga., George Bradley, Superintendent.
Josephine Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., Daniel Baugh, Presi-
dent; L. D. Wade, Superintendent.
Kincaid Manufacturing Company, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, Presi-
dent; Charles Wheeler, Superintendent.
King, J. P., Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., Charles Estes,
President; Joel Smith, Superintendent.
LaGrange Mills, La Grange, Ga., J. M. Barnard, President; G. W.
Carpenter, Superintendent.
Lanett Cotton Mills, West Point, Ga., L. Lanier, President; E. Lang,
Superintendent.
Laurel Mills Manufacturing Company (woolen), Eoswell, Ga., S.
Crowley, President; W. B. McGregor, Superintendent.
*Lavonia Cotton Mills, Lavonia, Ga., M. Crawford, President.
Little Kiver Mill, Waleska, Ga.
Louisville Cotton Mills, Louisville, Ga., W. W. Abbott, President.
Macon Knitting Company, Macon, Ga., D. H. Howes, Agent; Joseph
Benner, Superintendent.
*McBae Cotton MUl Company, McKae, Ga. (projected).
Mallison Braided Cord Company, Athens, Ga., L. F. Edwards, Presi-
dent; W. A. Fowler, Superintendent.
Manchester Manufacturing Company, Macon, Ga., W. A. Crutch-
field, President; J. D. Hough, General Manager.
Mandeville Cotton Mills, Carroll ton, Ga., L. C. Mandeville, Presi-
dent; E. Montgomery, Superintendent.
Marietta Knitting Company, Marietta, Ga., R. H. ^orthcutt. Presi-
dent; J. H. Barnes, Superintendent.
Marietta Paper Manufacturing Company (cotton batting and waste,
32 cards), Marietta, Ga.
Mary Leila Cotton Mills, Greensboro, Ga., E. A. Copeland, President;
S. T. Buchanan, Superintendent.
Massach.usetts Mills in Georgia, Lindale, Ga., Augustus Lowell, Presi-
dent; Wm. Audley Marshall, Superintendent.
Middle Georgia Cotton Mills, Eatonton, Ga., B. W. Hunt, President;
E. B. Ezell, Superintendent.
Millen Cotton Mills, Millen, Ga., J. H. Daniel, President; R. G.
Daniel, Secretary and Treasurer.
Monroe Cotton Mills, Monroe, Ga., B. S. Walker, President; J.
Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.
Moultrie Cotton Mills, Moultrie, Ga., W. C. Yerreen, President;
Z. H. Clark, Secretary.
Muscogee Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., E. W. Swift,
President; Jesse Paine, Superintendent.
* New Mills.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. t) i [
*Xew Century Cotton Mills, Dougljisville, Ga., J. 1). Jiuues, Presi-
dent; Samuel Hale, Superintendeut (not miming),
Xewnan Cotton Mills, XeAraan, Ga., II. D. Cole, Sr., President; John
Florence, Superintendent.
Oxford Knitting Mills, Barnesville, Ga., J. C. Collier, President;
S. H. Langham, Superintendent.
Pacolet Manufacturing Company, New Holland, near Gainesville,
Ga.
Palmetto Cotton Mills, Palmetto, Ga., J. K. P. Carlton, President;
W. S. Harbin, Superintendent.
Park Mills, LaG range, Ga., L. M. Park & Soais, Proprietors; L. ^I.
Park, President; "Wm. Houston, Superintendent.
Park Woolen Mills, Kossville, Ga,, W. A. Campbell, President;
C. A. Taylor, Superintendent.
Paulding County Manufacturing Company, Dallas, Ga., E. Davis,
President; R P. Gann, Secretary.
Pa^Tie Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga., W. S. Payne, President; J. H.
Kane, Superintendent.
Pearle Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. A.
Field, Superintendent.
Pelham Manufacturing Company, Pelliam, Ga., J. L. Hand,Presi-
dent; B. "\V. Curry, Treasurer.
Penfield Hosiery Mill (knitting), Penfield, Ga., T. W. Woodliam,
Superintendent.
Pepperton Cotton Mills, Jackson, Ga., J. R. Wright, President; J. L.
Asbel, Superintendent.
Phoenix Cotton Factory, ten miles from Augusta, Ga., M. B. Hatcher,
President; W. W. Hack, Superintendent.
Piedmont Cotton Mills, Atlanta, Ga., B. L. Willingham, President;
Baynard Willingham, Superintendent.
Porterdale Mills, Covangton, Ga., O. S. Porter, Agent.
Porter Manufacturing Company (cotton and wool), Bert, Ga., T. L.
Langston, President; S. Crowley, General Manager.
Princeton Manufacturing Company, Athens, Ga., James White, Pro-
prietor; W. W. Duncan, Superintendent.
Quintette Manufacturing Company, Eatonton, Ga., Robert A. Roid,
President; E. M. Brown, Treasurer.
Raccoon Manufacturing Company, Raccoon Mills, Ga., John S. Clcg-
hom, President; R. S. WTiitc, Superintendent.
Richmond Hosiery Mills (knitting), Rossville, Ga., E. G. Richmond,
President; Garnett Andrews, Jr., Manager.
Riverdalo Cotton Mills, West I'oint, Ga., James Pierce, President;
Wm. Brown, Superintendent.
Riverside Cotton Mills, Augusta, Ga., George K. Stearns, President;
John Vivian, Superintendent.
Riverside Mills, Marietta, Ga. (branch of tlio Augusta Mill of same
name).
* New Mills.
912 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
liome Cotton Factory, Eome, Ga., Henry Han^ey, President; C. E.
McLin, Superintendent.
lioswell Manufacturing Company, Roswell, Ga., S. Y. Stribling,
President.
Rush ton Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., B. R Blakely, President; George
H. Peckham, Superintendent.
Russell Manufacturing Company, Winder, Ga.
Savannah Cotton Mills, Savannah, Ga., Walter N. Brown, Superin-
tendent.
Schofield Manufacturing Company (knitting), Macon, Ga., T. O.
Schofield, President; W. P. McQuillin, Superintendent.
Scottdale Mills, near Atlanta, Ga., George W. Scott, President; C. M.
Candler, Treasurer.
Shoal Creek Cotton Mills, Shoal Creek, Ga., J. M. Edwards, Pro-
prietor; A. B. Edwards, Superintendent.
Sibley Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga., John W. Chafee,
President; James C. Piatt, Superintendent.
Smith Manufacturing Company, Thomson, Ga,, John E. Smith,
President; Mr. Fielding, Superintendent.
Social Circle Cotton Mills, Social Circle, Ga., J. B. Robinson, Presi-
dent.
Soque Mills (cotton and wool), Bert, 8 miles from Cornelia, Ga.,
T. L. Langston, President; F. W. Eamshaw, Superintendent.
Southern Shoddy Mills, Rossville, Ga., G. A. Rinker, Manager; H.
Sheard, Superintendent.
Spalding Cotton Mills, Griffin, Ga., W. J. Kincaid, President; Allen
Little, Superintendent.
Sparta Cotton Mills, Sparta, Ga., D. P. Ferguson, Proprietor (not
running).
Standard Cotton Mills, Cedartown, Ga., M. 0. Berry, President; Wnu
Parker, Manager.
Standard Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Athens, Ga.,
Wm. and J. H. Dootson and A. H. Hodgson, Proprietors.
Star Thread Mills, Barnett Shoals, 10 Miles from Athens, Ga., J. W.
Morton, Agent; J. C. Bone, Superintendent.
Strickland Cotton Mills, Valdosta, Ga., B. F. Strickland, President;
E. W. Lane, Secretary.
■^Strickland Mills, Concord, Ga., G. W Strickland, Proprietor (in-
coiporated, 1900, but not yet running).
Sutherland Manufacturing Company, Augusta, Ga,, Wm. T. David-
son, President; John M. Head, Superintendent.
Swift's Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga., T. M. Swift, President; R. A.
Field, Superintendent.
Swift Manufacturing Company, Columbus, Ga., Louis Hamburger,
President; John T. Abney, Superintendent.
Taylor Manufacturing Company, 4 miles from Reynolds, Ga., Bibb
* New Mills.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 913
Manufacturing Company of Macon, Ga., Proprietors; AV. K. Rodgers,
Superintendent.
*Tennille Cotton Mills, Tennille, Ga., J. W. Smith, President; J.
Boshinski, Secretary.
Thomaston Cotton Mills, Thomaston, Ga., R. A. Matthews, Presi-
dent; O. S. Causey, Superintendent.
*Tifton Cotton Mills, Tifton, Ga., H. H. Tift, President; L. G.
Manard, Secretary.
Tillman ^lanufactimng Company (knitting mills), Valdosta, Ga, (In-
corporated 1900; mill not yet built).
Toccoa Cotton Mills, Toccoa, Ga., W. R. Bruce, Treasurer and
Manager; J. AV. Goodroe, Superintendent.
Trio Manufacturing Company, Forsyth, Ga., R. P. Brooks, Presi-
dent; C. A. Ensign, Secretary.
Trion Manufacturing Company, Trion, Ga., A. S. Hamilton, Presi-
dent; Z. T. McKinney, Superintendent.
Union Cotton Mills, LaFayette, Ga., A. R. Steele, President and
Manager; John R. Steele, Superintendent.
Union Manufacturing Company (knitting mill), Union Pomt, Ga.,
Harold Lamb, President; H. S. Lovem, Secretary.
*Unity Cotton Mills, LaGrange, Ga. (incorporated 1900, not com-
plete).
Upson Knitting ^lills, Steed, Ga., T. S. Yates, President.
Valdosta Cotton Manufacturing Company, Valdosta, Ga. (projected).
"Wahneta Mills (knitting), Cedartown, Ga., E. S. Mumford, Presi-
dent; G. H. Wade, Secretary and Treasurer.
Wahoo Manufacturing Company, Sargents, Ga., H. C. Amall,
President; J. A. Smith, Superintendent.
Walton Cotton Mill Company, Monroe, Ga. (projected), C. T. Mob-
ley, President; J. Wheeler Mears, Superintendent.
Warwick Cotton Mills, Augivsta, Ga., Frank R. Clark, President;
W. B. Etchings, Superintendent.
Waynman Cotton Mills, Waynmanville, Ga., T. M. Matthews, Presi-
dent; C. H. Robertson, Manager.
West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Ga,, L. Lanier,
President; T. Lang, Superintendent.
Weatherly and Lambdin Wool Carding Mill, Red Clay, Ga,
Whitehall Yam Mill, AVliitehall, Ga., John R. White, Proprietor.
Whittier Cotton Mills, Chattahoochee, Ga., Helen A. Whittier,
President; W. R. B. Whittier, Agent; Henry W. Salmon, Superintend-
ent.
Wilkes Cotton Mill Company, Washington, Ga,, chartered 1900,
incomplf'to.
Wilh'ngham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga,, C. B. Willingham, Proaident;
G. T. Kennett, Superintendent.
Winder Cotton Mills, Winder, Ga., W. B. Cants, President; R. L.
Rogers, Secretary and Treasurer.
* New Mills.
45 ga
914
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
Winn Wool Carding Mill, Bowman, Ga., D. J. Winn & Co., Pro-
prietors.
Witham Cotton Mills, Hartwell, Ga,, W. S. Witham, President;
H. L. Witham, Superintendent.
Woodside Cotton Mills, Gainesville, Ga. (projected), J. D. Wood-
side, President.
Woodstock Cotton Mills, Toonigh, Ga., E. A. Finclier, Proprietor.
FERTILIZER FACTORIES IN GEORGIA.
Abbott & Stone Louisville
Adair, A. D. & McCarty Bros Atlanta
Alford, D. C. & Co Hartwell
American Fertilizer Co Macon
Andrew, Glenn & Co Carlton
Arlington Oil and Fertilizer Co Arlington
Armour Fertilizer Co Atlanta
Aimold & Co Elberton
Arnold & Reynolds Washington
Askew, J. F Hogausvilla
Augusta Guano Co Augusta
Baker, D. A Royston
Bale, F. S Rome
Blackshear Manufacturing Co Blackshear
Blanchard & Ilumber Columbus
Bowker Fertilizer Co Savannah
Brooks & Tabor Lavonia,
Brown Brothers Elberton
Busha, S, J Buf ord
Butler, Heath & Butler Camilla
Cannon, J. W Lavonia
Cooper, W. W Flowery Branch
Coweta Fertilizer Co ISTewuan
Daniel Sons & Palmer Co Millen
Da\ds Fertilizer Co Quitman
Ellis, Charles Savannah
Excelsior Manufacturing Co Washington,
Farmers Cotton Oil & Manufacturing Co Locust Grove
Fort Gaines Oil & Guano Co Fort Gaines
Fowler Bros. & Co Marietta
Furman Farm & Improvement Co Atlanta,
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta,
Georgia Farmers' Oil & Fertilizer Co Madison
Gibbs, L. Y. Sons & Co Savannah
Grovamia Oil & Fertilizer Co Grovania
Hand Trading Co Pelham
Harper & Hewell Dewy Rose
Hays, A. IST Covington
Hodgson Fertilizer Co Athens,
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia,
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia,
Georgia,
Georgia.
Georgia.
Georgia.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AXD IXDUSTRIAL. 915
Hogansville Fertilizer Co Hogausville, Georgia.
Home Mixture Guano Co Columbus, Georgia.
Jackson Fertilizer Co Jackson, Georgia.
Jefferson Manufacturing Co Jefferson, Georgia.
Jones, "W. O. & Co Elberton, Georgia.
Kennesaw Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia-
Kramer, Mandeville & Co Carrollton, Georgia.
Lowe, T. J Mabelton, Georgia.
McBride, Robert & Co Xewnan, Georgia.
McBumej Oil & Fertilizer Co Warrenton, Georgia.
McCaw Manufacturing Co Macon, Georgia.
McKenzie Oil & Fertilizer Co Atlanta, Georgia.
Mallet & jSTutt Jackson, Georgia.
^Manning, W. J Powder Springs, Georgia.
Marietta Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia.
Maynard, P. B. & Co Forsvth, Georgia.
^Middle Georgia Oil & Fertilizer Co Hogansville, Georgia.
Mitchell Coimtj Fertilizer Co Camilla, Georgia.
Monroe Guano Co Monroe, Georgia.
N'apier Bros Macon, Georgia.
Xeely, R. C. C ». . . . TVavnesboro, Georgia.
Old Dominion Guano Co Atlanta, Georgia.
Peeples & Lane Valdosta, Georgia.
Pioneer Guano Co Albany, Georgia.
Pittard, John T Winterville, Georgia.
Putney Fertilizer Co Putney, Georgia.
Eamspeek, G. A Decatur, Georgia.
Richland Guano Co Richland, Georgia.
Savannah Guano Co Savannah, Georgia.
Skinner, C. "W "Wavnesboro, Georgia.
Smith, J. M Smithonia, Georgia.
Smith, T. K & J. W Tennille, Georgia.
Stevens, Martin & Co Carlton, Georgia.
Strickland, A. J. Manufacturing Works Valdosta, Georgia.
Suwannee Fertilizer Co Savannah, Georgia.
Swift Fertilizer Works Atlanta, Georgia.
Tabor & Almond Elberton, Georgia.
Thomas, IST. P Wavnesboro, Georgia.
Tumipseed, J. W. & Sons Hampton, Georgia.
Union Fertilizer Co Atlanta, Georgia.
Valdosta Guano Co Valdosta, Georgia.
Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co Atlanta, Georgia.
Walker Bros Griffin, Georgia.
Wilcox, Ives & Co Savannah, Georgia.
Wilkins & Jones Waynesboro, Georgia.
Willingham, C, B Macon, Georgia.
Worth County Fertilizer & Manufacturing Co Sylvester, Georgia.
Wright, Carter & Co Jackson, Georgia.
.916 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
GEORGIA BANKS.
T^OWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED
Abbeville Wilcox Citizens' B luk a . . . .' 1900
Acworth Cobb R. Lemon Banking Co. b 1853
Adairsville . . .Bartow Bank of Adairsville a 1899
Adel Berrien Bank ..f Adel a 1899
Albany Dougberty . . Albany National Bank 1895
" " . . Commercial Bank of Albany a 1888
♦' " .. Excbange Bank of Albany a 1893
*' " .. First National Bank 1888
Americus Sumter Bank of Commerce a 1891
" " Bank of Southwestern Georgia a .1887
" " People's Bank a 1899
" " Planters' Bank a 1892
Arlington Calhoun Bank of Arlington a 1899
Ashburn Worth Asbburn Bank a 1900
Athens Clarke Athi-ns Savings Bank a 1887
" '' Bank of the University a 1873
" National Bank of Athens 1866
Atlanta. Fulton Atlanta National Bank , 1865
" " Bank of Commerce a 1899
" " Capital City National Bank 1900
" .... " Coker Banking Company 6 1873
" .... " Fourth National Bank 1896
"^ " James' Bank 6 1860
" «« Lowry National Bank 1861
" .... " Maddox-Rueker Banking Co 1880
" " Neal Loan & Banking Co, a 1887
" " Third National Bank 1896
'« " Atlanta Bankinj.'- & Savings Co. a 1886
" " Atlanta Savings Bank a 1890
" .... " Capital City Trust Co a 19(i0
<' " Farmers' and Traders' Bank 1900
*• " Georgia Savings Bank & Trust Co. a 1899
«' '' Germania Loan & Banking Co. a 1887
*' " Southern Banking <^' Trust Co. a 1889
«' " Trust Company oi Georgia a 1890
" . " Darwin G. Jones b 1881
" '« George S May 6 1867
" " Weyman & < onnors, Bankers b 1891
Augusta Richmond: Augusta Savings Bank a 1879
" " ... Commercial Bank a 1863
" " ... Georgia Railroad Bank a
" " ... .National Bank of Augusta 1865
'« " National Exchange Bank 1871
'» " ... Planters' Loan & Savings Bank a 1870
" '' ... .Union Savings Bank a 1892
Bainbridge . . .Decatur Bainbridge State Bank a 1891
" ... " Peoples' Bank a 1900
Barnesville . . .Pike Barnesville Savings Bank a 1873
" ..." New South Savings Bank a 1891
Baxley Appling Baxley Banking Co. 6 1897
Biackshear . . Pierce Blackshear Bank a J892
Blakely Early Bank of Blakely a 1893
Blue Ridge... Fannin Blue Ridge Bank b 1900
Boston Thomas M. R. Mallette 6 1889
Brunswick Glynn Brunswick Bank Si Trust Co. a 1890
" " National Bank of Brunswick 1894
Buena Vista . .Marion Buena Vista Loan & Savings Bank a 1889
Buford Gwinnett Bank of Buford a 1893
Butler Taylor Bank of Butler b 1900
Cairo Thomas Cairo Banking Co. b 1900
Calhoun Gordon Bank of Calhoun a 1891
Camilla Mitchell Bank of Camilla a 1890
a state. 6 Private.;
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 917
TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED
Canton Cherokee Bank of Canton a 1892
Carrollton Carroll Carrolltou Bank a 1891
First National Bank 1900
Cartersville . Bartow Bank of Cartersville a 1895
" " Firj^t National Bank 1889
Cedartown Polk Commercial Bank a I«b9
Chipley Harris Bank of Chipley a 1899
Cochran Pulaski Cochran Banking Co. b 1892
Columbus Muscogee Columbus Savings Bank a 1888
" " Fourth National Bank 1»91
" •' ....Merchants' and Mechanics' Bank a 1872
«« " ... National Hank of Columbus 1876
•' '. . ' " Third National Bank 18»8
Comer Madison Comer Bank a 1900
Conyers Rockdale John H. .\lmand b lN92
Cordele Dooly Bank of Wight it Weslosky Co. 6 1888
Citizens' Bank a 1899
" Peoples' Bank a 18W8
Cornelia Habersham . Cornelia Bank a 1900
Covington . . . Newtou Clark liankiug Co. « 1891
Crawfordville. Taliaferro Bank of Crawfordville a 1898
Culloden Monroe Bank of CuUoden a 1897
Cuthbert Randolph ... Bank of Cuthbert 1890
Dallas Paulding Bank of Dallas 1899
Daltou Whitfield p'irst National Bank 1888
" " ....C. L. Hard\vick& Co. 6 1873
Darien Mcintosh Darien Bank a 1889
Dawson Terrell Dawson National Bank 18H9
" First State Bank a 1887
Demorest Habersham . . .Savings Bank of Demorest 6 1898
Douglas Coffee Union Banking Co. a 1899
Douglasville . .Douglas Douglasville Banking Co. a 1891
Dublin Laurens Dublin Banking Co. a 1892
" " Laurens Banking Co. a 1898
Eastman Dodge Citizens' Banking Co. a 1891
'' " Merchants' & Farmers' Bank b 1896
Eatonton . Putnam Middle Georgia Bank a 1891
" .... " Putnam County Banking Co. a 1891
Elberton Elbert Bank of Elberton a 1893
•' '' Elberton Loan & Savings Bank a 1888
Ellaville! .... .Schley Ellaville Agency Bank of Southwestern
Georgia 6. 1897
Fairburn Campbell . . . . W. T. Roberts b 1899
Fayetteville . Fayette Bank of Fayetteville b 1898
Fitzgerald ... Irwin . Men-hants' & Planters' Bank a 1900
Flovilla Butts W. B. Dozier b 1895
Forsyth Monroe Bank of Forsyth a 18H5
" " . . W. H. Hiad Banking Co. 6 1874
" W. T Maynard A Co. 6 1887
Fort Gaines. . .Clay Bank of Fort Gaines a 1890
Fort Valley. . .Houston Dow liaw Bank a 1895
" ... " Exchange Bank a 1889
Gainesville. .. Hall First National Bank 1889
» State Banking Co. a 1889
.... •' J. H. Hunt b 1^93
Greensboro . . .Greene Armor Brothers b 1898
E. A Copelan /> 1889
Greenville . . .Meriwether . Greenville Banking Co. a 1891
GritThi Spalding Citv National Bank 1873
" '• Grillin Burikiim' Co. a 1870
" " Merchants' (N: IMaiitcrs' Bank 1889
«« " Savings Bank of (irillin 1889
Harmony
Grove. . .Jackson Northeastern Banking Co. a 1892
Hartwell Hart Funners' <fe Merchants Bank a 1899
a State, b Private.
918 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED
Hartwell Hart Hartwell Bank a 1899
Hawkinsville . Pulaski Hawkiusville Bank & Trust Co. a 1872
" . " Planters' Bank a 1896
Hazlehurst ... A ppling J. G. Pace 6 1897
Hogausville . Troup Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1889
Jackson Butts Jackson Banking Co. a 1888
Jefferson Jackson Jefferson Banking Co. a 1892
Jesup Wayne Merchants' & Fanners' Savings Bank 6 1891
LaFayette . . .Walker Bank of LaFayette a 1899
LaGrange . . . Troup Bank of La Grange a 1890
" " La Grange Banking & Trust Co. a 1871
Lavonia Franklin Bank of Lavonia a 1898
Lawreneeville Gwinnett . . . Bank of Lawrenceville a 1895
Lexington . . . Oglethorpe. . . Bank of Lexington b 1896
Louisville . . . .Jefferson Bank of Louisville a 1896
Lumpkin . . . .Stewart Bank of Stewart County a 1891
Macon Bibb American National Bank
" '' Central Georgia Bank a : 1869
" '' Commercial & Savings Bank a 1895
" .. " Exchange Bank a 1871
" First National Bank 1865
'' " Macon Savings Bank a ■ 1875
" L C. Plant's yon 6 1S68
" Georgia Loan & Trust Co. a 1883
" " Security Loan and Abstract Co. a 1892
" " Southern Loan & Trust Co. a 1893
" Union Savings Bank & Trust Co. a 1890
Madison Morgan Bank of Madison a 1890
" " Morgan County Bank a 1899
Marietta Cobb First National Bank 1888
" Marietta Trust & Banking Co. a 1892
Marshallville .Macon M. S. Ware b 1888
Maysville. .. Jackson H. and T. E. Atkins 6 1891
McDonough . .Henry Bank of Henry County a 1896
McRae TeHair Merchants' Bank a 189-i
Milledgeville Baldwin Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1898
" .. " Milledgeville Banking Co 1884
Millen Screven Bank of Millen a 1893
Molena Pike Bank of Molena a 1899
Monroe Walton Bank of Monroe a 1891
" George W. Felker 6 1892
Montezuma . . Macon John F. Lewis & Son b 1871
Monticello . . . Jasper Bank of Monticello a 1892
" Jasper County Bank a 1898
Morgan Calhoun J J. Beck b 1887
Moultrie Colquit Moultrie Banking To. a 1896
Newnan Coweta First National Bank 1871
" Newnan Banking Co. a 1894
Ocilla Irwin Bank of Ocilla 6 1899
Oglethorpe . . Macon Bank of Oglethorpe a • 1899
P Iham Mitchell Hand Tradiug Co. a 1876
Perry Houston .... Perry Loan & Savings Bank a 1889
Poulan Worth Bank of Poulan 6 1899
Quitman Brooks Bank of Quitman a 1889
" Merchants' & Farmers' Bank a 1891
Reynolds Taylor Merchants' Bank b 1890
■" " Reynolds Banking Co. a 1897
Richland Stewart Bank of Richlana a 1890
Rochelle Wilcox Bank of Rochelle b 1898
Rome Floyd Exchange Bank of Rome a 1896
" "■ First National Bank 1877
Rutledge Morgan Bank of Rutledge a 1898
Sandersville . .Washington. . Banking House of Louis Cohen b 1890
'' . . " . . Warthen and Irwin b 1895
Savannah , . Chatham . . . Chatham Bank a 1889
a State, b Private.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 919
TOWN COUNTY NAME OF BANK WHEN ESTABLISHED
Savannah Chatham.,. . . Citizens' Bank a 1888
'• .... Germania Bank a 1800
'' " Merchants' National Bank 1860
•' .... " ... .National Bank of Savannah 1885
" ... Savannah Bank & Tru.st Co. rt 1869
'' .... " ... Southern Bank of the State of Georgia a 1870
" " Oglethorp Savings & Trust Co. a 18«7
....Hull & Lathrop 6 1890
Senoia Coweta Farmers' ct Merchants' Bank o 1892
Sharon Taliaferro ... J. A. Kendrick's Bank 6 1899
Shellman Randolph . . . .People's Bank a 1900
" ... Shellman Banking Co. b 189o
Social Circle. .Walton Bank of Social Circle a 1892
Sparta Hancock Bank of R. A. Graves 6 18S7
Statesboro . . . Bulloch BanK of Statesboro a 1894
Summerville. .Chattooga .... Bank of Commerce a 1891
Swainsboro. . .Emanuel Bank of Swainsboro a 1896
Svlvester Worth Sylvester Banking Co. a 1897
Talbotton . . . .Talbot Peoples' Bank 1890
Tallapoosa Haralson Citizens' Bank b 1897
Tennille . Washington .Farmers' & Merchants' Bank « 1894
" . .Tennille Banking Co. rt. 1900
Thomaston . . .Upson Farmers' ife Merchants' Bank a 1892
". ... " Upson Banking & Trust Co 190O
Thomasville .Thomas Bank of Thomasvillea 1888
Citizens' Banking & Trust Co. a 1891
" . " Thotnasville National Bank 1887
" . " Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Co. a 1887
Thomson McDuffle Bank of Thomson a 189L
Tifton Berrien Bank of Tifton a 1895
Toccoa Habersham . Toccoa Banking Co. a 1890
Unadilla.. . Dooly Bank of Uuadilla b 1897
Union Point .(-Ireene Bank of Union Point 6 1900
Valdosta Lowndes Citizens' Bank of Valdosta a 1891
" " First National Bank. 1890
" " Merchants' Bank of Valdosta a 1874
Vienna Dooly Bank of Vienna a 1889
.. " J P. Heard & Sons 6 1899
Villa Rica ... .Carroll Bank of Villa Rica a 1899
Warrenton . . .Warren Bank of Warrenton o 1892
W' ashingtou . .Wilkes Washington Exchange Bank a 1889
.. " Washington Loan & Banking Co. a 1895
Waycross Ware Bank of Waycross a 1894
" " Citizens' Bank a 1900
'« " First National Bank 1894
Waynesboro . .Burke Bank of Waynesboro a 1891
" . . '' Citizen.s' Bank a 1898
West Point. . . .Troup Bank of West Point a 1897
Winder Jackson Bank of Winder « 1895
" " Winder Banking Co. a 1899
Wrightsviiie. .Johnson Bank of Wrightsville a 1896
a state. 6 Private.
The Banks incorporated during the year 1901 by Hon. Philip Cook, Secre-
tary of State, are :
Bank of Nashville, Rockmart Bank, Citizens' Bank of Swainsboro, Citizens'
Bank of Moultrie, Bank of Willacoochee, Mount Vernon Bank, Sea Island Bank
of Statesboro, Citizens' Bank of Vidalia, Bank of Graymont, Bank of Grant-
viile, Bank of Covington, Bowen Banking Company, Bank of Randolph, San-
dersville Jiank, Citizens' Bank of FHuTton, IVople's Bank of Lyons, Bank of
Molena, Crawford County Bank, Bank of Swainsboro, Bank of Arlington,
Shadburn Banking Company. I'.ainbridge State Bank, Bank of Oglethorpe,
Screven County I'.ank and Roswell Bank.
920 GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL.
The following are the railroads incorporated by the Secretary of State
during the fiscal year just closed :
Statesboro and Register Railroad Company; Brunswick and Birmingham
Railway Company; East and West Railroad of Georgia; Jacksonville, St.
Mary's and Jesup Railroad Company ; Dalton and Alaculsy Railroad Comp'anyJ
Gainesville and Dahlonega Electric Railroad Company; Atlanta and Birming-
ham Air Line Railway Company; Columbus and Arlington Railway Com-
pany ; Flint River and Gulf Railway Company; North and South Macon Street
Railway Company.
The Railroads also had their charters amended.
GEORGIA: HISTORICAL AND INDUSTRIAL. 921
GEORGIA MANUFACTURES.
It was hoped that all the reports of the United States Census Bureau
for 1900 concerning manufactures and agricultural products of each
county would be completed in time to appear in the appendix to this
volume, but such is not the case.
The lollowiug information, however, has been issued by the Census
Bureau on Georgia Manufactures in 1900:
Per Cent.
-— -% of Increase
-, , , since 18!t(i.
Number of establishments, 7,504 7r> 1
Capital, $8,7Sy,G5G 57.7
Wase earners, average number, 83,842 60.3
Total wages, $20,344,071 39.1
Miscellaneous expenses, $r).3ii,330 32.4
Cost of materials used, $53,232,203 62.8
Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $106,648,677.... 54.7
ATLANTA.
Number of establishments, 395 (1) 3.7
Capital, $16,085,114 69.2
AVage earnei-s, average number, 9,368 17.7
Total wages, $3,106,039 (1) 3.1
Miscellaneous expenses, $1,352,721 37.0
Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $10,721,899 27.9
AUGUSTA.
Number of establishments, 388 (1) 11 .8
Capital, $9,016,619 10.0
Wage earners, average number, 7,138 24.9
Total wages, $1,815,779 7.4
Miscellaneous expenses, $618,938 17.5
Cost of materials used, $6,244,286 15.0
Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $10,069,750 8.9
MACON.
Number of establishments, 182 (1) 10-3
Capital, $5,076,005 27.3
Wage earners, average number, 3,700 IT. 2
Total wages, $1,047,607 (1) 0.9
Miscellaneous expenses, $445,078 102.3
Cost of materials used, $3,751,167 , -40.8
Value of products, including custom work and repairing, $6,485,767 25.4
SAVANNAH.
Number of establishments, 155 (^ ) 3(5.5
Capital, $5,71(5,491 ''•»
Wage earners, average number, 2,870 ^\^''
Total wages, $1,176,150 • • ^]-^-
Miscellaneous expenses. $4f5!>,91H ^" -^ ''
Cost of materials used. $3.915,SS4 • ■ . • • • • • • ; l^y
Value of products, including cu.Htoin work and repairing, $6,461,.S1(> — <
Figure (1) in percentage denotes decrease.
INDEX.
A
Abbeville, town 879
Abram's Creek t>85
Abram's Home, Savaanab 4U7
Academy for tlie Blind, Macon, Ga 4U'J, 550
Acworth (JUT
Adairsville 540
Adams, David 412
Adams, John Quiucy '22
Adel, town 545
African Methodist Episcopal Church 413
Agate 720, 809
Agnes Scott Institute 382, 031
Agriculture 101, 232
Agriculture, Commissioners 34
Agricultural Department 34
Air Currents 43
Alabah River 789
Alabama Great Southern Railroad 020
Alabama River 21
Alabama State 17, 21
Albany and Northern Railroad 034, 030
Albany, city 030, 039
Alcovy River 724, 777, 802
Alderney Cattle 259
Alexander Normal School for Ladies 550
Alfalfa, or Lucerne 215, 210
Alice, town 787
Allapacoochee Creek 544
Allapaha River 544, 599, 043, 741, 87y
Allapaha, town 545, 719
Allatoona Creek 539
Allatoona Station 785
Alleghany System 39
Allgood, A. P 588
Alligator Creek 707
Alpharetta 702
Altamaha Basin 105, 115
Altamaha River 17, 520, 082, 737, 740, 707, 834, 781
Alto 535
Alum 803, 850
Aluminum. .40, see Bauxite.
Alvord, Henry E, (quoted) 275
American Farmer by Flint (quoted) 299, 300
Americus, city 82t), 830
Amethyst 00
Amicalola Creek »i22, 743
Anawaqua, an Indian Princess 5(i8
Anchovy Shoals 881
Andersonvllle 829
A ndr§, Major 785
Andrew Female College 38,5, 807
Andrews' Shoals 782
Angora Goats 304-310; price of lleece 309, 310
(923)
924 INDEX.
Angus Cattle 268, 2G9, 535
Apalachicola Basin 84 100
Appalachee River 689, 692, 769, 779,789! 862
Appalachian System 36, 39
Apples 43, 150, 154, 243V244,' 587, 786*, 848
Appleton Orphan Home, Macon 406, 550
Appling County .526-528
Appling, Colonel Daniel 526, 613
Appling, town ..."..." .' .613
Appropriations to the Instiutions of the State 515, 516
Arctic (or rescue) grass .' . 227
Area of Georgia (including land and water) 36, 891
Land area of the several counties 526-887
Also Table 1 Appendix 894
Arlington 562-563
Armuchee Valley 586, 859
Arnold, Benedict 785
Artesian Wells 72, 528, 558, 563, 565, 577, 596, 632, 636, 685, 728, 754
Asbestos 41, 65, 133, 147, 569, 598, 619, 696, 758, 803, 849
Asbury, Francis 411
Ash 1.50, 161
Ashburn, town 886
Ashe, General 18
Aspinwall, Elijah 789
Athens, city 365, 382, 592, 593, 595
Atkinson, W. Y 33
Atlanta 23, 33, 331, 332, 669-677, 901
Atlanta Constitution 53
Atlanta Journal 53
Atlanta, Knoxville and Northern Railroad 184, 601, 655
Atlanta and West Point Railroad 185, 615, 852
Atlanta University 386
Atlantic Ocean 575
Atlantic, Valdosta and Western 573, 599, 643
Augusta 16, 17, 18, 810-813, 901
Augusta Chronicle 53
Augusta Orphan Asylum 405, 406
Austell 604
Ayres, David 278
Ayrshire Cattle 264, 267
B
Bailey, C. P., of California (information concerning the Angora condensed from
pamphlet issued by him 304-310
BailGv. Samuel 155
Bainbridge, city 624, 627, 628
Bainbridge, Commodore Wm 624
Baker County 528, 529
Baker, Colonel John 528
Bakerier 359
Bald Mountain 802
Baldwin County 530-534
Baldwin, Adraham 530
Baldwin, town 535
Ballard Normal School for Colored Pupils 550
Ball Ground 591
Bananas 43, 246
Banks County 534-536
Banks, Dr. Richard 534
Banks in Georgia— list of, see Appendix
Baptist Church in Georgia 412, 413, 414. (See sketches
of the several counties) 526-887
Baptist Orphans' Home at Hapeville 406-407
Bai-ber Creek 592, 779
Barite (orBaryta), Sulphate of 40, 66
IXDEX.
925
^^^■^ej' 150, 207, 546
±>ai'iies, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 306
Barnesville, city 791^ 790 793
Barnett, town, g(37
Barry, Bishop of Komaa Catliolic Church in Georgia 413
Bartow County 49 539.543
Bartow, General Francis S ' 539
Baryta (or barite) .4U 06
Bass, W. C '. 3S1
Battle Creek .83-i
Biiuxite 40, 63, 132, 133, 147, 539, 540, 587, '660,' '6S8,"s77
Baxley, town 527
Bay Trees 51, I59, 101
Beach Creek , 705
Bear Creek 592, 757, 872
Beard's Creek 834
Bears 51. 573, 802
Beaver Creek 018, 748
Beaver Dam Creek 546, 558, 646, 765, 781, 819, 880
Beaufort, S. C 15
Becker, G. F 59
Beckwith, John ^V.. Protestant Episcoi«ul Bi-siiop ot Georgia 411
Beech Trees 150, 161
Beef Cattle 154
Begewootl, Nicholas 412
Belcher's Mill Creek 556
Bell Creek 848
Bellton 535
Belmont Farm 602, 603
Beman, Dr. Carlisle P 701
Bermuda Grass 150, 171, 216. 219
Berrien County 543-545
Berrien, John McPherson 543
Berries 43, 150, 154. (See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Bertram Creek 646
Bervl 66
Bethel Male College 807
Bethesda 16, 397
Bethesda Orphan Home 16, 397
Beverly 646
Bibb County 546-552
Bibb, Dr. W. W 546
Bie Creek 781. 796
Big Hurricane Creek 526. 608, 788
Big Indian Creek 569, 712
Big Kiokee Creek 613
Big Lott's Creek 556
Big Potato Creek 790, 800, 857, 858
Big Sandy Creek 883
Billy Bowlegs 51
Billy's Island 51
Birch Creek 790
Birch trees 161
Bird's Mill Creek 556
Bituminous Shale 660
Black Bass 52
Blackbeard Island 746
Black Cropk 5.-)fl
Blackberries -13. 154, 240
Black Gum Trees 150
Black Jack Trees !•'»•*
Blackshear J^O
Blackshoar, General David "i^*
Blacksmithlng •'^•'><>
Blnkely '►^2
Blast Furnaces 356
926 INDEX.
Bloodwortb, Solomon W 882
Bloody Marsh 16, 686
Blue Creek 874
Blue Grass 219, 220
Blue Ridge 36, 59, 154, 743, 855, 856, 874
Blue Ridge, town 655, 656
Bluff Creek 879
Bluffton 595
Bolzius, John Martin 408
Bonaventure ... 578
Bonnell, W. B ..!..!...... .381
Boophilus Bovis (cow tick) 34
Born, W. J .". . '.155,* 'isg
Bosom worth I7
Boston Herald (quoted) 240
Boston, Massachusetts 17
Boston, town in Thomas county 846
Bottsword, Edmund 412
Bowdon 570
Bowen, Commodore 17
Boynton, James L 33
Brawell, S. D 389
Brahma Chickens 290, 291
Brassto wn Creek 848,' 856
Bream (fish) .' . .28
Breeders of Pure Bred Cattle. (Foot note) 275
Brenau Female College 385, 699
Brick Manufactories 359, 545
Bridge Creek 611
Bridges, W. J 203-204, 822
Brier Creek 18, 558, 745, 809, 819, 867
Briers, Colonel W. K 588
Broad River 535, 646, 649, 666, 739, 752, 755, 781, 880
Brome 226
Brooks County 552-554
Brooks, Preston S 552
Broomtown Valley 39, 586
Broughton Island 746
Brown Iron Ore (limonite) 61, 127, 128
Brown, Joseph E 30
Brown, Loring 603
Browne, AV. Leroy 389
Browne, Colonel Thomas 814
Brownson, Nathan 18, 29
Brown Swiss Cattle 267
Brunswick and Birmingham Railway 609
Brunswick and Western Railway 544. 610, 636, 885
Brunswick 40, 325, 683-687
Brushy Creek 558, 752
Bryan County 554, 555
Bryan, General Goode 815
Bryan, Jonathan 554
Buchanan 70S
Buck Creek 818
Buckhead Creek 558, 748
Buckwheat 150, 154
Buena Vista, town 756
Buffalo Creek 781, 868
Buford 693
Buhrstone 558. 693, 726, 819, 849, 869
Buliding Stones 133, 136, 147, 698
Bull, Colonel 17
Bull Creek 772
Bulloch, Archibald 28. 556
Bulloch County 556, 557
Bullochville 758
IXDEX. qi,Y
Bullock, Ruf us B on oca
Bulls. (See Cattle.) ■.'. ' **"^
Burke County . V. ■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■. IS,' 558-5G0
Burke, Edmund grjg
Burke Jail " . .................. , 551)
Burnett, Capt. John; His Adventure with the Indians. GSG CS7
Burnt Village ' 0-3
Burton, J. Q 34
Butler's Creek A,.o
Butler, town So-
Butner's Island rrA
Butter '.*.'.'. *.'.'.".'.'. '.'.'.v. v.. v.". '.'.'." ' " 53 154
(For production of Butter, see sketches of the severai counties 5''6-887')
Butts County ' 5G0-5G''
Butts, Captain Samuel kqq
Cabbage, Palmetto j,^,.
Cabbages S"")'
Cabin Creek 8-'>o
Cain Creek V!iV ' "71
r,„. . < •io, 1 4-i
Cairo, town 04^^
Calhoun County ".".■■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■;;.■;;";: i! ;562; 503
Calhoun, John C 5qo qjq
Calhoun, town ~' oSS
Calvin. Martin V 3SG
Camack, town SG"
Cambrian Formation 55
Camden County .'."■.'.■.■.'.'.'.■ .■.'.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■! 8,* 564-5GG
Camden, Earl of 5q^
Camilla . '^^'^ ':::::::::!::::: ::::::::::::i(^,' 7G4
Campbell County 5G6-5G8
Campbell, Duncan G .5(36 567 88'^
Campbell, .John A ' ' ggo
Campbellton ............*.".',','.' 5G7
Candler, Allen D '. .33
Candler. Warren A 378
Cane Creek .....................! . 7,^>7
Cane Forage .22G 54r>
Canning Factories 362, 562, 604, G3G. 7(13,' '707," 798*, 878
Cannouchee River 554, 55G, 654, 737, 834
Cantaloupes 43
Canton 4^ r,f)^
Carbonate of Iron .803
Carbonate of Lime 571
Carboniferous Formation 5.-,
Carmel Academy 013
Carnesville !..... GG7
Carpenter Work .3C,1
Carriage Factories 3.-,(i
Carroll County 40, 42, 569-571
Carroll, Charles .r,c,p
Carrollton. town 570
Car Shops 3.-;o
Cartecay River (I77
Carter's Croek 5i;<;
Cartorsville, city 540, 5-i;{
Cass. Honorable Lewis Cass ,5.3!)
Cassava 214, 872
Catoosa County .30, 571 -.57."'.
('atoosa Si)rings 572
Cat Creek • 544
Cat-t^ll Orass 22C>
Cattle (neat) 34. 53. 259-275
(For statistics of, see skotclics of the sevcnil counties, 526-887.
928 INDEX.
Cave Spring 39^ 401, 660
Ceqil. town 545
Cedar Creek 728, 793,798," 'sSS, 879
Cedartown, city 794 795
Cedar trees '_ 15q
Cedar Valley 39 793
Cement 70, 92,136, 147, G60
Central of Georgia Railway 174, 177, 550, 5G2, 575, 593, 598, 615
645, 657, 715, 730, 766, 794, 799, 823
829, 831, 832, 837, 840, 846, 884
Cession of Western lands by Georgia 21
Chalcedony 558, 726, 869
Chalibee Battle 560
Chalybeate Springs 758
Chapultepec, Mexico 6
Charleston and Western Carolina Railroad 613
Charleston, S. C 15^ 18
Charlton County 573^ '574
Charlton, Judge T. U. P .' . 573
Charter Oak 30
Chatham County 18, 574-584
Chatham, Earl of 575
Chattahoochee County 584-586
Chattahoochee Ridge 42
Chattahoochee River 21, 566, 569, 584, 585, 595, 601, 615, 623, 628
641, 642, 664, 665, 669, 692, 697, 704, 708, 761
772, 773, 785, 800, 825, 826, 831, 850, 874
Cha tta nooga. Creek 46
Chattanooga, Rome and Southern Railroad 570, 659, 784, 861
Chattanooga Southern 861
Chatooga County 39, 40, 586-590
Chattooga River 586, 802, 859, 860
Chattooga Valley 586
Cheat 226
Cheese 53, 562, 742, 769, 822, 823, 845, '851, 856, 868
Cheney, M. Aquila 378
Chenubee Creek 840
Cherokee Baptist Female College 381
Cherokee County 40, 590-592
Cherokees 16, 39, 40
Cherries 43, 150, 154
Cherry, wild 150
Cherts 31
Chestatee River 697, 743
Chestnut Trees 150, 154
Chestnuts. (See Towns Co.) 848
Chiaha, Indian town on present site of Rome, Ga 663
Chicago Record (quoted) 240
Chickamauga battle 23
Chickamauga Creek 39, 859, 860, 876
Chickamauga Park 861
Chickamauga river and valley 859
Chickasawhatchee Creek 528, 562, 636, 840
Chicken Creek 590
Chickens 53, 154, 299
China Ware 69
Chincapin 166
Chipley 705
Chlorination process 60
Choctawhatcnee Creek 872
Choctaws 16, 39. 40
Christ Church Parish 575
Christian, or Disciples', Church 412, 414
Christmas, Robert ^ 18
Chrome 849
Chufas 43
l2fDEX. 929
Clark, John -^. S30
Clark University 380
Clarke County 592-59o
Clarke, General Elijah IS. 592, 814, 8G4, 882
Clarke, Mrs. Hannah 88[-
Clarke, Jonathan "^^'r
Clarkesville '^*^:,*
Claxton, town ^"^
Clay, Alexander S., United States Senator from Georgia -; -'^0-
Clay County '^'^'^'ca-
Clay. Henrv
595
Clays «9, 130, 137, 140, 220. 221, 359
530, 549. 587, 018, 019. 000. 778
790, 810, 820, 854, 809, 873, 877
Clayton, Augustine -o-' roo
Clayton County •'^'™
Cleburne, General Patrick "^iz
Cleveland, town • ; • " ; " 1-
Climate Belts ',-i J>-
Climax, town ~tU rni
Clinch County ' roA
Clinch, General Duncan L i^-^
Clinton, town '^^
Sve^':!*!?^::::::'::::::::::::::"::::"'---"i5o;22b:^
Clover bale j^rl!
Clyde, town ;.';;;;;;;.".4oVg6' 69,'i29,'i3o,' 147", ssi'soo
'^oai -,n Kfi l'">4
Coastal Plain •^' ^' J"-^
Coast Region , ,!p
Coast Tide, Swamp Lands ;.,Vi'rn«
Cobb County '^'^™
Cobb, Lucy ooo
Cobb, J. R. R • • V •-%%
Cobb, Thomas W '^'^' ^;]^
Cobb's Creek 093
Cochins (fowls) :.,y^" "Z'^^j
Cochran, town r^^-^
Cockspur Island 005
Coffee Bluff •.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.".■.OOS-Oro
Coffee County o.^ qqq
Coffee, General John E .; ; ' "' --..-,
Gohutta Range ""' " ' i-o
Cohutta Springs ^^^
Coke, Thomas -> .^
Cold Water Creek ,,,^
College Park tlog
Collins & Reidsville Railroad '
Collinsworth Institute ■ ' "-" ■^ .1
(volomokee Creek • ,^n
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church of America 30 33
Colquitt, Alfred H 010-013
( jolquitt County ,-,,q
Colquitt, town P^Iq
Colquitt. Waltnr T (Vl3-015
( ;olurnJ)ia County ^.V ' yj'.i.yyI;
Columbus, city "' 53
( ;oluiiibus Kn<iulrer • -
•Coinnioinvcalth of Georgia," by J. T. Henderson -'^
Confi'doratc Soldiers' Home j^.V "^^^
Congregat ionallst Church " "' n,^
(3onley, I'.cnjaniin " " ' ' '.jjvj
Conner, T. U '.^^ ' --V c-c
Connesauga Rlvor IS "8 33 ■1"'3
Constitution of Georgia c - , •<• . -^-^
Constitution of tlie United States
46 Ka
[jSO index.
Conyers, town 817
Cooahulla Creek 87(>
Cook's Creek 765
Coolewahee Creek 528
Cooper, David 398
Cooper, Mark A 333
Cooper's Creek 59O
Coosa Creek 856
Coosa River 21, 658, 659, 771
Coosa Valley 150, 659
Coosawattee River 677, 687, 771, 786
Copper 40, 65, 140, 569, 607, 655, 696, 803
Cordele, city 634, 635
Corn 150, 154, 197-201, 155, 168
(See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887.)
Cornelia 695
Corn Forage 171
Cornwallis, Charles (Earl Cornwallis) 18
Corundum 40, 63, 64, 133, 849
Cotton 33, 52, 53, 150, 154, 155, 168, 191, 197
See also sketches of the several counties, 526-887.
Cotton Gin 21, 352, 353
(For cotton ginned in the several counties, see appendix, table 5, pages 902-906.)
Cotton Mills . 335-344
(List of, 337-341. See also appendix, 907-914.)
Cotton River 716
Cotton Seed 195
Cotton Seed Oil Mills 347-352
Cotton Wood 161
Covington, city 777, 778
Covpeta County 42, 615-618
Coweta Indians 615
Cow-peas 150, 222, 225
See also sketches of the several counties. 526-887.
Cowpens, battle of 18, 769
Cow Tick (Boophilus Bovis) 34
Cows, (see Cattle.) 53, 259-275
Cox College (Southern Female) 382
Cox, T. H 202, 204
Crab Grass 150, 171, 220
Crawfish Springs 39, 861
Crawford County 618-620
Crawford, George W 30, 814
Crawford, Wm. H 613, 618, 782
Crawford High School 378
Crawfordville ^3
Creameries 34, 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851
Creek Bottom and Hummock Lands 165
Creeks 16, 17
Cretaledis Rocks 69
Crimson Clover 220
Crooked Creek 632, 765, 798, 854
Crowfoot Grass "p^
Crystaline Area ;;.• • -^^
Cuthbert, city ^*^^' °^°
Cumberland Island (called by the Indian Missoe) 565, 566
Cumming ^^
Gumming, Governor Alfred ^j*
Cumming, General Alfred , ^15
(jTimn^^ng., Colonel Wm 665
Cunningham. Robert M 411
Currahee Mountain ^oV '^c^
Cusseta ^^■*' ^^^
Cycloneta Station • • • • • • • ••■■• 'zi
Cvni-ec;s 51, 556, 627, 641, 642, 644, 654, 734, 7G7, 865. Sd, 886
CpSss creek 632,634,084,685,767
INDEX.
931
Bade Coal Mines (j.-»l
Dade County '.'.'.' '.''.'^^^.'^.'^.V.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.39, 'iO,' 620-G22
Dade, Major Francis L (j')0
Dahlooega .....!.!......*.'..... .40 744
Dairy Farms 539, 54G, 5G7, 5l>4, 590, 602, G14. U24
631, 035, 660, 684, 763, 773, 777, 781
791, 798, 822, 840, 845, 851, 852, 865
Dairying and Creameries 250-256, 604, 701, 824, 851, 881
Dairyman's Association 34
i^allas ".'.'.".'.'.'.".".' .'.*785,' '786
DaJl^s. Georgje M 785
I-'alton 378, 771, 877, 878
Daniel, General Allen 750
Daniell, Thomas 18
Danielsville 752
Darien (at first called New Inverness) 16, 325, 411, 747
Davis, Dr. James B 304
Davis, Jenkin 18
Davis, Robert 611
Dawson city 840, 841, 842
Dawson County 022, 023
Dawson, Wm. C 022
Dawsonville 623
Da y Creek 785
Day, Dr 70
Dearing 745
Death rate in Georgia as compared with other States 46
Decatur County 023-028
Decatur, Commodore Stephen 623
Decatur, town 382, 628, 631
Declaration of Independence 17
Deen. C. W 527
Deep Creek 618. 646, 765, 864
Deer 52, 154, 573, 021, 719, 802, 805
Dehon. Protestant Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina 408
DeKalb County 41, 028-032
DeKalb, Baron John 028
Delamotte, Rev 411
Demorest 095. 096
DeiTy, J. T 6, 381
DeSoto ^>*53
DeSoto, town 829
Devon Cattle -'^17, 268
Devonian Formation 55
Dewberries 154
Diamonds 2^*
Dickson, Judge Capers 378
Dietzen, N -38
Dirtseller Mountain 586
Distilleries for Turpentine. .529, 553, 550. 009, 012, 024. 634, 054, 720, 728. 732,
734, 738, 742, 704, 707, 790, 838, 841, 845, 805, 871, 880.
Doboy Island ''■^^^
Dodge County 032-634
Dodge, Wm. E *'32
Dogwood 1^*^
Domestic Animals. (See Live Slock.)
Doininiques ^^^
Donkeys J^^
Dooley Count v '"'•'*• "*•"•'
Dooley, Colonel Joliii 1'''- '»3 «. >^^-
Door of Hope ..550
Dougherty County O.T.-O.'IO
Dougherty, Charles ^»35
Dougherty's Creek 520
932 INDEX.
Douglas County 40, 640, 641
Douglas, Stephen A q^q.
Douglas, town 608,' 609, 610
Douglasville 640
Douglasville College 640
Dover and Statesboro Railroad 556
Dover 546* 641
Drainage System 73
Dry Creek 55*6* 834
Dry Fork Creek 78i
Dublin, city 732, 733
Duck Creek 859
Ducks 53, 299
Ducktown 40
Dugover Mountain 39
Duke's Creek 874
Dunson, O. A 245
Durham or Shorthorn Cattle 264, 267
Dutch Belted Cattle 26a
Dyer Creek 868
E
Early County 641- 643
Early, Peter 29, 641, 882
East and West Railroad 540, 794
East Point 677
Eastman, city 632, 633
Eastman. Wm. Pitt 633
Eaton, General Wm 799
Eatonton, city 799
Ebeuezer 16, 408, 645
Echeconnee Creek 546, 618, 712, 765
Echols County 643, 644
Echols, Robert M 643
Economic Geology and Mineralogy 55
Edgewood Farm 239
Education in Georgia 365
Effingham County 18, 644-646
Effingham, Earl of 644
Eggs, 43, 154; Number produced in Georgia 299
Egyptian Cotton 196, 19"
Eight Mile Creek 765
Elberta Peach 240, 242, 748
Elbert Countv 646- 6o3
Elbert, Colonel Samuel 29, 646, 686
Elberton, city 646, 649
Electric Cars ^33
Electric Light Plauts 360
Electric Motors 360
Elkin's Creek J9J|
Ellaville, town | ^Iz
EUijay River o' '
EUijay, town 678
Elliott, John J-f
Elliott, Stephen, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia 408
Ellis, Henry ^28
Elm ■•■' 1^2
Emanuel County 6o3- 600
Emanuel, David 29, 0o3
Emerson, town ^^^
Emery ^ •_• • ^
Emory College 377, 378, 778
Enameled Brick ^9 .
England, John ^1 -
Enterprise, Frst Steamboat ou the Savannah River 8l»
INDEX. 933
Eocene, age gg
Etowah River 150, 539, SOo', 622,* 658, 664." 74a '7n.* 785 786
Euharlee Creek 530_ ^go] 793
Eve, Joseph gj-
Everett James A :}8i
Ewen, Wm og
Experiment Station '.".'.".'.■.'■.'.'.'.'.■.■■. 34.' 510-515. 823
Ezra Church
670
Fairburn 507. 568
I- allang Creek 046. 781
Fall Line 50, 73
Fannin County 40. 655. 656
Fannin, Colonel J. W 055
Fayette County ".V.V.V.V.'.".V.'.V.t;57, 658
Fayette, Marquis de la 057
Fayetteville 057; o58
Feldspar 1 54, 780
Female Asylum at Savannah 402, 405
Fertilizer Factories, 353, 354. List of, see Appendix.
Fescue Grasses 221
Few, Iganitus A 378
Few, Wm 18, 559
Fielder, Mrs— her adventure with the Indians 169, 692
Field Peas 150, 154, 222, 224. For average production to the acre, see
sketch of the several counties 520-887
Figs :43, 246, 565
Finoholloway (or Phennohaloway) Creek 871
Fire Clay 41
Fish 322, 325, 326, 329
Fishing Creek 530, 880
Fitzgerald 720
Flat Creek 767, 790, 854, 826
Flatwood Lands 149, 150
Flint, Charles L., Editor of the American Farm (quoted) 285
Flint River 528. 529, 566, 597, 615, 618, 623, 634, 635, 642, 657, 733
748, 757, 763, 790, 791, 822, 828, 831, 836, 858, 850. 885
Floriculture 315, 316
Florida and Western Railroad 555
Florida Central and Peninsular Railroad 185, 555, 564, 575, 654. 871
Florida Cession 22
Flour Mills 359. See sketches of the several counties 52()-SS7
Flournoy, General Thomas 814
Flovilla 560
Flower Gardens ,. 154
Floyd County 40. i\:>S- 664
Floyd Creek 785
I-'loyd, General John •_'_*, :>rA\, 658
Flv Creek 790
Fodder's Creek 848
Forestry. .50, 51, 150, 154. See sketches of the several counties, 526-887.
Also map 498
Forsyth, city 760
Forsyth County K). Ci'A- (566
Forsyth, John 30, 661, S14
Fort Cornwallis 815
Fortescue, W. S 102
Fort Valley 715
Fort Gaines 595, 59<]
Fort McAllister 581
Fort Pulaski 581
Foster. James •Ill
Foundries •'•'''•'•. 545
934 INDEX.
Fountains 154
France 21
Franklin, Benjamin 666
Franklin College 377
Frankilu County 666- 668
Frederica 16, 686
French 18
Fulton County 40, 355, 669- 677
Fulton, Robert 669
Gaines, General - 596
Gainesville 698, 699
Gainesville, Jefferson, & Southern Railway 698, 863
Galena 593
Gallberry Bushes 159
Gama, or Sesame Grass 225
Game 329, 330
Game Chickens 293
Gammon University at Atlanta 386
Gardner, General Montgomery 815
Garmany, Capt. H 693, 694
Garretson, Levi 411
Gartland, Rev. Dr 413
Garvin, John 411
Gas for illuminating and heating 360
Geneva 832
Geological Department 35
Geology 55
George II., King of England 15
"Georgia and Her Resources," by R. T. Nesbitt 5
Georgia: origin of name, 15; colonial days, 16, 17; in the Revolution, 17, 18;
in second war with England, 21, 22; a mother of States, 21; controversy
with General Government about Indian lands, 22; in the Mexican war,
22; in the war between the States, 22, 23. After the war, 23; in the war
with Spain and in the Philippines, 27, 28; industrial progress, 33, 35;
increase in population, 35; Governors of, 28-33; descriptive sketch of . .38-54
Geoi'gia and Alabama Railroad 184, 554, 585, 634
Georgia Academy for the Blind at Macon 402, 550
Georgia Experiment Station 570-575
Georgia Factory 594
Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Cave Spring 401, 402. 660
Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgeville 374, 533
Georgia Northern Railroad 552, 611
Georgia Pine Railroad 529. 624. 642, 760
Georgia Railroad 179, 550, 593, 613, 628, 691, 730, 752 770, 780, 833. 803, 867
Georgia School of Technology 374
Georgia Southern & Florida Railroad 179, 180, 544, 550, 634
Georgia State Industrial College for Colored Youths 374, 386
Georgia State Normal School at Athens 374
Georgia University 365-374, 592. 593, 744
Gerioux, J. C 246
Germany Creek '513
Gibson <580
Gilmer County 40, 677-679
Gilmer, George R 30, 40, 677, 782
Gins and Ginning 21, 352, 353
Glascock County 680, 683
Glascock, General Thomas 680
Glenn. G. R ^^9
Glover's '^^^'
Glynn County 18- 6S3-68(
Glynn, John 683
Gneiss 42, 71, 135, 631, 780, 849>
INDEX. 935
Goats 300-310; Angora Goats, 304-310; price of fleece or mohair, 309, 310.
For coiuiiiou goats see slietcbes of tlie several counties 526-887
Gober, George, F 239, 244, 092. 002, 787
Gold 40. 50-01, 139, 140, 147, 540, 509, 1)07, 017
022, 055. 600, 665, 678, 693, 690, 69S, 703, 74»t
743, 744, 745, 755, 758, 782, 849, 856, 875, 881
Gold Stiimping Mills 540. 744, 782
Gooseberries 154
Gordon County 687-689
Gordon. John B 33, 51
Gordon, "W. W 577, 687
(Gordon Institute 792
Gordon, town 884
(lOshen 408
Granite 41, 42. 71, 134, 135, 147, 154. 549, 567
593, 631, 678, 693, 690. 709, 755, 758
778, 782, 799, 817, 849, 850, 863, 881
Granite Lands 153
Grantville i">16, 017
Grape Creek 822
Grapes 43, 150, 154, 245, 246, 527, 539, 557, 587. 002
609, Oil, 030, 748. 791, 871, 873. 870, 880
Graphite 65, 143, 147, 540, 593, 096, 782
Grass Creek 826
Grasses 150, 154, 214-228
Graves, Colonel John 88^3
Graves Mountain 42
(jray Gravelly Lands 149, 153
Graysville '4-
Great Britain— the Mother Country, 15-17; Wars with— the Recolution, 17-18;
The war of 1812-15 21, 22
Green. Dr. Thomas F 398
Greenbriar Creek ^13
Greene County 40, 089-092
Greene, General Nathaniel 21, 577, 089, 769, 814, 815, 8&3
Greeneboro ^2*!
Greenville ''^^
(Jreysville ^~'^
Griffin, city 823-825
Grist Mills . . . .359. See sketches of the several counties 526-887
( Jriggs, Hon. J. M '|
(rross, Wm. II., Roman Catholic Bishop of Georgia 413
r, round Peas 43, 226. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Grovania ^1''
( Jrovetown <"»1"^
( Juernseys 20(i
CJuillan, Ilanuah 402
(iuinea Fowls 298, 299
Gum Creek ''»34
cjuyton *'^"'
Gwinnett, Button 17, 28. 092
Gwinnett County -10, 092-094
H
Habersham County -If*. 094-097
Habersham, James J • " ■; .fJ^
Hal)er8liaiii, Joseph 17, 18, 694
Halo, J. H -;* '
Hall Coniilv '"'•''"*'^!!
Ilall, Lviiian l"^- -''• **^'
llMiiiburgs Cchickens) — y
Hamilton, John "|^2
Hamilton, town J}^'
Hainitton, town "^^
Hampton, Wade ^^•'''
936 INDEX.
Hancock County 100-702
Hancock, John 700
"Hand Book of Georgia," by Dr. Thomas P. Janes 5
Handley, George 18, 29
Hannahatchee Creek 825, 826
Hapeville 677
Harlem 613
Haralc^n County 40, 702-704
Haralson, Hugh A 702
Hardin's Cave 39
Hard Labor Creek 769, 770, 862
Hard Ore 87
Hares (commonly called rabbits in Georgia) 536
Harmony Grove 722
Harris County 20, 704-706
Harris, Charles 704
Harris, Young L. G 849
Harrison, Thomas 412
Harrod's Creek 641
Hart County 706-708
Hart, Nancy 650, 653, 706
Hartwell 707
Hawkins, Colonel Benjamin 620
Hawkins, Colonel Samuel 570
Hawkinsville 796, 797
Hay 150, 155, 171, 227. See sketches of the several counties 526-887
Hayes, John L. (quoted) 286
Haygood, Atticus G 378
Head Creek 822
Heard County 42, 708, 710
Heard, Stephen 29, 708, 882
Hearn Female Seminary 600
Hearn Institute 660
Hearn Manual Labor School 401
HebreAv Orphan Home, Atlanta 407
Hebrews, or Jews 414
Hematite (red iron ores) 61, 128, 129
Henderson, John T 5, 34, 277, 285, 294
Henderson Wood, or White Holly 51
Henry County 710-712
Henry, Patrick 710
Herbert, Dr. Henry 408
Herd's Grass 225
Hereford Cattle 208, 271
Hiawassee River 848
Hiawassee. town 849
Hickory Hill 739
Hickorv Trees 150, 161
High Point 39
High Shoals 780
Hightower Creek 848
Hill, Walter B., Chancellor of University of Georgia 373
Hillary, Christopher 18
Hillhouse, Mrs 882, 883
Hill's Camp Creek '''85
Hills, Ebenezer 412
Hillsboro 724
Hinds Island 746
Hinesville 738
Historic Trees f578, 595, 650
Historical Collections of Georgia, by Rev. Geo. White 5
Hog Creek 608
Hogansville, town 852
Hogs 275, 277, 602, 603. See sketches of the several counties N4N4526-887
Hogscrawl Creek 634
Holcombe, Henry 412
INDEX. 937
Holly 161
Holly Creek 752
Holly Springs 591
Holly- -white or Henderson wood 51
Holstein— Friesian Cattle 2(j3, 2ti4
Home for Confederate Soldiers 510
Home for the Friendless 550
Homer 535
Homerville r)ltO, GOO
Honey, 53, 154, 299. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Honey Bee Creek 790
Hornblende 780
Hornstone 809
Hook, J. S 389
Hoi-se Creek 748. 819
Horses 53, 310, 311. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Horse-shoe Bend (Tohopeka) 22
Horticulture 238-249
Houchookee Creek SCO, 825
Houdans (chickens) 293
Hound Creek 550
House Creek 879
Houston County 712-716
Houston, John 28, 712
Howard, Rev. Charles Wallace (quoted) 210, 221
Howard, J. D 238
Howley, Richard 29
Hudson River 154, 535, 000
Hull. Hope 411
Humber, Robert 208
Hummock, or second bottoms 100, 105
Humphries, Thomas 411
Hunt. Mrs. B. W. (quoted) 255
Hurn, Alexander 871, 872
Hydraulic Cement Rock 70
I
Ice Plants 300
Ichawaynochaway Creek 502, 840, 872
Indian Creek Oil, 709, 781, 798, 885
Indian Mounds 042, 050, 008, 701
Indians 15, 17
Indian Spring 500, 501
Indigenous grasses 150
Infusorial Earth 40
Ingleside 031
Inman, Captain Joshua 559
Irish potatoes 108, 228-232. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Iron Ores 40, 01, 02, 127-129, 539, 540, 509, 587, 0(;0, 078, 093
098, 755, 758, 794, 803, 849, 850, 800, 873. 877. 881
Iron Wood 150
Iron Works •_• 350
Irrigation 317, 318
Irwin County 710-721
Irwin, Jared 18. 29. 710
Irwinton S^4
Irwinville 720
Isabella 880
Isle of Hope f>78
Italian Rye Grass 222
Ivy Log Creek 850
938 mDEX.
J
Jack's Creek 864
Jackson, Andrew 22
Jackson County 721-723
Jackson, Henry 51
Jackson, Heni-y R 382
Jackson, James 21, 29, 721
Jackson, General John K 815
Jackson, town 560, 561
James, Colonel T. J 846
Janes, Dr. Thomas P 5, 34, 219, 277
Jasper County 723, 725
Jasper, Sergeant Wm 578, 723
Jasper Spring 578
Jasper (stone) 558
Jefferson County 725, 727
Jefferson, Thomas 725
Jefferson, town in Jackson County 722
Jeffersonville 854
Jekyl Island 568
Jenkins, Charles J 30, 814
Jersey Cattle 259, 260, 701
Jews, or Hebrews 414
Jewell's 701
John's Mountain 586
Johnson, Andrew 30
Johnson County 728, 729
Johnson Grass 150
Johnson Herschel Y 30. 728
Johnson, James 30
Johnson, Robert 15
Jonesboro 23, 598. 599
Jones Countv 729-731
Jones Creek 599. 885
Jones, James 729
Jones, Professor S. P. 5; Paper by, on Economic Geology and Mineralogy. .55-127
Jordan, G. Gunby 775
Julia Parkman Jones Home 550
Juniper Creek 748, 755. 772
K
Kansas State Board of Agriculture (quoted) 271
Kaolin 660, 715, 730, 810
Keg Creek 868
Kell, John Mcintosh • 825
Kennesaw Mountain 23, 42. 607
Kennesaw Quarry 41
Kennesaw, toAvn 607
Kettle Creek 17, IS, 880
Kids 154
Kinchafoonee Creek 635, 646, 733, 755, 828, 840. 872
King, Francis P ^' 64
King, John }8
King's Mountain
18
Kingston ^^' ^40
Knox Dolomite
61
Knox, General Henry 619
Knoxville, town 618, 619, 620
L
Labor, ^^^"^^I
Ladd, George E. (quoted) ••_•_• ••;•••;•• 'A^^
LaFayette, Marquis de 6o(, 815, 8b0, Sbl
LaFayette, town • • •*^' ^ol
INDEX. 939
La Grange, city 8ol-S.'3
La Grange Female College 3So, 851
Lakes (artificial) 154
Lambs l-'^
Lampkin's Creek ^>34
Land Area of the Counties of Georgia, Appendix SDl
Lane, A. J -!!>
Lane, James R -1J>
Laurens County 731-733
Laurens, Colonel John 731
Lavonia 007
Lawrenceville 092, 093
Lazer Creek 831
Lead 40, (JCO. 0!)S
Leary i>02, 503
Lee County 733-737
Lee, Henry (styled "Light Horse Harry") 18. 500
Lee, Richard Henry 733, 814
Lee, Robert E 18, oOC*
Leghorn (chickens) 200
Leslie, town 8'_'!>
Lemons 43, 240, 5<'>.'>
Le Vert College 831
Le Vert, Madame Octavia 814
Lewis, David W 389
Lewis, General J. R 389
Lexington, town '!'S2
Liberty County 18, 737-739
Lick Creek 798
Lime 70, 135, 130, 137, 154, 698
Lime-Sink Region 101
Limestone 40, 70, 135, 130, 147, 539, 540, 549, 571, 587. 000. 078. OSS. 715.
720, 790, 873, 877, 884
Limestone Creek j • ^'* *,
Limonite (Brown Iron Ore) 01, 127, 128
Lincoln, Benjamin 40, 739
Lincoln County '..'..' '..." 40. 739-741
Lindale ^'^'^
Line Creek '^>^'~- 757
Lithia (Salt) Springs 040, 041, 0,;.
Lithonia, town *J^;1
Little Cedar Creek • • ^^^-^
Little Hurricane Creek 520, 008. iSS
Little Kiokee Creek ■_- [.'V-
Little Lott's Creek ••^'»- i.',''
Little Ocmulgee River --• •••• • ''^;;
Little Oconee River '09, «98, ..M
Lml:R!vr''^'"""::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::^
Little Satilla River •'''-"• *'^'^- Jf^
Little Tallapoosa River ■ _• •*'''•
Hve Oak Lands • • • -rjV o-,V3V>
Live Stock - ; *' 1 " ", "
See sketches of the several counties for full details; which see also for doines_.
tic animals in inclosures, and not on farms or ranges •'-*'''„^|
Locust Grove ^^..^
Logansville • • ' " ' W..'.' c,.-
Long Creek ^^.,
Long, Colonel Nicholas ^'.,"^
Long I>eaf Pine ■'"
Long Leaf Pine :iiid Wire f;ra8S Section ' ''
Longstreet, Judge Augustus B ; ' _.
Longstreet, Lieutenant G<>ncriil James A j.^^
Long Swamp j..',,^
Lookout Creek .'„'^ ' ' ^y^^
Lookout Mountain
940 INDEX.
Lovejoy, town 598
Louisiana Purchase 21
Louisville, town 726, 727
Louisville and Nashville Railway 876
Lowden, George W 325
Lowlands of the Central Belt 160
Lowndes County 741-743
Lowndes, William Jones 741
Lucerne (or Alfalfa) 171, 215, 216
Lucy Cobb Institute 382, 598
Lula Lake 39
Lumber.. 50, 51, 354, 526 529, 556, 611, 634, 636, 641, 642, 643, 644, 654, 672, 678,
684, 685, 688, 705, 719, 720, 722, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 763, 764,
767, 768, 781, 788, 789, 791, 796, 835, 838, 871, 879, 886.
Lumber City 839
Lumpkin County 40, 743-744
Lumpkin, Wm 30, 743, 782
Lumpkin, town 826, 827
Lutheran Church 408
Lyerly 587, 588
Lyons 835
Mo
McAdamized Roads 173
McBean's Creek 809
McCallie, S. W., 5, 35, 60, 69, 72 ; his paper on Mineral Resources 127-147
McCandless, John M 34, 52
McCoy Creek 876
McDaniel, H. D 33
McDonald, Charles J 30
McDonough 711
McDowell, John 278
McDuffie County 745, 746
McDuffie, George 745
McGee, J. S 202
Mcintosh County 411, 746-748
Mcintosh, Colonel James S 22, 746
Mcintosh, Colonel John 74G
Mcintosh, Colonel Lachlan 17, 746
Mcintosh, General Wm 560, 570
McKenzie, Ed. M 238
McKenzie, W. M 239
McLaws, General LaFayette 815
?»IcLemore's Cove 859
McLeod, Rev. John 411
McMahon 622
McNeil, James 18
McRae, town 839
M
Macon 42, 549-552
Macon and Birmingham Railroad 184, 550, 852
Macon and Dublin Railroad 550, 854
Macon and Northern Railroad 550, 770
Macon County 748-752
Macon, Nathaniel 549, 748
Macon Telegraph 53, 202
Madison, city ^ '^''^
Madison County ''^52, 753
Madison, James ''^52
Magnetite (an iron ore possessing polarity) 61, 849
Mallon, Professor Bernard 38*5
Manganese 40, 62, 63, 130, 147, 539, 540, 587, 660, 696, 849, 873, 877
INDEX. 941
Manufactures 331-3t]2
See sketches of the several counties, especially Bibb, Chatham, Floyd, Fulton,
Muscogee, Richmond and Spalding.
Maple Trees l''>^»
Marble 41, 70, 71, 133, 134, 147, 591, Gt>4, GGO, 078, G88, 090, 787, 850, S77
Marble Works 300. 301
Marietta, city 41, 001, 002, 004, 007. OOS
Marion County ^755-757
Marion, General Francis 755, Ss2
Market (truck) Gai-dens. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Marls CO, 70, 143. 144, 147, 715, 720
Marsh, Judge Spencer '^'^^^
Marshall, Daniel -i^-
Marshallville "-iS, 749, 750
Mashbum, S. M -3S
Matthews, George 18, 29, 091
Maxwell, James 18
Maysville ^35, 530
Meade, General George G 30
Mean Annual Temperature -i^- -^i'
Means, Rev. Alexander 38^
Medway i'.'.i
Medway River '^".
Meigs, town ^ V- ec-
Melons. (See sketches of the several counties "'-'^_^q
Menlo ^§5
Mercer High School • • • • 'r,'^
Mercer, Jesso ^i-' ^•:.-
Mercer, Silas • :.• " '__"
Mercer University «*•**• ^1^"
Meril's Creek -' ^'J- -^ !
Meriwether County •*-> ''^'"i'j_
Meriwether, General David ^',ll
Merriam F. J .' ' ~^
Methodists in Georgia, 10; Methodist Episcopal Church Haunvn in Georgia as
Methodists in Georgia see also sketches of the several counties
Mexico .^.
mS^°' ^"^^ ^^ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -40- GO, 143,' ioi," 569,' G78, " G9G," 780.' 803. " 87.^
Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College 374. 377, 533
Middle Georgia Region ^^„
Middle Oconee River ' • "
Middle River, Valley Lands of ^'^^
Middleton, R " " '-^^
Midway
Milch Cows. (See Cattle.) • r^r.'iiwT
Milk 53. See sketches of the several counties 870 &S5
Mill Creek .'.*.'.'.'.'.... ...29,360. 814, Wi, 883
Mllledge, John • r,-, non r.o^
Mllledgeville ■.".■";. . .821
MlUen 41"'^
Millen, John -,.J^
Miller, Andrew J 700.7<',l
:Miller County .,,)•>
Miller, Z. T \'-^{ 'Z.,-,
Millet 7.",-.
Mill Shoal Creek '.'.'.'.".".'.'.".'.'.'..'!'.".'.!".'. 792
Milner .7t;i-7f.2
Milton County IS
Milton, J 701
Milton, Colonel John 55
Mineralogy 40 139 "140.147,' b'4'5,'569,' o'oV.iii, '755.782
Minerals •
942 INDEX.
Mineral Springs, or Waters 72,1 44, 147, 565, 572, 591, 596,
640, 675, 758, 772, 799, 827
Miocene Age 56
Miscellaneous Industries 361
Mississippi River 17, 21
3Iississippi, State 17
:Missouri Compromise 23
Missouri, State 22
Mitchell County 763-765
Mitchell, David B 29, 763
Mobile Basin 74-83
Mobile River 21
Mohair, price of 309, 310
Molena 792
Molino del Rey 22
Monroe County 765-767
Monroe Female College 385, 766
Monroe, James 765
Monroe, town 863
Montezuma 751, 752
Monticello 724
Montgomery County 767, 768
Montgomery, General Richard 767
Montgomery, Wm 411
Moonstones ^
Moore, G. A 240
Moore, N. B 229
Moore, Patrick 815
Moreland 616
Morgan County 769-771
Morgan, Daniel 769
Morgan 562, 563
Morganton ^^^
Morganville ^20
Morris Brown College, Atlanta 386
Morris, J. G 239
Morrow ^^°
Mosse, George ^^-'
Mossy Creek ''12, 874
Moultrie 2il
Mountain Creek i.°^
Mount Vernon '^^
Mountville °^^
Mount Zion Academy ;• • • • • ' • 'l^l
Muckalee Creek '^^^ '5^' °^°
Mud Creek ^^
Mulberry '^f
Mulberry Trees , • rUWoo'-
Mules 53, 311, 312. See sketches of the several counties 526-88 <
Mullryne, Colonel John ^^°
Mumford's Industrial Home ^^^
Murder Creek 40 ■771*772
Murray County ^"' "-^' ' '"
Murray, Thomas W • • • • V7V77Q
Muscogee County 1^' ' '-^"'j^
Musgi-ove, Mary ^24
Musquito Creek
N
Naoooc.ee valley .-^^'''.'^'.S oS
Nancy Hart '''.''"'-, • • • • • _„
Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad system ISJ, gJ
Nashville, the county site of Berrien .;• • .... . - • . • • • • •••-•••• '^'^
Naval Stores ^'6, 044, -20, io2, <34, <38, 7b^
Neil, the Statistician ^
INDEX. 943
Nelson, Cleland Kinlocli, Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Georgia 411
Nelson, town 41
Nesbltt, R. T :>, 34
New Hope Church 23, 785
New Inverness (now Darien) 411
Newnan 015, 010, 018
Newspapers r>10-r)24
Newton County 770-779
Newton, Rev. John 411
Newton, Sergeant John 578, 770
Newton, town 529
New York Tribune 240, 243
Nickajack Creek 001
Noble's Creek 857
Nochefaloochee Creek 772
North Carolina 18
Northen. W. J 272, 701
North Georgia Baptist College 050
North Newport River 737
Norwood, town 807
Notley Creek 855
Oak 150, 154
Oak, Hickory and Long Leaf Pine Hills 159, 100
Oakland City 077
Oak Mountain 704, 705, 831
Oats 150, 154, 108. 204, 207. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Ocapilco or Okapilco Creek 552, Oil
Ocher or Ochre 40, 02, 132, 147, 539, 540, 549, 690, 782, 84D
Ocher Mills 359, 300
Ocilla River 552
Ockolockonee Basin 123
Ocklockonee Creek Oil
Ocklockonee River 024, 7(53, 842
Ocmulgee River 520, 546, 549, 608, 632, 633, 669, 689, 692, 697. 700, 712
721, 728, 731, 765, 760, 767, 791, 795, 838, 854. 879
Oconee County 779-780
Oconee River 530, 592, 731, 767, 779, 780, 798, 799, 808, 883
Ocone Springs 799
Oemler August 325
Ofifernian Station 789
Ogeechee Basin 116
Ogeechee Limes 240
Ogeechee River 554, 558, 575, 043, 044, 054, 089, 700. 737, S:V,i. 807. 808
Oglethorpe County 7S0. 784
Oglethorpe, General James Edward 15, 10, 28. 307, 781
Oglethorpe, town 751, 752
Oglethorpe University 5.33
Olioopee River 72S. 8:54, 808
Oil Mills 351, ;r)2
Okapilco Creek. See Ocapilco Creek
Okeewalkee Creek 731, 707
Okefinokee Swamp 51, .52, 573, .574, .805
Oliver, L. C 1234
Olives -4'!. 505
Olmstead, Colonel Charles 581
Ontario— report of the Superintendent of Farmer's Instilutes ((pioled) 271
Oostanaula River 3(5, 1.50. (;.-.S. (>.->9. 087. 771
Oothcalooga (3reek .5.39. 087
Oothcalooga Valley 5.39
Opal 8(iS
Opossums Oil, 719
944
INDEX.
Oranges 43, 246, 585
Orchard grass 220
Ornamental Iron Works 355, 356
Orphan Home of the North Georgia Conference, Decatur 406
Orphan Home of the South Georgia Conference, Macon 406, 550
Orr, Professor Gustavus J 386, 389
Osborne, Henry 18, 566
Ossabaw Sound 554
Otter 52
Otter Creek 879
Oxen 29. See cattle. See sketches of the several counties 526-887
Oxford 377, 778
Oyster Canneries, near Savannah and Brunswick 325
Oysters 684
Pachitla Creek 804
Paint Industry 359, 360
Paleozoic Area 55
Palmetto 567, 568
Panthers 52
Parchelagee Creek 836
Parker, Henry 28
Park Shoals 546
Partridges or Quails 28, 57S
Paspalum 150
Pataula Creek, 595, 800 (where by an error it is called Big Potato Creek).
804, 825
Patterson 789
Patterson's Island 746
Paulding County 40, 784-786
Paulding, John 784, 785
Paving and Paving Material 361
Payne Institute, Augusta 388
Peaches 43, 150, 154, 238, 243, 539, 557, 587, 592, 602, 715, 748, 787, 778, 789
Peachtree Creek 23, 669, 670
Peafowls ^99
Peanuts 226
Pears 43, 150, 154, 527, 557
Pearson, town 609, 610
Peas. See Field-peas and Ground-peas 150, 154, 222, 244
Peavine Creek 859
Peavine Hay 1"1. 222
Peavine Valley 859
Pecans 43, 248, 601, 866
Peek, W. L 208
Pelham 'i^^
Pendleton Creek 767, 834
Penfield 378
Penn, Wm 16
Pennahatchee Creek 634
Pensions for Confederate Veterans and the Widows of Confederate Soldiers. 516
Pepperton 561
Perch 25
Periodicals 516-524
Perry 715
Persico, Roman Catholic Bishop 413
Persimmon Creek 802
Persimmons 150
Persimmon Valley 802
Peters, Richard 278, 279, 304
Petersburg 649
Pettile Creek 53»
INDEX. 945
Phennohaloway (or FiuohoUoway) river 871
Philippi Creek 765
Philippine War 2S
Phinizy, John 815
Phospliates ^'K '<'<^'
Picliens, General Andrew IT, 18, 78*.). 814. 881i
Pickens County -41. 780-788
Pickett, Colonel A. J ^^
Pickett's Mill "85
Piedmont Institute, Rockmart 385, 38G. 794
Piedmont Plain •_• • ^50
Pierce County 778, 7!K)
Pierce, Franklin '•'88
Pierce, George F 378, 381, 411,701
Pierce. Lovick -ill, 701
Pigeon Creek T57
Pigeon Mountain 39
Pike County 790-71>o
Pike. General Zebulon M 790
Pine and Palmetto Flats 102, 1G5
Pine Apples --^^
Pine Hills Belt 150, 159
Pine-knot Creek '•'55
Pine Mountains 704, 705, 757, 791
Pineoi-a Railroad 550
Pine Trees— Long Leaf 50, 51. 558
Pine— Short Leaf 51. 150
Pine— White 51
Piney Woods Section 161
Pipemaker Creek 575
Piscola Creek 552
Plains 829
Plant System of Railways 179, 544, 552, 55.5, 573, 575. 599. 008, 010
024, 630, 789, 845, 846, 865, 871, 885
Plumbago 849
Plums 43, 150, 154, 244, 557
Plymouth Rock Chickens 290
Polhill, Thomas 412
Polk County 40, 793-795
Polk, James K 785, 793
Pomegranates 43, 565
Ponds (or Pools) for fish 154
Population of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties, 526-877. Also
Appendix, Tables 2 and 3 36, 526
Powder Springs 604
Potash 154
Potatoes— Irish. For average production per acre, see sketches of the several
counties, .520-887 108. 228-232
Potatoes— Sweet. For average production per acre, see sketches of the sev-
eral counties, 526-887 168, 228-231
Potomac Group 69
Potteries 359, 530, 549
Powell, .Tames 18
Powell, Dr. T. 0 39S
Poulan 8S0
Poultry, 289-300, 002. See sketches of the several counties 520-887
Precious Stones 0()
Presbyterian Church. For Presbyterians In Georgia, see sketches of tlie
v.-irious counties, .520-887 411, 41.-?. 414
Prpston. town 873
Princeton 594
Printing and Publishing 360
47 ga
946 INDEX.
Property returned by colored tax-payers. See the sketches of the counties,
526-887, and the summary for the entire State at the conclusion of these
articles
Protestant Episcopal Church (Church of England) 408. 414
Public Roads 172-190
Public Schools of Georgia. See the sketches of the several counties, 528-887
386-394
Pulaski, Count John Cassimer 578, 795
Pulaski County 795-797
Pumpkin Vine Creek 539, 785
Purse, Major D. G 846
Putnam County 798-800
Putnam, General Israel 798
Pyrites 40, 64, 65, 140, 143, 569, 660
Quail 536, 546, 607, 641, 796, 823, 845, 886
Quarantine line for cattle 34
Quartz 569, 693, 755, 881
Quartzites (Weisner quartzite) 55
Quinces 43
Quitman County 800-802
Quitman, General John A 552, 800
Quitman, town, 552
R
Rabbits (the common name for hares in Georgia) 536, 641
Rabun County 40, 802-804
Rabun, Wm 802
Raccoon Creek 539, 785
Raccoon Mills 588
Raccoon Mountain 620
Raccoons 641
Rae Creek 809
Railroad Mileage and List of Railroads 186, 189
Railroads 172-189
Rainfall, 45. See also Rain map 488
Randall's Creek 772
Randolph County 804-808
Randolph, John 804
Raspberries 43, 154, 246
Red Blufe Creek 767
Redbud 150
Red Clover 220-221
Redding, R. J., 34, 252. His report of the Experiment Station 510-515
Red Hills 133, 159
Red Iron Ores (hematite) 61, 62, 128, 129
Red Oak Creek 757
Red Oaks 166
Red Polled Cattle 268
Red Top 150
Reed Bluff Creek 599
Reedy Creek 796
Reese, Rev 412
Reidsville 835
Reinhardt Normal College 591
Religious Denominations of Georgia 408-414
Resaca 23, 688
Rescue Grass 226, 227
Resin, or Rosin. See Rosin
Revolutionary "War 17, 18
Reynolds, town 837
IXDEX. 947
Rex 5US
Reynolds, John 17, 28
Ribbon Cane 5G4
Rice •_'."», 1(;8. "JUT, 2US, oTf.
Rice Mills 57U
Richland, town S2(>, 8li7
Richmond County 18, 809-8ir>
Richmond, Duke of 801>
Ringgold 'u-, 57o
Rising Fawn H-t>, Oi'l
Road Materials 144, 147
Roads, public 172, 11'6
Roberds, John R 412
Roberta, town 02(»
Roberts, Dr. J. ^Y 381
Rochelle, town 87'.»
Rock Creek 3!>, r>4f.
Rockdale County 81U-818
Rockmart 40, 71)4
Rocky Creek 834, 8<J7
Rocky Face Ridge 3!»
Roff Home SoCt
Roman Catholic Church 412, 413, 414
Rome, city 381, 659, GOO, 003, 004
Rome and Decatur Railroad 651)
Rome and Kinsgton Railroad 540, 652
Roody Creek 798
Roofing 301
Roopville 570
Rose Creek 79o
Rosedue Cannery 32.>
Rosin or Resin 29, 50, 354, 355, 552, 550, 009. Oil. 043, 054, 72S
732, 742, 747, 700, 788, 789, 835, 838, 871, 879
Ross, Edgar 21><>
Round Mountain 39
Round Pond *^t'^
Royal Cedar Creek t^'»
Royston 667
Rubies 6'»
Ruger, Thomas H 30
Rum— prohibited in Georgia 16; prohibition removed, 10.
Rum Creek ''^'*
Rumph, S. H 238, 74S
Rutherford, John l-*^
Rutledge "'^"
Ryals, Major Garland M 232
Rye, 150, 207. See also sketches of the several counties 520-887
Saint Andrew's Sound ;*^'i
Saint Augustine Creek '^I'^
Saint Catherine's Island ^y^
Saint Catherine's Sound i^\[
Saint Mary's River a^' t^' ^l
Saint Mary's, town '*^'' •^-'' **'7
St. Paul's Parish p'Jl'
Saint Philip's Parish *•'■;
Saint Simon's Island ^^'
Saint Simon's Rlvor [|J.»
Saint Simon's Sound • • • • '''j;*
Saint StanlKlans College, Vlnevllle, near Macon .i».), TmO
Salacoa Creek " • • • • J^'J'^
Salt (Lithla) Springs "'*"• ^' ^
948 INDEX.
Salzbiirgers 15, 16, G45
S^ud 144, 147
Sand and Pine Hills Belt 15(j, 159
Sandersville, city '. ".869! 870
Sand Mountain 39
Sandstone ....40, 41, 55, 71, 72, 135, 147, 540, 587, 619, 678, 696,' 810, 841,' 869, 877
Sandy Creek 560, 590, 592
Sandy Wire-grass Region I6I
Sapelo Island 746
Sapelo Sound !.".*.!!! 737
Sapphires \\ 66
Saratoga ' ' 769
Sassafras 15q
Satilla Basin 45
Satilla River '.'.'.'564, 599, '788,' 804, 781
Sautee Creek 874
Sautee Valley .39, 40
Savage Creek ,",'. .'.'.",'.'.'*.''.* "546,' 854
Savannah and Statesboro Railroad .' 556
Savannah Basin 117-123
Savannah, city 15, 16, 17, 18, 325, 5*7'5'-584, 901
Savannah, Florida and Westeni Railroad 522, 573, 643, 789, 871
Savannah Morning News 53
Savannah River 15, 16, 17, 558, 575, 613, 644, 649, 666, 706,"7*39, '745,' 8o'9*, 819
Savannah— name of a steamship 22, 581
Savannah Volunteer Battalion .' . 581
Saw-Mills See sketches of the various counties 526-887
Sawtell, T. R 272
Schley County .'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'siS, 819
Schley, Wm 30, 818
School Fund 34
Scott, George T * 389
Scott, J. T. '.'.'.'.'.!!!'..' 293
Scott, W. M., State Entomologist 35, 243
Scottsborough .' 533
Screamer Mountain 802
Screven County ..'.'..'.'... 819, 821
Screven, General James 819
Scull's Creek 556
Seaboard Air Line Railway System.. 184, 185, 555, 575, 585, 593, 634, 636, 649
752, 780, 826, 828, 829, 835, 840, 871, 872
Seagrove, James 566
Sea Islands 166
Sebrights (chickens) 293
Seed Farms [^{q 317
Seney, George S 377, 331, 382
Seney-Stovall Chapel 382
Senoia !!.'.*!!! 616
Sequoia (George Guess) 589, 590
Serpentine ] 135
Sesame or Gama Grass 225
Seventeen Mile Creek .'.'.','.'. 608
Seville, town 879
Sewer Pipe ', 69
Shales ....'. 55
Sharpsburg . . . . . . . . 616
Sheep. . See sketches of the several counties, 526-887 53 54 277-289
Shell Bluff .'...'.... 558
Shellman, town .807' 808
Shellstone Creek .' 854
Ship Building 361
Shoal Creek *.'...'.. .765* 874
Shockley Apples .'.'......'..'....' 657
Shorter, Alfred .3*81' 382
lyOEX. 949
Shorter Female College, Rome 381, 382
Shorthorns or Durham Cattle •_'<J4. ri3r>
Silica M7
Silk Factories 347
Silurian Formation 55
Silver 40, GGO, G'J8
Simpson Valley SO'J
Slate 40, 70, 130, 147, 587, iiW, G78. \i'M, 7i>4
Slaughter Creek b7i2
Slaver}-— prohibited at first, IG; introduced, IG; disputes, about _'_'. i:3
Slaves during the Civil War :j4. ::7
Smith, Dr. George G ;'»
Smith, Governor James M 30
Smith. James M., successful farmer 783, 78-t
Smithonia 75::, 78*J
Smith's Creek ,>n74
Smith, town <;jii
Smithville 734
Smyrna, Cobb County GOJ. G03
Snake Creek 85;i
Snipe 5 J, 573
Soap Creek GOl
Soapstoue or Talc G5. GG, 147, 881
Social Circle 8G3
Soils of Georgia 148, IGG
Soja Beans liJ'i. -127
Soque River and Valley Lands of 154. f.'.»4
Sorghum— See sketches of the counties. 52G-8i;7 43. 1G2
South Carolina 15
Southern Female (Cox) College, College Park, near Atlanta 382
Southern Female College (LaGrange 382, 851
South Georgia College, Mcliae 38G
South Georgia Military and Agricultural College, Milledgeville 374
South Georgia Railroad 552
Southern Oak, Hickory and Pine Region IGO
Southern Railway 177-179, 575, 593, 598, 601, G40, Go7. G59
GG5, G80, 698, 823. 839, 84G, 854. 871. 87G
South Georgia College 839
South Newport River 737, 74G
South River f.28, 710. 777, 81(5
Sowhatchee Creek t>41
Spain 21
Spalding County 822-825
Spalding, Thomas 822
Spaniards 1 •">. 1 '•
Spanish-Amercian War 27. 28
Sparks, Moultire, & Gulf Railroad 544. Gl i
Sparks, town •"•'"»
Sparta 7<>o. 7ul
Speer, Judge Emory •'•78
Spellman Seminary •!8G
Spirit Creek 38G
Sprin Creek GIS, G24. CIl, 748, 7G0
Springer, .Fohn -Ill
Springlield '"'1 '
Spring I'lace 772
Springs— Mineral. See Mineral Springs 72
Squirrels Gil
Stamp ('reek •"'30
Standing Roy Creek 772
State Approitriations 315, 3HJ
State Experiment Station Tdo, 515
State (ieological Survey 72
State Geology 55-147
950 INDEX.
state Government 417-516
State House Otiicers, etc., list of 509
Statenville 643
State Sanitarium (Lunatic Asylum) 397-401
Statesboro « 556
Steamboat Lines 189, 190, 529, 585, 609, 624, 636, 642, 658
659, 764, 772, 775, 796, 797, 801, 812
Stecoa Creek 802
Steel 356
Stephens, Alexander H 33, 833
Stephens, Wm 18, 28
Stevens, O. B., Commissioner of Agriculture 6, 34
Steven's Pottery 530
Stewart County 825-827
Stewart, General Daniel Sj^5
Stillmore Air Line Railroad • 835
Stock-raising ^59
Stone Mountain 40, 41
Stone Mountain, town 631
Stone Work 360, 361
"Story of Georgia and the Georpia People," by Dr. George G. Smith 5
Stovall, General Marcellus A 815
Strawberries 43, 154, 155, 246
Stubbs, Wm, C ^09
Sub-carboniferous Brown Loam Lands 148, 149
^subterranean Village 8 'i'5, 876
Sugar Cane 43, 51, 52, 168 171. 208-214, 573, 627
Sugar Cane Syrup— For average production to the acre, see sketches of the
several counties, 520-887 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847
Sugar Creek 632 769, 770, 798, 838, 876
Sugar Refineries 527, 601, 846, 847
Sullivan, Florence 18
Sumac Creek • 772
Summer Houses 154
Summerville, Chattooga County 588
Summerville, Richmond County 812, 813
Sumter County 827, 830
Sumter, General Thomas 827, 882
Sunbury 739
Sunday Creek 790
Superior Court— List of Circuits, Judges and Solicitors 509
Supreme Court Judges, list of 509
Suttle Wm.— His rescue of a child from the Indians 650
Suwannee Basin 123
Suwannee Canal Co 51
Suwannee River 51, 552, 599, 643
Suwannoochee Creek 599, 643
Swainsboro 654
Swamp Creek 624, 868, 876
Sweet Gum-trees 166
Sweet Potatoes— For average production per acre, see sketches of the sever-
al counties , 526-887 231
Sweet Water Creek 569, 601, 618, 785, 793
Swift Creek 634, 767, 885
Sycamore Trees 150. 161
Sylvania 821
Sylvester 886
Syrup from Sugar Cane— See sketches of the several counties of Middle and
Southern Georgia, 526-887. .168, 171, 209, 210, 527, 627, 635, 636, 657, 846, 847
T
Table Lands 149
Talbot County 830
Talbot, Matthew 29, 830, 882
lyoEX. 951
Tale, or Soapstone 40, Go, GO, 143, 147, 587, OlHi, 841*
Taliaferro County s;iJ ;So4
Talliaferro, Colouel Beujamin SoJ, 8812
Talking Rock Creek 780
Tallapoosa River 7»i*J
Tallapoosa, town 7Ua
Tallulah Falls and River 40. S02, S03
Tallulali Mountain 802
Tallulah Falls Railway G'.t.'.
Tan Bark 587
Tauahappee Creek 87"-'
Tanneries 848
Tate 41, 787
Tate, W. C j;>o
Tattnall County NM, 83G
Tattnall, Josiali -0
Tattnall, Josiali, son of the former r>78. 834
Tax Returns of Georgia. See sketches of the several counties ."••J(;-887
Taylor County 8;5ii, 837
Taylor. General Zackary •S3<»
Taylor's Ridge 3l>, 571, 57J. 58t>
Telegraph 33
Telephone 33
Telfair County 837- 831)
Telfair, Edward 18, 29, 815, 837, 838
Temple 570
Tennessee Basin 74
Tennessee River -^
Tennessee State -'-
Tennessee Valley in Rabun County 154
Teunille, town 8(!1». 870
Terracing -'^18, 321
Terrell County 840, 842
Terrell, Capt. James '•'•8
Terrell, Dr. Wm 840
Tesnatee River "j3
Tesentee River '^"-1
Texas Blue Grass i>-l^
Texas Valley ^'J
Textile Mills in Georgia— List of ".)07-!»14
Thomas County -l-'i. 842-847
Thomas, General Jett ^-^ 842
Thomaston ^*^''**
Thomasville & Gulf Railroad [>44
Thomson " j-""'
Thornton, A. E ""'l
Tlnmrlerljolt •5'-''
Tide Swamp Land 575
Tift, Colonel Nelson '■'''^'>
Tifton and Northeastern Railroad 544
Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf Railroad <')1 1, 81t;. .S.S5
Tifton, town •"'••• ■'"''■'»
Tiger Creek 707. 870
Tigertail Creek •*«'2
Tlgertail Valley -'^"U
Timber Bays r»l
Timber Lands and Forest (Growth, 4'.», .5(t, 51. AIsf> lu .sketches of eacli
County 52t;.s.s7
Timothy 1 •'•"• --'■'
Tired Creek •'- *
Tol)acco I-'''-*. -32, 501), 573, Oil. t;24, 027. r.2H
Tobesofkec? Creek •'">"'. \*^>
Toccoa, city '''•'■"'
Toccoa Falls "^0
952 II^DEX.
Toccoa River 655
Todd, H 18
Tohopeka, or the Horse-Shoe Bend 22
Tomochichi 15
Tom's Creek 763
Toombs, Robert .^ 882
Toonigh 591
Towaliga River (also called creek) 560, 765, 766, 822
Town Creek 868
Towns County 40, 848-850
Towns, George W 30, 848
Townsend, Charles 0 381
Track Rock 856
Trader's Hill 573
Trenton 620, 621
Treutlen, John Adam 28
Trion 588
Tripoli 40, 144, 147
Troup County 850-853
Troup, George M 22, 29, 732, 850
Troupville 742
Truck Farming 233-238, 789
Trustees of Georgia Colony 15-17
Tucker, Rev. H. H 389
. Tugaloo River and Valley Lands of 40, 154, 666, 694, 706, 802
Turin 616
Turkey Creek 763, 845, 840
Turkeys 52, 297, 298, 299, 573. 607, 621, 641, 719, 796 802, 845, 865
Turner, W. R 239
Turnpike Creek 632, 838
Turpentine 354, 355, 526, 529, 552, 553, 556, 600, 609, 611, 612, 624
643, 654, 720, 728, 732, 734, 738, 742, 747, 760, 764
707, 788, 789, 796, 835, 838, 841, 845, 871, 879, 886
Turtle River 683
Tustunnugee, Etommee 570
Tussahaw Creek 560
Twiggs County 854, 855
Twiggs, General John 854
Tybee, Capture of British Vessel at 17
Tybee Island 578
Tyner, Richard, Adventuhes of his family with the Indians 650
Tyty Creek 611, 885
Tyty, town 886
u
Ulcofauhachee River 692
Ulcohatchee Creek 618
Unaka Range 36
Union County 40, 855-857
Union Point 690
Unitarian Church 412
Universalist Church 412
University of Georgia 365-374, 592, 593, 744
Upatoie Creek 772
Upland Rice 168
Upson County 857-859
Upson, Stephen 782, 857
Upton Creek 745
Utoy Creek 669. 670
INDEX. 95a
V
Valdosta 74 J. 7 Jo
Valley Lands !">(•, l."4
Vann's Valley 39, (.". U»
Van Wert, town 7sr>
Van Wert, one of the captors of Andre 785
Veal 1.-.4
Vernon Creek r»7r>
Verot, Roman Catholic Bishop 4i;>
Verazzani, John 4(J
Vetch -Jj-k
Vidalia H\S
Vienna c^U
Villa Rica 'Hi!), r.70
Vina Vista 24"), ck;
Vineyards 245, 587, 009, Gil, 010, 030, 095, 703, 748, 791, 823. 852. 871. 872
Virginia 18
Virginians 21
Visscher's 245
w
Waddell, Moses 411, 013
Wadley 720, 727
Wadley and Mount Vernon Railroad 728
Wagon Factories 35(>
Walden's Creek 7r)3
Waleske 591
Walker County 40, 41, 859-8«i2
Walker Creek 705
Walker, Major Freeman 859
Walker, W. D 202, 822
Walker, General W. H. T 22, 814, 815
Wallace, John 252
Walnut Creek 540. 018, 757
Walnut River 097
Walnuts K51
Walton County 8(!2-804
Walton, George 17, 29, 814, 815. 802
Ware County StM-.sc.o
Ware, Nicholas 804
Waresboro, town 8f.5
Warhoo 150
Warm Springs 758. 759
Warren County 8(50-808
Warren, General Joseph 800
Warrenton, town 807
Warrior Creek 8S5
War Woman Creek 8( i2
War Woman Valley 8(i2
Washington County 808-870
Washington, General George 597, 815. 8<>8, 88;{
Washington, town 881-8,s;{
Wasp Creek 790
Watermelons 155, 237
Water Oaks 1 0.0
Water Powers 5.3. 73-123. 777. 801
Water Transportation I.s9, 190, .529, .5S5, (i(i9. 024. 030, o:'.,s, c.v.J. 704
771. 772. 790, 797. 80l. 809, 811, ,S20. 871. 879
Watkinsville ISO
Watson, Dr. T. L .35
Watsons's Shoals 782
Wax 2;k>
954 INDEX.
Waycross Air Line Railroad 608, 865
Waycross, city 865, 866
Wayne, General Anthony 870
Wayne County 870-872
Waynesboro 558
Webster County 872-874
Webster, Daniel 872
Weed, Jacob 18, 366
Webadlia Creek 850, 853
Wereat, John 18, 29
Wesley, Charles 16, 397, 408, 411
Wesley, John 16, 408-411
Wesleyan Female College 378, 381, 550
Wesleyan Institute , 660
West End Creek 772
Western & Atlantic Railroad 180-183, 540, 571, 601, 659, 771, 876
AVest Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College 377
Weston, town 873
West Point, city 852
Wheat 52, 150, 155, 168, 201-204. (See also sketches of the several coun-
ties) 526-887
Wheat Growers' Association 202
Wheeler , General Joseph 28, 814, 815
White Clover 221
White County 40, 874-876
White, Rev. George, quoted 331, 332
White, Colonel John 874
AVhite Oak Creek 757
White, W. F 202, 204
Whitefield (now almost universally written Whitfield) County 39, 876-878
Whitefield, Rev. George 16, 397, 411, 876
Whitehall 594
White Oak Mountain 39
Whitesburg 570
White Sulphur Springs 758
White Water Creek 784, 836
Whitney, Eli 21, 815, 836
Wight, Ed. L 602, 603
Wight, J. Byron 846
Wilcox County 879, 880
Wilcox, General Mark 879
Wild Cat 52
W^ild Cat Creek 802
Wilde, Richard Henry 814
Wilder, F. N 290
Wilkes County 18, 880
Wilkes Gold Mine 617
Wilkes, John 880
Wilkinson County 883-885
W^ilkinson, General James 883
Willacoochee Creek 624, 719
AVillacoochee, town 609, 610
Williams, David, one of the captors of Andre 785
Williams, George M 34
Williams, R. G 34
Williams, W. D 389, 402
Williams, Dudley 402
Williamson .791, 792
Wilmington Island 325
Wilson, J. F 245
Wilson's Cave 861
Wiltberger, Captain 578
Winder 722
Winter, Cornelius 411
INDEX. 955
Winter, Delamotte 411
Withlacoochee River 544, 55L*, Gil, 741, 7411
Wolf Island 740
Women of the South '2-i
Woodcock T)-, r>73
Woodstock 591
Woodville (;*J0
Wool 53, 54, 28(J. '281
Wool of the Angora Goat 305-310
Woolen Mills 344
Worth County S85-887
Worth, General Wm. J S85
Wright, General Ambrose R S15
Wright, James 28
AV right, R. F., Assistant Commissioner of Agriculture G. 34
Wright, W. A., Comptroller General (quoted throughout all the sketches of
the Counties for tax returns) 52G-887
Wright's Island 74G
Wrightsville & Tennille Railroad 728. 7tH5
Wrightsville, town 728, 721)
Y
Yahoola Creek 743, 744
Yamacraw Bluff 10
Yamacraws 10
Yamgrandee Creek G54, 728
Yates Apples G57
Yazoo Act 21, 71G. 727
Yeates, Professor W. S., State Geologist 5, 35, GO, 72
Yellow Jacket Creek 850
Yellow Loam Region 159, IGO
Yellow River 028, 692, 777, 81G, SG2
Yellow Water Creek OGO
Yonah Mountain 39, 40, 744
Yorktown 18
Young Female College, Thomasville 385
Young, L., Harris Institute 385, 849
z
Zebulon "*->-
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